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Pedicellariae Stock Photos and Images
RM2FFT7P9–Detail of Pedicellariae, Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, Anilao, Batangas, Philippines, Pacific
RM2RN1AD7–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, detail showing pedicellariae, Sedam dive site, Seraya, Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia
RF2REMBBN–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, pedicellariae, extremely toxic, Secret Bay dive site, Gilimanuk, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia
RM2RTFG8F–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, pedicellariae, extremely toxic, Secret Bay dive site, Gilimanuk, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia
RMBE4BGJ–Amazing underwater marine life off the UK coast. The Farne Islands. Seahouses. Northumberland England. Common Sea Urchin.
RMHW2FYT–Closeup of spines on arm of starfish (Marthasterias glacialis) underwater, Azores, Atlantic ocean
RF2J9NFC3–Common Sea Urchin - Echinus esculentus, Browsing any surfaces for algae or invertebrates, Movin on tubular legs with suckers on the end, St Abbs 1988
RM2ANB264–A treatise on zoology . as. By the removal of some of thepodia, the ambulacral grooves may be seen to lie outside a seriesof pairs of narrow j^lates—the ambulacral ossicles (Fig. III.). The two series of ossicles meetin the middle line ; laterallythey abut against a rowof adambulacral ossicles, be-yond which are further rowsof interambulacral and mar-ginal ossicles, all of whichare comparatively small. Theossicles are protected by spines and pedicellariae similar to, butsimpler than, those of Echinoidea. The Oral Skeleton (or actinostomial ring) consists of a solidcalcareous ring around the mo
RMMA9YG0–. Echinoidea of the Swedish South Polar Expedition . io TIL MORTENSEN, (Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. Also the pedicellariae afford some differences. In the specimen from St. 17 they are invested by an unusually thick skin, but otherwise the structure of the valves is the same as in the normal specimens; in the specimen from St. 22, on the other hand, the valves differ rather considerably from those of the normal specimens, the opening being broadly triangular with the lower edge almost or wholly straight (PI. XIII Fig. 9). On a closer examination I find that these spe- cimens show in their radioles
RF2REMBEC–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, extremely toxic, Secret Bay dive site, Gilimanuk, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia
RM2RTFG6G–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, extremely toxic, Secret Bay dive site, Gilimanuk, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia
RM2RN1A8D–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, Sedam dive site, Seraya, Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia
RM2R60A02–Flower Urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus, pedicellariae with debris attached for protection and camouflage, Jahir dive site, Lembeh Straits, Sulawesi, Ind
RF2J9NFC7–Common Sea Urchin - Echinus esculentus, Browsing any surfaces for algae or invertebrates, Movin on tubular legs with suckers on the end, St Abbs 1988
RMW23XW7–Archive image from page 189 of The Danish Ingolf-expedition (1899-1953). The Danish Ingolf-expedition danishingolfex4apt1a2daniuoft Year: 1899-1953 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. -l..' — Tetiadactylons pedicellarige I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellarise as in fenestratii)ii the large form of tridentate pedicellarise is found in ver- different sizes, but also the small ones are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the other form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariae mentioned and figured for /fiifsfrahim, a form is also fo
RM2ANB43R–A treatise on zoology . as. By the removal of some of thepodia, the ambulacral grooves may be seen to lie outside a seriesof pairs of narrow j^lates—the ambulacral ossicles (Fig. III.). The two series of ossicles meetin the middle line ; laterallythey abut against a rowof adambulacral ossicles, be-yond which are further rowsof interambulacral and mar-ginal ossicles, all of whichare comparatively small. Theossicles are protected by spines and pedicellariae similar to, butsimpler than, those of Echinoidea. The Oral Skeleton (or actinostomial ring) consists of a solidcalcareous ring around the mo
RF2J9NFC6–Common Sea Urchin - Echinus esculentus, Browsing any surfaces for algae or invertebrates, Movin on tubular legs with suckers on the end, St Abbs 1988
RMW1RGEA–Archive image from page 60 of The Danish Ingolf-Expedition (1907). The Danish Ingolf-Expedition danishingolfexpe0402ingo Year: 1907 ECHINOIDEA. II. r. here; it is, however, evidently not very correctly drawn. I have seen nothing resembling the figures PI. XL11I. 10— 11; they probably represent only small specimens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariae. The second form (Pl.X. Figs. 1,4,24,28,29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gular; it has generally some very irregular meshwork. This kind of pedicellariae is found on the actinal side, and especially on the peristo
RMPFH2TW–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. II ^ specimens differ essentially ' in structure from those of the grown ones my positive statement, founded on direct observations, that thej are essentially alike must be accepted; by words alone it is not refuted, even if it be the words of an authority so famous as Professor Agassiz. What most astonishes me in Professor Agassi/.' objections against the systematic use of the pedicellariae is his disbelief in my account of the development of the pedicellariae. The whole matter seemed me so clear and its correct
RM2AN6KED–Quarterly journal of microscopical science . on the right side of the stomach (g) has just begunto produce lobes, and an amniotic invagination (am) hasalready appeared. No traces of hydrocoele, stone- and pore-canals were found on the left side. From want of materialit is not known on which side of the posterior coelom thegenital stolon would be formed. Thus, with doubtful exception of the pedicellariae and genitalstolon, the internal organs as well as the external charactersshowed perfectly the inverse situs in every detail, so far asI could examine. With regard to the pedicellariae and genit
RMRYEHTX–Echinoidea of the Swedish South Polar Expedition echinoideaofswed00mort Year: 1910 io TIL MORTENSEN, (Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. Also the pedicellariae afford some differences. In the specimen from St. 17 they are invested by an unusually thick skin, but otherwise the structure of the valves is the same as in the normal specimens; in the specimen from St. 22, on the other hand, the valves differ rather considerably from those of the normal specimens, the opening being broadly triangular with the lower edge almost or wholly straight (PI. XIII Fig. 9). On a closer examination I find that these s
RMPFH4KW–. The Danish Ingolf-expedition. Marine animals -- Arctic regions; Scientific expeditions; Arctic regions. 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. -l^..'^ — Tetiadactylons pedicellarige I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellarise as in fenestratii)ii the large form of tridentate pedicellarise is found in ver- different sizes, but also the small ones are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the other form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariae mentioned and figured for /fiifsfrahim, a form is also found here where the blade is not at all inv
RM2AG3783–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. d the same numbers respectively in theinterambulacra, Both specimens have only three plates in a series onthe peristome, The tridentate pedicellariae are characteristic in having a distinctarc under the articular surface (fig. 3, a), a character otherwise knownonly in Sperosoma durum Doderlein. In the smaller specimen there REPORT ON THE ECHINOIDEA MORTENSEN 13 are numerous ophicephalous pedicellariae (fig. 3, d) also resemblingthose of S. durum. In the larger specimen only a single ophicepha-lous pedicellaria was found, which looks rather different
RMRX5R5Y–Echinoidea of the Swedish South Echinoidea of the Swedish South Polar Expedition echinoideaofswed00mort Year: 1910 io TIL MORTENSEN, (Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. Also the pedicellariae afford some differences. In the specimen from St. 17 they are invested by an unusually thick skin, but otherwise the structure of the valves is the same as in the normal specimens; in the specimen from St. 22, on the other hand, the valves differ rather considerably from those of the normal specimens, the opening being broadly triangular with the lower edge almost or wholly straight (PI. XIII Fig. 9). On a closer ex
RMPFH4M3–. The Danish Ingolf-expedition. Marine animals -- Arctic regions; Scientific expeditions; Arctic regions. I/O ECHINOIDEA. I. Hamann has overlooked, though be repeatedly quotes the paper by Foettiuger. The uauie of «Globiferae > must then be rejected for these pedicellariae in the Diadeuiatidcr on account of priority as well as morphology. In Sphcrrechinus the case is quite different; here they are evidently (rudimentarv) globiferous pedicellariae; the name of «claviform > pedicellariae cannot be applied to them. Dorocidaris papillata. The arrangement of the tubercles in the ambulacral ar
RM2AG372F–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. 1, Valve of large, involute, tridentate pedicellaria of Araeosoma coriaceum (A. Agassiz). X 27. 2, Valve of large, involute, tridentate pedicellaria of Araeosoma owstoni var. nudum Mor- tensen. Hybrid (?). X 33. 3, Large, involute, tridentate pedicellaria of Araeosoma owstoni var. nudum Mortensen Hybrid (?). X 17. REPORT ON THE ECHINOIDEA MORTENSEN 21 involute form of tridentate pedicellariae (pi. 1, figs. 2, 3) so closelyresembling that of A. coriaceum that one might be inclined to thinkthis specimen rather to be referable to the latter species. As
RMT0CYKC–Echinoidea (1903) Echinoidea echinoidea00mort Year: 1903 ECHINOIDEA. II. 5, liere; it is, however, evidently not very correctly drawn. I have seen nothing resembling the figiires Pl. XLIII. 10—11; they probably represent only small specimens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariæ. The second form (PI. X. Figs. i, 4, 24, 28, 29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gnlar; it has generally some very irregnlar meshwork. This kind of pedicellariæ is fonnd on the actinal side, and especially on the peristome, even in the month they are qnite crowded, reaching some way np the
RMPFH2Y6–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. — Tetradactylous pedicellariae I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae as in fenestratum the large form of tridentate pedicellariae is found in very different sizes, but also the small ones are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the other form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariae mentioned and figured for fenestratum, a form is also found here where the blade is not at all involved below (Fig. 10). I have, however, once foun
RMRDKFNY–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 5IO ECHINODERMATA—ECHINOIDEA urchin diverged widely (strong form of reaction to chemical stimulus), exposing the gemmiform pedicellariae. These at once seized the tube-feet of the enemy and the Starfish retreated, wrenching off the heads of these pedicellariae; then the Starfish returned to the attack and the same result followed, and this was repeated till all the pedicellariae were wrenched off, when the Starfish enwrapped its helpless victim with its stomach. The minute trifoliate pedicellariae are brought into play by any prolonged general irritati
RMRX9JG9–Echinoidea (1903) Echinoidea echinoidea00mort Year: 1903 146 ECHINOIDEA. II. Agassiz (Rev. of Ech. PI. XXV. 27—28). Globiferoiis, rostrate, tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariæ have been found; ophicephalous ones do not seem to occur. The globiferoiis pedicellariæ (PI. XVII. Figs. 37, 49) are very conspicuoiis, with a thick. brownish head; the val ves are very short, with a very large basal part and a short, tubeshaped blade, whicli has 5—6 teeth along each side of the elongate terminal opening and often an onter median one. The stalk has a whorl of free projecting rods at its lower end; t
RMPFJPKN–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. 52 DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS jection on the terminal fang of the valve. A sensory bristle is located on the inside of each valve. Contact with these bristles causes the small muscles at the base of the valve to contract, thus closing the valves and injecting the venom into the skin of the victim. One of the primary functions of pedicellariae is that of defense. When the sea urchin is at rest in calm water, the valves are gener- ally extended, moving slowly about, awaiting prey. When a foreign body comes in contact with them, it is immediately seized.
RMRD1GEK–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. II ^ specimens differ essentially ' in structure from those of the grown ones my positive statement, founded on direct observations, that thej are essentially alike must be accepted; by words alone it is not refuted, even if it be the words of an authority so famous as Professor Agassiz. What most astonishes me in Professor Agassi/.' objections against the systematic use of the pedicellariae is his disbelief in my account of the development of the pedicellariae. The whole matter seemed me so clear and its correct
RMT0CYEF–Echinoidea (1903) Echinoidea echinoidea00mort Year: 1903 ECHINOIDEA. II. 51 ferous pedicellariæ (PI. X. Figs. 9, 11) are very characteristic, the valvcs ending in a single long tootli, at a right angle with the narrow blade, which form.s a flattened, closed tube. A.s in Urcclii)iits the valves are clad with a thick, dark, evidently glandular .skin. No neck; the stalk is more compactthan in Vrrcliiniis. In the two globiferous pedicellariæ I have seen, the valves are unsymmetrically devel- oped in the basal part, the one figured from the inside being the most regular of them. Whether this is a
RMPFJPKP–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. MARINE ANIMALS THAT STING 51 of a foot or more. It is believed that the spines of some of these species secrete a venom, but this has not been experimentally demonstrated. The aboral spines of Asthenosoma are developed into special venom organs carrying a single large gland. The point is sharp and serves as a means of introducing the venom (Fig. 24). Pedicellariae. Pedicellariae are small, delicate, seizing organs which are found scattered among the spines of the shell. There are several different types of pedicellariae. One of these, because spine t
RMRD4YEB–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. II ^ specimens differ essentially ' in structure from those of the grown ones my positive statement, founded on direct observations, that thej are essentially alike must be accepted; by words alone it is not refuted, even if it be the words of an authority so famous as Professor Agassiz. What most astonishes me in Professor Agassi/.' objections against the systematic use of the pedicellariae is his disbelief in my account of the development of the pedicellariae. The whole matter seemed me so clear and its correct
RMPFH2RR–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. II. r. here; it is, however, evidently not very correctly drawn. I have seen nothing resembling the figures PI. XL11I. 10— 11; they probably represent only small specimens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariae. The second form (Pl.X. Figs. 1,4,24,28,29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gular; it has generally some very irregular meshwork. This kind of pedicellariae is found on the actinal side, and especially on the peristome, even in the mouth they are quite crowded, reaching some way
RMRD4YF6–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. — Tetradactylous pedicellariae I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae as in fenestratum the large form of tridentate pedicellariae is found in very different sizes, but also the small ones are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the other form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariae mentioned and figured for fenestratum, a form is also found here where the blade is not at all involved below (Fig. 10). I have, however, once foun
RMPFH2T3–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. KCHINOIDEA. II. 49 and P1.XLV. Figs. 30—31 is evidently this form of tridentate pedicellariae. [The figure 31. P1.XLV is, otherwise, not the tip of the blade as slated in the explanation of plates — though the expression iblade is, of course, not used —, hut a fragment of the articular surface seen from above). The ophieeph- alous pedicellarise (PL IX. Fig. 131 have rather elongate valves; the fine teeth along the outer edge of the blade do not continue along the edges down the apophysis, as is the case in Urech. naresianus
RMRDKFKW–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 534 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA The auriculae are incomplete and consist only of pillars arising from the interambulacral plates. The ambulacral pore- plates remain disunited, and the pores are arranged in a single vertical series; hence the ambulacra are very narrow. The inter- ambulacral plates each bear one large primary spine surrounded by several circles of secondaries. No ophicephalous or trifoliate pedicellariae are to be found, and the gland of the gemmiform pedicellaria is placed inside the concavity of the blade. The Cidaridae are in many respec
RMPFJPKK–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. VALVES OR JAWS VALVE MUSCLES VENOM GLAND. STALK Fig. 25. Globiferous pedicellariae from the sea urchin, Salamacis bicolor Agassiz. This is representative of the venomous type of pedicellariae which are found in other species of sea urchins. (Kreuzinger) and if it is too strong to be held, the pedicellariae are torn from the test, or shell, but continue to bite the object. Detached pedicel- lariae may remain alive for several hours after being removed from the sea urchin. Medical Aspects. Penetration of the needle-sharp sea urchin spines may produce a
RMRDT3DA–. An introduction to the study of zoology. Zoology. 232 AN INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY. Some of the marine forms are polymorphic, that is to say, some of the polyps are modified to subserve special uses to the colony. These polyps are degene- rate forms : they are called yibracula and avicularia; the former bear a long flagellum, hence their name ; the latter are modified into a bird's-head shape very much like that of the pedicellariae of the sea-urchins. The Polyzoa ai-e very numerously represented on our coasts, coating stones or seaweed, or growing free, as in the case of the most common form,
![. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. 50 DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS Venom Apparatus of Sea Urchins. The venom apparatus of sea urchins is believed to consist of their hollow venom-filled spines, and the globiferous pedicellariae. However, usually only one or the other is present within a single species of sea urchin.". Fig. 23. Top: Black long-spined sea urchin, Diadema setosum (Leske). Bottom left: Sea Urchin, Toxopneustes elegans Doderlein. Bottom right: Sea Urchin, Asthenosoma ijimai Yoshiwara. Part of the outer covering has been removed to show the test beneath. (Kreuzinger) Spine Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PFJPKA/dangerous-marine-animals-marine-animals-50-dangerous-marine-animals-venom-apparatus-of-sea-urchins-the-venom-apparatus-of-sea-urchins-is-believed-to-consist-of-their-hollow-venom-filled-spines-and-the-globiferous-pedicellariae-however-usually-only-one-or-the-other-is-present-within-a-single-species-of-sea-urchinquot-fig-23-top-black-long-spined-sea-urchin-diadema-setosum-leske-bottom-left-sea-urchin-toxopneustes-elegans-doderlein-bottom-right-sea-urchin-asthenosoma-ijimai-yoshiwara-part-of-the-outer-covering-has-been-removed-to-show-the-test-beneath-kreuzinger-spine-PFJPKA.jpg ". Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. 50 DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS Venom Apparatus of Sea Urchins. The venom apparatus of sea urchins is believed to consist of their hollow venom-filled spines, and the globiferous pedicellariae. However, usually only one or the other is present within a single species of sea urchin.". Fig. 23. Top: Black long-spined sea urchin, Diadema setosum (Leske). Bottom left: Sea Urchin, Toxopneustes elegans Doderlein. Bottom right: Sea Urchin, Asthenosoma ijimai Yoshiwara. Part of the outer covering has been removed to show the test beneath. (Kreuzinger) Spine Stock Photo")
RMPFJPKA–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. 50 DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS Venom Apparatus of Sea Urchins. The venom apparatus of sea urchins is believed to consist of their hollow venom-filled spines, and the globiferous pedicellariae. However, usually only one or the other is present within a single species of sea urchin.". Fig. 23. Top: Black long-spined sea urchin, Diadema setosum (Leske). Bottom left: Sea Urchin, Toxopneustes elegans Doderlein. Bottom right: Sea Urchin, Asthenosoma ijimai Yoshiwara. Part of the outer covering has been removed to show the test beneath. (Kreuzinger) Spine
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, & Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKFNJ/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-echinuscorona-511-the-number-and-variety-of-the-pedicellariae-then-is-an-eloquent-testimony-to-the-dangers-to-which-the-soft-sensitive-skins-of-the-sea-urchin-and-other-echinodermata-are-exposed-and-afford-confirmatory-evidence-in-support-of-the-view-ex-pressed-above-that-the-method-adopted-to-defend-the-skin-was-one-of-the-great-determining-features-which-led-to-the-division-of-the-asteroidea-into-different-races-the-corona-consists-of-five-radial-or-quot-ambulacralquot-bands-of-plates-and-five-interradial-or-as-they-are-usually-termed-RDKFNJ.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, & Stock Photo")
RMRDKFNJ–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, &
RMPFH2XT–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 10. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Arceosoma violaceum. Obj. AA. Oc. II. (Zeiss). Fig. 11. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Hygrosoma Petersii. Obj. A A. Oc. I. (Zeiss). Hygrosoma Petersii (p. 59). In a specimen of this species (the Azores, 1258 m. Talisman . The museum of Paris) was found a pedicellaria (Fig. 11) forming a transition between the ophicephal- ous pedicellariae in Tromikosoma Koehleri and the short, thick pedicellaria; of //. luculentum. After this there can be no doubt that l
RMRD4YDC–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. — Tetradactylous pedicellariae I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae as in fenestratum the large form of tridentate pedicellariae is found in very different sizes, but also the small ones are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the other form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariae mentioned and figured for fenestratum, a form is also found here where the blade is not at all involved below (Fig. 10). I have, however, once foun
RMPFJPK6–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. SHEATH OF MUSCLE & CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Fig. 24. A venomous aboral spine of the sea urchin, Asthenosoma ijimai. (After Mortensen) of its globe-shaped head, is called the globiferous pedicellariae, and serves as a venom organ. They are comprised of two parts, a ter- minal, swollen, conical head, which is armed with a set of calcareous pincer-like valves or jaws, and a supporting stalk (Fig. 25). The head is attached to the stalk either directly by the muscles, or by a long flexible neck. On the inner side of each valve is found a small elevation pro
RMRD1248–. The Danish Ingolf-expedition. Marine animals -- Arctic regions; Scientific expeditions; Arctic regions. 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. -l^..'^ — Tetiadactylons pedicellarige I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellarise as in fenestratii)ii the large form of tridentate pedicellarise is found in ver- different sizes, but also the small ones are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the other form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariae mentioned and figured for /fiifsfrahim, a form is also found here where the blade is not at all inv
RMPFJ04F–. The Danish Ingolf-expedition. Marine animals -- Arctic regions; Scientific expeditions; Arctic regions. ECIIINOIDEA. 11. 53 here; it is, however, evidenth' not very correctly drawn. 1 have seen nothing re.senibhng the fignre.s PI. XLIII. lo—II; tlie- prol)al)l- repre.sent onh small si)eciniens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariae. The .second form (PL X. P^igs. i, 4, 24, 28, 29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gular; it has generalh' some ery irregular mesh work. This kind of pedicellariaj is found on the actinal side, and especialh' ou the peristome, even in
RMRD3TFY–. The Danish Ingolf-expedition. Marine animals -- Arctic regions; Scientific expeditions; Arctic regions. I/O ECHINOIDEA. I. Hamann has overlooked, though be repeatedly quotes the paper by Foettiuger. The uauie of «Globiferae > must then be rejected for these pedicellariae in the Diadeuiatidcr on account of priority as well as morphology. In Sphcrrechinus the case is quite different; here they are evidently (rudimentarv) globiferous pedicellariae; the name of «claviform > pedicellariae cannot be applied to them. Dorocidaris papillata. The arrangement of the tubercles in the ambulacral ar
RMPFH2YD–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. I. '57 complicate (PI. XVI. Fig. 16), and the inmost ones show a radiate arrangement There are no spines on the buccal plates; a few pedicellariaj may be found on the buccal membrane, especially opposite to the gills. The pedicellariae. The globiferous pedicellariae (PLXVIII. Figs.6, 24) have one lateral tooth on either side, sometimes two teeth on one side, one tooth on the other; the blade is almost tubular, the edges being coalesced to such a degree, that only a series of small holes are left in the median lin
RMRN5JTK–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. 204 METAZOAN PHYLA 234. Specializations.—Specialization or adaptation is the develop- ment of structures which fit an animal to perform certain particular functions or to meet certain peculiar conditions in the environment. The echinoderms show some of the most marked examples of specializa- tion to be found anywhere in the animal kingdom. Among these are (1) the entire water-vascular system, (2) the spines and plates which form the exoskeleton, (3) the pedicellariae, (4) the dermobranchiae, and (5) the amebocytes.. Fig. 116.—The 20-rayed sunflower star, Pyc
RMRHK29Y–. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOUR 429 contract. Longitudinal cuts, below the stimulated region but lateral to the motor centres, abolish the response. Some of the motor neurones are connected directly with the peripheral plexus. These include motor neurones of the pedicellariae, spines, papulae, muscles of the body wall and podia. These neurones receive impulses from the diffuse plexus or through-conduction tracts and can be excited through local circuits without the intervention of the radial nerve cords. The central co-ordi
RMRG73X1–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. 270 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The most conspicuous difference, however, is found in the apical system, which is much more closely tuberculated than in the typical form; the shape of the oculars also is quite different. (Fig. 12, to compare with fig. 10.) The primary spines are scarcely so long as in the typical form, generally not more than about twice the horizontal diameter, but otherwise they are not appreciably different; the secondary spines do not differ from those of the type. In the pedicellariae no difference is fo
RMRE3TC0–. Echinoidea. Sea urchins. I/O ECHINOIDEA. I. Hamann has overlooked, though be repeatedly quotes the paper by Foettinger. The nanie of «Globiferæ» must then be rejected for these pedicellariæ in the Diadr)iiatid(r on account of priority as well as morphology. In SpliærecJiiiiiis the case is quite different; here they are evidently (rudimentar)) globiferous pedicellariæ; the name of «claviform pedicellariæ cannot be applied to them. Dorocidaris papillata. The arrangement of the tubercles in the ambulacral areas described p. 32 (PI. IV. Fig. 8) is no constant feature. In some specimens from the
RMRE3TBX–. Echinoidea. Sea urchins. 176 ECHINOIDEA. I. — Tetradactylous pedicellariæ I have not found. The tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariæ as in fenesfratiiiii the large form of tridentate pedicellariæ is found in very different sizes, but also the small enes are of the typical structure, so that they cannot be confounded with the otlier form. Besides the forms of the second kind of tridentate pedicellariæ mentioned and figured for fenestratuin, a form is also found here where the blade is not at all involved below (Fig. 10). I have, however, once found this form in A. fi iirstrafni/i (in a sp
RMRDT2RC–. Seaside studies in natural history. Marine animals. 110 MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAT. (Fig. 143), around which the pedicellariae are arranged in a close wreath, in the centre-of which the summit of the spine projects ; they differ also from those of the Sear-urchin in having two prongs instead of three. Other pedicellarise are scattered inde- pendently over the surface of the animal, but they are smaller. tlian those forming the clusters and connected with the spines. The function of these organs in the Star-fish remains unexplained; the opening on the upper surface, through which the
RMRD21XH–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. MARINE ANIMALS THAT STING 51 of a foot or more. It is believed that the spines of some of these species secrete a venom, but this has not been experimentally demonstrated. The aboral spines of Asthenosoma are developed into special venom organs carrying a single large gland. The point is sharp and serves as a means of introducing the venom (Fig. 24). Pedicellariae. Pedicellariae are small, delicate, seizing organs which are found scattered among the spines of the shell. There are several different types of pedicellariae. One of these, because spine t
RMRE3TC5–. Echinoidea. Sea urchins. ECHINOIDEA. I. II Tripneustcs tlie}- are dump-bell-shaped, and in many genera they are irregular, perforated calcareous piates. Perrier (op. cit.) and especially Stewart') have figured the spiciiles of many Ecliinoids; but they have not, any more than the pedicellariæ, hitherto been of any importance in the classification. The sphæridia do not appear to show such differences in structure that they may yield system- atic characters. On the other hånd the structure of the spines is of no small systematic importance, as especially shown by Mackintosh (264—265), and they
RMRDJ7NH–. Text-book of embryology. Embryology. 516 INVERTEBEATA CHAP. developed in the larva of E. miliaris. At the base of this aboral pedicellaria a plate is developed. The other two pedicellariae are situated on the right side of the larva, and are supported by a single plate. A third plate begins to be formed around the madreporic pore; this is the beginning of the madreiporite. All three plates belong to the series of basals which we have already encountered in the Asteroid and Ophiuroid, and which, as shown by Bury (1895), form the genital plates of the adult. Small spicules, rudiments of the re
RMRDT2G3–. Principles of economic zoo?logy. Zoology, Economic. ECHINOIDEA 59 to that of the starfish. Locomotion is very slow and is per- formed by the tube-feet, aided by the long spines. Tlie pedicellariae are similar to those of the starfish, but are more fully developed, having three pinchers instead of two. The food consists largely of green algoe and brown seaweed, for the sea-urchin is a vegetable feeder, though it eats small marine animals also. Digestive System.—There are five hard white teeth with which they gnaw their food. These teeth are connected with a. Fig. 4.5—Strongylocentrotus drohac
RMRDKFMF–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 523 the stored tone spreads upwards to the spines, causing the weak form of spine reaction, and the spines converge. It will be seen therefore that the so-called central nervous system of Echinus does not act in any sense as a brain, as indeed might have been guessed from the absence of any differentiation in it. As Uexklill points out, when an animal is covered all over with similar organs, such as spines and pedicellariae, capable of acting automatically, a brain is not needed. The object of a brain is to direct organs wh
RMRD21XA–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. 52 DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS jection on the terminal fang of the valve. A sensory bristle is located on the inside of each valve. Contact with these bristles causes the small muscles at the base of the valve to contract, thus closing the valves and injecting the venom into the skin of the victim. One of the primary functions of pedicellariae is that of defense. When the sea urchin is at rest in calm water, the valves are gener- ally extended, moving slowly about, awaiting prey. When a foreign body comes in contact with them, it is immediately seized.
RMRN5MBJ–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. 192 METAZOAN PHYLA 222. External Appearance.—A typical starfish is an animal consisting of a disc from which arise five rays. The bases of these rays occupy the whole circumference of the disc, but they taper to blunt points at their tips. The upper, aboral surface (Fig. 101) is covered with spines, around the base of which are grouped very minute organs known as pedicellariae. When examined under the microscope a pedicellaria (Fig. 103 A) is seen to possess two jaws which differ somewhat in different types. These structures serve to rid the surface of the b
RMRG740E–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. REPORT ON THE ECHINOIDEA—MORTENSEN 253 imen here described. To which species they belong can not be determined at present; but it must also be kept in mind that the reference of the present small specimens to H. elegans is not beyond doubt either. H. L. Clark3 points out that the pedicellariae of the Siboga specimens are peculiar; however, I find the pedicellariae in the young specimens from the Albatross collection very much like that figured by de Meijere, and also in larger specimens of undoubted H. elegans one may find small tridentate p
RMRDKFP3–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—PEDICELLARIAE 509 animals, which would otherwise settle on the delicate exposed ectoderm of the Sea-urchin. The gemmiform pedicellariae are brought into action when a more serious danger threatens the Sea-urchin, such as an attack •of a Starfish. The corrosive chemical influence, which it can be proved exudes not only from the stomach but even from the tube-feet of the Starfish, causes the gemmiform pedicellariae to approach and open widely. When the foe approaches so closely as to touch the sense-organs (Fig. 225, B, s) situated on the inner.
![. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. 86 Dr. Tb. Mortensen on some EchinotJiurids wanting in this species is in accordance therewith. A more advanced stage is shown by A. tessellatiim, whereas the exquisite form of tetradactylous pedicellariae found in A.fenes- tratum and coriaceum assigns to these species the highest place in this series of species. The " tetradactylous " pedi- cellariae of HapaJosoma sliow tliis genus to be derived from a form with three-valved "tetradactylous" pedicellariee, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RMNA9A/the-annals-and-magazine-of-natural-history-zoology-botany-and-geology-natural-history-zoology-botany-geology-86-dr-tb-mortensen-on-some-echinotjiurids-wanting-in-this-species-is-in-accordance-therewith-a-more-advanced-stage-is-shown-by-a-tessellatiim-whereas-the-exquisite-form-of-tetradactylous-pedicellariae-found-in-afenes-tratum-and-coriaceum-assigns-to-these-species-the-highest-place-in-this-series-of-species-the-quot-tetradactylous-quot-pedi-cellariae-of-hapajosoma-sliow-tliis-genus-to-be-derived-from-a-form-with-three-valved-quottetradactylousquot-pedicellariee-RMNA9A.jpg ". The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. 86 Dr. Tb. Mortensen on some EchinotJiurids wanting in this species is in accordance therewith. A more advanced stage is shown by A. tessellatiim, whereas the exquisite form of tetradactylous pedicellariae found in A.fenes- tratum and coriaceum assigns to these species the highest place in this series of species. The " tetradactylous " pedi- cellariae of HapaJosoma sliow tliis genus to be derived from a form with three-valved "tetradactylous" pedicellariee, Stock Photo")
RMRMNA9A–. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. 86 Dr. Tb. Mortensen on some EchinotJiurids wanting in this species is in accordance therewith. A more advanced stage is shown by A. tessellatiim, whereas the exquisite form of tetradactylous pedicellariae found in A.fenes- tratum and coriaceum assigns to these species the highest place in this series of species. The " tetradactylous " pedi- cellariae of HapaJosoma sliow tliis genus to be derived from a form with three-valved "tetradactylous" pedicellariee,
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKFKD/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-536-echinodermata-echinoidea-this-remarkable-family-is-divided-by-mortensen-into-ten-genera-based-as-usual-on-the-pedicellariae-but-taking-into-account-also-the-shape-of-the-tip-of-hard-material-on-the-spines-most-authors-refer-the-majority-of-the-species-to-two-genera-phormosoma-and-asthenosoma-fig-238-recognising-also-a-genus-spcrosoma-for-one-or-two-aberrant-speciea-asthenosovia-is-dis-tinguished-by-having-wide-interspaces-of-membrane-between-the-fig-238oral-view-of-asthenosoma-hystrix-x-f-from-wyville-thomson-plates-and-by-having-RDKFKD.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having Stock Photo")
RMRDKFKD–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having
RMRDX6T6–. Natural history. Zoology. STAR-FISH. 657 curious kinds of spines with branched heads, known as paxillae (Px). Between the plates there pass out thin-walled processes (Rsp), which serve for respiration by bringing the fluid of the body-cavity into the proximity of the outer water. Besides the paxillae, there occur on the outer surface of a star-fish, as well as on that of a sea-urchin, small pincer-like organs called pedicellariae. These resemble little pincers supported at the end of a movable stalk, and they have probably been evolved from the smaller spines that cover the teat of these ani
RMRHK6BT–. The biology of the sea-shore. Marine biology. THE BIOLOGY OF THE SEA-SHORE being exceedingly long and forming a whip-like process which sweeps through the water. Structures with a similar function to those of avicularia are characteristic of many Echinoderms. These are the. Fig. 7. — Pedicellariae of sea-urchin (Echinus), (i) Tridactyle (after Chad- wick) ; (2) Gemmiform (after Chadwick); (3) Ophicephalous (after Chadwick); (4) Trifoliate (after Uexkull). pedicellariae (see Fig. 7), which may be regarded as modified spines. They occur scattered over the surface of the starfish and sea-urchin
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKG0A/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-456-echinodermata-asteroidea-chap-c-pedicellariaethese-are-to-be-looked-on-as-spines-of-the-second-order-in-asterina-and-its-allies-they-are-not-present-but-groups-of-little-spines-arranged-in-twos-and-threes-each-group-being-attached-to-a-special-small-plate-are-scattered-over-the-aboral-surface-and-these-on-irritation-approach-one-another-and-represent-the-rudiment-out-of-which-pedicellariae-have-been-developed-the-most-perfect-form-termed-quot-forci-pulatequot-in-which-there-is-a-basal-ossicle-is-found-in-asteriidae-brisingidae-RDKG0A.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photo")
RMRDKG0A–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae,
![. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology; Zoology. 96 THREE CRUISES OF TIIE " BLAKE. other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae. The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- somaplacenta,another of the modern Echinothuriae (Fig-. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yellowish orange. The coronal plates of both zones, although they appear at first glance similar in structure to those of the regular sea- urchins, yet are frequently split up into four distinct plates, as in the palaeozoic Archeocidaris and Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGFXX2/bulletin-of-the-museum-of-comparative-zoology-at-harvard-college-zoology-zoology-96-three-cruises-of-tiie-quot-blake-other-sea-urchins-they-are-probably-modified-pedicellariae-the-test-of-asthenosoma-is-of-a-deep-claret-color-phormo-somaplacentaanother-of-the-modern-echinothuriae-fig-360-is-grayish-or-sometimes-of-a-deep-brick-color-or-a-yellowish-orange-the-coronal-plates-of-both-zones-although-they-appear-at-first-glance-similar-in-structure-to-those-of-the-regular-sea-urchins-yet-are-frequently-split-up-into-four-distinct-plates-as-in-the-palaeozoic-archeocidaris-and-RGFXX2.jpg ". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology; Zoology. 96 THREE CRUISES OF TIIE " BLAKE. other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae. The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- somaplacenta,another of the modern Echinothuriae (Fig-. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yellowish orange. The coronal plates of both zones, although they appear at first glance similar in structure to those of the regular sea- urchins, yet are frequently split up into four distinct plates, as in the palaeozoic Archeocidaris and Stock Photo")
RMRGFXX2–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology; Zoology. 96 THREE CRUISES OF TIIE " BLAKE. other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae. The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- somaplacenta,another of the modern Echinothuriae (Fig-. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yellowish orange. The coronal plates of both zones, although they appear at first glance similar in structure to those of the regular sea- urchins, yet are frequently split up into four distinct plates, as in the palaeozoic Archeocidaris and
RMRHY40R–. Behavior of the lower organisms. Animal behavior; Invertebrates. 234 BEHAVIOR OF THE LOWER ORGANISMS reaction forms is that of the sea urchin, as studied by v. Uexkiill (1897, 1897a, 1899, 1900, 1900a). The sea urchin differs from most lower animals in bearing large numbers of motor organs scattered over its entire surface. Most prominent of these are the spines, which are movable, and may be used as legs, or as means of defence. Among the spines are certain peculiar jawlike organs known as pedicellariae (Fig. 133), each borne on a movable stalk. These jaws frequently open and close, seizing
RMRN55WC–. Animal biology. Zoology; Biology. STARFISH 195 224. External Appearance.—A typical starfish is an animal consisting of a disc from which arise five rays. The bases of these rays occupy the whole circumference of the disc, but they taper to blunt points at their tips. The upper, aboral surface (Fig, 108) is covered with spines, around the base of which are grouped very minute organs known as pedicellariae. When examined under the microscope a pedicellaria (Fig. 110 A) is seen to possess two jaws which differ somewhat in different types. These structures serve to rid the surface of the body of
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 146 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION right angles to the furrow ; one to four ventro-lateral pedicellariae ; no furrow pedi- cellariae except on the mouth plates ; infero-marginal plates extending on to the dorsal side, with four (sometimes three) large spines which alternate in position on adjacent plates. Description. The two specimens are ten-rayed. Most of the arms are broken off near the disc and lost. The longest arm remaining attached to a specimen is 65 mm. long ; its tip is regenerated so that its length cannot be taken as a measur Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGJJT0/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-146-the-quotrosauraquot-expedition-right-angles-to-the-furrow-one-to-four-ventro-lateral-pedicellariae-no-furrow-pedi-cellariae-except-on-the-mouth-plates-infero-marginal-plates-extending-on-to-the-dorsal-side-with-four-sometimes-three-large-spines-which-alternate-in-position-on-adjacent-plates-description-the-two-specimens-are-ten-rayed-most-of-the-arms-are-broken-off-near-the-disc-and-lost-the-longest-arm-remaining-attached-to-a-specimen-is-65-mm-long-its-tip-is-regenerated-so-that-its-length-cannot-be-taken-as-a-measur-RGJJT0.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 146 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION right angles to the furrow ; one to four ventro-lateral pedicellariae ; no furrow pedi- cellariae except on the mouth plates ; infero-marginal plates extending on to the dorsal side, with four (sometimes three) large spines which alternate in position on adjacent plates. Description. The two specimens are ten-rayed. Most of the arms are broken off near the disc and lost. The longest arm remaining attached to a specimen is 65 mm. long ; its tip is regenerated so that its length cannot be taken as a measur Stock Photo")
RMRGJJT0–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 146 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION right angles to the furrow ; one to four ventro-lateral pedicellariae ; no furrow pedi- cellariae except on the mouth plates ; infero-marginal plates extending on to the dorsal side, with four (sometimes three) large spines which alternate in position on adjacent plates. Description. The two specimens are ten-rayed. Most of the arms are broken off near the disc and lost. The longest arm remaining attached to a specimen is 65 mm. long ; its tip is regenerated so that its length cannot be taken as a measur
RMRD4YE2–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. II. r. here; it is, however, evidently not very correctly drawn. I have seen nothing resembling the figures PI. XL11I. 10— 11; they probably represent only small specimens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariae. The second form (Pl.X. Figs. 1,4,24,28,29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gular; it has generally some very irregular meshwork. This kind of pedicellariae is found on the actinal side, and especially on the peristome, even in the mouth they are quite crowded, reaching some way
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 144 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION arises from near the upper edge of each plate forming a regular border to the arm. There is a paxilla-like group of spinules with one or two bi-valved pedicellariae above each spine, at least at the base of the arm. The outer parts of the arms are rather badly damaged. When freshly preserved one of the specimens was straw coloured, with a brown patch in the centre of the disc continuous with broad brown bars running a short distance down the middle of each arm ; there were also brown bands across the out Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGKCXN/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-144-the-quotrosauraquot-expedition-arises-from-near-the-upper-edge-of-each-plate-forming-a-regular-border-to-the-arm-there-is-a-paxilla-like-group-of-spinules-with-one-or-two-bi-valved-pedicellariae-above-each-spine-at-least-at-the-base-of-the-arm-the-outer-parts-of-the-arms-are-rather-badly-damaged-when-freshly-preserved-one-of-the-specimens-was-straw-coloured-with-a-brown-patch-in-the-centre-of-the-disc-continuous-with-broad-brown-bars-running-a-short-distance-down-the-middle-of-each-arm-there-were-also-brown-bands-across-the-out-RGKCXN.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 144 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION arises from near the upper edge of each plate forming a regular border to the arm. There is a paxilla-like group of spinules with one or two bi-valved pedicellariae above each spine, at least at the base of the arm. The outer parts of the arms are rather badly damaged. When freshly preserved one of the specimens was straw coloured, with a brown patch in the centre of the disc continuous with broad brown bars running a short distance down the middle of each arm ; there were also brown bands across the out Stock Photo")
RMRGKCXN–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 144 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION arises from near the upper edge of each plate forming a regular border to the arm. There is a paxilla-like group of spinules with one or two bi-valved pedicellariae above each spine, at least at the base of the arm. The outer parts of the arms are rather badly damaged. When freshly preserved one of the specimens was straw coloured, with a brown patch in the centre of the disc continuous with broad brown bars running a short distance down the middle of each arm ; there were also brown bands across the out
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 146 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION right angles to the furrow ; one to four ventro-lateral pedicellariae ; no furrow pedi- cellariae except on the mouth plates ; infero-marginal plates extending on to the dorsal side, with four (sometimes three) large spines which alternate in position on adjacent plates. Description. The two specimens are ten-rayed. Most of the arms are broken off near the disc and lost. The longest arm remaining attached to a specimen is 65 mm. long ; its tip is regenerated so that its length cannot be taken as a measur Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGKCP4/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-146-the-quotrosauraquot-expedition-right-angles-to-the-furrow-one-to-four-ventro-lateral-pedicellariae-no-furrow-pedi-cellariae-except-on-the-mouth-plates-infero-marginal-plates-extending-on-to-the-dorsal-side-with-four-sometimes-three-large-spines-which-alternate-in-position-on-adjacent-plates-description-the-two-specimens-are-ten-rayed-most-of-the-arms-are-broken-off-near-the-disc-and-lost-the-longest-arm-remaining-attached-to-a-specimen-is-65-mm-long-its-tip-is-regenerated-so-that-its-length-cannot-be-taken-as-a-measur-RGKCP4.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 146 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION right angles to the furrow ; one to four ventro-lateral pedicellariae ; no furrow pedi- cellariae except on the mouth plates ; infero-marginal plates extending on to the dorsal side, with four (sometimes three) large spines which alternate in position on adjacent plates. Description. The two specimens are ten-rayed. Most of the arms are broken off near the disc and lost. The longest arm remaining attached to a specimen is 65 mm. long ; its tip is regenerated so that its length cannot be taken as a measur Stock Photo")
RMRGKCP4–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 146 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION right angles to the furrow ; one to four ventro-lateral pedicellariae ; no furrow pedi- cellariae except on the mouth plates ; infero-marginal plates extending on to the dorsal side, with four (sometimes three) large spines which alternate in position on adjacent plates. Description. The two specimens are ten-rayed. Most of the arms are broken off near the disc and lost. The longest arm remaining attached to a specimen is 65 mm. long ; its tip is regenerated so that its length cannot be taken as a measur
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 144 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION arises from near the upper edge of each plate forming a regular border to the arm. There is a paxilla-like group of spinules with one or two bi-valved pedicellariae above each spine, at least at the base of the arm. The outer parts of the arms are rather badly damaged. When freshly preserved one of the specimens was straw coloured, with a brown patch in the centre of the disc continuous with broad brown bars running a short distance down the middle of each arm ; there were also brown bands across the out Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGKCPM/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-144-the-quotrosauraquot-expedition-arises-from-near-the-upper-edge-of-each-plate-forming-a-regular-border-to-the-arm-there-is-a-paxilla-like-group-of-spinules-with-one-or-two-bi-valved-pedicellariae-above-each-spine-at-least-at-the-base-of-the-arm-the-outer-parts-of-the-arms-are-rather-badly-damaged-when-freshly-preserved-one-of-the-specimens-was-straw-coloured-with-a-brown-patch-in-the-centre-of-the-disc-continuous-with-broad-brown-bars-running-a-short-distance-down-the-middle-of-each-arm-there-were-also-brown-bands-across-the-out-RGKCPM.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 144 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION arises from near the upper edge of each plate forming a regular border to the arm. There is a paxilla-like group of spinules with one or two bi-valved pedicellariae above each spine, at least at the base of the arm. The outer parts of the arms are rather badly damaged. When freshly preserved one of the specimens was straw coloured, with a brown patch in the centre of the disc continuous with broad brown bars running a short distance down the middle of each arm ; there were also brown bands across the out Stock Photo")
RMRGKCPM–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 144 THE "ROSAURA" EXPEDITION arises from near the upper edge of each plate forming a regular border to the arm. There is a paxilla-like group of spinules with one or two bi-valved pedicellariae above each spine, at least at the base of the arm. The outer parts of the arms are rather badly damaged. When freshly preserved one of the specimens was straw coloured, with a brown patch in the centre of the disc continuous with broad brown bars running a short distance down the middle of each arm ; there were also brown bands across the out
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKG21/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-434-echinodermata-asteroidea-brought-about-by-muscles-extending-from-the-quot-handle-quot-of-one-blade-to-the-upper-part-of-the-other-scattered-about-amongst-the-papulae-between-the-cushions-are-other-pedicellariae-of-a-larger-size-in-which-the-blades-do-not-cross-one-another-fig-186-b-in-the-space-or-quot-interradius-quot-between-two-arms-on-the-aboral-surface-there-is-found-a-button-shaped-ossicle-this-is-covered-with-fine-grooves-and-from-a-fancied-resemb-lance-between-it-and-some-forms-of-coral-it-has-received-the-name-quot-mad-RDKG21.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photo")
RMRDKG21–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad
![. A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. Fig. olio. — Hemipedina cubensis. }. of proof that pedicellariae are merely modified spines. The only other striking genus among the regular urchins is that of Hemi- pedina (Fig. 363), the modern repre- sentative of a family once greatly de- veloped in the cretaceous period. Althou Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9BRP/a-contribution-to-american-thalassography-three-cruises-of-the-united-states-coast-and-geodetic-survey-steamer-quotblakequot-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-in-the-caribbean-sea-and-along-the-atlantic-coast-of-the-united-states-from-1877-to-1880-blake-steamer-marine-animals-atlantic-ocean-marine-sediments-fig-olio-hemipedina-cubensis-of-proof-that-pedicellariae-are-merely-modified-spines-the-only-other-striking-genus-among-the-regular-urchins-is-that-of-hemi-pedina-fig-363-the-modern-repre-sentative-of-a-family-once-greatly-de-veloped-in-the-cretaceous-period-althou-RE9BRP.jpg ". A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. Fig. olio. — Hemipedina cubensis. }. of proof that pedicellariae are merely modified spines. The only other striking genus among the regular urchins is that of Hemi- pedina (Fig. 363), the modern repre- sentative of a family once greatly de- veloped in the cretaceous period. Althou Stock Photo")
RMRE9BRP–. A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. Fig. olio. — Hemipedina cubensis. }. of proof that pedicellariae are merely modified spines. The only other striking genus among the regular urchins is that of Hemi- pedina (Fig. 363), the modern repre- sentative of a family once greatly de- veloped in the cretaceous period. Althou
![. A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. CHARACTERISTIC DEEP-SEA TYPES. SEA-URCHINS. 97. Fig. olio. — Hemipedina cubensis. }. of proof that pedicellariae are merely modified spines. The only other striking genus among the regular urchins is that of Hemi- pedina (Fig. 363), the modern repre- sentative of a family once grea Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9BRY/a-contribution-to-american-thalassography-three-cruises-of-the-united-states-coast-and-geodetic-survey-steamer-quotblakequot-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-in-the-caribbean-sea-and-along-the-atlantic-coast-of-the-united-states-from-1877-to-1880-blake-steamer-marine-animals-atlantic-ocean-marine-sediments-characteristic-deep-sea-types-sea-urchins-97-fig-olio-hemipedina-cubensis-of-proof-that-pedicellariae-are-merely-modified-spines-the-only-other-striking-genus-among-the-regular-urchins-is-that-of-hemi-pedina-fig-363-the-modern-repre-sentative-of-a-family-once-grea-RE9BRY.jpg ". A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. CHARACTERISTIC DEEP-SEA TYPES. SEA-URCHINS. 97. Fig. olio. — Hemipedina cubensis. }. of proof that pedicellariae are merely modified spines. The only other striking genus among the regular urchins is that of Hemi- pedina (Fig. 363), the modern repre- sentative of a family once grea Stock Photo")
RMRE9BRY–. A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. CHARACTERISTIC DEEP-SEA TYPES. SEA-URCHINS. 97. Fig. olio. — Hemipedina cubensis. }. of proof that pedicellariae are merely modified spines. The only other striking genus among the regular urchins is that of Hemi- pedina (Fig. 363), the modern repre- sentative of a family once grea
RMRD21X6–. Dangerous marine animals. Marine animals. VALVES OR JAWS VALVE MUSCLES VENOM GLAND. STALK Fig. 25. Globiferous pedicellariae from the sea urchin, Salamacis bicolor Agassiz. This is representative of the venomous type of pedicellariae which are found in other species of sea urchins. (Kreuzinger) and if it is too strong to be held, the pedicellariae are torn from the test, or shell, but continue to bite the object. Detached pedicel- lariae may remain alive for several hours after being removed from the sea urchin. Medical Aspects. Penetration of the needle-sharp sea urchin spines may produce a
RMRD1GE5–. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Scientific expeditions; Arctic Ocean. ECHINOIDEA. II. r. here; it is, however, evidently not very correctly drawn. I have seen nothing resembling the figures PI. XL11I. 10— 11; they probably represent only small specimens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariae. The second form (Pl.X. Figs. 1,4,24,28,29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gular; it has generally some very irregular meshwork. This kind of pedicellariae is found on the actinal side, and especially on the peristome, even in the mouth they are quite crowded, reaching some way
RMRE3EGP–. Echinoidea. Sea urchins. 146 ECHINOIDEA. II. Agassiz (Rev. of Ech. PI. XXV. 27—28). Globiferoiis, rostrate, tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariæ have been found; ophicephalous ones do not seem to occur. The globiferoiis pedicellariæ (PI. XVII. Figs. 37, 49) are very conspicuoiis, with a thick. brownish head; the val ves are very short, with a very large basal part and a short, tubeshaped blade, whicli has 5—6 teeth along each side of the elongate terminal opening and often an onter median one. The stalk has a whorl of free projecting rods at its lower end; the npper end is attenuated. The
![. A contribution to American thalassography; three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake," in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1800. Blake (Ship); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments; Ocean. 96 THREE CRUISES OF THE " BLAKE. other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae; The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- soma2^^cicenta,Sinotiev of the modern Echinothurise (Fig. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yell Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9BYW/a-contribution-to-american-thalassography-three-cruises-of-the-united-states-coast-and-geodetic-survey-steamer-quotblakequot-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-in-the-caribbean-sea-and-along-the-atlantic-coast-of-the-united-states-from-1877-to-1800-blake-ship-marine-animals-atlantic-ocean-marine-sediments-ocean-96-three-cruises-of-the-quot-blake-other-sea-urchins-they-are-probably-modified-pedicellariae-the-test-of-asthenosoma-is-of-a-deep-claret-color-phormo-soma2cicentasinotiev-of-the-modern-echinothurise-fig-360-is-grayish-or-sometimes-of-a-deep-brick-color-or-a-yell-RE9BYW.jpg ". A contribution to American thalassography; three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake," in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1800. Blake (Ship); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments; Ocean. 96 THREE CRUISES OF THE " BLAKE. other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae; The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- soma2^^cicenta,Sinotiev of the modern Echinothurise (Fig. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yell Stock Photo")
RMRE9BYW–. A contribution to American thalassography; three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake," in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1800. Blake (Ship); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments; Ocean. 96 THREE CRUISES OF THE " BLAKE. other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae; The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- soma2^^cicenta,Sinotiev of the modern Echinothurise (Fig. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yell
![. A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. 96 THREE CRUISES OF THE " BLAKE.' other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae. The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- xomaplacenta, another of the modern Echinothurise (Fig. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yellowish Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9BT7/a-contribution-to-american-thalassography-three-cruises-of-the-united-states-coast-and-geodetic-survey-steamer-quotblakequot-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-in-the-caribbean-sea-and-along-the-atlantic-coast-of-the-united-states-from-1877-to-1880-blake-steamer-marine-animals-atlantic-ocean-marine-sediments-96-three-cruises-of-the-quot-blake-other-sea-urchins-they-are-probably-modified-pedicellariae-the-test-of-asthenosoma-is-of-a-deep-claret-color-phormo-xomaplacenta-another-of-the-modern-echinothurise-fig-360-is-grayish-or-sometimes-of-a-deep-brick-color-or-a-yellowish-RE9BT7.jpg ". A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. 96 THREE CRUISES OF THE " BLAKE.' other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae. The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- xomaplacenta, another of the modern Echinothurise (Fig. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yellowish Stock Photo")
RMRE9BT7–. A contribution to American thalassography : Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Blake (Steamer); Marine animals -- Atlantic Ocean; Marine sediments. 96 THREE CRUISES OF THE " BLAKE.' other sea-urchins; they are probably modified pedicellariae. The test of Asthenosoma is of a deep claret-color. Phormo- xomaplacenta, another of the modern Echinothurise (Fig. 360), is grayish, or sometimes of a deep brick-color or a yellowish
RMRE3EHD–. Echinoidea. Sea urchins. ECHINOIDEA. II. 5, liere; it is, however, evidently not very correctly drawn. I have seen nothing resembling the figiires Pl. XLIII. 10—11; they probably represent only small specimens of this kind of tridentate pedicellariæ. The second form (PI. X. Figs. i, 4, 24, 28, 29) is coarser and the form of the blade often somewhat irre- gnlar; it has generally some very irregnlar meshwork. This kind of pedicellariæ is fonnd on the actinal side, and especially on the peristome, even in the month they are qnite crowded, reaching some way np the oesophagns; those fonnd here ar
RMRE3N1F–. Echinoidea of the Swedish South Polar Expedition. Sea urchins. io TIL MORTENSEN, (Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. Also the pedicellariae afford some differences. In the specimen from St. 17 they are invested by an unusually thick skin, but otherwise the structure of the valves is the same as in the normal specimens; in the specimen from St. 22, on the other hand, the valves differ rather considerably from those of the normal specimens, the opening being broadly triangular with the lower edge almost or wholly straight (PI. XIII Fig. 9). On a closer examination I find that these spe- cimens show in the
RMRDKG1Y–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ASTERIAS SKELETON 435 spines then form a trellis-work covering and protecting the delicate tube-feet; the numerous pedicellariae are then in a position to make it unpleasant for any intruder. The closure of the groove is effected by means of powerful muscles connecting each ambulacral ossicle with its fellow. There are also feebler. ^ 7iiarqinal ^ines ^ adamln-dacrcd spinos. - sucker, tube fee 0 rrvusc. lo7t.g. Fig. 187.—A, Asterias rubens, seen from the oral surface, drawn from a living specimen. X 1. B, an adambulaoral spine, showing three straigh
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