. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. APPLE DISEASES 471 ably parasitic. However, all are agreed that lichens are decidedly objectionable on fruit trees. They harbor insects and fungi, tend to keep the branches moist and more likely to decay, besides being untidy and unsightly. While they may not secure any nourishment from the trees they certainly must interfere seri- ously with the
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. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. APPLE DISEASES 471 ably parasitic. However, all are agreed that lichens are decidedly objectionable on fruit trees. They harbor insects and fungi, tend to keep the branches moist and more likely to decay, besides being untidy and unsightly. While they may not secure any nourishment from the trees they certainly must interfere seri- ously with the functions of the bark on the younger limbs. Two or three pounds of copper sulphate to 50 gallons of water or a 5-5-50 Bor- deaux sprayed on the trees before the buds swell in the spring will generally destroy the lichens. A wash such as is used for borers, consisting of one pound of potash or concentrated lye to five gal- lons of water, put on with a brush, is said to be effective. None of these mate- rials should he sprayed on the trees when in leaf on account of injuring the foliage. Thorough spraying with 3-3-50 Bordeaux in the spring and early summer, as rec- ommended for apple scab and other fun- gous diseases, would doubtless do much to hold the lichens in check, if not de- stroy them altogether. Hence, if the or- chard is well cared for and sprayed it will not be infested with lichens. W. J. Morse. Little Leaf. See Rosette. Mushroom Root Rot Armillaria Tnellea " ' '- H. P. Barss In various sections of the Northwest, fruit trees are attacked by the disease known as mushroom root rot or crown rot. Starting from isolated trees in an orchard, it often spreads to surrounding trees, forming infested areas, which en- large from year to year. Examination at the base of affected trees reveals a decayed condition on the underground part of the trunk or on large roots. Un- der favorable conditions clusters of mush- rooms (toadstools) usually appear in the fall at the base o