The war in Europe, its causes and consequences; an authentic narrative of the immediate and remote causes of the war, with a descriptive account of the countries involved, including statistics of armies, navies, aeroplanes, dirigibles, &c., &c . i founded in Young Italy an organization of greater import.Poetry, oratory, statesmanship became allies in a common movement.In 1846 Pius IX was elected pope, and his sympathy with measuresof reform excited the highest expectations. The way seemed to beprepared. On jNIarch 18, 1848, JNIilan struck the first blow. The people roseagainst Radetzky, the sa
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The war in Europe, its causes and consequences; an authentic narrative of the immediate and remote causes of the war, with a descriptive account of the countries involved, including statistics of armies, navies, aeroplanes, dirigibles, &c., &c . i founded in Young Italy an organization of greater import.Poetry, oratory, statesmanship became allies in a common movement.In 1846 Pius IX was elected pope, and his sympathy with measuresof reform excited the highest expectations. The way seemed to beprepared. On jNIarch 18, 1848, JNIilan struck the first blow. The people roseagainst Radetzky, the savage and redoubtable general in command ofAustrias army, and after five days of furious fighting they drove thetroops from the city. The Austrians, in this encounter, committedincredible cruelties, spitting mere children on the points of their bayo-nets and torturing prisoners who fell into their hands. In Venice arepublic was proclaimed. Charles Albert, who had shown some in-firmity of purpose, acted at last, and marched at the head of his armyinto Lombardy. Tuscany, ISTaples, and the papacy rallied, for thetime, to his aid. But Radetzky, veteran of many bloody campaigns, commanded an army superior in organization and discij)line. Forced. I-Io a:< 5 5 ic 2UJ I o h 142 REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS OF 1848 143 out of INIilan, he made liis waj^ to tlie Quadrilateral of Venetia.Skilled in maneuver, he outgeneraled Charles Albert, and at the bat-tle of Custozza, July 25, the patriots of Piedmont were so badly de-feated that Austria recovered Lombardy. IMeanwhile another victory had been won by Austria nearer home.In the revolution of 1848 the emjiire was able to uphold its suprem-acy less by feats of arms than by the diplomatic cunning that pittedone of the subject races against another. This is what happened inBohemia. The Czechs were so determined to nationalize their coun-try at the expense of the Germans, and the Germans so vigorously op-posed the attempt, that the two races came