. The railroad and engineering journal . k C, and extending longitudinallythrough the buffer beam A, and into the framework of theplatform, is a buffer-shank, D. which is constructed with anenlarged head, D . on one end and a round or cylindricalextension, />-, on the other en(. It will be seen out of the matter quoted but one meagersentence refers particularly to the elevated platform. Theother sentences quoted referring to the location of thebuflFer, its construction and arrangement. The first thing to be noted is that Miller does not claiman elevated platform by itself: he only claims su
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. The railroad and engineering journal . k C, and extending longitudinallythrough the buffer beam A, and into the framework of theplatform, is a buffer-shank, D. which is constructed with anenlarged head, D . on one end and a round or cylindricalextension, />-, on the other en(. It will be seen out of the matter quoted but one meagersentence refers particularly to the elevated platform. Theother sentences quoted referring to the location of thebuflFer, its construction and arrangement. The first thing to be noted is that Miller does not claiman elevated platform by itself: he only claims such a plat-form when an elastic buffer is located in the positionshown. When a thing is not claimed in a patent by itself, but only in combination with some other device, theseparate devices making up the combination are supposedto be in and of themselves old in the art. Thus the inference from reading the fourth claim of Mill-ers patent is that elevated platforms were old, but thatthey had never before his time been combined with elastic. Fig. 8. MILLER PLATFORM, 1865. buffers located in their ends. The complainants at thetrial made a great point of the benefit arising from theuse of elevated platforms, per se, which point was ad-mitted by the defendants. The defendants, however, asserted that the elevated platform as used to-day wasnot by itself the invention of Miller. To prove this, thedefense put Mr. Calvin A. Smith upon the stand. Mr.Smith is the Superintendent of the Union Tank Line.From or about the year 1854 to 1874. Mr. Smith was em-ployed as General Foreman and Superintendent of theCar Department of the Erie Railroad. In the year 1862, at the Erie shops, three cars were put in the course ofconstruction, having elevated platforms. The Erie roadwas a broad-gauge road, the cars rocked a good deal andit was desired to lower the car-bodies as much as possible. 451 THE RAILROAD AND [October, 1887. To do this and still keep the draft-line at the then normalheight above the rail