With apothecia Black and White Stock Photos & Images - Page 2

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 400 X 1000 MELASPILEA PROXIMELLA Nyl. a. a. a. a. Plant on hark- 6. Poition of thallus and apotLecia c Ve-tical sectioi, ot thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. ,. A.scus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). D Stock Photo

RMPG3W7E–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 400 X 1000 MELASPILEA PROXIMELLA Nyl. a. a. a. a. Plant on hark- 6. Poition of thallus and apotLecia c Ve-tical sectioi, ot thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. ,. A.scus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). D

. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. Fig. 211,—A piece of the foliaceous thallus oiPel- tigera horizontals; a the apothecia; r the rhizines (natural size). FIG. 2to.—A, B Graphis elegans, a crustaceous Lichen growing on the bark of the Holly ; A natural size/i? slightly magnified; C Pertusaria Wulfeni, another crustaceous Lichen (slightly magnified).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work. Stock Photo

RMRPXNF8–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. Fig. 211,—A piece of the foliaceous thallus oiPel- tigera horizontals; a the apothecia; r the rhizines (natural size). FIG. 2to.—A, B Graphis elegans, a crustaceous Lichen growing on the bark of the Holly ; A natural size/i? slightly magnified; C Pertusaria Wulfeni, another crustaceous Lichen (slightly magnified).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. r^<- (C 4 X 500 ^^ X lOUO. '^^^ X60U LECANAOTIS PREMNEA Wedd. a. Plant on bark, b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Aacua and parapbysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Nat Stock Photo

RMPG3WAD–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. r^<- (C 4 X 500 ^^ X lOUO. '^^^ X60U LECANAOTIS PREMNEA Wedd. a. Plant on bark, b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Aacua and parapbysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Nat

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. SYNALISSA.] COLLEMEI. 37 lular. Apothecia terminal, innate, lecanorino-endoearpoid, conco- lorous; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, usually Snse, occasionally nu- merous, simple, colourless ; Ly- me nial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones ter- minal or subterminal, *ith simplisli sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Distinguished from Ompha- laria, wmcli d6es not occur in our islands, chiefly by the gonimic granules; these are in pairs between the thall Stock Photo

RMRE1GDN–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. SYNALISSA.] COLLEMEI. 37 lular. Apothecia terminal, innate, lecanorino-endoearpoid, conco- lorous; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, usually Snse, occasionally nu- merous, simple, colourless ; Ly- me nial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones ter- minal or subterminal, *ith simplisli sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Distinguished from Ompha- laria, wmcli d6es not occur in our islands, chiefly by the gonimic granules; these are in pairs between the thall

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 24. 1. X 10(1 o C^ ^o oop 17 'V V A. X 600 X 500 PTYCHOGBAPHA XYLOGBAPHOIDES Nyl. a. Plant on wood. b. Portion of thallus and apotheoia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original w Stock Photo

RMPG3W88–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 24. 1. X 10(1 o C^ ^o oop 17 'V V A. X 600 X 500 PTYCHOGBAPHA XYLOGBAPHOIDES Nyl. a. Plant on wood. b. Portion of thallus and apotheoia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original w

. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 405 which is remarkable for its hispid apothecia, occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. Pyxine requires a warm temperature.. Fig. 85. a. Ozocladium Leprieurii, Mont., from above and below witli asci. Magnified. Communicated by Dr. Montagne. b. Section of apothecium of Oyrophora cj/Undrica, Moug. and Nest., No. 69. c. Ditto of Umhilicaria pustulata, with asci and paraphyses.* Moug. and Nest., No. 60. All more or less magnified. 5. CoccocARPEi, Mont. Disc expanded, orbicular, springing immediately from the medullary Stock Photo

RMRE3M79–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 405 which is remarkable for its hispid apothecia, occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. Pyxine requires a warm temperature.. Fig. 85. a. Ozocladium Leprieurii, Mont., from above and below witli asci. Magnified. Communicated by Dr. Montagne. b. Section of apothecium of Oyrophora cj/Undrica, Moug. and Nest., No. 69. c. Ditto of Umhilicaria pustulata, with asci and paraphyses.* Moug. and Nest., No. 60. All more or less magnified. 5. CoccocARPEi, Mont. Disc expanded, orbicular, springing immediately from the medullary

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. THE LARCH CANKER 43 spores from the ascus of this species is between 10 and 15 mm. In a damp chamber such as that described, the spore-ejection may take place very rapidly, and from two small apothecia, measuring 1-25 mm. and 1-5 mm. respec- tively in diameter, 104 spores were found to have been ejected in 2 minutes. In a dry atmosphere the asci cease to shed their spores, a fact which is no doubt correlated with the closing of the apothecia in dry weather. The spores maj' germinate in either of the two following ways : (i) The spores first Stock Photo

RMPG44D4–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. THE LARCH CANKER 43 spores from the ascus of this species is between 10 and 15 mm. In a damp chamber such as that described, the spore-ejection may take place very rapidly, and from two small apothecia, measuring 1-25 mm. and 1-5 mm. respec- tively in diameter, 104 spores were found to have been ejected in 2 minutes. In a dry atmosphere the asci cease to shed their spores, a fact which is no doubt correlated with the closing of the apothecia in dry weather. The spores maj' germinate in either of the two following ways : (i) The spores first

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 22. X 500 X500 LITHOGRAPHA TESSEIIATA JSfyl. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus, d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysi /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Stock Photo

RMRDJE4F–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 22. X 500 X500 LITHOGRAPHA TESSEIIATA JSfyl. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus, d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysi /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History).

. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 371), A coniDion liclini < Plnj^cUi) i.n-oviiii^f nn liurk, slinw iii^ tin- sprciHlini; tliiilltis tmrl tlio iiuracroiis dark disks (apiiflu-fial Ituarin^,' tlie jisci.â(JoLDiiKRfiEli. of living together has been called symbiods, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symhionts.. Fig. 371. /V ciiimon folinse [(:q (Piiynwlia) gâ¢i^â m^z ujion a Ivoanl. ami showinc: apothecia.âLioLDEEKGEii. 20. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readabi Stock Photo

RMPG3CRF–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 371), A coniDion liclini < Plnj^cUi) i.n-oviiii^f nn liurk, slinw iii^ tin- sprciHlini; tliiilltis tmrl tlio iiuracroiis dark disks (apiiflu-fial Ituarin^,' tlie jisci.â(JoLDiiKRfiEli. of living together has been called symbiods, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symhionts.. Fig. 371. /V ciiimon folinse [(:q (Piiynwlia) gâ¢i^â m^z ujion a Ivoanl. ami showinc: apothecia.âLioLDEEKGEii. 20. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readabi

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 340 IICHENACEI. [P ANNUL ARIA. 57. PANNULARIA Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360, I. c. 1882, p. 458. '—Thallus squamulose or granulose. Apothecia biatorine, rarely lecideine : spores Snee, ellipsoid or oblong, simple or variously sep- tate, colourless; hymenialgelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with spermatia as in the preceding genus, but sometimes shorter. Diftera from Pannaria in the less developed thallus and the different type of the apothecia, t Stock Photo

RMRE0KFR–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 340 IICHENACEI. [P ANNUL ARIA. 57. PANNULARIA Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360, I. c. 1882, p. 458. '—Thallus squamulose or granulose. Apothecia biatorine, rarely lecideine : spores Snee, ellipsoid or oblong, simple or variously sep- tate, colourless; hymenialgelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with spermatia as in the preceding genus, but sometimes shorter. Diftera from Pannaria in the less developed thallus and the different type of the apothecia, t

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fia. 124.—lophodermium nervisequium on Abies pectinata (Silver Fir). 1, Under surface of needle with apothecia. 2, Upper surface with pycnidia. Fig. 125.—Lophodermium nervisequium. Section of a needle of Silver Fir. b, Pycnidium on upper surface shedding conidia. a, Apothe- cium on the lower surface. (After R. Hartig.). Fig. 126.—lophoderviium nervisequium on Silver Fir. Portion of a ripe apothe- cium. a a, Filament Stock Photo

RMPG4BH0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fia. 124.—lophodermium nervisequium on Abies pectinata (Silver Fir). 1, Under surface of needle with apothecia. 2, Upper surface with pycnidia. Fig. 125.—Lophodermium nervisequium. Section of a needle of Silver Fir. b, Pycnidium on upper surface shedding conidia. a, Apothe- cium on the lower surface. (After R. Hartig.). Fig. 126.—lophoderviium nervisequium on Silver Fir. Portion of a ripe apothe- cium. a a, Filament

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 32. XSOO CHIODECTON ALBIDUM Leight, a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of tballus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Stock Photo

RMRDJDX6–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 32. XSOO CHIODECTON ALBIDUM Leight, a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of tballus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 166 M0TAN7. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many regions upon the ground. They are for the most part of a greenish-gray color, and hence are often called Gray-mosses. Other colors, as black, purple, yellow, and white, are also common. 349. They are all of rather small size, varying from a millimetre or so to 20 or 30 cm. in length. For the greater. Fio. 90.—A a flat-^owinpr (foliaceous) Lichen (Sticta pulinonaria); B, a stemmed (trutlcose^ Lichen (Usueabarbata); a, a, fruit-discs (apothecia). Nat- ural size, part the pl Stock Photo

RMPG416R–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 166 M0TAN7. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many regions upon the ground. They are for the most part of a greenish-gray color, and hence are often called Gray-mosses. Other colors, as black, purple, yellow, and white, are also common. 349. They are all of rather small size, varying from a millimetre or so to 20 or 30 cm. in length. For the greater. Fio. 90.—A a flat-^owinpr (foliaceous) Lichen (Sticta pulinonaria); B, a stemmed (trutlcose^ Lichen (Usueabarbata); a, a, fruit-discs (apothecia). Nat- ural size, part the pl

. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. 316. POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. Genus IT. SCUTULA, Tul. Gen. Char. Apothecia superficial on the thallus of various fo- liaceous lichens, scutiform or discoid, and iramarginate. Thec^ clavate, G-S-spored. Spores ovate-oblong, obtuse p^ â : . ^iirui^le, pale, full of homogeneous oil. Spermogones globost minute^ superficial, with a simple cavity. Spermatia linear, very slender,' short, curved, generated acrogenously from simple, o Stock Photo

RMREP2HF–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. 316. POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. Genus IT. SCUTULA, Tul. Gen. Char. Apothecia superficial on the thallus of various fo- liaceous lichens, scutiform or discoid, and iramarginate. Thec^ clavate, G-S-spored. Spores ovate-oblong, obtuse p^ â : . ^iirui^le, pale, full of homogeneous oil. Spermogones globost minute^ superficial, with a simple cavity. Spermatia linear, very slender,' short, curved, generated acrogenously from simple, o

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 8o MYCOtOGY. Fig. 26.—A foliaceous lichen, Parmelia perlata. i, Plant slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia; b, lobe of thallus; c, patches of soredia; 2, longitudinal section of apothecium and cross-section of thallus; o, ascus; b, c, hypothecium; d. upper gonidial (upper algal) layer; e, medullary layer; /, lower gonidial layer; g, lower cortical layer; I, 3, cross-section of vegetative thallus. (From Gager. After Schneider.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned Stock Photo

RMPG4589–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 8o MYCOtOGY. Fig. 26.—A foliaceous lichen, Parmelia perlata. i, Plant slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia; b, lobe of thallus; c, patches of soredia; 2, longitudinal section of apothecium and cross-section of thallus; o, ascus; b, c, hypothecium; d. upper gonidial (upper algal) layer; e, medullary layer; /, lower gonidial layer; g, lower cortical layer; I, 3, cross-section of vegetative thallus. (From Gager. After Schneider.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned

. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 till a later stage. By continual growth in thickness of the overlying thallus, the apothecia gradually become submerged and tend to degenerate; meanwhile, however, a branch from the ascogonial hyphae at the base of the hymenium pushes up along one side and forms a secondary ascogonial cell-plexus over the top of the first-formed disc. A new apothecium thus arises and remains sporiferous until it also comes to lie in too deep a position, when the process is repeated. Sometimes the regenerating hypha travels to the right or left away from the Stock Photo

RMRDX32X–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 till a later stage. By continual growth in thickness of the overlying thallus, the apothecia gradually become submerged and tend to degenerate; meanwhile, however, a branch from the ascogonial hyphae at the base of the hymenium pushes up along one side and forms a secondary ascogonial cell-plexus over the top of the first-formed disc. A new apothecium thus arises and remains sporiferous until it also comes to lie in too deep a position, when the process is repeated. Sometimes the regenerating hypha travels to the right or left away from the

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 92.-|-Sclerotinia on plum, o, section showing a spore pustule and chains of conidia; 6, part of a spore-chain; c, spores germinating; d, a mummy plum and ascophores; e, an ascophore; /, ascus; g, mature spores. After Longyear. in nature, usually at blossom time of the host, can also produce apothecia, a fact first demonstrated by Norton. ^^ These apothecia develop in large numbers from old fruits half buried in soil, and send forth ascospores to aid in infection. The ascospores germinate readily in water and it was proved by N Stock Photo

RMPG4GPN–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 92.-|-Sclerotinia on plum, o, section showing a spore pustule and chains of conidia; 6, part of a spore-chain; c, spores germinating; d, a mummy plum and ascophores; e, an ascophore; /, ascus; g, mature spores. After Longyear. in nature, usually at blossom time of the host, can also produce apothecia, a fact first demonstrated by Norton. ^^ These apothecia develop in large numbers from old fruits half buried in soil, and send forth ascospores to aid in infection. The ascospores germinate readily in water and it was proved by N

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X80. X460 X 700 ARTHONIA ASTROIDEA Aoh. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysei /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Bo Stock Photo

RMRDJE5D–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X80. X460 X 700 ARTHONIA ASTROIDEA Aoh. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysei /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Bo

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 159. spreading the fungus during the summer though they have not yet actually been observed to germinate or to cause infection. Apothecia radiately arranged on the stroma which is about 0.5-1.5 cm. across; asci 120-130 X 9-10 ix; spores large, 65-80 Tt 1.5-3 m; paraphyses numerous, in- curved or hooked. Conidia (=Melasmia acerina Lev.) preceding the asci, producing numerous small, hyaline, 1-celled spores in an extended hy- menial layer. On various species of Fig. maple, apparently consist- ing o Stock Photo

RMPG4GJY–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 159. spreading the fungus during the summer though they have not yet actually been observed to germinate or to cause infection. Apothecia radiately arranged on the stroma which is about 0.5-1.5 cm. across; asci 120-130 X 9-10 ix; spores large, 65-80 Tt 1.5-3 m; paraphyses numerous, in- curved or hooked. Conidia (=Melasmia acerina Lev.) preceding the asci, producing numerous small, hyaline, 1-celled spores in an extended hy- menial layer. On various species of Fig. maple, apparently consist- ing o

. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. F,o 270 A common lichen (PkysdU) growing on bark, showing *£»«-*£^ and the numerous dark diske (apothecia) bearmg the asc-GoLDRERGER. of living together has been called symbiosis, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symbionts.. Fig. 2T1. L common foliose lichen (Parmdia) growing upon a board, and showing apothecia.—Goldberger. 20. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly res Stock Photo

RMRE1JD2–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. F,o 270 A common lichen (PkysdU) growing on bark, showing *£»«-*£^ and the numerous dark diske (apothecia) bearmg the asc-GoLDRERGER. of living together has been called symbiosis, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symbionts.. Fig. 2T1. L common foliose lichen (Parmdia) growing upon a board, and showing apothecia.—Goldberger. 20. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly res

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ^ & 0 X 20 #;fc|L p^; A M â kk ^0- ;^rric. 7 F'AV'-V.'. j>7--r"-: ^ '-Si'' -â '' '^ (;o(i b/w N>. X iL'Od X 600 SCLEROPHYTON CIRCUMSCRIPTUM A. Zahlbr. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thaUus and apothecia. c. V^ertical section o( thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus. f. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t Stock Photo

RMPG3W62–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ^ & 0 X 20 #;fc|L p^; A M â kk ^0- ;^rric. 7 F'AV'-V.'. j>7--r"-: ^ '-Si'' -â '' '^ (;o(i b/w N>. X iL'Od X 600 SCLEROPHYTON CIRCUMSCRIPTUM A. Zahlbr. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thaUus and apothecia. c. V^ertical section o( thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus. f. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 492 IICHENACBI. [PERTOSAEIA. Soc Cherb. iii. p. 180.—Thallus continuous, verrucoso-unequal, or smoothist, very rarely hypopLlceodal. Apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid; spores l-4r)se, 6-8n8e, large, ellipsoid or oblong, colourless, rarely blackish, with a thick or thickish epispore; paraphyses lax or coherent, variously branched and arcuate; hymenial gelatine, but chiefly the thecse, deep-lilac with iodine. Spermogones with acicular, straight spermatia. A n Stock Photo

RMRE0KEA–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 492 IICHENACBI. [PERTOSAEIA. Soc Cherb. iii. p. 180.—Thallus continuous, verrucoso-unequal, or smoothist, very rarely hypopLlceodal. Apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid; spores l-4r)se, 6-8n8e, large, ellipsoid or oblong, colourless, rarely blackish, with a thick or thickish epispore; paraphyses lax or coherent, variously branched and arcuate; hymenial gelatine, but chiefly the thecse, deep-lilac with iodine. Spermogones with acicular, straight spermatia. A n

. Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) Prepared at the request of the Botanical Dept. of Harvard University. Botany; Botany. â i2'J. A licliHii [I^liiiscla strllaris) : v., apothecia. 330. Usnea l/arbata.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leavitt, Robert Greenleaf, 1865-1942; Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. Field, forest, and garden botany. New York, Americ Stock Photo

RMRDTNF8–. Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) Prepared at the request of the Botanical Dept. of Harvard University. Botany; Botany. â i2'J. A licliHii [I^liiiscla strllaris) : v., apothecia. 330. Usnea l/arbata.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leavitt, Robert Greenleaf, 1865-1942; Gray, Asa, 1810-1888. Field, forest, and garden botany. New York, Americ

. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 295 plant. In other words, a Lichen is not an individual, but a firm of two individuals very unlike each other. This habit. F,o 270 A common lichen (PkysdU) growing on bark, showing *£»«-*£^ and the numerous dark diske (apothecia) bearmg the asc-GoLDRERGER. of living together has been called symbiosis, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symbionts.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t Stock Photo

RMRE1JDA–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 295 plant. In other words, a Lichen is not an individual, but a firm of two individuals very unlike each other. This habit. F,o 270 A common lichen (PkysdU) growing on bark, showing *£»«-*£^ and the numerous dark diske (apothecia) bearmg the asc-GoLDRERGER. of living together has been called symbiosis, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symbionts.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t

. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 88 produce 30 apothecia, and the same sclerotia which had produced apothecia one year might very well produce new ones the succeeding autumn. The sclerotia are very much like the sclerotia belonging to Sclero- tinia trifoliorum, and Rostrup considers both fungi to cause equal. Fig. 8. Mitrula sclerotiorum. a, sclerotium with 5 ascomata^. b, 2 ascomata-^- <:. section of fungus^. d, asci and paraphyses ^. c, ascus —. From R02a. damage. They are often found on the same host-plants, the sclerotia, however, found on Lotus alwa Stock Photo

RMRE393J–. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 88 produce 30 apothecia, and the same sclerotia which had produced apothecia one year might very well produce new ones the succeeding autumn. The sclerotia are very much like the sclerotia belonging to Sclero- tinia trifoliorum, and Rostrup considers both fungi to cause equal. Fig. 8. Mitrula sclerotiorum. a, sclerotium with 5 ascomata^. b, 2 ascomata-^- <:. section of fungus^. d, asci and paraphyses ^. c, ascus —. From R02a. damage. They are often found on the same host-plants, the sclerotia, however, found on Lotus alwa

. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 32o THALLOPHYTES. two, a foliaceous expansion of small size being first formed, the cup-shaped or fruticosely- branched thallus afterwards rising from this.. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a l Stock Photo

RMRPXNEF–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 32o THALLOPHYTES. two, a foliaceous expansion of small size being first formed, the cup-shaped or fruticosely- branched thallus afterwards rising from this.. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a l

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 12. '/ X400 X oOO BACIDIA RUBELLA Massal. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of tballus. d. Vertical section of apotbecium. c. Asous and jmraphyses. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). De Stock Photo

RMRDJEA9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 12. '/ X400 X oOO BACIDIA RUBELLA Massal. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of tballus. d. Vertical section of apotbecium. c. Asous and jmraphyses. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). De

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr Stock Photo

RMRDEFJ9–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 17. LOPADIUM PEZIZOIPEUM Koerh. u L L ^ Plant on n,oss b. Portion of thallu« and apothecia. c. Vertical section d 'f If If thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. .. Ascus with spore and paraphysis.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History) Stock Photo

RMRDJE8K–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 17. LOPADIUM PEZIZOIPEUM Koerh. u L L ^ Plant on n,oss b. Portion of thallu« and apothecia. c. Vertical section d 'f If If thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. .. Ascus with spore and paraphysis.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History)

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 324 LICHENACET. [ttmbilicaeia. plane; spores often obsoletely curved, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. Differs very much from U. pustulata in the external appearance of the thallus, though agreeing with it in the character of the apothecia. It is well characterized by the somewhat rigid thallus having the upper sur- face minutely areolate and the lower smooth and glabrous, as also by the apothecia being constantly lecanor Stock Photo

RMRE0KGD–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 324 LICHENACET. [ttmbilicaeia. plane; spores often obsoletely curved, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. Differs very much from U. pustulata in the external appearance of the thallus, though agreeing with it in the character of the apothecia. It is well characterized by the somewhat rigid thallus having the upper sur- face minutely areolate and the lower smooth and glabrous, as also by the apothecia being constantly lecanor

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 141 It causes a rot of the grape, much dreaded in Europe, attacking leaves, fruit and stem. The fungus can persist long as a sapro- phyte in the conidial condition. Sclerotia are borne within the affected tissues. On germination they may either produce the conidia directly or form apothecia. Both ascospores and conidia are capable of infecting the grape but infection is much more certain from a vigorous mycelium (see S. libertiana, p. 142). Attachment organs, c. f. Fig. 93, which consist of close Stock Photo

RMRDE6GR–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 141 It causes a rot of the grape, much dreaded in Europe, attacking leaves, fruit and stem. The fungus can persist long as a sapro- phyte in the conidial condition. Sclerotia are borne within the affected tissues. On germination they may either produce the conidia directly or form apothecia. Both ascospores and conidia are capable of infecting the grape but infection is much more certain from a vigorous mycelium (see S. libertiana, p. 142). Attachment organs, c. f. Fig. 93, which consist of close

$. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. Fig. 473. Kg. 474. yovos, offspring), are reckoned as equivalent to archegonia or sporangia, in which, after the action of the antheridia, a fertilised spore is formed, which is denominated an oospore. In Lichens, which are Thallogens, reproductive bodies called spores. Fig. 475. Fig. 476. Pig. 477. occur in thecse or asci, which are united in the form of open discs or apothecia {a-jrh, from, Shun, box), and in hollow conceptacles called perithecia ('Jti^i, around). On Stock Photo$

RMRDGHX6–. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. Fig. 473. Kg. 474. yovos, offspring), are reckoned as equivalent to archegonia or sporangia, in which, after the action of the antheridia, a fertilised spore is formed, which is denominated an oospore. In Lichens, which are Thallogens, reproductive bodies called spores. Fig. 475. Fig. 476. Pig. 477. occur in thecse or asci, which are united in the form of open discs or apothecia {a-jrh, from, Shun, box), and in hollow conceptacles called perithecia ('Jti^i, around). On

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XlOO XYLOGBAPHA PARALLELA Nyl. a. Plant on wood. h. Protruding apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. t:. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Morrison, 1833-190 Stock Photo

RMRDJE3B–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XlOO XYLOGBAPHA PARALLELA Nyl. a. Plant on wood. h. Protruding apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. t:. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Morrison, 1833-190

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ra XllO. X2000 X 1000 X 500 PLATYGRAPHA PEBICLEA Nyl. a Plant on bark. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical Kection of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History Stock Photo

RMRDJE62–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ra XllO. X2000 X 1000 X 500 PLATYGRAPHA PEBICLEA Nyl. a Plant on bark. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical Kection of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. iiii. — A foliose lichen (^Physcia) on tree bark; note the marginal vegetative propagation characteristic of lichens, also the numerous fruiting structures, the apothecia. — From Coulter (Part I). Lichens. — Structural relations. — A lichen is a plant complex made up of a fungus body in which algae are enclosed. Formerly lichens were supposed to be in- dividual plants, and the green cells, now known to be algae, were called gonidia (figs. 1111-1113). The dual nature of lichens was discov- ered by making sep- arate cultures o Stock Photo

RMRDGFE8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. iiii. — A foliose lichen (^Physcia) on tree bark; note the marginal vegetative propagation characteristic of lichens, also the numerous fruiting structures, the apothecia. — From Coulter (Part I). Lichens. — Structural relations. — A lichen is a plant complex made up of a fungus body in which algae are enclosed. Formerly lichens were supposed to be in- dividual plants, and the green cells, now known to be algae, were called gonidia (figs. 1111-1113). The dual nature of lichens was discov- ered by making sep- arate cultures o

. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. TYPES OF CRYPTOGAMS; THALLOPHYTES 271 329. The Fruit. â Loot for small lance-shaped disks seated upon the thallus. Note the approximate sizes and color within and â without. These disks are called apothecia. Note the very minute black specks (spermogones) which are scattered in the surface of the thallus. Pick one from the thallus, with as little of the thaUus as possible, and examine under high power. It may be macerated in a drop of potash solution and crushed under the cover-glass. If the contents are not easily defined, they may then be made more op Stock Photo

RMRDG4YX–. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. TYPES OF CRYPTOGAMS; THALLOPHYTES 271 329. The Fruit. â Loot for small lance-shaped disks seated upon the thallus. Note the approximate sizes and color within and â without. These disks are called apothecia. Note the very minute black specks (spermogones) which are scattered in the surface of the thallus. Pick one from the thallus, with as little of the thaUus as possible, and examine under high power. It may be macerated in a drop of potash solution and crushed under the cover-glass. If the contents are not easily defined, they may then be made more op

. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a leathery consistence, is tough, elastic, and flexible; but a large number of genera, which are remarkable also in other ways, are slimy and gela- tinous in thi Stock Photo

RMRPXNE5–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a leathery consistence, is tough, elastic, and flexible; but a large number of genera, which are remarkable also in other ways, are slimy and gela- tinous in thi

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 25. X (iOO c ENCEPHALOGBAPHA CEREBRINA Koerb. a Plant on rock. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallui.. 'I- Vertical section of apothccium. r. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores. Ml. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hi Stock Photo

RMRDJE2H–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 25. X (iOO c ENCEPHALOGBAPHA CEREBRINA Koerb. a Plant on rock. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallui.. 'I- Vertical section of apothccium. r. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores. Ml. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hi

RMRDJE73–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. r^<- (C 4 X 500 ^^ X lOUO. '^^^ X60U LECANAOTIS PREMNEA Wedd. a. Plant on bark, b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Aacua and parapbysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Nat

RMRDD8BP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 250 ASCOMYCETES. Scleroderris. A ^black stroma is formed in the bark of twigs attacked by this fungus, and thence the apothecia break out in great numbers, at first as closed spheres, later as stalked open cups with finely lobed rims. The asci are cylindrical or club- m Fig. 13B-'Scleroderris full' rtinosa on living twig of Salix Caprea. (v. Tubeuf del.). Fig. 134.— i^clerodei-^'is faliginosa ou living twig of Salix

RMREP2JT–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. PK.f nv, 'ephalodia or Df points on e apotliccia, f foliaceous as abortive 3n, we may of Parmelia xat'dh (var. abortiva of apothecia of " Lichenes ^s Tries; a orily proved ogists. We elonging to und for tlie :lierto little the aid of jnon occur- 0 the same the genera i by some the Fungi;. iMJini.i»»v dijJti-j l£nc«rit BroolcR. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally e

. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. Fij,'. 241). 351. Lichens. Tln-so plimts may 1h5 found growing on the bark of trees, on old fences, on rooks, (jr on the gioiuid. Tliey diller widely in cxturnid j»ppeiiriinc; c, the thallus; the rounded bodies at the siuninit are the apothecia. lThoni6.) Fig. 250.—A foliaceoug Lichen growing on a stone ; natural size. (Gray.) Fig. 251. —Section of an apothecium. (Gray.). Fig. 250.. Please no Stock Photo

RMRJ0XBA–. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. Fij,'. 241). 351. Lichens. Tln-so plimts may 1h5 found growing on the bark of trees, on old fences, on rooks, (jr on the gioiuid. Tliey diller widely in cxturnid j»ppeiiriinc; c, the thallus; the rounded bodies at the siuninit are the apothecia. lThoni6.) Fig. 250.—A foliaceoug Lichen growing on a stone ; natural size. (Gray.) Fig. 251. —Section of an apothecium. (Gray.). Fig. 250.. Please no

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 33. X 600 X 1500 X 60(J GLYPHIS LABYEINTHICA Ach, a. Plant on baik. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus with paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His Stock Photo

RMRDJDX0–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 33. X 600 X 1500 X 60(J GLYPHIS LABYEINTHICA Ach, a. Plant on baik. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus with paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LICHINA.] LICHINEI. 31 Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193. Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile; gonimia elongate - seriately moniliform, suboonnate. Apothecia small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or tMckish; spores 8n8e, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata. The pri Stock Photo

RMRE1GE9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LICHINA.] LICHINEI. 31 Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193. Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile; gonimia elongate - seriately moniliform, suboonnate. Apothecia small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or tMckish; spores 8n8e, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata. The pri

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PYRENIBIFM.] PYEENIDEI. 81 Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. too Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337; Mora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus maculate, radiately appresaod; cortical layer distinct; gonimic granules monilitormly coherent. Apothecia pyrenoid; spores 4nge, septate, brown; paraphyses scarcely any. Spermo- gones unknown. A singular tribe, holding amongst the Collemacei au analogous place to the Pyi-modei amongst the Lichenacei. In this respect the family very appropriat Stock Photo

RMRE1GC9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PYRENIBIFM.] PYEENIDEI. 81 Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. too Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337; Mora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus maculate, radiately appresaod; cortical layer distinct; gonimic granules monilitormly coherent. Apothecia pyrenoid; spores 4nge, septate, brown; paraphyses scarcely any. Spermo- gones unknown. A singular tribe, holding amongst the Collemacei au analogous place to the Pyi-modei amongst the Lichenacei. In this respect the family very appropriat

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 16. XfiOO BOMBYLIOSPORA PACHYCARPA Massal. a a (> a. Plant on moss. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section 0 0 0 of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c, Ascus with spore and paraphyses.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Na Stock Photo

RMRDJE8Y–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 16. XfiOO BOMBYLIOSPORA PACHYCARPA Massal. a a (> a. Plant on moss. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section 0 0 0 of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c, Ascus with spore and paraphyses.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Na

$. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES : FUNGI 79 plant. In other words, a Lichen is not an individual, but a firm of two individuals very unlike each other. This habit 9"3^ Fig. 70. A common lichen {Physda) growing on bark, showing the spreading thallus and the numerons dark disks (apothecia) bearing the asci.—Caldwell. of living together has been called si/mhiosis, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symhioats.. Fig. 71. A common foliose lichen (Parmdia) growing upon a board, and showing apothecia.—Caldwell.. Please note that these images are extr Stock Photo$

RMRDTWF8–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES : FUNGI 79 plant. In other words, a Lichen is not an individual, but a firm of two individuals very unlike each other. This habit 9"3^ Fig. 70. A common lichen {Physda) growing on bark, showing the spreading thallus and the numerons dark disks (apothecia) bearing the asci.—Caldwell. of living together has been called si/mhiosis, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symhioats.. Fig. 71. A common foliose lichen (Parmdia) growing upon a board, and showing apothecia.—Caldwell.. Please note that these images are extr

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 346 LIOHENACEI. [COCCOCARPIA. apothecia. Like Fannularia, it might almost be included among the Leoideei (vide Nyl. and Cromb. Joui-n. Linn. Soc. Bot. xx. p. 51); but its more appropriate place is in this subtribe. It comprises only a few species, which, with a single exception, are natives of warm regions. 1. C. plumbea Nyl. Mem. See. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 109 ; Lich. Scand. p. 128.—Thallus orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, sub- monopbyllous, adnata, radiato- Stock Photo

RMRE0KFK–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 346 LIOHENACEI. [COCCOCARPIA. apothecia. Like Fannularia, it might almost be included among the Leoideei (vide Nyl. and Cromb. Joui-n. Linn. Soc. Bot. xx. p. 51); but its more appropriate place is in this subtribe. It comprises only a few species, which, with a single exception, are natives of warm regions. 1. C. plumbea Nyl. Mem. See. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 109 ; Lich. Scand. p. 128.—Thallus orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, sub- monopbyllous, adnata, radiato-

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 184 LICHENACEI. [roccella. attaining a length of 6 inches or more. The apothecia are rare in Britain, though numerous when present. They are dirinean in appearance, super- ficial, somewhat prominent, chiefly marginal, with the prnina at length evanescent. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—-DJsir. Local though plentiful where it occurs in the Qhannel Islands and in S. England ; Stock Photo

RMRE0KKN–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 184 LICHENACEI. [roccella. attaining a length of 6 inches or more. The apothecia are rare in Britain, though numerous when present. They are dirinean in appearance, super- ficial, somewhat prominent, chiefly marginal, with the prnina at length evanescent. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—-DJsir. Local though plentiful where it occurs in the Qhannel Islands and in S. England ;

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 500. X 500 ^^3 W^ X 1200 GYALECTA GUPULAEIS Schfer. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apotheciuna. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hist Stock Photo

RMRDJ22B–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 500. X 500 ^^3 W^ X 1200 GYALECTA GUPULAEIS Schfer. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apotheciuna. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hist

. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 308 BOTANY. to completely evaporate before placing in the moist chamber. By tak- ing precautions to keep out moulds, by suppl.yinj? the moist chamber with air passed through one or two plujis of cotton-wool, he succeeded in continuing the growth of the liyphae for three months, at the end of which time the algae were surrounded by a good number of branches. Pig. 818. Fig. 312.—Jlsneabarbata, nat. Bize. to the bark of a tree.—After Sachs. Pig. %IZ.—Slieta pulmonacea, nat. size. Fig. 213. a, apothecia; /, disk by which it is attached a, apothecia.— Stock Photo

RMRDW9R7–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 308 BOTANY. to completely evaporate before placing in the moist chamber. By tak- ing precautions to keep out moulds, by suppl.yinj? the moist chamber with air passed through one or two plujis of cotton-wool, he succeeded in continuing the growth of the liyphae for three months, at the end of which time the algae were surrounded by a good number of branches. Pig. 818. Fig. 312.—Jlsneabarbata, nat. Bize. to the bark of a tree.—After Sachs. Pig. %IZ.—Slieta pulmonacea, nat. size. Fig. 213. a, apothecia; /, disk by which it is attached a, apothecia.—

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ;j^T^HHiiyMHIMMil|E£ktS£ - ^«^ ^OC5i-$C30(!:3CDC:JC JCli C3C>c->CJ cvCT'. XIOOO X fiOO OPEGBAPHA ATBA Pers. n. Plant on bark, 5. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. (7. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfec Stock Photo

RMRDJE0C–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ;j^T^HHiiyMHIMMil|E£ktS£ - ^«^ ^OC5i-$C30(!:3CDC:JC JCli C3C>c->CJ cvCT'. XIOOO X fiOO OPEGBAPHA ATBA Pers. n. Plant on bark, 5. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. (7. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfec

RMRDTNK7–. Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) Prepared at the request of the Botanical Dept. of Harvard University. Botany; Botany. CliYI'TOGAMS 191 bowl-shaped, or even club-.sliaped. The hirgest have apothecia several Indies across, but the commoner kinds. 311. Peziza on wood. 312. Section of apothecium; 7i, hymeuium. are a quarter inch or less in diameter. The interior of tlie saucer is lined by a laj'er (Ji//menium, Fig. 312) made up of spore sacs (Fi.g'- 313) and sterile filaments that grow up between them. When ripe, tlie (eiglit) s

RMRDC1H4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 130.—Sections of Maple leaves showing the upper epidermis ruptured by 1, RKytisma acerinwm; 2, Rhytisma 2mnctatum. Fig. 131.—Rhytisma symvietricum Miill. Two leaves of Salix purpurea vrith stromata. A, The upper side. B, The lower side. C, Longitudinal section through the same leaf, showing numerous apothecia on the upper side, fewer on the lower ; the shaded middle part represents leaf-tissue, the remainder is

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 54 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMA.. Hah. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland hilly districts.—DwiSr. Local and scarce in W. England, the S.W. Highlands, Scotland, and N W. Ireland.-B. M.: Oleeve Hill, Somersetshire ; Shipton and iiear Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Kendal, West- moreland. Appin, Argyleshire. Kylemore, co. Galway. C. SYNECHOBLASTUS (Travis. Nuov. gen. CoUem. 1853).—Thallus variously lobed. Apothecia lecanorine, rarely biatori Stock Photo

RMRE1GDC–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 54 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMA.. Hah. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland hilly districts.—DwiSr. Local and scarce in W. England, the S.W. Highlands, Scotland, and N W. Ireland.-B. M.: Oleeve Hill, Somersetshire ; Shipton and iiear Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Kendal, West- moreland. Appin, Argyleshire. Kylemore, co. Galway. C. SYNECHOBLASTUS (Travis. Nuov. gen. CoUem. 1853).—Thallus variously lobed. Apothecia lecanorine, rarely biatori

. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 308 BOTANY. to completely evaporate before placing in the moist chamber. By tak- ino; precautions to keep out moulds, by supplying the moist chamber with air passed through one or two plugs of cotton-wool, he succeeded in continuing the growth of the hyphse for three months, at, llie end of which time the algae were surrounded by a good number of branches. Fia. 212. Fio. 213. Fig, %Vi.—lTsmabarbata, nat. size, a, a, apothecia ; /, disk by which it is attached to the bark of a tree.—After Sachs. Fig. 213,—Sioto pidmonacea, nat. size, a, a, apothec Stock Photo

RMRDWAA0–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 308 BOTANY. to completely evaporate before placing in the moist chamber. By tak- ino; precautions to keep out moulds, by supplying the moist chamber with air passed through one or two plugs of cotton-wool, he succeeded in continuing the growth of the hyphse for three months, at, llie end of which time the algae were surrounded by a good number of branches. Fia. 212. Fio. 213. Fig, %Vi.—lTsmabarbata, nat. size, a, a, apothecia ; /, disk by which it is attached to the bark of a tree.—After Sachs. Fig. 213,—Sioto pidmonacea, nat. size, a, a, apothec

RMRPXNEW–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. Fig. 211,—A piece of the foliaceous thallus oiPel- tigera horizontals; a the apothecia; r the rhizines (natural size). FIG. 2to.—A, B Graphis elegans, a crustaceous Lichen growing on the bark of the Holly ; A natural size/i? slightly magnified; C Pertusaria Wulfeni, another crustaceous Lichen (slightly magnified).. Fig. 212.—Collemapulposum, a gelatinous Lichen (slightly magnified). passes over, through various gradations, into that of the Foliaceous Lichens; the latter forms flake-like expansions often curled, which can be comple

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 204 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 77 b. Alfalfa defoliated by the Leaf Spot Fungus. (Photo- graph by H. H. Whetzel) Small sooty brown or black spots about -X- inch in diameter are 1 D produced, first evident on the upper surfaces of the leaves (Fig. 78). In these spots there appear later in the season the relatively simple, sessile apothecia, which are formed beneath the epidermis and break through at maturity. The spots are often very numer- ous, causing defoliation of many of Stock Photo

RMRDJFDP–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 204 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 77 b. Alfalfa defoliated by the Leaf Spot Fungus. (Photo- graph by H. H. Whetzel) Small sooty brown or black spots about -X- inch in diameter are 1 D produced, first evident on the upper surfaces of the leaves (Fig. 78). In these spots there appear later in the season the relatively simple, sessile apothecia, which are formed beneath the epidermis and break through at maturity. The spots are often very numer- ous, causing defoliation of many of

RMRDC1KN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODEEMIUM. 239 Lophodermium nervisequium (D. C.)^ (U.S. America). This very common fungus attacks both old and young silver firs. The needles die after becoming brown, and remain for a long 1/. Fia. 124.—lophodermium nervisequium on Abies pectinata (Silver Fir). 1, Under surface of needle with apothecia. 2, Upper surface with pycnidia. Fig. 125.—Lophodermium nervisequium. Section of a needle of Silver Fir. b, Pyc

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 512 LICHEN ACEI. [PHXTCTIS,. Kg. 72. Phlyctis agdma Koerb, -A. A2- or murali-divided. Spermogones with simple or slightly branched sterigmata. Difeers from the preceding subtribe in the apothecia being usually more open, and especially in the spores being murali-divided. It comprises 7 genera, four of which are entirely exotic, while Belonia Koerb., though European, does not occur in Britain. 64. PHLYCTIS Wallr. Naturg. der Eleoht. (1825) p. 527.—ThaUus thinl Stock Photo

RMRE0KE2–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 512 LICHEN ACEI. [PHXTCTIS,. Kg. 72. Phlyctis agdma Koerb, -A. A2- or murali-divided. Spermogones with simple or slightly branched sterigmata. Difeers from the preceding subtribe in the apothecia being usually more open, and especially in the spores being murali-divided. It comprises 7 genera, four of which are entirely exotic, while Belonia Koerb., though European, does not occur in Britain. 64. PHLYCTIS Wallr. Naturg. der Eleoht. (1825) p. 527.—ThaUus thinl

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. STEJJOCTBE.] CALIOIEI. 97 22. STENOCYBE Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84, ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 196.—Thallus macular, thin, usually obsolete, or probably none proper. Apothecia stipitate, scattered, black, the eapitulum turbinato-clavate; paraphyses slender, short; sporal mass none ; spores oblongo-fusiform, normally 3-septate, dark-brown or blackish; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish with iodine. Spermogones not rightly known. Distinguished from Calic Stock Photo

RMRE1GBP–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. STEJJOCTBE.] CALIOIEI. 97 22. STENOCYBE Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84, ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 196.—Thallus macular, thin, usually obsolete, or probably none proper. Apothecia stipitate, scattered, black, the eapitulum turbinato-clavate; paraphyses slender, short; sporal mass none ; spores oblongo-fusiform, normally 3-septate, dark-brown or blackish; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish with iodine. Spermogones not rightly known. Distinguished from Calic

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 456 IICHENACEI. [lECASOEA. curved, 0,045-50 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses slen- der, not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thecse deep-blue with iodine.âCromb. Journ. Bet. 1870, p. 28; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 231, ed. 3, p. 223. Presenting much of the habit of the preceding species; this differs in the thinner, more leprose thallus, the colour of the apothecia, the re- actions of the epithecium and hymenial gelatine, as also in bei Stock Photo

RMRE0KEN–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 456 IICHENACEI. [lECASOEA. curved, 0,045-50 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses slen- der, not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thecse deep-blue with iodine.âCromb. Journ. Bet. 1870, p. 28; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 231, ed. 3, p. 223. Presenting much of the habit of the preceding species; this differs in the thinner, more leprose thallus, the colour of the apothecia, the re- actions of the epithecium and hymenial gelatine, as also in bei

RMRDC1KA–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fia. 124.—lophodermium nervisequium on Abies pectinata (Silver Fir). 1, Under surface of needle with apothecia. 2, Upper surface with pycnidia. Fig. 125.—Lophodermium nervisequium. Section of a needle of Silver Fir. b, Pycnidium on upper surface shedding conidia. a, Apothe- cium on the lower surface. (After R. Hartig.). Fig. 126.—lophoderviium nervisequium on Silver Fir. Portion of a ripe apothe- cium. a a, Filament

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 114 LlCnENACEI [filopiioeus. authors among the Stereocmdei or the Cludoniei. On account of the peculiar texture of the apothecia Nvlauder lias established for it a sepa- rate tribe, distinguished bv the character of the paraphyses. 28. PILOPHORUS Fr. fil. Comm. Ster. (1S57) p. 40 ; Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Eug. (lS4S) p. 46 (ut sec- tic Stereocaidi). Pilo- plioron Nvl. Syn. i. p. 2l'S.âThallus at the base (when pre- sent) granulose or somewhat pulveru- lent, bear Stock Photo

RMRE1G72–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 114 LlCnENACEI [filopiioeus. authors among the Stereocmdei or the Cludoniei. On account of the peculiar texture of the apothecia Nvlauder lias established for it a sepa- rate tribe, distinguished bv the character of the paraphyses. 28. PILOPHORUS Fr. fil. Comm. Ster. (1S57) p. 40 ; Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Eug. (lS4S) p. 46 (ut sec- tic Stereocaidi). Pilo- plioron Nvl. Syn. i. p. 2l'S.âThallus at the base (when pre- sent) granulose or somewhat pulveru- lent, bear

. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarely more than i cm. in diameter (Fig. 88); there is no development in lichen fruits equal to the cup-like ascomata of the larger Pezizae. In. Fig. 88. Lecanora subfusca Ach. A, thallus and apothecia x 3; B, vertical section of apothecium. a, hymenium; by hypo- thecium; c, thalline margin or amphithecium; d, gonidia. X 60 (after Reinke). most cases the lichen apothecium retains its vitality as a spore-bearing organ for a considerable period, sometimes for several years, and it is strengthened and protected by one or more external margins of s Stock Photo

RMRDX3GF–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarely more than i cm. in diameter (Fig. 88); there is no development in lichen fruits equal to the cup-like ascomata of the larger Pezizae. In. Fig. 88. Lecanora subfusca Ach. A, thallus and apothecia x 3; B, vertical section of apothecium. a, hymenium; by hypo- thecium; c, thalline margin or amphithecium; d, gonidia. X 60 (after Reinke). most cases the lichen apothecium retains its vitality as a spore-bearing organ for a considerable period, sometimes for several years, and it is strengthened and protected by one or more external margins of s

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. SPHINCTErNA.] 85 Enriand, though no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—^B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. Near Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hampshire. 4. S. Kylemoriensis Cromb. Joum. Bot. 1882, p. 27-i.—Thallus none proper. Apothecia minute, very shortly stipitate or subsessile, the stipes slender, pale; capitulum turbinato-globose, black or blackish, somewhat shining ; spores simple, globulose, dark-brown, 0,004-6 mm. in diameter ; hymenial gelatine pale bluish and the Stock Photo

RMRE1GC3–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. SPHINCTErNA.] 85 Enriand, though no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—^B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. Near Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hampshire. 4. S. Kylemoriensis Cromb. Joum. Bot. 1882, p. 27-i.—Thallus none proper. Apothecia minute, very shortly stipitate or subsessile, the stipes slender, pale; capitulum turbinato-globose, black or blackish, somewhat shining ; spores simple, globulose, dark-brown, 0,004-6 mm. in diameter ; hymenial gelatine pale bluish and the

RMRDE1K2–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. THE LARCH CANKER 43 spores from the ascus of this species is between 10 and 15 mm. In a damp chamber such as that described, the spore-ejection may take place very rapidly, and from two small apothecia, measuring 1-25 mm. and 1-5 mm. respec- tively in diameter, 104 spores were found to have been ejected in 2 minutes. In a dry atmosphere the asci cease to shed their spores, a fact which is no doubt correlated with the closing of the apothecia in dry weather. The spores maj' germinate in either of the two following ways : (i) The spores first

RMRDJGXD–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 166 M0TAN7. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many regions upon the ground. They are for the most part of a greenish-gray color, and hence are often called Gray-mosses. Other colors, as black, purple, yellow, and white, are also common. 349. They are all of rather small size, varying from a millimetre or so to 20 or 30 cm. in length. For the greater. Fio. 90.—A a flat-^owinpr (foliaceous) Lichen (Sticta pulinonaria); B, a stemmed (trutlcose^ Lichen (Usueabarbata); a, a, fruit-discs (apothecia). Nat- ural size, part the pl

. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. Fig. 9X&.—Parmelia aipolia. A, a portion of a thallus with two apothecia a», and several spermasonia. «, a. B, transverse section of tiiallus tlirough an apothe- cium ; cc, cortical layer of pseudo-parenchyma; j7, g', sonidial Inyery ; cm, medul- lary layer j h,h, liypothecium ; ^,/, ^. ^thc hymeriiimi ; jfA, asci (thecae) witli ascospores. (7, section through three spermai;onia, s..', s; rh, rh. rhizoids. D, ctcrigmata from the interior of a spermagouium, bearing speriuaLia s' 8', AftQt'. Please note that these images are extracted from scan Stock Photo

RMRDW9TM–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. Fig. 9X&.—Parmelia aipolia. A, a portion of a thallus with two apothecia a», and several spermasonia. «, a. B, transverse section of tiiallus tlirough an apothe- cium ; cc, cortical layer of pseudo-parenchyma; j7, g', sonidial Inyery ; cm, medul- lary layer j h,h, liypothecium ; ^,/, ^. ^thc hymeriiimi ; jfA, asci (thecae) witli ascospores. (7, section through three spermai;onia, s..', s; rh, rh. rhizoids. D, ctcrigmata from the interior of a spermagouium, bearing speriuaLia s' 8', AftQt'. Please note that these images are extracted from scan

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PTEETGIUM.J IICHINEI. 35 at the circumference, subcoralloideo-multifld or microphylline and usually diffiracto-globulose in the centre, dark-olive or oUve-brownish- black, opaque; lacinife thin, plane, multifid, imbricately crowded, obsoletely rugulose. Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, black; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,015-20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Cromb. Gre- viUea, v. p. 108; Leight. Lich. PI. ed. Stock Photo

RMRE1GDY–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PTEETGIUM.J IICHINEI. 35 at the circumference, subcoralloideo-multifld or microphylline and usually diffiracto-globulose in the centre, dark-olive or oUve-brownish- black, opaque; lacinife thin, plane, multifid, imbricately crowded, obsoletely rugulose. Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, black; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,015-20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Cromb. Gre- viUea, v. p. 108; Leight. Lich. PI. ed.

RMRDJE33–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 24. 1. X 10(1 o C^ ^o oop 17 'V V A. X 600 X 500 PTYCHOGBAPHA XYLOGBAPHOIDES Nyl. a. Plant on wood. b. Portion of thallus and apotheoia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original w

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 166 BOTANT. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many regions upon the ground. They are for the most part of a greenish-gray color, and hence are often called Gray-mosses. Other colors, as black, purple, yellow, and white, are also common. 349. They are all of rather small size, varying from a millimetre or so to 20 or 30 cm. in length. For the greater a.. Fio. 90.—A, a flat-growing (foliaceons) Lichen (Sticta pulmonaria); B, a stemmed (frutioose> Lichen (Usnea barbata); a, a, fruit-discs (apothecia). Nat- ural size. part Stock Photo

RMRDWBR2–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 166 BOTANT. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many regions upon the ground. They are for the most part of a greenish-gray color, and hence are often called Gray-mosses. Other colors, as black, purple, yellow, and white, are also common. 349. They are all of rather small size, varying from a millimetre or so to 20 or 30 cm. in length. For the greater a.. Fio. 90.—A, a flat-growing (foliaceons) Lichen (Sticta pulmonaria); B, a stemmed (frutioose> Lichen (Usnea barbata); a, a, fruit-discs (apothecia). Nat- ural size. part

RMRDHG3T–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 371), A coniDion liclini < Plnj^cUi) i.n-oviiii^f nn liurk, slinw iii^ tin- sprciHlini; tliiilltis tmrl tlio iiuracroiis dark disks (apiiflu-fial Ituarin^,' tlie jisci.â(JoLDiiKRfiEli. of living together has been called symbiods, and the indi- viduals entering into this relation are called symhionts.. Fig. 371. /V ciiimon folinse [(:q (Piiynwlia) gâ¢i^â m^z ujion a Ivoanl. ami showinc: apothecia.âLioLDEEKGEii. 20. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readabi

RMRDEG03–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 8o MYCOtOGY. Fig. 26.—A foliaceous lichen, Parmelia perlata. i, Plant slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia; b, lobe of thallus; c, patches of soredia; 2, longitudinal section of apothecium and cross-section of thallus; o, ascus; b, c, hypothecium; d. upper gonidial (upper algal) layer; e, medullary layer; /, lower gonidial layer; g, lower cortical layer; I, 3, cross-section of vegetative thallus. (From Gager. After Schneider.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned

RMRDE6HG–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 92.-|-Sclerotinia on plum, o, section showing a spore pustule and chains of conidia; 6, part of a spore-chain; c, spores germinating; d, a mummy plum and ascophores; e, an ascophore; /, ascus; g, mature spores. After Longyear. in nature, usually at blossom time of the host, can also produce apothecia, a fact first demonstrated by Norton. ^^ These apothecia develop in large numbers from old fruits half buried in soil, and send forth ascospores to aid in infection. The ascospores germinate readily in water and it was proved by N

. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 75 A. Ramalina fraxinea Ach. A, surface view of frond, a, air- pores; b, young apothecia. x 12. B, transverse section of part of frond, a, breathing-pore;/, strength- ening fibres. X 37 (after Brandt).. Fig. 75 B. Ramalina strepsilis Zahlbr. Transverse section of part of frond showing distribution of: a, air-pores, and f, strengthening fibres, x 37 (after Brandt). Rosendahl found no further examples of breathing-pores in the brown Parmeliae that he examined in such detail. No other organs specially adapted for aeration of the thallus have been discovered. b. Other open Stock Photo

RMRDTPDE–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 75 A. Ramalina fraxinea Ach. A, surface view of frond, a, air- pores; b, young apothecia. x 12. B, transverse section of part of frond, a, breathing-pore;/, strength- ening fibres. X 37 (after Brandt).. Fig. 75 B. Ramalina strepsilis Zahlbr. Transverse section of part of frond showing distribution of: a, air-pores, and f, strengthening fibres, x 37 (after Brandt). Rosendahl found no further examples of breathing-pores in the brown Parmeliae that he examined in such detail. No other organs specially adapted for aeration of the thallus have been discovered. b. Other open

RMRDE6D7–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 159. spreading the fungus during the summer though they have not yet actually been observed to germinate or to cause infection. Apothecia radiately arranged on the stroma which is about 0.5-1.5 cm. across; asci 120-130 X 9-10 ix; spores large, 65-80 Tt 1.5-3 m; paraphyses numerous, in- curved or hooked. Conidia (=Melasmia acerina Lev.) preceding the asci, producing numerous small, hyaline, 1-celled spores in an extended hy- menial layer. On various species of Fig. maple, apparently consist- ing o

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 514 LICHENACEI. [thblotkema. p. 45.—Lichen lepadinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30. Lichen in- clmus Eng. Bot. t. 678.—Brit. Eccs.: Leight. n. 121; Mudd, n. 268.. Kg. 73. Thelotrema lepadinum Aah.—A. Section of apothecium, X 30. B. Theoa and paraphyses, x250. 0. Two spores, x350. The thallus varies somewliat in thiclmess, and at times, especially when growing on holly, is determinate and marked by a narrow, black, hypothalline line. In a young state the apothecia Stock Photo

RMRE0KDX–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 514 LICHENACEI. [thblotkema. p. 45.—Lichen lepadinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30. Lichen in- clmus Eng. Bot. t. 678.—Brit. Eccs.: Leight. n. 121; Mudd, n. 268.. Kg. 73. Thelotrema lepadinum Aah.—A. Section of apothecium, X 30. B. Theoa and paraphyses, x250. 0. Two spores, x350. The thallus varies somewliat in thiclmess, and at times, especially when growing on holly, is determinate and marked by a narrow, black, hypothalline line. In a young state the apothecia

$. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 394 LrCHENACEI. [lecanoea. 59. L. spodomela Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 572, 1886, p. 101.— Thallus effuse, thin, opaque, subleprose, rimoso-diffract, greyish- brown (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small, blackish, the thalline margin subentire; spores ellipsoid, usually 1-septate, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, brown at the clavate apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, Stock Photo$

RMRE0KEW–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 394 LrCHENACEI. [lecanoea. 59. L. spodomela Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 572, 1886, p. 101.— Thallus effuse, thin, opaque, subleprose, rimoso-diffract, greyish- brown (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small, blackish, the thalline margin subentire; spores ellipsoid, usually 1-septate, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, brown at the clavate apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,

. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. Kg. WSa.—Parmelia aipolia. A, a portion of a thallus with two apothecia, ap, and several spermagonia. fi, fi. 5, transverse section of thallus through an apothe- cinm ; cc, cortical layer of pseudo-parenchyma ; g, g gonidial layers ; cm, medul- lary layer ; h. h, hypothecium ; t, t^ t, t, the hymenium ; t?i, asci (thecae), with ascospores. C, section through three spermagonia, s.s,s; rh'.rh, rhizoids. D, stcrigmata from the interior of a spermagonium, bearing spermalia, s «'.—After Tulasne.. Please note that these images are extracted from scan Stock Photo

RMRDWABR–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. Kg. WSa.—Parmelia aipolia. A, a portion of a thallus with two apothecia, ap, and several spermagonia. fi, fi. 5, transverse section of thallus through an apothe- cinm ; cc, cortical layer of pseudo-parenchyma ; g, g gonidial layers ; cm, medul- lary layer ; h. h, hypothecium ; t, t^ t, t, the hymenium ; t?i, asci (thecae), with ascospores. C, section through three spermagonia, s.s,s; rh'.rh, rhizoids. D, stcrigmata from the interior of a spermagonium, bearing spermalia, s «'.—After Tulasne.. Please note that these images are extracted from scan

. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. ii. iiiiiii rJ'Jl mm (154 ) d. Cryptogamenk.; in Bot. Zeit. 1850, p. 382. Biatora max. p., et So- coligfc sp., Norm. Con. pp. 18-22. Psora, Biatora max. p., Pyrrhospora, Psilolcchia, Biatorina max. p., Bilimbia, Tricholecliia, Bacidia, Ropal- ospora, Sporacestra, Scoliciosponim, Biatorolla, et Chiliospora, Mass. opp. varr. & Auctt. pi. Structuram exposuerunt Tulasne, Mdm. sur les Lich. p. 151, 1G7, t. 10, f. 28-31; Fuisting 1. c. p. 30. Apothecia patelLncformia, excipulo proprio ceraceo colorato Stock Photo

RMRJ0GR7–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. ii. iiiiiii rJ'Jl mm (154 ) d. Cryptogamenk.; in Bot. Zeit. 1850, p. 382. Biatora max. p., et So- coligfc sp., Norm. Con. pp. 18-22. Psora, Biatora max. p., Pyrrhospora, Psilolcchia, Biatorina max. p., Bilimbia, Tricholecliia, Bacidia, Ropal- ospora, Sporacestra, Scoliciosponim, Biatorolla, et Chiliospora, Mass. opp. varr. & Auctt. pi. Structuram exposuerunt Tulasne, Mdm. sur les Lich. p. 151, 1G7, t. 10, f. 28-31; Fuisting 1. c. p. 30. Apothecia patelLncformia, excipulo proprio ceraceo colorato

RMRDJDW8–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ^ & 0 X 20 #;fc|L p^; A M â kk ^0- ;^rric. 7 F'AV'-V.'. j>7--r"-: ^ '-Si'' -â '' '^ (;o(i b/w N>. X iL'Od X 600 SCLEROPHYTON CIRCUMSCRIPTUM A. Zahlbr. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thaUus and apothecia. c. V^ertical section o( thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus. f. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. BPHEDE.J HOMOPSIDDI. 27 5. EPHEBE Fr. PI. Horn. (IS'^b) p. 256 ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 85, emend. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (ofr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 124).— Thallus usually dioecious, cylindrical, intricate ; within longitudinally cellular; gonimia chiefly towards the surface, 2-4 in each nodule.. Pig. 4. Ephebe pubescens Nyl.—a. Thalline branchlet, with apothecia, X 30. b. Thalline branchlet, with spermogones, X 30. c. Sterile branohlets, X 30. d. Trans- verse Stock Photo

RMRE1GEE–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. BPHEDE.J HOMOPSIDDI. 27 5. EPHEBE Fr. PI. Horn. (IS'^b) p. 256 ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 85, emend. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (ofr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 124).— Thallus usually dioecious, cylindrical, intricate ; within longitudinally cellular; gonimia chiefly towards the surface, 2-4 in each nodule.. Pig. 4. Ephebe pubescens Nyl.—a. Thalline branchlet, with apothecia, X 30. b. Thalline branchlet, with spermogones, X 30. c. Sterile branohlets, X 30. d. Trans- verse

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. CEXEABIA.] CETRAKIW. 219 Form 2. acanthella Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100.— Thallus as in the type, but very mucb. spinuloso-denticulate tbrough- out. Apothecia few.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93.—Cornicvlaria spadieea y. acanthella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 612. Coralloides frutieuli specie fuscum, spinosum DiLl. Muse. 112, t. 17. f. 31 b. Distinguished by the entirely hispido-spinulose or set^lose thallus. I Stock Photo

RMRE0KK0–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. CEXEABIA.] CETRAKIW. 219 Form 2. acanthella Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100.— Thallus as in the type, but very mucb. spinuloso-denticulate tbrough- out. Apothecia few.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93.—Cornicvlaria spadieea y. acanthella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 612. Coralloides frutieuli specie fuscum, spinosum DiLl. Muse. 112, t. 17. f. 31 b. Distinguished by the entirely hispido-spinulose or set^lose thallus. I

. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. rf c. Â«;â V ''â¢ f! ( 232 ) roph.; &in Ann. 3,11, p. 243. Tul. Mdm. sur les Lich. pp. 81,186,1.15, f. 10,12. Nyl. Syn. p. 173. Apothecia crateriformia, excipulo proprio nigro thallino clavato, ex apicibus ramorum intumescentibus formato, recepto. Spo- e e thecis cylindraceis inox ejecta3, obtusissiine ellipsoideae medio con- stricta3, biloculares, fuscoi. Spermatia oblonga; sterigmatibus artic- ulatis. Thallus friiticulosus, erectus, solidus, medulla primitus flaves- cente, dein chondroideo-car Stock Photo

RMRJ0GDH–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. rf c. Â«;â V ''â¢ f! ( 232 ) roph.; &in Ann. 3,11, p. 243. Tul. Mdm. sur les Lich. pp. 81,186,1.15, f. 10,12. Nyl. Syn. p. 173. Apothecia crateriformia, excipulo proprio nigro thallino clavato, ex apicibus ramorum intumescentibus formato, recepto. Spo- e e thecis cylindraceis inox ejecta3, obtusissiine ellipsoideae medio con- stricta3, biloculares, fuscoi. Spermatia oblonga; sterigmatibus artic- ulatis. Thallus friiticulosus, erectus, solidus, medulla primitus flaves- cente, dein chondroideo-car

RMREP3FY–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. OKNKUAL Câ.UACTKÂ«S O. BKrnsH UCKNS. 59 a. 0 requ,rc frcnuontly o careful exa,âfâatioâ for their ,1. tecfon; the, u.uall, coexist oâ the .uno .hall s Jit "/â¢' Proxuâ,ty ,0, the apothecia, aâ,l occur iâ tl orl"f 1 with the s(râctâ; ,'""-"='"'â¢ ^"""JUHint ourselves fully lue siructure and coiisfif ueiit elejnei.ts nf *l, â¢ organs, it is neceÂ«.-irv tn â i â¢-""â¢'"' Â»'

. An introduction to the study of lichens. With a supplement and ten plates. Lichens. 61 Plate 3. Apothecia, Spermogones, and Pycnides.. 10. Tribe 1. 11. Tkibe 2. 12. Tkibe 3. 13. Tkibe 4. 14. Tribe 5. 15. Speemogone, Stekigmas, and Spermatia. 16. Stylospores. A. Hymenium. B. Thekes, C. Paraphyses. D. Thallme Margin. L. Proper do. E. Hypothedum. S. Stipe. F. Peri- thedum. G-. Amphithedum. H. Nucleus. K. Anaphyses. M. Spermogone. N. Sterigmas. 0. Spermatia. Plate 4. Spores. 1. vSlMPLE. 2. TwO-4 PLURILOCHLAR. 3. POLAR-BILOCULAR. 4. Fnsii'ORM, .5. Acicclak. 6. Muriform. a. Theke. B. Colored spore Stock Photo

RMRE1H5Y–. An introduction to the study of lichens. With a supplement and ten plates. Lichens. 61 Plate 3. Apothecia, Spermogones, and Pycnides.. 10. Tribe 1. 11. Tkibe 2. 12. Tkibe 3. 13. Tkibe 4. 14. Tribe 5. 15. Speemogone, Stekigmas, and Spermatia. 16. Stylospores. A. Hymenium. B. Thekes, C. Paraphyses. D. Thallme Margin. L. Proper do. E. Hypothedum. S. Stipe. F. Peri- thedum. G-. Amphithedum. H. Nucleus. K. Anaphyses. M. Spermogone. N. Sterigmas. 0. Spermatia. Plate 4. Spores. 1. vSlMPLE. 2. TwO-4 PLURILOCHLAR. 3. POLAR-BILOCULAR. 4. Fnsii'ORM, .5. Acicclak. 6. Muriform. a. Theke. B. Colored spore

. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. LXIX. —PTREXASTRUM, Escbw. Eschw. Syst. p. IG; Lich. Bras. p. 142, pr. p. Fr. S. 0. V. p. 265. Mey. Entwick. p. 330. Sprcng. Syst. Veg. 4,1, p. 248, pr. p. Mont. Aperv- Morph. p. 11; Crypt. Guy., p. 52; Syll. p. 370. Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1. c. p. 429. Parmentaria, Fee Ess. p. 70, t. 20, f. 1; Suppl. p. 07, t. 41, f. 1, 2. Mass. Ric. p. 144. Verrucaria) spp., Nyl. Pyrenoc. p. 144; in Prodr. Fl. N. Gran. p. 115. Apothecia emerso-denudata turbiuata, pluribus sii'pius in ostioluiu commune pallidum desiuen Stock Photo

RMRJ1AGW–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. LXIX. —PTREXASTRUM, Escbw. Eschw. Syst. p. IG; Lich. Bras. p. 142, pr. p. Fr. S. 0. V. p. 265. Mey. Entwick. p. 330. Sprcng. Syst. Veg. 4,1, p. 248, pr. p. Mont. Aperv- Morph. p. 11; Crypt. Guy., p. 52; Syll. p. 370. Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1. c. p. 429. Parmentaria, Fee Ess. p. 70, t. 20, f. 1; Suppl. p. 07, t. 41, f. 1, 2. Mass. Ric. p. 144. Verrucaria) spp., Nyl. Pyrenoc. p. 144; in Prodr. Fl. N. Gran. p. 115. Apothecia emerso-denudata turbiuata, pluribus sii'pius in ostioluiu commune pallidum desiuen

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. 40 THE LARCH CANKER same cushions as very young apothecia. They consist of a ramifying series of cavities nearly filled with hyphae. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press Stock Photo

RMRDE1M4–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. 40 THE LARCH CANKER same cushions as very young apothecia. They consist of a ramifying series of cavities nearly filled with hyphae. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press

. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Apothecia containing spores. Mycelium. Unicellular alga:. Rhizoides or root-hairs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKe Stock Photo

RMRDDC30–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Apothecia containing spores. Mycelium. Unicellular alga:. Rhizoides or root-hairs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKe

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Pig. 16. -Same apothecia as in Fig. 15, open in wet weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press Stock Photo

RMRDE1MJ–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Pig. 16. -Same apothecia as in Fig. 15, open in wet weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 15. JUITZdCJARPON OBSCLIRATUM Massal. n. Pliint uu rook. '). Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothociam. cL Ascus and paraphyses. e. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mo Stock Photo

RMRDJE9D–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 15. JUITZdCJARPON OBSCLIRATUM Massal. n. Pliint uu rook. '). Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothociam. cL Ascus and paraphyses. e. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mo

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 2000 WMtm. X 2000 X 350 ENTEKOGRAPHA CRASSA F4:e a. Plant on bark. 6. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia and spermogone. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore, g. Sterigma and spermatia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Stock Photo

RMRDJDXE–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 2000 WMtm. X 2000 X 350 ENTEKOGRAPHA CRASSA F4:e a. Plant on bark. 6. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia and spermogone. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore, g. Sterigma and spermatia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 14 I I. rjEC!IOGRAPHA PARASITICA Massal. a. Plant on lichen. 6. Portion of host and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Spores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mor Stock Photo

RMRDJE9T–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 14 I I. rjEC!IOGRAPHA PARASITICA Massal. a. Plant on lichen. 6. Portion of host and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Spores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mor

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 9. X 400 X 600 BIATORBLLA MOBIFORWIS Th. Fries a. Plant on wood. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor Stock Photo

RMRDJEC0–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 9. X 400 X 600 BIATORBLLA MOBIFORWIS Th. Fries a. Plant on wood. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 29. X 50U PH^OGBAPHIS LYELLII A. Zahlbr. â. Plant on bark, h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. '^â J'^^];;^';;;':^'''" of th alius d. Vei-ticul section of apothecia.' e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His Stock Photo

RMRDJDYJ–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 29. X 50U PH^OGBAPHIS LYELLII A. Zahlbr. â. Plant on bark, h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. '^â J'^^];;^';;;':^'''" of th alius d. Vei-ticul section of apothecia.' e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His

RMRDJE10–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 400 X 1000 MELASPILEA PROXIMELLA Nyl. a. a. a. a. Plant on hark- 6. Poition of thallus and apotLecia c Ve-tical sectioi, ot thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. ,. A.scus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). D

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XodO GEAPHINA SOPHISTICA Muell. Arg. 1.1.1. a. Plant on balk. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vevtieal section ol ol 0 of thallus. li. A'ertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor Stock Photo

RMRDJDY1–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XodO GEAPHINA SOPHISTICA Muell. Arg. 1.1.1. a. Plant on balk. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vevtieal section ol ol 0 of thallus. li. A'ertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor

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