The encyclopdia britannica; a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information . h massconcrete. Subsequently, the breakwater at Newhaven was con-structed on a foundation of chalk, with loo-ton concrete bags upto low water, and mass concrete above. Still later, the two break-waters sheltering the approach to the river Wear (see Harbour)and the Sunderland docks were built with a foundation moundof concrete in bags, 56 to 116 tons in weight, on the uneven sea-bottom, raised slightly above low water of spring tides, on whicha solid upright wall was erected, formed of concrete bloc
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The encyclopdia britannica; a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information . h massconcrete. Subsequently, the breakwater at Newhaven was con-structed on a foundation of chalk, with loo-ton concrete bags upto low water, and mass concrete above. Still later, the two break-waters sheltering the approach to the river Wear (see Harbour)and the Sunderland docks were built with a foundation moundof concrete in bags, 56 to 116 tons in weight, on the uneven sea-bottom, raised slightly above low water of spring tides, on whicha solid upright wall was erected, formed of concrete blocks on eachside faced with granite, filled in the centre and capped on the topwith mass concrete. The most exposed northern Roker breakwater, raised about 11 ft. above high water of springs where the rise is 14 ft.5 in., is devoid of a parapet; but a subway formed near the topin each breakwater gives access to the light on the pierhead in stormyweather (fig. 15). These concrete bags are tnade by lining the hopperof the barge with jute canvas, which receives the concrete and is BREM^^-BREmi 48a. sewn up) to form ;aibag;ivhilst the bargciS beitlgctsQinjed totlie site.The.concrete is thus^deposited unset, , ap4, readily, ftccoiiiroo43tpsitself to the: irregulariiies pfthe boftorii or of the mound iif iaggjarid stifficreilt liquid igroUt doies otit of the canvas when tftle bag iscompi-essedi to united the bags into a Solid mass, so thlat with the mass concrete Qn, /itbe!)tQp, thebreakwa.ter forms a [monpllth, This systeiii lias .beeii extendedto? the portibri of the ^upfer-striicture of the eastern, littte-exposed i.breakwater of BiJbaci Jii-fprti{^iy~ . ?? : harbour ifejow loiv water, . wJbefeKma^ vwJSir — the rubble moil nd is of moderate^W^Sg1g^g heiglitr but this ap|)liCatibn 6i_ i/ir7g.^^sra theSystem appearslessSatisfac- ? 1 , .J! I ;:.tory, as settlenjentiof thesuper- ^ *^^? i^P**, *-.. , sti;u?ture o|i tjhje mound VQuldFig. 15.—Sunderland .Sciu;thern produce cracks; In tile se