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Fungi and decay Black & White Stock Photos
RMPG2RF5–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). DECAY DUE TO DISEASE 67 Rotting of Fruit due to Diseases of the Fruit Tree In addition to the rotting of fruit due to the growth of common molds, it is important to know that many diseases are caused by certain microorganisms that attack the plants upon which they are growing, or attack the fruits themselves while still growing upon the fruit trees. These sometimes produce various kinds of rots and decay in the fruit even before it is plucked (Fig. 26, 27). In some cases the fruit may appear to be perfectly sou
RMPG2RG0–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). so BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS of the peculiarly flavored products characteristic of certain forms of decay, rot, or putrefaction. It must not be understood, however, that putrefaction is produced wholly by the action of molds, even in the materials on which molds are visibly growing ; for another class of organisms to be considered later, the bacteria, is more commonly concerned in putrefaction. But molds contribute largely to the development of putrefaction, and in the case of some materials, as fruits, molds
RMPG2J8K–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 3IO DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. Corda; or it is composed of a tough gelatinous felt, as in Hysterangium and Melanogaster. The peridia show no marked peculiarities of structure, having a close weft like that of the walls of the chambers formed of hyphae which run chiefly in the direction of the surface. They decay after the spores have ripened and while the gleba is gradually becoming disintegrated. The Seeotieae, or at least the genus Seootiuin and Ca
RMPG3RM5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 525 decay, so that not only is the root itself worthless, but the aerial shoot is badly developed. The destruction is greatly favoured by moist rainy years. The malformations of the root are the result of hypertrophy of the host-cells due to a stimulus exerted by the plasmodium of Plasmodiophora, not only on the contents of cells inhabited by it, but also extending into the cells of the whole neigh-
RMPFXKP6–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. APPLE DISEASES 471 ably parasitic. However, all are agreed that lichens are decidedly objectionable on fruit trees. They harbor insects and fungi, tend to keep the branches moist and more likely to decay, besides being untidy and unsightly. While they may not secure any nourishment from the trees they certainly must interfere seri- ously with the
RMPFXNCR–. Productive soils; the fundamentals of successful soil management and profitable crop production. Soils. 172 SOIL ORGANISMS IN RELATION TO SOIL FERTILITY and animals finally disappear after they die? If this were not so the world long ago would have become choked with dead material. Most of the rubbish of the earth is buried in or is thrown upon the soil, and through decay, it is reduced to the fundamental elements, becoming again the dust of the earth, water and gases. This decay is the work of many kinds of microorganisms, particularly the bacteria and fungi. It is a wise provision of natur
RMPG2REN–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 68 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS bring to our houses is already infected with the molds in question, nothing that we can do will protect it from their subsequent growth and consequent decay. The only alleviating remedy is, as mentioned in other cases, to keep the fruit cool, because none of these microorganisms grow readily while in low temperatures. Dryness is of no value, since the molds are already within the fruit, where there is moisture enough. This cause of the de- cay of fruit is, however, of no very grea
![. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3TRM/nature-study-a-manual-for-teachers-and-students-nature-study-lessons-with-plants-345-and-ferns-possess-spores-being-so-small-and-light-spores-float-great-distances-with-the-wind-and-it-is-thus-that-the-fig-141-pretty-seed-pods-!-liutterpriiit-quot-wucd-germs-of-disease-of-decay-of-fermentation-the-mosses-and-lichens-the-fungi-and-the-ferns-are-so-widely-scattered-of-greater-interest-are-the-devices-for-seed-dispersal-the-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearan-PG3TRM.jpg ". Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan Stock Photo")
RMPG3TRM–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan
RMPG3NF1–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 474 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS a considerably advanced stage of decay in the region of the cam- bium, including both wood and bark. There is present an abundant white mycelium and very characteristic mycelial strands, as subse- quently described. The abundant, white mycelium is particularly rich in stored nutrients. It commonly extends several feet above the crown, mostly between the wood and bark. The characteristic mycelial cords, by which this fungus is best known, are shining,
RMPG3M4P–. Plant propagation : greenhouse and nursery practice . Plant propagation. Sl£!:i) TICSTIXG 51 78. Damping-off is a nurseryman's and gardener's term for the decay of seedlings and cuttings, more especially just above the surface of the ground. The conditions that favor it are excess of moisture in both soil and air, higher temperature than necessary for normal plant de- velopment, and poor light. The weak plants that develop under these conditions succumb to tiny fungi which live upon decaying vegetable matter in the soil, and which. FIG. 42—FRAMES FOR STRAW MAT MAKING These are homemade contr
RMPG403M–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 132 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS The bacteria invade the intercellular spaces of the host, and subsequently the tissues are rapidly disorganized. This disorgani- zation is apparently due to an enzyme which attacks particularly the middle lamella. A large number of inoculation experiments have been made, and it is clearly shown that these bacteria are able to produce a form of soft decay in a great variety of plants. No other organism yet found has such a wide range of host plants. Mo
RMPG0R79–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi
RMPG4HCX–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 7 The decay of the host liberates the spores in the soil. Their germination may be readily studied upon a microscope slide where in from five to twentj'-four hours uninucleate zoospores are produced. The zoospores are differentiated into an inner. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stevens, Frank Lincoln, 1871-193
RMPG14XT–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. 68 MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES only partially decayed wood. Another common distingulsli- ing mark which may accompany wood-decay is the production of black lines or discolored zones which usually mark the place where the most active changes are occurring in the deligni- fication process. The colored zones are due to dark colored oxidation products which stain the mycelium and cell-walls of the wood. The mycelium of wood- rotting fungi uses the dissolved wood-tissue as food material. After a considerable amount of this food is obtained and stored, the production o
RMPG401Y–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PHYCOMYCETES 145 in the packing house, and in storage conditions. From the description subsequently given it may be readily distinguished from forms of decay due to common mold fungi. It is most serious in connection with lemon growing, but the fungus pro- ducing the disease may also affect to a slight extent at least the orange, pomelo, and other citrous fruits. In the orchard the dis- ease may be found upon fruit which has fallen, or that which is hanging very close to the moist
![. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4A2C/nature-study-and-life-nature-study-flowerless-plants-441-still-lying-as-they-fell-and-we-have-a-picture-of-what-nature-would-be-without-the-beneficent-work-of-fungi-that-is-they-cause-decay-they-return-to-mother-earth-the-mat-ter-which-has-lived-that-it-may-live-again-without-them-all-available-food-in-the-world-would-soon-be-locked-up-in-dead-forms-and-new-life-would-be-impossible-this-is-a-rather-knotty-point-but-it-may-be-attaclced-in-a-direct-and-simple-manner-by-asking-the-children-quot-where-does-our-food-come-from-what-is-its-last-or-ultimate-source-quot-they-will-PG4A2C.jpg ". Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will Stock Photo")
RMPG4A2C–. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will
RMPG26FB–. Beginners' botany. Botany. FiG. 135. â Bacteria of Several Forms, much magnified. isms known as bacteria (Fig. 135). These innumerable organisms are immersed in water or in dead animals and plants, and in all manner of moist organic products. By breaking down organic combinations, they produce decay. Largely through their agency, and that of many true but microscopic fungi, all things pass into soil and gas. Thus are the bodies of plants and animals removed and the continuing round of life is maintained. Some parasites are green- leaved. Such is the mistle- toe (Fig. 136). They anchor themse
RMPG2RAN–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). i6o BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS. the dry pea or bean. Such a food material is beyond the reach of bacterial action, and, unless these grains become subsequently soaked with water, they are protected from decay (Fig. 62). Bacteria grow in them readily enough in the spring when they are moistened and begin to sprout. This drying of the grains protects all kinds of flours and meals made from them. The wheat is ground into flour, and the corn into meal, each of which con- tains but a small amount of moisture, far t
RMPG2RFM–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). THE DECAY OF FRUIT 59 decaying apples, pears, lemons, and bananas, the differ- ence in the character of the decay is quite evident both to the eye and to the smell. Bitter rot, black rot, and brown rot are three types produced by three different organisms. It is not within the scope of our study to describe the different kinds of decay which appear in com- mon fruit. The causes may be numerous, but in the majority of the examples of decayed fruit the active agency,. Fig. 22. Monilia, a common species of mold ca
![. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 3" Stubs were left which never healed over and through the exposed sur- face the fungi of wood decay gained easy access. The injuries produced by meteorologic causes are important. Entire forests have been levelled by tornadoes. Cracks are produced by wind action. Lightning opens a way by cracks to the interior. Snow and ice snap off large Umbs and hail stones bruise the bark and leaves of trees so that fungi can readily enter. Chemic substances are rath Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG44N9/a-text-book-of-mycology-and-plant-pathology-plant-diseases-fungi-in-agriculture-plant-diseases-fungi-plants-as-disease-producers-3quot-stubs-were-left-which-never-healed-over-and-through-the-exposed-sur-face-the-fungi-of-wood-decay-gained-easy-access-the-injuries-produced-by-meteorologic-causes-are-important-entire-forests-have-been-levelled-by-tornadoes-cracks-are-produced-by-wind-action-lightning-opens-a-way-by-cracks-to-the-interior-snow-and-ice-snap-off-large-umbs-and-hail-stones-bruise-the-bark-and-leaves-of-trees-so-that-fungi-can-readily-enter-chemic-substances-are-rath-PG44N9.jpg ". A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 3" Stubs were left which never healed over and through the exposed sur- face the fungi of wood decay gained easy access. The injuries produced by meteorologic causes are important. Entire forests have been levelled by tornadoes. Cracks are produced by wind action. Lightning opens a way by cracks to the interior. Snow and ice snap off large Umbs and hail stones bruise the bark and leaves of trees so that fungi can readily enter. Chemic substances are rath Stock Photo")
RMPG44N9–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 3" Stubs were left which never healed over and through the exposed sur- face the fungi of wood decay gained easy access. The injuries produced by meteorologic causes are important. Entire forests have been levelled by tornadoes. Cracks are produced by wind action. Lightning opens a way by cracks to the interior. Snow and ice snap off large Umbs and hail stones bruise the bark and leaves of trees so that fungi can readily enter. Chemic substances are rath
RMPG26X4–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounded or mutilated unnecessarily. Horses sh
RMPG2RF6–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 63 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS that show signs of decay, since decaying fruit will surely be shedding spores which will infect the sound fruit. Such fruit, therefore, should not be allowed to remain in a pantry with other fruit, nor in a cellar. Nor should it be allowed to accumulate in heaps near the home, for insects and air currents are sure to distribute the spores. The removal of all decaying fruit, or its total destruction, therefore, is a necessary safeguard to protect the sound fruit that remains. Prote
RMPFYEGF–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. Fig. 150.—Mushroom with spine-hke Fig. 151.—The common edible coral processes instead of gills. — After fungus.—After Gibson. Gibson. that attack forest-trees. The mycelium usually spreads between the bark and the wood, sending special absorbing branches into the wood, often even into the heart wood, causing decay and weakening of the stem. The spore- bearing structures are sent to the surface, and appear as toadstools, bracket Fungi, etc. Spores are produced in great profusion and infect other trees, the new mycelium using wounds to effec
RMPG4003–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. Fig. 53. Plasmopara on Grape, [b and d after Farlow) a, mycelium; b, mature conidiophore ; c and d, zoospore and oospore formation, respectively than two-thirds grown (see illustration facing page 1). Upon litis cordifolia the fungus may fruit so abundantly upon the young berries as to completely envelop them in a downy mass of sporophores. Under such circumstances the berry does not at that stage show evidences of decay, and it is only when the berries are older, and in other spec
RMPG2RAT–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). FLAVORS FROM INCIPIENT DECAY 149 if the process is allowed to go a little farther the taste of putrefaction becomes too strong for any palate. Another example is Limburger cheese, in which a strong flavor of incipient putrefaction is produced by the development of bacteria in the cheese mass. Any one who has ever known the flavgr or taste of Limburger cheese will easily believe that it is incipient putrefaction. Other forms of soft cheeses show the same feature in less degree. A great variety of flavors and odo
![. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3FM3/a-textbook-of-botany-for-colleges-and-universities-botany-saprophytism-and-symbiosis-755-milk-and-the-bacteria-of-hay-infusions-figs-14-17-among-the-com-moner-saprophytic-fungi-are-the-molds-eg-penicillium-and-mucor-fig-1078-the-yeasts-figs-168-173-a-d-quotost-fleshy-fungi-figs-197-198-saprophytic-fungi-and-bacteria-occur-wherever-there-is-dead-organic-matter-particularly-in-humus-the-processes-of-decay-being-associated-with-these-organisms-the-vegetative-body-of-fungi-the-mycelium-is-composed-of-delicate-threads-the-hyphae-fig-1078-which-penetrate-the-PG3FM3.jpg ". A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo")
RMPG3FM3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the
RMPG45E3–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 25 forcibly eject their spores. Often by a change in the atmos- pheric conditions a large number of sacs burst at once and clouds of spores can be seen to ascend from the cup. The truf- fles have underground closed fruiting bodies which are related to the cups but never open except by decay of the w^alls. The morels and their allies have cups which are turned inside out, as it were, and are furthermore usually much wrinkled, and borne on stalks. Another very important phase of reproduc- tion in fungi lies in the kinds of sp
RMPG3TJ7–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. TREES 367 growth as a rule can cnrlurc more shaflc. There arc also some low species, as the blue beach, the dogwoods, and others, that are shade loving. These shade-loving shrubs and the young growth constitute the underbrush, which in more open forests may be a 'eritable jungle. In time the tree reaches a period of old age, when its vitality begins to diminisli, and it is subject to the at- tacks of fungi and bac- teria of decay or dis- ease. The effects of insects, such as canker- worms that eat the foli- age, and the bark an
RMPG46KE–. Principles of American forestry . Forests and forestry. FOREST PROTECTION. 14.3 open and growing over may continue for many years ^ until very conspicuous and peculiar wounds are formed. In such cracks, insects and rot-producing fungi find favor- able lodging-places, and as a result trees are seriously injured, and are liable to decay in the trunk. There are no practical remedies for such injuries. Wind. Injuries from wind are common where thin- ning is done to a great extent at one time about shallow- roated trees, such as Spruce growing on moist soil. These injuries can be avoided only by
RMPG2RB3–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 136 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS organic material in a state of partial decay. Any dirt which collects in corners of rooms, in the cracks of floors, or upon shelves in pantries, cellars, etc., is sure to contain bacteria in great quantities. The dirt that clings to the walls and ceilings of rooms is also quite sure to contain. Fig. S7- A bit of decaying meat highly magnified, show- ing the bacteria feeding upon the material. them, and the dirt collected by sweeping the floors is filled with them. Bacteria in Foo
RMPG14GD–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. OAK DISEASES 249 quicldy grow larger and form a number of individual or closely over-lapping shelves, from one to several inches wide (Fig. 49). The upper surface of the sheh'es is bright orange-yellow marked with redder areas, while the under surfaces are sulfur-yellow and ap- pear honeycombed. The substance of this mature fruiting-body is tough but very watery. Insects rapidly invade it and through their work and decay caused by bacteria and possibly other fungi, the fruiting-body is quickly de- stroyed. What remains of it soon dries and becomes white and b
RMPG2RFP–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). CHAPTER VI THE DECAY OF FRUIT; USEFUL MOLDS; MOLD DISEASES Of all food materials commonly found in the house- hold none are so much injured by molds as fruits. Most pears, plums, and peaches decay rapidly; apples, oranges,â ax.Abananas keep somewhat longer, but it is a universal experience that none of our ordinary fruits can be kept for any con- siderable length of time without de- caying (Fig. 21). Fig. 21. An apple beginning to decay under Winter apples, with the action of certain species of molds. their So
![. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPIITTES: FUNGI 285 been discovered. Tlie life history seems simple, but tliis apparent simplicity may represent a very complicated his- tory. The structure of the common mushroom {Agari- cus) will serve as an illustration of the group (Fig. 255). irto. A common mushroom. — The mycelium, of white branching threads, spreads extensively through the decay- ing substratum, and in cultivated forms is spoken of as the " spawn." Upon this myce- lium little knob- like protuberances begin to arise, grow- ing larger and larger, until they ar Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3CYH/plant-studies-an-elementary-botany-botany-tiiallopiittes-fungi-285-been-discovered-tlie-life-history-seems-simple-but-tliis-apparent-simplicity-may-represent-a-very-complicated-his-tory-the-structure-of-the-common-mushroom-agari-cus-will-serve-as-an-illustration-of-the-group-fig-255-irto-a-common-mushroom-the-mycelium-of-white-branching-threads-spreads-extensively-through-the-decay-ing-substratum-and-in-cultivated-forms-is-spoken-of-as-the-quot-spawnquot-upon-this-myce-lium-little-knob-like-protuberances-begin-to-arise-grow-ing-larger-and-larger-until-they-ar-PG3CYH.jpg ". Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPIITTES: FUNGI 285 been discovered. Tlie life history seems simple, but tliis apparent simplicity may represent a very complicated his- tory. The structure of the common mushroom {Agari- cus) will serve as an illustration of the group (Fig. 255). irto. A common mushroom. — The mycelium, of white branching threads, spreads extensively through the decay- ing substratum, and in cultivated forms is spoken of as the " spawn." Upon this myce- lium little knob- like protuberances begin to arise, grow- ing larger and larger, until they ar Stock Photo")
RMPG3CYH–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPIITTES: FUNGI 285 been discovered. Tlie life history seems simple, but tliis apparent simplicity may represent a very complicated his- tory. The structure of the common mushroom {Agari- cus) will serve as an illustration of the group (Fig. 255). irto. A common mushroom. — The mycelium, of white branching threads, spreads extensively through the decay- ing substratum, and in cultivated forms is spoken of as the " spawn." Upon this myce- lium little knob- like protuberances begin to arise, grow- ing larger and larger, until they ar
RMPFYR85–. Handbook of nature-study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell nature-study leaflets. Nature study. FlowerlesS'Plant Study 707 out with dead wood. Decay is simply the process by which fungi and other organisms break down dead material, so that the major part of it returns to the air in gaseous form, and the remainder, now mostly humus, mingles with the soil. As a table delicacy, mushrooms are highly prized. A very large num- ber of species are edible. But every year the newspapers report deaths resulting from eating the poisonous kinds—the price of an ignorance which comes from a la
RMPG43HE–. Modern fruit marketing : a complete treatise covering harvesting, packing, storing, transporting and selling of fruit . Fruit trade. 130 MODERN FRUIT MARKETING fine as a needle point will give ample opportunity for infection from these various decay organisms. As the temperature of the fruit in storage is lowered the activities of the fungi are lessened, until at a point about 31 or 32 degrees growth is almost stopped. It is not possible to kill or eradicate any of the rots, so far as known, by lowering the temperature beyond 31 de- grees. As soon as the fruit is removed from storage. Fig. 1
RMPG4DTP–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. SS8 SPECIAL PLANT PATHOLOGY the growth of the dry-rot fungus. Coating materials should be avoided unless the woods are absolutely dry and the well-seasoned wood should be painted at once as neglect on this score may cause a lot of trouble. The walls on which timbers are laid should be perfectly dry. Sap-rot {Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers).—One of the most im- portant enemies of structural oak, produces a soft, mushy decay of the wood (Fig. 202, also page 76).. -^lUiikft'- Fig. 202.—Dadale
![. Principles of American forestry . Forests and forestry. CHAPTER XIII. DURABILITY OF WOOD. Decay in Wood is due to the breaking down of the tissues by fungi. In some eases the fungus destroys the woody cells; in others it uses up the starch found in the cells and merely leaves a blue stain (bluing of lumber). Some kinds of fungi attack only con- ifers others only hard woods; some are confined to one species while othere may affect several species, but nrobably no one of them attacks all kinds of wood Fig. 63 shows the Fig, 70—"Shelf" fungus on the discoloration of wood by a stem of Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG46HX/principles-of-american-forestry-forests-and-forestry-chapter-xiii-durability-of-wood-decay-in-wood-is-due-to-the-breaking-down-of-the-tissues-by-fungi-in-some-eases-the-fungus-destroys-the-woody-cells-in-others-it-uses-up-the-starch-found-in-the-cells-and-merely-leaves-a-blue-stain-bluing-of-lumber-some-kinds-of-fungi-attack-only-con-ifers-others-only-hard-woods-some-are-confined-to-one-species-while-othere-may-affect-several-species-but-nrobably-no-one-of-them-attacks-all-kinds-of-wood-fig-63-shows-the-fig-70quotshelfquot-fungus-on-the-discoloration-of-wood-by-a-stem-of-PG46HX.jpg ". Principles of American forestry . Forests and forestry. CHAPTER XIII. DURABILITY OF WOOD. Decay in Wood is due to the breaking down of the tissues by fungi. In some eases the fungus destroys the woody cells; in others it uses up the starch found in the cells and merely leaves a blue stain (bluing of lumber). Some kinds of fungi attack only con- ifers others only hard woods; some are confined to one species while othere may affect several species, but nrobably no one of them attacks all kinds of wood Fig. 63 shows the Fig, 70—"Shelf" fungus on the discoloration of wood by a stem of Stock Photo")
RMPG46HX–. Principles of American forestry . Forests and forestry. CHAPTER XIII. DURABILITY OF WOOD. Decay in Wood is due to the breaking down of the tissues by fungi. In some eases the fungus destroys the woody cells; in others it uses up the starch found in the cells and merely leaves a blue stain (bluing of lumber). Some kinds of fungi attack only con- ifers others only hard woods; some are confined to one species while othere may affect several species, but nrobably no one of them attacks all kinds of wood Fig. 63 shows the Fig, 70—"Shelf" fungus on the discoloration of wood by a stem of
RMPG26X9–. Beginners' botany. Botany. THE STEMS—KINDS AND FORMS; PRUNING 57. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounde
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 42 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE to decay of roots of carrot, parsnip, tumip, radish, salsify, of onion bulbs, hyacinth corms, cabbage heads, celery stalks and fruits of tomato, pepper and egg plant. Jones found no decay pro- duced in young carrot or parsnip plants, fruits of orange, banana, apple, pear, cauliflower head,* Irish potato tuber, beet root or tomato stems. ^"^ Infection did not occur unless the epidermis was broken. The rotten mass was always soft, wet, and exuded a liquid clouded with bac- teria. / I V^ J Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4H6Y/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-42-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-to-decay-of-roots-of-carrot-parsnip-tumip-radish-salsify-of-onion-bulbs-hyacinth-corms-cabbage-heads-celery-stalks-and-fruits-of-tomato-pepper-and-egg-plant-jones-found-no-decay-pro-duced-in-young-carrot-or-parsnip-plants-fruits-of-orange-banana-apple-pear-cauliflower-head-irish-potato-tuber-beet-root-or-tomato-stems-quot-infection-did-not-occur-unless-the-epidermis-was-broken-the-rotten-mass-was-always-soft-wet-and-exuded-a-liquid-clouded-with-bac-teria-i-v-j-PG4H6Y.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 42 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE to decay of roots of carrot, parsnip, tumip, radish, salsify, of onion bulbs, hyacinth corms, cabbage heads, celery stalks and fruits of tomato, pepper and egg plant. Jones found no decay pro- duced in young carrot or parsnip plants, fruits of orange, banana, apple, pear, cauliflower head,* Irish potato tuber, beet root or tomato stems. ^"^ Infection did not occur unless the epidermis was broken. The rotten mass was always soft, wet, and exuded a liquid clouded with bac- teria. / I V^ J Stock Photo")
RMPG4H6Y–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 42 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE to decay of roots of carrot, parsnip, tumip, radish, salsify, of onion bulbs, hyacinth corms, cabbage heads, celery stalks and fruits of tomato, pepper and egg plant. Jones found no decay pro- duced in young carrot or parsnip plants, fruits of orange, banana, apple, pear, cauliflower head,* Irish potato tuber, beet root or tomato stems. ^"^ Infection did not occur unless the epidermis was broken. The rotten mass was always soft, wet, and exuded a liquid clouded with bac- teria. / I V^ J
RMPG2RFC–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). DISTRIBUTION OF SPORES 6l currents or by insects, or, if the pieces of fruit are in direct contact with each other, as is almost always the case when packed, one piece of fruit will directly infect the next and thus start a new center of decay. In this way decay which begins with a single piece of fruit is. Fig. 24. Another species of Monilia taken from a decaying apple, showing formation of spores. sure in a short space of time to extend to the neighbor- ing pieces. From a single decaying apple, infection may
RMPFX9HE–. A manual for the study of insects. Insects. Vila vn. 1111+2+3 The larvae are gregarious, and live in fungi and in decay- ing vegetable matter. They may be found in the fungi growing on logs and trees, in the- vegeta- ^==rg^ ^——. m.,^ ble mould among dead leaves, under bark, and sometimes in cow-dung. They have eight pairs of spiracles. One spe- cies, Sciara malt (Sci'a-ra ma'li), feeds on ripe apples, es- pecially those that have been previously perforated by the Codlin-moth. In this family the larva has a distinct head. The pupa is not enclosed in the skin of the larva; hnf- in ciomf^ crpnp
RMPFX9HK–. A manual for the study of insects. Insects. nii+i+3. Vila vn. 1111+2+3 The larvae are gregarious, and live in fungi and in decay- ing vegetable matter. They may be found in the fungi growing on logs and trees, in the- vegeta- ^==rg^ ^——. m.,^ ble mould among dead leaves, under bark, and sometimes in cow-dung. They have eight pairs of spiracles. One spe- cies, Sciara malt (Sci'a-ra ma'li), feeds on ripe apples, es- pecially those that have been previously perforated by the Codlin-moth. In this family the larva has a distinct head. The pupa is not enclosed in the skin of the larva; hnf- in cio
RMPG4H6M–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICFI CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 45 strict!}' intercellular. Wound inoculations in muskmelon generally gave complete decay in from three to seven days. Similar inocula- tion of citron and cucumbers resulted in decay, though inoculation into squash did not. No decay of musk- melon followed applications of the bacteria to unbroken surfaces. B. mycoides Flugge. (Group number -22.1 8-.) Rods thick, 0.95 x 1.6-2.4 n, usually in long threads, sporiferous. Spores elliptical, 1.3-1.48 X 0.7-0.9 mm. Gelatine colonies white with mycelium
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 549 C. carica S. & H/-"' «» Acervuli brown, becoming black, hemispherical, numerous, small, 85-250 m, bearing 1-12 (or often 0) long, slender, irregular setae which are dark throughout, acute, rigid, septate, 2-6 x 22- 106 IX, conidia regular, oblong, obtuse, 3.5-6.6 . 8.7-20; conidio- phores slender, 1-2 x 45 ;u, hyaline. It is the cause of a decay of figs in the United States. C. ampelinum Cav. is on grape leaves. C. glceosporioides Penz. Acervuli sparse or scarcely gregarious, subepi Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45ND/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-549-c-carica-s-amp-h-quot-acervuli-brown-becoming-black-hemispherical-numerous-small-85-250-m-bearing-1-12-or-often-0-long-slender-irregular-setae-which-are-dark-throughout-acute-rigid-septate-2-6-x-22-106-ix-conidia-regular-oblong-obtuse-35-66-87-20-conidio-phores-slender-1-2-x-45-u-hyaline-it-is-the-cause-of-a-decay-of-figs-in-the-united-states-c-ampelinum-cav-is-on-grape-leaves-c-glceosporioides-penz-acervuli-sparse-or-scarcely-gregarious-subepi-PG45ND.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 549 C. carica S. & H/-"' «» Acervuli brown, becoming black, hemispherical, numerous, small, 85-250 m, bearing 1-12 (or often 0) long, slender, irregular setae which are dark throughout, acute, rigid, septate, 2-6 x 22- 106 IX, conidia regular, oblong, obtuse, 3.5-6.6 . 8.7-20; conidio- phores slender, 1-2 x 45 ;u, hyaline. It is the cause of a decay of figs in the United States. C. ampelinum Cav. is on grape leaves. C. glceosporioides Penz. Acervuli sparse or scarcely gregarious, subepi Stock Photo")
RMPG45ND–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 549 C. carica S. & H/-"' «» Acervuli brown, becoming black, hemispherical, numerous, small, 85-250 m, bearing 1-12 (or often 0) long, slender, irregular setae which are dark throughout, acute, rigid, septate, 2-6 x 22- 106 IX, conidia regular, oblong, obtuse, 3.5-6.6 . 8.7-20; conidio- phores slender, 1-2 x 45 ;u, hyaline. It is the cause of a decay of figs in the United States. C. ampelinum Cav. is on grape leaves. C. glceosporioides Penz. Acervuli sparse or scarcely gregarious, subepi
RMPG3NXX–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 350 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS XLVI. BLACK ROT AND CANKER OF POMACEOUS FRUITS Sphceropsis Malorum Pk. Halsted, B. D. The Black Rot of the Quince. N. J. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bulk. 91: 8-10. 1892. Paddock, Wendell. The New York Apple-tree Canker. N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Built. 163: 331-360. ph. 28-33. l899- Paddock, Wendell. Ibid. (Second Report) N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta. Built. 185: 205-213. 1900. Habitat relations. Under the specific name given above a fruit decay of apples, quinces, and pears h
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLAxNT DISEASE 419 It causes a heart-rot of living oaks, occurring as a wound parasite and invading the sap wood when decay is well advanced. It is also found on black locust/'^ P. sulphureus (Bui.) Fr."' "⢠'«⢠''â "â¢Â«" Hymenophore cespitose-multiplex, 30-60 em. broad; pileus cheesy, not becoming rigid, reniform, very broad, more or less stipitate, 5-15 x 7-20 x 0.5-1 cm.; surface finelj tomentose to glabrous, rugose, anoderm, sub- zonate at times, vary- ing from lemon-yellow to orang Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45TA/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-the-fungi-which-cause-plaxnt-disease-419-it-causes-a-heart-rot-of-living-oaks-occurring-as-a-wound-parasite-and-invading-the-sap-wood-when-decay-is-well-advanced-it-is-also-found-on-black-locust-p-sulphureus-bui-frquot-quot-quotquot-hymenophore-cespitose-multiplex-30-60-em-broad-pileus-cheesy-not-becoming-rigid-reniform-very-broad-more-or-less-stipitate-5-15-x-7-20-x-05-1-cm-surface-finelj-tomentose-to-glabrous-rugose-anoderm-sub-zonate-at-times-vary-ing-from-lemon-yellow-to-orang-PG45TA.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLAxNT DISEASE 419 It causes a heart-rot of living oaks, occurring as a wound parasite and invading the sap wood when decay is well advanced. It is also found on black locust/'^ P. sulphureus (Bui.) Fr."' "⢠'«⢠''â "â¢Â«" Hymenophore cespitose-multiplex, 30-60 em. broad; pileus cheesy, not becoming rigid, reniform, very broad, more or less stipitate, 5-15 x 7-20 x 0.5-1 cm.; surface finelj tomentose to glabrous, rugose, anoderm, sub- zonate at times, vary- ing from lemon-yellow to orang Stock Photo")
RMPG45TA–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLAxNT DISEASE 419 It causes a heart-rot of living oaks, occurring as a wound parasite and invading the sap wood when decay is well advanced. It is also found on black locust/'^ P. sulphureus (Bui.) Fr."' "⢠'«⢠''â "â¢Â«" Hymenophore cespitose-multiplex, 30-60 em. broad; pileus cheesy, not becoming rigid, reniform, very broad, more or less stipitate, 5-15 x 7-20 x 0.5-1 cm.; surface finelj tomentose to glabrous, rugose, anoderm, sub- zonate at times, vary- ing from lemon-yellow to orang
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