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Pedicellariae Black & White Stock Photos
Pedicellariae. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/pedicellariae-image415298465.htmlRM2F3JDC1–Pedicellariae.
49297 Calveria fenestrata, Wyville Thomson One of the four-valved pedicellariae Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-49297-calveria-fenestrata-wyville-thomson-one-of-the-four-valved-pedicellariae-115076482.htmlRMGK656A–49297 Calveria fenestrata, Wyville Thomson One of the four-valved pedicellariae
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 5IO ECHINODERMATA—ECHINOIDEA urchin diverged widely (strong form of reaction to chemical stimulus), exposing the gemmiform pedicellariae. These at once seized the tube-feet of the enemy and the Starfish retreated, wrenching off the heads of these pedicellariae; then the Starfish returned to the attack and the same result followed, and this was repeated till all the pedicellariae were wrenched off, when the Starfish enwrapped its helpless victim with its stomach. The minute trifoliate pedicellariae are brought into play by any prolonged general irritati Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-5io-echinodermataechinoidea-urchin-diverged-widely-strong-form-of-reaction-to-chemical-stimulus-exposing-the-gemmiform-pedicellariae-these-at-once-seized-the-tube-feet-of-the-enemy-and-the-starfish-retreated-wrenching-off-the-heads-of-these-pedicellariae-then-the-starfish-returned-to-the-attack-and-the-same-result-followed-and-this-was-repeated-till-all-the-pedicellariae-were-wrenched-off-when-the-starfish-enwrapped-its-helpless-victim-with-its-stomach-the-minute-trifoliate-pedicellariae-are-brought-into-play-by-any-prolonged-general-irritati-image232154775.htmlRMRDKFNY–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 5IO ECHINODERMATA—ECHINOIDEA urchin diverged widely (strong form of reaction to chemical stimulus), exposing the gemmiform pedicellariae. These at once seized the tube-feet of the enemy and the Starfish retreated, wrenching off the heads of these pedicellariae; then the Starfish returned to the attack and the same result followed, and this was repeated till all the pedicellariae were wrenched off, when the Starfish enwrapped its helpless victim with its stomach. The minute trifoliate pedicellariae are brought into play by any prolonged general irritati
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 534 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA The auriculae are incomplete and consist only of pillars arising from the interambulacral plates. The ambulacral pore- plates remain disunited, and the pores are arranged in a single vertical series; hence the ambulacra are very narrow. The inter- ambulacral plates each bear one large primary spine surrounded by several circles of secondaries. No ophicephalous or trifoliate pedicellariae are to be found, and the gland of the gemmiform pedicellaria is placed inside the concavity of the blade. The Cidaridae are in many respec Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-534-echinodermata-echinoidea-the-auriculae-are-incomplete-and-consist-only-of-pillars-arising-from-the-interambulacral-plates-the-ambulacral-pore-plates-remain-disunited-and-the-pores-are-arranged-in-a-single-vertical-series-hence-the-ambulacra-are-very-narrow-the-inter-ambulacral-plates-each-bear-one-large-primary-spine-surrounded-by-several-circles-of-secondaries-no-ophicephalous-or-trifoliate-pedicellariae-are-to-be-found-and-the-gland-of-the-gemmiform-pedicellaria-is-placed-inside-the-concavity-of-the-blade-the-cidaridae-are-in-many-respec-image232154717.htmlRMRDKFKW–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 534 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA The auriculae are incomplete and consist only of pillars arising from the interambulacral plates. The ambulacral pore- plates remain disunited, and the pores are arranged in a single vertical series; hence the ambulacra are very narrow. The inter- ambulacral plates each bear one large primary spine surrounded by several circles of secondaries. No ophicephalous or trifoliate pedicellariae are to be found, and the gland of the gemmiform pedicellaria is placed inside the concavity of the blade. The Cidaridae are in many respec
. An introduction to the study of zoology. Zoology. 232 AN INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY. Some of the marine forms are polymorphic, that is to say, some of the polyps are modified to subserve special uses to the colony. These polyps are degene- rate forms : they are called yibracula and avicularia; the former bear a long flagellum, hence their name ; the latter are modified into a bird's-head shape very much like that of the pedicellariae of the sea-urchins. The Polyzoa ai-e very numerously represented on our coasts, coating stones or seaweed, or growing free, as in the case of the most common form, Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/an-introduction-to-the-study-of-zoology-zoology-232-an-introduction-to-zoology-some-of-the-marine-forms-are-polymorphic-that-is-to-say-some-of-the-polyps-are-modified-to-subserve-special-uses-to-the-colony-these-polyps-are-degene-rate-forms-they-are-called-yibracula-and-avicularia-the-former-bear-a-long-flagellum-hence-their-name-the-latter-are-modified-into-a-birds-head-shape-very-much-like-that-of-the-pedicellariae-of-the-sea-urchins-the-polyzoa-ai-e-very-numerously-represented-on-our-coasts-coating-stones-or-seaweed-or-growing-free-as-in-the-case-of-the-most-common-form-image232254886.htmlRMRDT3DA–. An introduction to the study of zoology. Zoology. 232 AN INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY. Some of the marine forms are polymorphic, that is to say, some of the polyps are modified to subserve special uses to the colony. These polyps are degene- rate forms : they are called yibracula and avicularia; the former bear a long flagellum, hence their name ; the latter are modified into a bird's-head shape very much like that of the pedicellariae of the sea-urchins. The Polyzoa ai-e very numerously represented on our coasts, coating stones or seaweed, or growing free, as in the case of the most common form,
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, & Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKFNJ/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-echinuscorona-511-the-number-and-variety-of-the-pedicellariae-then-is-an-eloquent-testimony-to-the-dangers-to-which-the-soft-sensitive-skins-of-the-sea-urchin-and-other-echinodermata-are-exposed-and-afford-confirmatory-evidence-in-support-of-the-view-ex-pressed-above-that-the-method-adopted-to-defend-the-skin-was-one-of-the-great-determining-features-which-led-to-the-division-of-the-asteroidea-into-different-races-the-corona-consists-of-five-radial-or-quot-ambulacralquot-bands-of-plates-and-five-interradial-or-as-they-are-usually-termed-RDKFNJ.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, & Stock Photo")
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, & Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-echinuscorona-511-the-number-and-variety-of-the-pedicellariae-then-is-an-eloquent-testimony-to-the-dangers-to-which-the-soft-sensitive-skins-of-the-sea-urchin-and-other-echinodermata-are-exposed-and-afford-confirmatory-evidence-in-support-of-the-view-ex-pressed-above-that-the-method-adopted-to-defend-the-skin-was-one-of-the-great-determining-features-which-led-to-the-division-of-the-asteroidea-into-different-races-the-corona-consists-of-five-radial-or-quot-ambulacralquot-bands-of-plates-and-five-interradial-or-as-they-are-usually-termed-image232154766.htmlRMRDKFNJ–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—CORONA 511 The number and variety of the pedicellariae, then, is an eloquent testimony to the dangers to which the soft sensitive skins of the Sea-urchin and other Echinodermata are exposed,, and afford confirmatory evidence in support of the view ex- pressed above, that the method adopted to defend the skin was one of the great determining features which led to the division of the Asteroidea into different races. The corona consists of five radial or " ambulacral" bands of plates and five interradial, or as they are usually termed, &
. Seaside studies in natural history. Marine animals. 110 MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAT. (Fig. 143), around which the pedicellariae are arranged in a close wreath, in the centre-of which the summit of the spine projects ; they differ also from those of the Sear-urchin in having two prongs instead of three. Other pedicellarise are scattered inde- pendently over the surface of the animal, but they are smaller. tlian those forming the clusters and connected with the spines. The function of these organs in the Star-fish remains unexplained; the opening on the upper surface, through which the Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/seaside-studies-in-natural-history-marine-animals-110-marine-animals-of-massachusetts-bat-fig-143-around-which-the-pedicellariae-are-arranged-in-a-close-wreath-in-the-centre-of-which-the-summit-of-the-spine-projects-they-differ-also-from-those-of-the-sear-urchin-in-having-two-prongs-instead-of-three-other-pedicellarise-are-scattered-inde-pendently-over-the-surface-of-the-animal-but-they-are-smaller-tlian-those-forming-the-clusters-and-connected-with-the-spines-the-function-of-these-organs-in-the-star-fish-remains-unexplained-the-opening-on-the-upper-surface-through-which-the-image232254384.htmlRMRDT2RC–. Seaside studies in natural history. Marine animals. 110 MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAT. (Fig. 143), around which the pedicellariae are arranged in a close wreath, in the centre-of which the summit of the spine projects ; they differ also from those of the Sear-urchin in having two prongs instead of three. Other pedicellarise are scattered inde- pendently over the surface of the animal, but they are smaller. tlian those forming the clusters and connected with the spines. The function of these organs in the Star-fish remains unexplained; the opening on the upper surface, through which the
. Text-book of embryology. Embryology. 516 INVERTEBEATA CHAP. developed in the larva of E. miliaris. At the base of this aboral pedicellaria a plate is developed. The other two pedicellariae are situated on the right side of the larva, and are supported by a single plate. A third plate begins to be formed around the madreporic pore; this is the beginning of the madreiporite. All three plates belong to the series of basals which we have already encountered in the Asteroid and Ophiuroid, and which, as shown by Bury (1895), form the genital plates of the adult. Small spicules, rudiments of the re Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/text-book-of-embryology-embryology-516-invertebeata-chap-developed-in-the-larva-of-e-miliaris-at-the-base-of-this-aboral-pedicellaria-a-plate-is-developed-the-other-two-pedicellariae-are-situated-on-the-right-side-of-the-larva-and-are-supported-by-a-single-plate-a-third-plate-begins-to-be-formed-around-the-madreporic-pore-this-is-the-beginning-of-the-madreiporite-all-three-plates-belong-to-the-series-of-basals-which-we-have-already-encountered-in-the-asteroid-and-ophiuroid-and-which-as-shown-by-bury-1895-form-the-genital-plates-of-the-adult-small-spicules-rudiments-of-the-re-image232126541.htmlRMRDJ7NH–. Text-book of embryology. Embryology. 516 INVERTEBEATA CHAP. developed in the larva of E. miliaris. At the base of this aboral pedicellaria a plate is developed. The other two pedicellariae are situated on the right side of the larva, and are supported by a single plate. A third plate begins to be formed around the madreporic pore; this is the beginning of the madreiporite. All three plates belong to the series of basals which we have already encountered in the Asteroid and Ophiuroid, and which, as shown by Bury (1895), form the genital plates of the adult. Small spicules, rudiments of the re
. Principles of economic zoo?logy. Zoology, Economic. ECHINOIDEA 59 to that of the starfish. Locomotion is very slow and is per- formed by the tube-feet, aided by the long spines. Tlie pedicellariae are similar to those of the starfish, but are more fully developed, having three pinchers instead of two. The food consists largely of green algoe and brown seaweed, for the sea-urchin is a vegetable feeder, though it eats small marine animals also. Digestive System.—There are five hard white teeth with which they gnaw their food. These teeth are connected with a. Fig. 4.5—Strongylocentrotus drohac Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/principles-of-economic-zoology-zoology-economic-echinoidea-59-to-that-of-the-starfish-locomotion-is-very-slow-and-is-per-formed-by-the-tube-feet-aided-by-the-long-spines-tlie-pedicellariae-are-similar-to-those-of-the-starfish-but-are-more-fully-developed-having-three-pinchers-instead-of-two-the-food-consists-largely-of-green-algoe-and-brown-seaweed-for-the-sea-urchin-is-a-vegetable-feeder-though-it-eats-small-marine-animals-also-digestive-systemthere-are-five-hard-white-teeth-with-which-they-gnaw-their-food-these-teeth-are-connected-with-a-fig-45strongylocentrotus-drohac-image232254179.htmlRMRDT2G3–. Principles of economic zoo?logy. Zoology, Economic. ECHINOIDEA 59 to that of the starfish. Locomotion is very slow and is per- formed by the tube-feet, aided by the long spines. Tlie pedicellariae are similar to those of the starfish, but are more fully developed, having three pinchers instead of two. The food consists largely of green algoe and brown seaweed, for the sea-urchin is a vegetable feeder, though it eats small marine animals also. Digestive System.—There are five hard white teeth with which they gnaw their food. These teeth are connected with a. Fig. 4.5—Strongylocentrotus drohac
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 523 the stored tone spreads upwards to the spines, causing the weak form of spine reaction, and the spines converge. It will be seen therefore that the so-called central nervous system of Echinus does not act in any sense as a brain, as indeed might have been guessed from the absence of any differentiation in it. As Uexklill points out, when an animal is covered all over with similar organs, such as spines and pedicellariae, capable of acting automatically, a brain is not needed. The object of a brain is to direct organs wh Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-physiology-of-nervous-system-523-the-stored-tone-spreads-upwards-to-the-spines-causing-the-weak-form-of-spine-reaction-and-the-spines-converge-it-will-be-seen-therefore-that-the-so-called-central-nervous-system-of-echinus-does-not-act-in-any-sense-as-a-brain-as-indeed-might-have-been-guessed-from-the-absence-of-any-differentiation-in-it-as-uexklill-points-out-when-an-animal-is-covered-all-over-with-similar-organs-such-as-spines-and-pedicellariae-capable-of-acting-automatically-a-brain-is-not-needed-the-object-of-a-brain-is-to-direct-organs-wh-image232154735.htmlRMRDKFMF–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 523 the stored tone spreads upwards to the spines, causing the weak form of spine reaction, and the spines converge. It will be seen therefore that the so-called central nervous system of Echinus does not act in any sense as a brain, as indeed might have been guessed from the absence of any differentiation in it. As Uexklill points out, when an animal is covered all over with similar organs, such as spines and pedicellariae, capable of acting automatically, a brain is not needed. The object of a brain is to direct organs wh
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—PEDICELLARIAE 509 animals, which would otherwise settle on the delicate exposed ectoderm of the Sea-urchin. The gemmiform pedicellariae are brought into action when a more serious danger threatens the Sea-urchin, such as an attack •of a Starfish. The corrosive chemical influence, which it can be proved exudes not only from the stomach but even from the tube-feet of the Starfish, causes the gemmiform pedicellariae to approach and open widely. When the foe approaches so closely as to touch the sense-organs (Fig. 225, B, s) situated on the inner. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-echinuspedicellariae-509-animals-which-would-otherwise-settle-on-the-delicate-exposed-ectoderm-of-the-sea-urchin-the-gemmiform-pedicellariae-are-brought-into-action-when-a-more-serious-danger-threatens-the-sea-urchin-such-as-an-attack-of-a-starfish-the-corrosive-chemical-influence-which-it-can-be-proved-exudes-not-only-from-the-stomach-but-even-from-the-tube-feet-of-the-starfish-causes-the-gemmiform-pedicellariae-to-approach-and-open-widely-when-the-foe-approaches-so-closely-as-to-touch-the-sense-organs-fig-225-b-s-situated-on-the-inner-image232154779.htmlRMRDKFP3–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS—PEDICELLARIAE 509 animals, which would otherwise settle on the delicate exposed ectoderm of the Sea-urchin. The gemmiform pedicellariae are brought into action when a more serious danger threatens the Sea-urchin, such as an attack •of a Starfish. The corrosive chemical influence, which it can be proved exudes not only from the stomach but even from the tube-feet of the Starfish, causes the gemmiform pedicellariae to approach and open widely. When the foe approaches so closely as to touch the sense-organs (Fig. 225, B, s) situated on the inner.
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKFKD/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-536-echinodermata-echinoidea-this-remarkable-family-is-divided-by-mortensen-into-ten-genera-based-as-usual-on-the-pedicellariae-but-taking-into-account-also-the-shape-of-the-tip-of-hard-material-on-the-spines-most-authors-refer-the-majority-of-the-species-to-two-genera-phormosoma-and-asthenosoma-fig-238-recognising-also-a-genus-spcrosoma-for-one-or-two-aberrant-speciea-asthenosovia-is-dis-tinguished-by-having-wide-interspaces-of-membrane-between-the-fig-238oral-view-of-asthenosoma-hystrix-x-f-from-wyville-thomson-plates-and-by-having-RDKFKD.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having Stock Photo")
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-536-echinodermata-echinoidea-this-remarkable-family-is-divided-by-mortensen-into-ten-genera-based-as-usual-on-the-pedicellariae-but-taking-into-account-also-the-shape-of-the-tip-of-hard-material-on-the-spines-most-authors-refer-the-majority-of-the-species-to-two-genera-phormosoma-and-asthenosoma-fig-238-recognising-also-a-genus-spcrosoma-for-one-or-two-aberrant-speciea-asthenosovia-is-dis-tinguished-by-having-wide-interspaces-of-membrane-between-the-fig-238oral-view-of-asthenosoma-hystrix-x-f-from-wyville-thomson-plates-and-by-having-image232154705.htmlRMRDKFKD–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 536 ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA This remarkable family is divided by Mortensen into ten genera, based as usual on the pedicellariae, but taking into account also the shape of the tip of hard material on the spines. Most authors refer the majority of the species to two genera, Phormosoma and Asthenosoma (Fig. 238), recognising also a genus Spcrosoma for one or two aberrant speciea Asthenosovia is dis- tinguished by having wide interspaces of membrane between the. Fig. 238.—Oral view of Asthenosoma hystrix. x f. (From Wyville Thomson.] plates, and by having
. Natural history. Zoology. STAR-FISH. 657 curious kinds of spines with branched heads, known as paxillae (Px). Between the plates there pass out thin-walled processes (Rsp), which serve for respiration by bringing the fluid of the body-cavity into the proximity of the outer water. Besides the paxillae, there occur on the outer surface of a star-fish, as well as on that of a sea-urchin, small pincer-like organs called pedicellariae. These resemble little pincers supported at the end of a movable stalk, and they have probably been evolved from the smaller spines that cover the teat of these ani Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/natural-history-zoology-star-fish-657-curious-kinds-of-spines-with-branched-heads-known-as-paxillae-px-between-the-plates-there-pass-out-thin-walled-processes-rsp-which-serve-for-respiration-by-bringing-the-fluid-of-the-body-cavity-into-the-proximity-of-the-outer-water-besides-the-paxillae-there-occur-on-the-outer-surface-of-a-star-fish-as-well-as-on-that-of-a-sea-urchin-small-pincer-like-organs-called-pedicellariae-these-resemble-little-pincers-supported-at-the-end-of-a-movable-stalk-and-they-have-probably-been-evolved-from-the-smaller-spines-that-cover-the-teat-of-these-ani-image232301446.htmlRMRDX6T6–. Natural history. Zoology. STAR-FISH. 657 curious kinds of spines with branched heads, known as paxillae (Px). Between the plates there pass out thin-walled processes (Rsp), which serve for respiration by bringing the fluid of the body-cavity into the proximity of the outer water. Besides the paxillae, there occur on the outer surface of a star-fish, as well as on that of a sea-urchin, small pincer-like organs called pedicellariae. These resemble little pincers supported at the end of a movable stalk, and they have probably been evolved from the smaller spines that cover the teat of these ani
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKG0A/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-456-echinodermata-asteroidea-chap-c-pedicellariaethese-are-to-be-looked-on-as-spines-of-the-second-order-in-asterina-and-its-allies-they-are-not-present-but-groups-of-little-spines-arranged-in-twos-and-threes-each-group-being-attached-to-a-special-small-plate-are-scattered-over-the-aboral-surface-and-these-on-irritation-approach-one-another-and-represent-the-rudiment-out-of-which-pedicellariae-have-been-developed-the-most-perfect-form-termed-quot-forci-pulatequot-in-which-there-is-a-basal-ossicle-is-found-in-asteriidae-brisingidae-RDKG0A.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photo")
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae, Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-456-echinodermata-asteroidea-chap-c-pedicellariaethese-are-to-be-looked-on-as-spines-of-the-second-order-in-asterina-and-its-allies-they-are-not-present-but-groups-of-little-spines-arranged-in-twos-and-threes-each-group-being-attached-to-a-special-small-plate-are-scattered-over-the-aboral-surface-and-these-on-irritation-approach-one-another-and-represent-the-rudiment-out-of-which-pedicellariae-have-been-developed-the-most-perfect-form-termed-quot-forci-pulatequot-in-which-there-is-a-basal-ossicle-is-found-in-asteriidae-brisingidae-image232154954.htmlRMRDKG0A–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 456 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA chap. (c) Pedicellariae.âThese are to be looked on as spines of the second order. In Asterina and its allies they are not present, but groups of little spines arranged in twos and threes, each group being attached to a special small plate, are scattered over the aboral surface; and these on irritation approach one another, and represent the rudiment out of which pedicellariae have been developed. The most perfect form, termed " forci- pulate," in which there is a basal ossicle, is found in Asteriidae, Brisingidae,
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKG21/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-434-echinodermata-asteroidea-brought-about-by-muscles-extending-from-the-quot-handle-quot-of-one-blade-to-the-upper-part-of-the-other-scattered-about-amongst-the-papulae-between-the-cushions-are-other-pedicellariae-of-a-larger-size-in-which-the-blades-do-not-cross-one-another-fig-186-b-in-the-space-or-quot-interradius-quot-between-two-arms-on-the-aboral-surface-there-is-found-a-button-shaped-ossicle-this-is-covered-with-fine-grooves-and-from-a-fancied-resemb-lance-between-it-and-some-forms-of-coral-it-has-received-the-name-quot-mad-RDKG21.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photo")
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-434-echinodermata-asteroidea-brought-about-by-muscles-extending-from-the-quot-handle-quot-of-one-blade-to-the-upper-part-of-the-other-scattered-about-amongst-the-papulae-between-the-cushions-are-other-pedicellariae-of-a-larger-size-in-which-the-blades-do-not-cross-one-another-fig-186-b-in-the-space-or-quot-interradius-quot-between-two-arms-on-the-aboral-surface-there-is-found-a-button-shaped-ossicle-this-is-covered-with-fine-grooves-and-from-a-fancied-resemb-lance-between-it-and-some-forms-of-coral-it-has-received-the-name-quot-mad-image232155001.htmlRMRDKG21–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 434 ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA brought about by muscles extending from the " handle " of one blade to the upper part of the other. Scattered about amongst the papulae between the cushions are other pedicellariae of a larger size in which the blades do not cross one another (Fig. 186, B). In the space or " interradius " between two arms, on the aboral surface, there is found a button-shaped ossicle. This is covered with fine grooves, and from a fancied resemb- lance between it and some forms of coral it has received the name " mad
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ASTERIAS SKELETON 435 spines then form a trellis-work covering and protecting the delicate tube-feet; the numerous pedicellariae are then in a position to make it unpleasant for any intruder. The closure of the groove is effected by means of powerful muscles connecting each ambulacral ossicle with its fellow. There are also feebler. ^ 7iiarqinal ^ines ^ adamln-dacrcd spinos. - sucker, tube fee 0 rrvusc. lo7t.g. Fig. 187.—A, Asterias rubens, seen from the oral surface, drawn from a living specimen. X 1. B, an adambulaoral spine, showing three straigh Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-asterias-skeleton-435-spines-then-form-a-trellis-work-covering-and-protecting-the-delicate-tube-feet-the-numerous-pedicellariae-are-then-in-a-position-to-make-it-unpleasant-for-any-intruder-the-closure-of-the-groove-is-effected-by-means-of-powerful-muscles-connecting-each-ambulacral-ossicle-with-its-fellow-there-are-also-feebler-7iiarqinal-ines-adamln-dacrcd-spinos-sucker-tube-fee-0-rrvusc-lo7tg-fig-187a-asterias-rubens-seen-from-the-oral-surface-drawn-from-a-living-specimen-x-1-b-an-adambulaoral-spine-showing-three-straigh-image232154999.htmlRMRDKG1Y–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ASTERIAS SKELETON 435 spines then form a trellis-work covering and protecting the delicate tube-feet; the numerous pedicellariae are then in a position to make it unpleasant for any intruder. The closure of the groove is effected by means of powerful muscles connecting each ambulacral ossicle with its fellow. There are also feebler. ^ 7iiarqinal ^ines ^ adamln-dacrcd spinos. - sucker, tube fee 0 rrvusc. lo7t.g. Fig. 187.—A, Asterias rubens, seen from the oral surface, drawn from a living specimen. X 1. B, an adambulaoral spine, showing three straigh
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ANATOMY OF A STARFISH PEDICELLARIAE 433 The last-named ossicle increases the certainty of the grip by fixing the lower parts of each blade in the same vertical plane, and preventing lateral slipping, so that it serves the same pur- pose as the pivot in a pair of scissors. Each blade, in fact, fits into a groove on the side of this piece. The muscles which close. Fio. 185. Asterias rubens, seen from the aboral surface, x 1. mad, Madreporite. the blades arise from the lower ends (handles) of the blades, and are united below to form a common muscular stri Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-anatomy-of-a-starfish-pedicellariae-433-the-last-named-ossicle-increases-the-certainty-of-the-grip-by-fixing-the-lower-parts-of-each-blade-in-the-same-vertical-plane-and-preventing-lateral-slipping-so-that-it-serves-the-same-pur-pose-as-the-pivot-in-a-pair-of-scissors-each-blade-in-fact-fits-into-a-groove-on-the-side-of-this-piece-the-muscles-which-close-fio-185-asterias-rubens-seen-from-the-aboral-surface-x-1-mad-madreporite-the-blades-arise-from-the-lower-ends-handles-of-the-blades-and-are-united-below-to-form-a-common-muscular-stri-image232155006.htmlRMRDKG26–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ANATOMY OF A STARFISH PEDICELLARIAE 433 The last-named ossicle increases the certainty of the grip by fixing the lower parts of each blade in the same vertical plane, and preventing lateral slipping, so that it serves the same pur- pose as the pivot in a pair of scissors. Each blade, in fact, fits into a groove on the side of this piece. The muscles which close. Fio. 185. Asterias rubens, seen from the aboral surface, x 1. mad, Madreporite. the blades arise from the lower ends (handles) of the blades, and are united below to form a common muscular stri
. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS PEDICELLARIAE 507 the head is due to the fact that there is on the outer surface of each jaw a sac-like gland developed as a pouch of the ectoderm. From it are given off two ducts which cross to the inner side of the blades and, uniting into one, run in a groove to near the tip. The gland secretes a poisonous fluid. The basal rod reaches up , p.^emTtt.. per â -jy.crid. -'â jj.Onf Fig. 224.âView of the apical region of Echinus esculentus, showing spines and pedi- cellariae ; drawn from the living specimen, x 3. a, Anus ; g.p, genital pore ; i, i Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-echinus-pedicellariae-507-the-head-is-due-to-the-fact-that-there-is-on-the-outer-surface-of-each-jaw-a-sac-like-gland-developed-as-a-pouch-of-the-ectoderm-from-it-are-given-off-two-ducts-which-cross-to-the-inner-side-of-the-blades-and-uniting-into-one-run-in-a-groove-to-near-the-tip-the-gland-secretes-a-poisonous-fluid-the-basal-rod-reaches-up-pemttt-per-jycrid-jjonf-fig-224view-of-the-apical-region-of-echinus-esculentus-showing-spines-and-pedi-cellariae-drawn-from-the-living-specimen-x-3-a-anus-gp-genital-pore-i-i-image232154784.htmlRMRDKFP8–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. ECHINUS PEDICELLARIAE 507 the head is due to the fact that there is on the outer surface of each jaw a sac-like gland developed as a pouch of the ectoderm. From it are given off two ducts which cross to the inner side of the blades and, uniting into one, run in a groove to near the tip. The gland secretes a poisonous fluid. The basal rod reaches up , p.^emTtt.. per â -jy.crid. -'â jj.Onf Fig. 224.âView of the apical region of Echinus esculentus, showing spines and pedi- cellariae ; drawn from the living specimen, x 3. a, Anus ; g.p, genital pore ; i, i
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