The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom . ery, Gedankcn zurDesccndeua- iind Vererhiingstheovic, Biol. Centralhlatt, 1893. Vol.XIII, Nos. 13 and 14, p. 397; further W. Wagner, Vindusfric dcsArancina, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petershourg, Vllth Ser., Vol. XLII,No. II, 1894; and N. Cholodkovsky^ Die Coniferenldiise, Hor. Soc.Ent. Ross., XXXI, p. 43. For a list of these T refer the reader to Demoor, Massart andVan der Velde, Lcvohition regressive, Paris, 1897, especially pp.286-289. ^F. Noel, Sifaungsber. d. Niederrhein. Gcs. f. Nafiirk., Bonn
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The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom . ery, Gedankcn zurDesccndeua- iind Vererhiingstheovic, Biol. Centralhlatt, 1893. Vol.XIII, Nos. 13 and 14, p. 397; further W. Wagner, Vindusfric dcsArancina, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petershourg, Vllth Ser., Vol. XLII, No. II, 1894; and N. Cholodkovsky^ Die Coniferenldiise, Hor. Soc.Ent. Ross., XXXI, p. 43. For a list of these T refer the reader to Demoor, Massart andVan der Velde, Lcvohition regressive, Paris, 1897, especially pp.286-289. ^F. Noel, Sifaungsber. d. Niederrhein. Gcs. f. Nafiirk., Bonn, March 4, 1901. ^ Ch. Riviere, Societe nat. daccUmatation, Paris, La Nature, 1901, No. 1477, p. 247. The tree in question grow^s near Hamma inAlgeria. *H. Muller-Thurgau has given an exhaustive list of whollyor partially sterile varieties of grapes in Experiment Station Record, XT, p. 16, 1902. The EfVplanation of Adaptations. 613 investigator claims to be of itself siifficiciit to disprovethe doctrine of selection.^ These i)lants contain fourstamens in each flower, two large normal ones, and tv(j. Fig. 136. Miiscavi comosum phimosiim. small abnormal ones. The latter contain fertile jxillcn, but never dehisce. The pollen is therefore absolutely *W. BuRCK. Kun. Akad. v. Wet., Amsterdam. 1901 : Allmm dNatiuir, 1902. See also the earlier writings of this author on tactswhich cannot be explained by the theory of selection. 614 Validity of the Doctrine of Mutation. useless, although if applied to the pistil, it is capable ofproducing an abundance of good seed. It is evidentthat this condition cannot have arisen either by gradualmodifications or under the inliuence of the ordinary se-lection of useful characters. All the difficulties which we have mentioned as be-setting the current view, disappear if we substitute muta-bility for fluctuating variability, as the source of theorigin of species; and there is no doubt that adaptationscan be explained by mutability just as satisfactorily a