RM2AN2X0W–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fij,. 181. Puccinia Podophylli S.;fertile cell of teleutosorus givingrisetoteleutospores; after Christ-man. Fig. 182. Pliraamidiitm violaceum Went.; a. teleuto-spores, x 1080; />. fusion of nuclei in teleutospore,x 1520; after Blackman. It may be hazarded that in the Uredinales the similarity of the physio-logical history of the nuclei before they become associated is responsiblefor a minimum of attraction between them, so that there is no sufficientlystrong impulse towards fusion till meiosis is about to take place ; being,however, in the sam
RM2AN45D4–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 67. Humariagranulata Quel.; young archicarp, X320; after Blackmail ami Fraser. The ascogenous hyphae contain many nuclei irregularly arranged. Asciin- formed in the usual way; their nuclei show about eight chromosomesin the first division. Owing to the small size of the nuclei further cytologicaldetails have not been studied in this species. 112 DISCOMYCETES [ch. Humariagranulata is a common red or orange coprophilous form. Thearchicarp develops as a side branch from an ordinary hypha. The apicalcell of this branch increases in size and beco
RM2AN3RJ5–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . nea cretea and the Ascoboli, where the coiled and septate archicarp isoften still functional. A very common initial organ in forms with embedded perithecia is theshort filament of cells sometimes known as Woronins hypha (fig. 103). Thecells are large and contain well-marked nuclei and lie in a nest of small-celled vegetative mycelium. Woronins hypha has been found among theHypocreales mNectria and among the Sphaeriales in Xylaria an&Hypoxylon; it remains to be shown whether it still functions. It may haveoriginated from the simple archi-carps of
RM2AN3670–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ter Lut-man. nuclei, as well as the greater part of the cytoplasm, pass into it, leaving theconjugating cells comparatively empty. In these varieties of U. Carbo Lutmanfound that, after conjugation, the two nuclei lie closely pressed together sothat it was sometimes impossible to differentiate them. Ustilago Tragopogonis pratensis is parasitic on Tragopogon pratensis, inthe flower heads of which it produces a mass of dark violet spores. In theyoung flower buds hyphae are abundant only in the anthers and ovary.Later they spread to the surface of t
RM2AN2RY2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ation. Thecytology of the aecidium wasfirst described in detail in 1904In Blackman, for Phragmidiumvio/aceum, a species occurring onthe bramble. The aecidium here is of the caeoma type, consisting of a groupof fertile cells of indefinite extent and usually bounded at the periphery bya number of thin-walled paraphyses. Its formation begins by the massing of hyphae below the epidermis of the leaf where they form a series of uninucleate cells two or three layers thick. The cells next the epidermis increase in size and each divides by a transverse wa
RM2AN37X7–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 147. Ustilago Scabiosae Sow.; development of basidium; after Harper. least two divisions; the basidium in turn produces a number of uninucleatesporidia or basidiospores. The basidium may be unicellular, giving rise toa bunch of basidiospores at its apex (Tilletia (fig. 148c?)), or multicellular,usually four-celled, producing one ormore basidiospores from each cell {Us-tilago (fig. 147 e)). The nucleus of theparent cell does not travel into thebasidiospore but divides, sending onedaughter nucleus into the spore, whilethe other, remaining in t
RM2AN2W67–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 1S4. Puccinia Malvacearum Mont.; a. conjugation Fig. 18;. Endophyllum Sen,. of unequal cells at base of teleutosorus; b. teleutospore; Lev.; fertile cells and spores; after both after Werth and Ludwig. c. Puccinia Podophylli Hoffmann.S-; migrations at base of teleutosorus; after Christman. A sporophytic stage of exceptionally brief duration is also found in thespecies of Endophyllum and in the form on Rubus frondosus known asKunkelia nitens1. In both cases the characteristic spores are developed inbasipetal chains (fig. 185), and in both the
RM2AN49N3–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 40. Taphrina aurea (Pers.) Fr.; young asci, X joo. Ill EXOASCALES 93 mother-cell during development Two nuclei can frequently be recognizedin the cells of the fertile mycelium, and the young ascus, in all investigatedcases, is binucleate. The two nuclei fuse, the fusion nucleus undergoes threesuccessive divisions and eight spores are finned (fig. 48). In many speciesbudding of the ascospore takes place, so that the mature ascus containsnumerous minute conidia (fig. 50) by means of which the fungus is distributed.The Exoascales include the si
RM2AN4DEF–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . contents, the walls ofG.-V. 6 82 PLECTOMYCETES [CH.. Fig. 39. Erysipke Polygoni; young perithecium containinguninucleate asci; after Harper. which undergo a change apparently analogous to lignification. Phyllactiniathe outermost layer, from which the secondary mycelium and the character-istic appendages are derived,consists of thin-walled cells,but in other genera it is notdifferentiated from the pro-tective zone. A single ascus or severalmay be formed in the peri-thecium ; the ascospores,numbering two to eight ineach ascus, begin to developd
RM2AN41RM–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 82. Saccobolus violascens Boud.;archicarp ; after Dangeard. fig- 83. Thelebolus stercorals Tde.;ascocarp with single ascus, x 250 ;after Brefeld. The species of Rhyparobius and Thelebolus, the two genera with many-spored asci, are all minute, coprophilous forms. They are distinguished bythe fact that Rliyparobius produces several large asci, and Thelebolus onlyone (fig. 83). In both genera the cells of the mycelium are uninucleate. In Rhyparobius {Thecotheus) Pelletieri Overton has described several IV] PEZIZALES l 2 I multicellular archicar
RM2AN448H–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 76. Ascobolusfurfuraeeus Pers.; a. young archicarp, X750; b. rather olderspecimen showing pores between the cells, x 625 ; after Welsford. fi iurth from the apex (Welsford), enlarges, buds out ascogenous hyphae andfunctions as the oogonium. Those near the base form a stalk, and thosetowards the apex may be regarded as constituting a now functionlesstrichogyne. The cells on each side of the oogonium communicate with it by meansof pores (fig. j6 b). Additional nuclei pass into it from both the stalk andterminal cells, and Welsford has observed
RM2AN3X8J–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . 136 DISCOMYCETES [CH. often divided into chambers, all of which communicate with the apicalopening. The asci are cylindrical and contain eight uniseriate spores (fig.94 a). The simplest species in fact resemble a nearly closed Peziza (fig.94 b, c). In Stephensia and Pachyphloeus the hymenium is more elaborately con-voluted ; the asci in Pachypldoeus are stouter, and the spores irregularlybiseriate. In Balsamia (figs. 95, 96) the asci are broadly oblong or subglobose; themature ascocarp is completely closed and surrounded by a pseudoparen-chymatou
RM2AN3MA1–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . little more than the neck protrudes from it. The genus Hypocopra isexceptional in possessing a small stroma in which the perithecium isimmersed, but it resembles Sordaria in all other points. The present familydiffers from the Chaetomiaceae in bearing only short filaments instead of v] SPIIAKRIALES 157 long hairs around the ostiole, and from the Sphaeriaceae in the habitat andtype f spore. The mycelium is in most cases composed of multinucleatecells, but in Podospora hirsuta the cells are uninucleate (fig. 115), recallingthe condition in several
RM2AN4H43–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ooc.c. it is poured off, the sugar dissolved in it andfive percent, agar agar stirred in. Material grown on this medium is excellent for class work; itshould be examined under the microscope while >till attached to a thin slice of agar. 7o PLECTOMYCETES [CH. the outer filaments form four or five parenchymatous layers which constitutea protective sheath, apparently differing but little from that of Eurotium orPenicillium. In the investigated species of the genus Eurotium {Aspergillus), theascospores and conidia are commonly multinucleate and gi
RM2AN4C32–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 43. Erysiplie Polygoni; a. fertilization; d. young peritheciumwith ascogenous hyphae; after Harper. protective hyphae begin to grow up, the oogonium elongates, the fusionnucleus divides till a row of from five to eight nuclei is produced, transversewalls appear, and a row of cells is formed of which the penultimate containstwo or more nuclei. From the surface of the penultimate cell, and perhaps sometimes fromthat of its neighbours, filaments bud out (fig. 43^), branch rapidly to forma dense mass, and undergo septation. These are the ascogen
RM2AN40YT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . , where it wascollected by Darwin in 1.S33. 126 DISCOMYCETES [CH. In the beech forests, he says, the trees are much diseased; on therough excrescences grow vast numbers of yellow balls. They are of thecolour of the yolk of an egg, and vary in size from that of a bullet to thatof a small apple ; in shape they are globular, but a little produced towardsthe point of attachment. They grow both on the branches and stems ingroups. When young they contain much fluid and are quite tasteless, butin their older and altered state they form a very essential
RM2AN2XBC–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 180. a. Phragmidium Kuln Pers.; teleutosorus, x 240: after Sappin-Trouffy; b. Pkragmidiumviolaceum Wint.; teleutosorus, 240; after Blackmail. except in the genus Uredinopsis, on ferns, where they are scattered. Like theuredospores the teleutospores are with or without paraphyses and like themarise from rectangular basal cells. They appear as narrow binucleateoutgrowths in which one or more divisions take place so that, in themajority of cases, a stalk is formed below and the simple or compoundteleutospore is produced above (fig. 181). The st
RM2AN4NCN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . fuse, a nucleus wanders fromone to the other, and the cell thus provided with two nuclei grows out as a II] ASCOMYCETES 43 continuation of the ascogenous hypha, and gives rise to fresh asci (fig. 10).This process was first recorded in 1908 for Humaria rutilans and has sincebeen observed by McCubbin in Helvetia elastica, by Carruthers in Helvetiacrispa, and by Claussen in Pyronema confliiens. It suggests either that someadvantage is to be derived from an absence of relationship between thenuclei which fuse in the ascus, or that a scheme of rigid n
RM2AN3KM3–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . LF, F. A. Spore Formation in Podospora anserina, (Rabh.J Wint. Ann. Myc.x, p. 60. Sphaeriaceae The perithecia of the Sphaeriaceae are superficial, and are borne singlyor in groups; the peridium may be smooth or beset with hairs or spines.The papillate ostiole distinguishes this family from the succeeding formswith free perithecia. The majority are saprophytic on plant remains, frequently on wood; some are parasites, such as the speciesof Coleroa (fig. 118), which occur on theleaves of Potentilla, Rubtis, and otherflowering plants. Rosellina querc
RM2AN43M6–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Iig. 77. Ascobolus Winteri Rehm.; archi-carp, x 10S0 ; after Dodge. n8 DISCOMYCETES [CH.. Fig. 78. Ascobolus immersus Pers.: archicarps showingpaired nuclei, x 1000; after Kamlow. or four cells, which diminish gradually in diameter and which he termsa trichogyne. In Ascobolus immersus the mycelium consists of multinucleate cells, thearchicarp is larger than that of A. Winteri and contains some twentydivisions, it is otherwise very similar. The cells contain numerous largenuclei and pores develop between them ; the ascogenous hyphae arise froma si
RM2AN2Y4R–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig- >79- • Phragmidium Rubi Pers.; uredosorus, x6oo; after Sappin-Trouffy; b. Phragmidiumviolaceum Wint.; uredosorus, X480; after Blackman. by paraphyses, or in certain genera (Pucciniastrum, UrcJinopsis) by a pseudo-peridium. In the young sorus a regular layer of somewhat rectangular basalcells is formed, from which the uredospore mother-cells arise. In Colco-sporitim, in Chrysomyxa, and in the secondary caeomata of Phragmidiumsubcorlicium, they are produced in vertical rows like the typical aecidiosporemother-cells and divide to form uredos
RM2AN3BP2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fg- l.i°- Laboulbenia triordinata Thaxter; 13= after Thaxter. ; r. Laboulbenia ehaetophorayoung perithecium and tricho-gyne, 360 ; after Fault. PYRENOMYCETES [CH. contain oil globules. Between adjacent cells that have the same origin theprotoplasm is continuous through broad pits. The cytoplasm on each sidedips into the pit, forming a thick strand which, in Laboulbenia at least, appearsto be intersected by the middle lamella (Faull). The latter in favourablecases is seen to be perforated by one or more fine pores through which com-plete continuit
RM2AN3DWF–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 1:6. Poroniapunctata (L.) Fr.; stroma cut across; after Tulasne. v] SPHAERIALES [(,., The perithccium is initiated by the development of a coil of large,deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetativefilaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towardsthe surface of the stroma as a slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127 cj).At an carl)- stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small,densely-staining hyphae; later the trichogyne disappears, degenerationprogressing from the
RM2AN322B–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . eir destination by insects. The aecidia occur in groups, usually on the abaxial side of the leaf; in them the aecidiospores areproduced in basipetal rows(fig. I/O) alternating withsmall, abortive, intercalarycells, by the disintegration ofwhich they are set free. Theymay be carried to consider-able distances by the wind,and there is evidence thatthey are sometimes distri-buted by means of insects orof snails. The mature aecidio-spore is usually subgloboseor polygonal in form, it isenclosed in a thick wall per-forated byseveral germ-pores,and cont
RM2AN373E–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. [51. Fischfri; -.pore- ball, one spore germinating, ? ;oo;after Plowright. Fig. 1-2. Ustilago Cario; u. young, binucleatebrand-spores; b. l<lrr spores after nuclearfusion; after Rawitscher. The young spore, like the cells of the mycelium from which it is derived,contains two nuclei (fig. 152a). These undergo fusion, so that the maturespore is uninucleate (fig. 152/;). The pairing of the nuclei, which beginswith the association of the basidiospores (or their conidia), is thus completedin the brand-spore. The minute investigation of the gro
RM2AN37FE–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . lago Scabiosae Sow.; development of basidium; after Harper. least two divisions; the basidium in turn produces a number of uninucleatesporidia or basidiospores. The basidium may be unicellular, giving rise toa bunch of basidiospores at its apex (Tilletia (fig. 148c?)), or multicellular,usually four-celled, producing one ormore basidiospores from each cell {Us-tilago (fig. 147 e)). The nucleus of theparent cell does not travel into thebasidiospore but divides, sending onedaughter nucleus into the spore, whilethe other, remaining in the basidial ce
RM2AN4F4K–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . conidia. Perithecia are abundant; in their initiation two branches take part.The oogonium is at first uninucleate butas it elongates the nucleus undergoesseveral divisions. In the meantime asecond branch appears, usually borne ona narrower filament; it cuts off a uninu-cleate or occasionally binucleate terminalcell which applies itself to the middle ofthe oogonium, and the intervening wallsdisappear (fig. y3). Apparently, however,fertilization does not take place; the nu-cleus of the terminal cell is described as?I generating in situ while the oo
RM2AN4BN2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 44. Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; a. fertilization;b. fusion nucleus in oogonium ; c. </. young perithecia ; afterHarper. oogonium elongates and enlarges in diameter and the fusion nucleus divides.The first nuclear division is apparently never accompanied by cell wallformation, so that a binucleate stage persists for some time. Finally, however, PLECTOMYCETES [CH. the usual row of three to five cells is formed. The penultimate cell regularlycontains more than one nucleus ; the rest, as a rule, are uninucleate. Just after fertilizat
RM2AN38TH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . f ., ?? ?:. ? 9. ?. ... ??:-;?? b Fig. 14J. Laboulbenia chaetophora (?). «. cell formed by binucleateoogonial and trichophoric cells, x 430; b. first division in ascusdescribed by Fauil as the anaphase, K1510; c. nuclear division inspore, showing four chromosomes, X2800; after Faull. Since almost all our knowledge of the group is due to the brilliant workof Professor Thaxter of Harvard it follows that the North American speciesare far better known than those of other localities. Such material as he wasable to obtain from warmer regions proved,
RM2AN4561–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fr.) Sacc; very young ascocai p,x soo. In another species of this genus, Humaria rutilans1, reduction has gone yetfurther and not even an archicarp is produced. The apothecium arises asa dense weft of tangled filaments, which for a time differ from one anotheronly in the relatively thick walls of the outer hyphae, and the richer proto-plasmic content of the inner (fig. 69). Each cell of the weft contains oneor a few nuclei. After a while the nuclei in the central part of the massmay be seen to be of two sizes, and the smaller have been found to f
RM2AN32KN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 164. Germinating teleutospores ; a. Phragmidium bulbosum Schm.; b. Triphragmidium UlmariaeLk.; c. Colcosporitim Sonchi Lev.; d. Uromy es appendiculatus (Fabae) Lev.; after Tulasne. (II. VIII] IRKIMXALKS ?97 of the spore forms other than tlie teleutospore, such as Aecidium, Caeomaand Uredo, still survive in our nomenclature. The teleutospores (figs. 164, 165, 166) may be unicellular or they maybe made up of two or more cells forming a compound structure, each cell of. Fig 165. Cronartiumepiadeum Fr. ; te-leutospore mass withbasiclia and spore
RM2AN3FAH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . r as blackdots scattered over the surface of the disc (fig. 126). The asci, when ripe,protrude through the ostiole so that the dark brown spores are shed outsidethe perithecium. Dawson was able readily to obtain pure cultures, both from the asco-spores and from the conidia, on 10 per cent, gelatine made up with decoctionof horse dung. The ascospore forms a single lateral germ-tube, which develops septaand branches freely. The conidia produce germ-tubes from either end orfrom both and sometimes also laterally; the mycelium is at first much moredel
RM2AN3A70–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . cells reach the trichogyne and, though theactual process of fertilization has not yet been seen, it appears likely thatit is accomplished. Afterwards the oogonium divides into three superposed cells, the sterileinferior cell, the sterile superior cell and a fertile cell lying between the two(fig. 136^, //). This middle cell cuts off a secondary sterile cell below(fig. 136/) which like the other sterile cells is eventually destroyed. It thendivides longitudinally into four ascogenic cells, two of which are shown in v] L.MUiU.KKNIAI.ES i/V fig. 136
RM2AN2PNR–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . eoma; sterile cell pushing up betweenepidermal cells of host, x 1.500; afterBlackman. Fig-9S- Phragmidium speciosum Fr.;fertile cells after conjugation; aecidio- spore mother-cell above ; after Christ-man. takes place and aecidiospore mother-cells arc cut off so that a single rowof aecidiospores is developed from each pair of gametes. Christman regardsthe fertile cells as isogametes between which conjugation takes place, andthe sterile cells merely as buffers, of which the function is to assist in therupture of the epidermis. His observations on
RM2AN4K09–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . the spores (fig. 23). Dipodascus differs from Eremascus and the other Endomycetaceae in thepresence of accessory nuclei in its gametangia, and from all except Wclkia,in the formation of numerous spores in its ascus. In spite of these differencesthe resemblance seems sufficiently close to permit its inclusion in the samegroup. ENDOMYCETACEAE: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1883 ElDAM, E. Zur Kenntniss der Entwk kelung bui clen Ascomyceten. Cohns Beitrage zur Biol, der Pflanzen, iii, p. 385.1S92 dk LAGERHEIM, G. Dipodascus albidus eine neue geschlechtliche Hemiascee
RM2AN4161–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ts in which yellowish whitestromata are produced. These give rise to minute unicellular conidia, andlater, if the atmosphere is sufficiently moist, to ascocarps. In the genus Sclerotinia the stalked ascocarps arise from sclerotia (fig. 81 i I.A number of species arc parasitic : S. tuberosa on - Xnemone nodosa; S. sclero-tiorum on the potato, cabbage and other hosts in the stems of which thesclerotia are formed; S.fructigena and .V. entered on species ofPrunus andPyrus where they give rise to brown rot, blossom wilt and other pathologicalcondition
RM2AN45JB–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . the occurrence of a single fusion in this species, that in theascus, and a single reducing division1. Lachnea cretea has a pale buff apothecium, beset with hairs (fig. 66a).It has been found on plaster ceilings, and, like many other saprophyticspecies, grows readily in artificial culture. 1 The magnification of Browns figures of the divisions in the oogonium is enormous (x 11,100),and their details should therefore probably be received with some caution. I IO DISCOMYCETES [CH. The archicarp (figs. 66 b-e) consists of a long, branched, multicellul
RM2AN3G92–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . The species grouped under Fusicladium amongthe I lyphomycetes are in some cases conidial forms of this genus. Theconidia are two-celled, borne on short conidiophores arranged in groups;/-. dendriticum is the cause of scab or black-spot on apples, and /?. Pyrinumof a similar disease on pears. 11 l62 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. Leptospliaeria includes some 500 species characterized by the papillateor conical ostiole, usually free from hairs. The majority are saprophytes onplant remains, some are parasites on land plants, and some on the RedAlgae. L. Lemanea
RM2AN2TXP–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . f teleutosorus; b. teleutospore; Lev.; fertile cells and spores; after both after Werth and Ludwig. c. Puccinia Podophylli Hoffmann.S-; migrations at base of teleutosorus; after Christman. A sporophytic stage of exceptionally brief duration is also found in thespecies of Endophyllum and in the form on Rubus frondosus known asKunkelia nitens1. In both cases the characteristic spores are developed inbasipetal chains (fig. 185), and in both the fertile cells which give rise tothem fuse in pairs (Olive 08; Hoffmann 11), so that the spore mother-cells
RM2AN47H4–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 56. Ascodesmis nigricans Van Tiegh.; sexualapparatus; a. trichogyne; b. antheridium; c.oogonium; (/. stalk; e. gametophytic hypha;after Claussen. Fig. 57. Pyronema confluens; spherical oogo-nium giving rise to ascogenous hyphae; a. an-theridium ; /. trichogyne; c. oogonium ; d. as-cogenous hyphae; x 1040; after Clau6sen. the oogonium becomes septate, so that the fertile part is multicellular andthe ascogenous hyphae arise from several cells. This type closely approxi-mates to that in Eurotium and some other Plectascales, and there seemsreaso
RM2AN41GE–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . inucleate. In Rhyparobius {Thecotheus) Pelletieri Overton has described several IV] PEZIZALES l 2 I multicellular archicarps, each rather like the single scolecite of Ascobolus.The cells are not connected by pores, and ascogenous hyphae arise fromseveral in each archicarp. In R.brunneus Dangeard reports a single archicarp, consisting of a short,somewhat twisted branch. Ramlow has also recorded a single archicarp inA, polysporus and Barker in an unnamed species. Overton has made somestudy of tin- development of the numerous spores in A. Pelletieri
RM2AN39Y0–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 142. Amorphomyces Fala-griac Thaxter; paired spores;after Thaxter.. Fig. 143. Amorphomyces FalagriacThaxter; male andfemale individuals; a.young, b. mature; afterIll,i . r. Walls cut off the upper and the lower nucleus, and acentral binucleate cell is left, the lower nucleus of whichis presumably a daughter of the oogonial and the upperof the trichophoric nucleus. These divide simultaneouslyand a binucleate inferior sterile cell is separated from thebinucleate fertile cell. This in turn divides to form theascogenic cells, from which the asci
RM2AN4X1E–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . cetes, 5, 8 Yamanouchi, S., 173 Zyiosaicharomyces, 63 (Fig. 24) Yeasts, 2, 7, 11 ; and see Saccharomycetaceae g Barkeri 64 Z. Chevalieri, 64Zaghouania, 220 Zygotaxis .27 Zea Mays, 21, 190 Zymase, 10, 12, 62 PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY J. B. PEACE, M.A.AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Nvw Yo<h Botanical G»rd#n Lib»«y QK603 G9 1922 gen Gwynne-Vaughan/Fungi, Ascomvceles, Usui 3 5185 00125 0446fungiascomycetes00gwyn. 6
RM2AN4KTK–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . n the young mycelium, did not persist. It is no doubtdependent upon rapidity of growth. From this mycelium pairs of uninucleate branches grow up, usually fromthe same, sometimes from different hyphae, and fuse at their apices (fig. 19).Their nuclei also fuse and after three karyokinetic divisions eight spores areformed. Sometimes, especially in old cultures, the fertile hyphae mayproduce asci without fusion. These are usually small and generally containfour spores or even a lesser number. As a rule three nuclear divisions takeplace in the parthen
RM2AN36WK–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . en neighbouring cells of thesame filament by means of short outgrowths, which meet and fuse as in the VII] USTILAGIXALES 189 formation of clamp-connections (fig. 153a), or between unrelated cellsthrough a conjugation tube (fig. 153 ^)- Where basidiospores arc formedthey conjugate in a similar manner. In every case the nucleus of oneof the paired cells passes over into the other, and the two nuclei lie closetogether, though without fusion. The mycelium throughout the develop-ment of the host plant consists of binucleatc cells and breaks up in spor
RM2AN451X–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Pig. 70. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc; a. fusion in a vegetative hypha; b. migrationof nucleus from one vegetative cell to another; both x 1100. The cells which contain fusion nuclei now ive rise to ascoffenoushyphae, while, from the rest, the paraphyses and cells of the outer sheatharise. The asci are very large, and their nuclei particularly clear. The numberof chromosomes in the nuclei of the ascogenous hyphae, and in the firstand second divisions in the ascus and in the prophase of the third is sixteen(figs. 71, 72). In the third telophase eig
RM2AN49A1–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 51. Otidta aurantia Mass.; apotheci, Fig. 52. Lachn<a stercoral (lers.) Gill.; ascocarp innat. size. longitudinal section showing young asci and para- physes, x 160. a. sheath; b. paraphyses; c. ascus;a. ascogenous hyphae; e. oogonium;/. stalk of archicarp. wall of the cup (fig. 52). The lower part of the cup is filled by the hypo-thecium, a tangle of hyphae, some vegetative, some ascogenous. Thesegive rise to the sub-hymenial layer where the paraphyses have their originand where the young asci are developed. The asci and paraphyses grow
RM2AN42JT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 80. Ascophanus carneus Pers.; eld archicarp,showing associated nuclei, > Soo; alter Ramlow. formed so that the hypha consists of a series of binucleate cells. These. tig. Si. Ascophanuscarneiis Pers.; a. section through young asci (ring nuclear fusion in two cells of the archicarp, =so : . two cells of an archicarp,showing nuclear fusions, x 1240; after Cutting. nuclei, when satisfactorily fixed, showed a well-marked centrosome.Ramlow was unable to see whether one or several cells of the archicarp 120 DISCOMYCETES [CH. gave rise to ascoge
RM2AN4PWE–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . i laricina Mass.; development and ejection ofbiseriate spores, x 600. Fig. 5. Sepitltaria coroftaria Mass.; nni-seriate spores; ascus opening by a lid :branched, septate, clavate paraphyses;x 600. isolated asci lying in water are suddenly exposed to the action of glycerineor alcohol, and is clearly due to alterations of tension affecting anumber of asci at about the same stage of development. After the fructifi-cation has puffed once or a few times a rest of some hours during which 38 ASCOMYCETES [CH. fresh asci reach maturity is necessary before
RM2AN3PCF–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 108. Polystigma rubriim DC; young perithe-cium; the ascogenous hyphae are not yet clearlydistinguished, many of the nuclei are in pairs, thedarkly stained remains of ihe archicap are visiblenear the periphery; x68o; after Blackman andWelsford.. Fig. 109. Polystigma rtibrutn DC ; matuthecium, x 270; after Blackman and W re pen-elsford. 1 Nienburg, p. 390, end of first paragraph. v] IIYIOt RKALKS 149 authors found some evidence that a first nuclear fusion takes place in theascogenous hypha before the differentiation of the asci. The ascus is f
RM2AN4N79–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 10. Humaria rutilans (Fr.)San.: an ascus (n) the terminal cellconnected with which has continuedits growth and given rise to anotherascus (/>) from tin- terminal cell of whicha third ascus (c) has arisen, x 1250.. Fig. 11. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc.; a. asco-genous hypha showing sixteen chromosomes ineach nucleus, x 1950; 6. fusion nucleus of ascuspassingout of synapsis, x i^oojc. fusion nucleusof ascus showing sixteen gemini, X 19=0. observations have since been widely confirmed by a number of investi-gators, and synapsis, the second c
RM2AN4J3R–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ins eight spores.The species of Gymnoascus occurin various habitats, on dung, beesnests, dead grass, etc. In G. Reesii, according to Dale,two branches grow up from thesame hypha, one on each side ofa septum, and become twistedaround one another. These are theantheridium and oogonium; theirfree ends swell into club-shapedheads which lie in close contact andeach becomes delimited by a transverse septum. The walls between thembreak down, and the contents of the antheridium pass over into theoogonium (fig. 27 a, b). Both cells are at first uninucleat
RM2ANDJHM–Moulds, mildews, and mushrooms; a guide to the systematic study of the Fungi and Mycetozoa and their literature . the: MELIOTyPE PRINTING CO., BOSTON. Pl. 6.. THt MELIOTYPE PRINTING CO., BOSTON. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI Basidiomycetes Figs, i, 2. Ustilago avenae {J?,Ti-LA.Giy.A.i.Y.s). Germinating chlamyd-ospores producing spores laterally and terminally. X 350. (Redrawnfrom Brefeld.) Fig. 3. Tilletia zonata (USTILAGINALES). Germinating chlamyd-ospore producing a cluster of spores at the apex. X 300. (Redrawnfrom Brefeld.) Fig. 4. Urocystis violae (Ustilaginales). Germination of a chlamyd-ospo
RM2AN3EC4–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. i 2 5. Porottia pitnc/ala (L.) Fr.; rt. surface, ^. lateral view;after Tulasne.. Fig. 1:6. Poroniapunctata (L.) Fr.; stroma cut across; after Tulasne. v] SPHAERIALES [(,., The perithccium is initiated by the development of a coil of large,deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetativefilaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towardsthe surface of the stroma as a slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127 cj).At an carl)- stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small,dens
RM2AN4JAD–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ScM.a. L.J K Fig. 24. Diagram of the phylogeny of the Yeasts; after Guilliermond. Er. f., Eremascus ferlilis.End. I., Endomyces fibuliger. Sa. c, Saccharomycopsis capsularis. Z., Zygosaccharomyces. Sa.,Saccharomyces. L. J. II, Johannesberg yeast II. End. M., Endomyces Magnusii. End. d., Endo-myces dectpiens. Sc. o., Schizosaccharomyces octosfonts. Sc. M., Schizosaccharomyces mellacei.Sc. M. a., Sch. mellacei, apogamous variety. Conjugation, as a preliminary to the formation of asci, was first describedby Schionning in 1895 in Schizosaccharomyces
RM2AN4560–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . g. 68. Humaria granulata Quel.; a. fusion of nuclei in oogonium, X3200; ^.oogoniumgiving rise to ascogenous hyphae, x isjo; after Blackman ami Fraser. Vegetative cells grow up and invest the archicarp, forming a closepseudoparenchymatous sheath in which the ascogenous hyphae ramify.They give rise at last to asci in the usual way. Four chromosomes have been recorded in the ascogenous hyphae,eight in the first division in the ascus and four in the two subsequent IV] IKXIZAI.KS 11 • mitoses. This implies that the gametophytic number is four, and tha
RM2AN3YNA–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 90. a. Helvetia crispa (Scop.) Fr.; />? and c. Morchella vulgaris Pers.; after Boudier. nuclear divisions, and finds two chromosomes in the vegetative and four inthe fertile hyphae. Four again appear in the first and second (meiotic)divisions in the ascus, after the second fusion has taken place, and two arerecorded in the telophase of the third division, and in the mitosis in thespore. The ripe spore normally contains eight nuclei. In both species, after an ascus has arisen from the penultimate cell ofa hvpha, the terminal cell may grow
RM2AN307N–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . r ig. 176. Puccinia Graminis Pers.; a. infected leaf of Bcrberis vulgaris,nat. size: />. group of aecidia, x 5. Uromyccs Poat Kabenh.; c.infected leaf of Ranun ultis ficaria, nat. size; d. group of aecidia,x 20; E. J. Welsford del. mother-cell (fig. 178). The spore mother-cell divides in the usual way,separating the aecidiospore above from its sister-cell below, but the latterhere forms an elongated stalk instead of an intercalary cell. Each outgrowthof the basal cell thus produces only a single spore, the mode of formationof which is exactly
RM2AN30FD–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . r ig. 176. Puccinia Graminis Pers.; a. infected leaf of Bcrberis vulgaris,nat. size: />. group of aecidia, x 5. Uromyccs Poat Kabenh.; c.infected leaf of Ranun ultis ficaria, nat. size; d. group of aecidia,x 20; E. J. Welsford del. mother-cell (fig. 178). The spore mother-cell divides in the usual way,separating the aecidiospore above from its sister-cell below, but the latterhere forms an elongated stalk instead of an intercalary cell. Each outgrowthof the basal cell thus produces only a single spore, the mode of formationof which is exactly
RM2AN3D52–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 128. Xylaria polymorph/* (Pers.)Grev.; archicarp embedded instroma, x iooo.. Fig. 129. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev.; septatearchicarp, x iooo. XYLARIACEAE: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1861-5 TULASNE, L. R. and C. Selecta Fungorum Carpologia; Imperial-typograph., Paris.1900 Dawson, M. On the Biology of Poronia punctata (L.). Ann. Bot. xiv, p. 245. v] LABOULBENIALES 171 Labi ni.r.i.N iai.es The group Laboulbeniales includes some six hundred species arrangedin over fifty genera. All are minute external parasites on insects, chiefly onmembers of the Coleop
RM2AN4HT6–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fi 26. Gymnoascus sp.; a. ascocarp, x 26;b. ascus and free ascospores, x 1040. tn] PLECTASCALES 67 In G. candidus (fig.27 d) the antheridium and oogonium already differin form at the time of their union, and, in the majority of cases, appear to. Fig. 2j. Gymnoascus Reesii Baran.; a. surface view of conjugating cells;b. the same in longitudinal section; c. a later stage, septate oogoniumgiving rise t hyphae; Gymnoascus candidus Eidam; (/. surface view of conjugating cells; e. same in longitudinal section;all after Dale. Ctenomyces serratus Eidam;
RM2AN44TG–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 71. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc; a. asco-genous hypha showing sixteen chromosomes ineach nucleus, x 1950; b. fusion nucleus of ascuspassing out of synapsis, x 1300; c. fusion nucleusof ascus showing sixteen gernini, x 1950. IV] PEZIZALES i i In several other members of the Pezizaceae, for example in Pezizavesiculosa I Fraser and Welsford) and Peziza tectoria, development appa-rently takes place, as in Humaria rutilans, without the formation of sexualorgans. In Otidea anrantia (Fraser and Welsford), a large cell, no doubt part ofan archicarp,
RM2AN4WH4–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . (Fig. 24) Yeasts, 2, 7, 11 ; and see Saccharomycetaceae g Barkeri 64 Z. Chevalieri, 64Zaghouania, 220 Zygotaxis .27 Zea Mays, 21, 190 Zymase, 10, 12, 62 PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY J. B. PEACE, M.A.AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Nvw Yo<h Botanical G»rd#n Lib»«y QK603 G9 1922 gen Gwynne-Vaughan/Fungi, Ascomvceles, Usui 3 5185 00125 0446. PALEOMYCES ASTEROXYLIfrom the Old Red Sandstone, Muir of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire,Kidston and Lang after FUNGI ASCOMYCETES, USTILAGINALES,UREDINALES BYDame HELEN GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, (formerly h. c. I. fraser)D.B.E., LL.D
RMRDX151–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] LABOULBENIALES 171 LABOULBENIALES The group Laboulbeniales includes some six hundred species arranged in over fifty genera. All are minute external parasites on insects, chiefly on members of the Coleoptera. They appear to do but little injury to the host, inducing at most a slight irritation but never causing death; indeed their own existence depends on that of the insect to which they are attached since, unlike many other fungi, their life ends with that of their host. The Laboulbeniales are all of fairly simple structure (fig. 130)
RMRDX1KT–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDX1Y7–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDX0HG–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDX1RF–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDTNJX–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. ^<#s^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRH2Y08–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi -- Great Britain. Ustilaginales Rhodophyceae Pucciniacese Endophyllum. Coleosporiaceae Cronartiaceae (Endophyllum-like). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMREF5H9–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. USTILAGINALES 613 in the Auriculariales, which is expressed provisionally in the following scheme: UREDINALES PUCCINIACEAE CRONARTIACEAE MELAMPSORACEAE COLEOSPORIACEAE Coleosporium Goplana Gallowaya GRAPHIOLACEAE Shropshiria? Graphiola USTILAGINALES USTILAGINACEAE TILLETIACEAE. Testicularia Tolyposgorium Cintractia Sphacelotheca Ustilago AURICULARIALES SEPTOBASIDIACEAE AURICULARIACEAE Septobasidium Saccoblastia Cystobasidium Iola Aurieularia Eocronartium Platygloea Tuburcinia Thecaphora Doassansia Entyloma Neovossia Tilletia PHLEOGENACEAE Phleogena H
RMRH92XD–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. 384 THALLOPIIYTES are divided into a nunilxn- of orders. The most familiar orders are those represented by the Toadstools and Mushrooms {Hy- menomycetes), Puffballs (Gasteromycetes), Smuts {Ustilaginales), and Rusts (Uredlitdlcs). Toadstools and Mushrooms (Hymenomycetes). — This is the most familiar order to most people, because it includes so many forms like the Toadstools and Mushrooms, which have conspicu- ous sporophores. In addition to the Toadstools and Mushrooms, the order contains some other rather familiar kinds of Fungi. The Fungi of this o
RMRDWD0M–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. 384 THALLOPHYTES are divided into a number of orders. The most familiar orders are those represented by the Toadstools and Mushrooms (Hy- menomycetes), Puff balls (Gasteromycetes), Smuts {Ustilaginales), and Rusts (Uredinales). Toadstools and Mushrooms (Hymenomycetes). — This is the most familiar order to most people, because it includes so many forms like the Toadstools and Mushrooms, which have conspicu- ous sporophores. In addition to the Toadstools and Mushrooms, the order contains some other rather famihar kinds of Fungi. The Fungi of this
RMREF913–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. Fig. 100.—Taphrina deformans. 1. Subcuticular, binucleate ascogenous hyphae before caryogamy. 2. Young chlamydospores. (After Dangeard, 1894.) Thus the chlamydospores may be interpreted as zeugites, organs in which at the close of the dicaryophase, caryogamy occurs. In this sense they would be considered homologous to the probasidia and sclerobasidia of the Auriculariales, to the teliospores of the Uredinales and the smut spores of the Ustilaginales, and thus the conceptions to be discussed under the Basidiomycetes, concerning the differentiation of ze
RMRDTP6P–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. ^B Ervsiphales The Erysiphales are characterized by an abundant superficial mycelium, which may be white (colourless) or dark-coloured. The perithecia are spherical, ovoid or flattened, and are usually without an ostiole; the peridium is thin and membranous; the asci are arranged in a regular layer at the base of the perithecium. The group includes some 600 species, the majority of which are external parasites or epiphytes upon the leaves of higher plants. They are grouped into three families, of which the Microthyriaceae are but little k
RMREF91H–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. 158 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI must be considered a degeneration stage in our scheme of relationships, like its analogue in the Ustilaginales. This is much simpler as diplontic Endomycetaceae, which might be considered ancestors of S. Ludwigii, are unknown. Atichiaceae.—Before we leave the yeasts, we should mention a group which has long puzzled mycologists. It has been placed in the Floridieae, Fucaceae, Lichenes, Saccharomycetaceae, Perisporiaceae, Capnodiaceae, Myriangiaceae, Ascocorticiaceae and Bulgariaceae. Atichia forms. Fig. 98.—Atichia gl
RMRDTNN6–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 124 DISCOMYCETES [CH. members of the Vaccinieae, where the sclerotia are formed on the fruits. In 5. Vaccuni the conidia are produced in chains and are separated by small cellulose disjunctors. They have a characteristic smell of almonds and are carried to the flower by insects, and probably also by wind ; they germinate to form septate hyphae which enter and fill the ovar}'. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these
RMRDTP6Y–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 78 PLECTOMYCETES [CH.. ^B Ervsiphales The Erysiphales are characterized by an abundant superficial mycelium, which may be white (colourless) or dark-coloured. The perithecia are spherical, ovoid or flattened, and are usually without an ostiole; the peridium is thin and membranous; the asci are arranged in a regular layer at the base of the perithecium. The group includes some 600 species, the majority of which are external parasites or epiphytes upon the leaves of higher plants. They are grouped into three families, of which the Microthyr
RMRDTNDD–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 148 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. two nuclei each. In his opinion, the second nucleus in the originally uni- nucleate cell, is derived from its multinucleate neighbour, which he terms the antheridium ; the other binucleate cells receive their nuclei from it by conjugate division, and are the beginnings of ascogenous hyphae. Though he was unable to see either the entrance of the second nucleus, or the process of conjugate division, his facts are decidedly suggestive, but they point less to normal fertilization than to the pseudapogamous association o
RMRH2Y0T–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi -- Great Britain. PHYLOGENY 83 From these considerations the probable phylogeny of the Uredinales may be represented as in the following schemes. Ascomvcetes Basidiomvcetes Uredinales. Ustilaginales Rhodophyceae Pucciniacese Endophyllum. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, Univ
RMRDX14P–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 130. ; triordinata Thaxter; x 135; after Thaxter. Fig. 131. Laboulbenia chaetophora young perithecium and triclio- gyne, x 360 ; after Faull.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDX0K4–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 204 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. But the fact that these sori are developed on the same mycelium as the spermogonia, the fact that in their "fertile cells nuclear association takes place and the fact that in the formation of the fertile cell a sterile cell is cut off, all suggest that the true homology is with the aecidium. The mycelium formed by the germination of the aecidiospore grows with renewed energy. It consists of binucleate cells giving rise to uredospores. These are borne in groups or uredosori (fig. 179) which may be surround
RMRDTNCY–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 151 As development proceeds the ovate or flask-shaped perithecia are dif- ferentiated ; they always arise deep in the stroma and may remain completely or partially immersed or may become superficial as they approach maturity. Where they are more or less free the surface of the head is usually rough, whereas when they are entirely immersed it is smooth, but in some cases the free perithecia stand so close together as to produce a smooth appearance. The cytological details of development have not been studied; the perithecia
RMRDTNFG–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. I40 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. The Hypocreales, Dothideales and Sphaeriales, have in conjmon more or less pyriform or flask-shaped perithecia; these are sometimes isolated and free, sometimes sunk in the tissue of the host, and sometimes embedded in a stroma or cushion of fungal tissue. The perithecium is lined by delicate filaments, some of which, the periphyses, grow along and partially close the neck, and may protrude through the ostiole, while others (paraphyses) are mingled with the asci in the venter of the fruit. The neck of the peri- thec
RMRDX0Y9–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 186 HEMIBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. fields. As a rule the conidia are of the same oblong form as the basidio- spores, but, in the genus Tilletia and some of its allies, they may be stout or sickle-shaped, whereas the basidiospores are long and narrow. In Entyloma the brand-spores are capable of germination on the tissues of the host leaf, where they give rise to hyphae which penetrate through the stomata and form basidia from which basidiospores are produced. During their development the cells of the basidium, the basidiospores, or the conidia bu
RMRDTNDR–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 147 of these spermatia have failed, and no relation of any kind has been de- monstrated between them and the female organ, consequently they must be regarded as no longer functional, and their original use can be inferred only from their structure. Their small size, scanty contents, and large nucleus suggest that they are more appropriately constituted to act as fertilizing agents than as a means of vegetative propagation. The archicarp first appears as a multinucleate hypha, which becomes septate and somewhat elaborately c
RMRDX0RB–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 198 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. (sporidium) is formed and receives the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell from which it arose. In Coleosporiuni, Ochropsora, and Chrysospora, nuclear division and septation take place within the teleutospore wall, and the basidiospores are budded out from it, so that the teleutospore cell becomes the basidium directly; in the majority of cases, however, the structure of the teleutospore is not such as readily to allow further growth, and development takes place after the extrusion of the contents as a tubular o
RMRDTXT0–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. or four cells, which diminish gradually in diameter and which he terms a trichogyne. In Ascobolus inimersus the mycelium consists of multinucleate cells, the archicarp is larger than that of A. Winteri and contains some twenty divisions, it is otherwise very similar. The cells contain numerous large nuclei and pores develop between them ; the ascogenous hyphae arise from a single cell. Ramlow observed nuclear fusions in the central cell of the archicarp, but referred them to bad fixation. His explanation may be adequate here, but it does
RMRDTP3D–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. CHAPTER IV DISCOMYCETES The term Discomycetes is applied to those groups in which the fruit is more or less cup-shaped (fig. 51), with the hymenium fully exposed at maturity, and to their immediate allies. The ascocarp is surrounded by a peridium or sheath of closely interwoven hyphae which is closed at first and later is pushed apart by the paraphyses, so that at last it forms the outer. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o
RMRDTP2N–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] DISCOMYCETES 97 may, by invagination of the fertile surface, have produced the closed fruit of the truffles. The simpler Tuberales may have had a similar origin, or may have arisen direct from a pezizaceous form, such as Sepultaria, with which Genea has several points in common. It is not impossible that theRhiziita group, by the development of a sterile stalk, has also produced the Helvellaceae and it may be the Geoglossaceae as well. But the latter family, because of the characteristic method of dehis- cence of its ascus (by the eje
RMRDX0H8–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VIII] UREDINALES 209 form; in both cases it is borne in association with spermogonia on a myceHum of uninucleate cells. But the spore germinates like a teleutospore. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDTP6H–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 8o PLECTOMYCETES [CH. enter the stomata, extend through the intercellular spaces and send haustoria into the neighbouring cells, and in Erysiphe (or Oidiopsis) taurica the whole mycelium during the conidial stage is located in the tissues of the host. We have thus, within the limits of the family, a transition between ecto- and endoparasitism through hemiendophytic forms, and forms which are endo- phytic under abnormal conditions. When perithecia are about to be produced and the mycelium emerges and spreads over the surface of the host le
RMRDTP2H–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 98 DISCOMYCETES [CH. should be ultimately established, the curious stalked conidium of Ascobolus carbonarius. The archicarp is of much commoner occurrence, and seems more likely to be useful as a gauge of relationship. Among Discomycetes the simplest type is undoubtedly that ol Ascodesmis or Tkelebolus; the significant details in Tkelebolus are not fully known, but in Ascodesmis we have a stout, twisted hypha, divided into three parts, the unicellular trichogyne, the unicellular coenocytic oogonium and the multicellular stalk (fig. 56). A
RMRDX1MC–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. "I] PLECTASCALES 59. Fig. 19. Eremascus fertilis Stoppel; stages in the formation of tlie ascus, both by fusion of two cells and parthenogenetically; after Guilliermond.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella (Fraser) Dame, 1879-. Cambridge [Eng] University Press
RMRDX0ER–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VIII] UREDINALES 215 vegetative nucleus has replaced that of the no longer functional male element. As already shown there is a strong presumption that this male element was the spermatium and the fertile cell may then be regarded as an oogonium and the young aecidium as a group or sorus of female reproductive organs. In this connection Blackman has suggested a possible origin of the sterile cell; in Phragmidium violaceum he found it to be occasionally elongated and pushed up between the cells of the epidermis so that it was covered only
RMRE3885–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. PHYLOGENY 83 From these considerations the probable phylogeny of the Uredinales may be represented as in the following schemes. Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Uredinales. Ustilaginales Rhodophycese Pucciniacese Endophyllum. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMRDX0HK–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 208 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. the usual way. In the micro- form Puccinia transformans OHve observed that the binucleate condition was brought about by the fusion in pairs of cells to form the basal cells from which the teleutospores arose and the same has been reported by Moreau for Puccinia Buxi and Uromyces Ficariae. In Puccinia Malvacearuni Moreau occasionally found a difference in size between the fusing cells, and Werth and Ludwig observed the migration of the nucleus of the smaller cell into the larger (fig. i84«). Below the teleutos
RMRDTP60–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 84 PLECTOMYCETES [CH. de Bary, who was able to recognize an antheridium and oogonium and the formation of an ascus or asci from the latter. These and several subsequent investigations have rendered the reproductive processes in the Erysiphaceae better known than perhaps in any other group of fungi. Sphaerotheca Humuli^ occurs on a variety of common plants, on the cultivated strawberry, where it is responsible for strawberry mildew, and especially on the hop. On the latter it is widely distributed in autumn, and, if the female inflorescenc
RMRDTNYM–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES "3 mitoses. This implies that the gametophytic number is four, and that the gemini are formed immediately after the fusion in the oogonium, so that in the ascogenous hyphae there are four bivalent instead of eight univalent chromosomes. In the meiotic prophase which follows the fusion in the ascus, there is a double number of gemini, since two sporophytic nuclei have united. In Humaria granulata, the antheridium has disappeared and normal fertilization is replaced by fusion of female nuclei in pairs in the oogonium.. Fi
RMRDX15P–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 169 The perithecium is initiated by the development of a coil of large, deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetative filaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towards the surface of the stroma as a.slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127a). At an early stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small, densely-staining hyphae; later the trichogyne disappears, degeneration progressing from the base to the apex; the investing filaments grow more actively
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