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. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 94 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES area is believed to correspond to the vomero-nasal organ of the higher vertebrates and the lateral area to the true olfactory receptor of these forms. In some amphibians the distinction between a lateral and a median organ is much more evident than in fishes (Fig. 21). The lateral organ is the one that conducts the. Fig. 20.—Diagram of the median face of the left nasal cavity of man; the small circle marks the position of the vomero-nasal organ in the nasal septum. newly est Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-94-smell-taste-allied-senses-area-is-believed-to-correspond-to-the-vomero-nasal-organ-of-the-higher-vertebrates-and-the-lateral-area-to-the-true-olfactory-receptor-of-these-forms-in-some-amphibians-the-distinction-between-a-lateral-and-a-median-organ-is-much-more-evident-than-in-fishes-fig-21-the-lateral-organ-is-the-one-that-conducts-the-fig-20diagram-of-the-median-face-of-the-left-nasal-cavity-of-man-the-small-circle-marks-the-position-of-the-vomero-nasal-organ-in-the-nasal-septum-newly-est-image216456480.htmlRMPG4CCG–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 94 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES area is believed to correspond to the vomero-nasal organ of the higher vertebrates and the lateral area to the true olfactory receptor of these forms. In some amphibians the distinction between a lateral and a median organ is much more evident than in fishes (Fig. 21). The lateral organ is the one that conducts the. Fig. 20.—Diagram of the median face of the left nasal cavity of man; the small circle marks the position of the vomero-nasal organ in the nasal septum. newly est
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 38 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tory current as they are in the sharks and rays, and in the lung-fishes. In the air-inhahiting vertebrates each olfactory sac possesses, as in man, an external inlet, the anterior naris, and a posterior outlet, the choana, opening into the mouth or the pharynx. The olfactory sacs are relatively simple in amphibians, but become progressively more compli-. FiQ. 11.—Ventral view of the head of a shark (Scyllium) showing the olfactory pita in rela- tion to the mouth. cated in re Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-38-smell-taste-allied-senses-tory-current-as-they-are-in-the-sharks-and-rays-and-in-the-lung-fishes-in-the-air-inhahiting-vertebrates-each-olfactory-sac-possesses-as-in-man-an-external-inlet-the-anterior-naris-and-a-posterior-outlet-the-choana-opening-into-the-mouth-or-the-pharynx-the-olfactory-sacs-are-relatively-simple-in-amphibians-but-become-progressively-more-compli-fiq-11ventral-view-of-the-head-of-a-shark-scyllium-showing-the-olfactory-pita-in-rela-tion-to-the-mouth-cated-in-re-image232032910.htmlRMRDE09J–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 38 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tory current as they are in the sharks and rays, and in the lung-fishes. In the air-inhahiting vertebrates each olfactory sac possesses, as in man, an external inlet, the anterior naris, and a posterior outlet, the choana, opening into the mouth or the pharynx. The olfactory sacs are relatively simple in amphibians, but become progressively more compli-. FiQ. 11.—Ventral view of the head of a shark (Scyllium) showing the olfactory pita in rela- tion to the mouth. cated in re
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 121 tion of much, uncertainty. Some claimed that the gustatory nerve-fibers connected directly with the cells of the taste-buds; others that they did not so connect. The first to employ special neurological methods for the solution of this question were Fusari and Panasci (1890). These workers claimed that by means of Golgi prep-. FiQ. 31.—Golgi preparations of the taste-buds of the rabbit, a showing cells (after von Lenhoss^k, 1893a, Fig. la) and 6 showing nerve-termination Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-121-tion-of-much-uncertainty-some-claimed-that-the-gustatory-nerve-fibers-connected-directly-with-the-cells-of-the-taste-buds-others-that-they-did-not-so-connect-the-first-to-employ-special-neurological-methods-for-the-solution-of-this-question-were-fusari-and-panasci-1890-these-workers-claimed-that-by-means-of-golgi-prep-fiq-31golgi-preparations-of-the-taste-buds-of-the-rabbit-a-showing-cells-after-von-lenhossk-1893a-fig-la-and-6-showing-nerve-termination-image216456406.htmlRMPG4C9X–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 121 tion of much, uncertainty. Some claimed that the gustatory nerve-fibers connected directly with the cells of the taste-buds; others that they did not so connect. The first to employ special neurological methods for the solution of this question were Fusari and Panasci (1890). These workers claimed that by means of Golgi prep-. FiQ. 31.—Golgi preparations of the taste-buds of the rabbit, a showing cells (after von Lenhoss^k, 1893a, Fig. la) and 6 showing nerve-termination
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 97 with correctness, that these fibers belonged to the olfac- tory nerve (Fig. 24). These observations were confirmed by all subsequent workers including von Lenhossek (1892) in the rabbit, Eetzius (1894) in the snake, Ramon y Cajal (1895) in the rat, and Read (1908) in the kitten. Retzius showed that in the snake those nerve-fibers that were connected with the sense cells in the vomero- nasal organ mingled with the bundle of fibers from the olfactory region of the nose and thus con- fir Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-vomeronasal-organ-97-with-correctness-that-these-fibers-belonged-to-the-olfac-tory-nerve-fig-24-these-observations-were-confirmed-by-all-subsequent-workers-including-von-lenhossek-1892-in-the-rabbit-eetzius-1894-in-the-snake-ramon-y-cajal-1895-in-the-rat-and-read-1908-in-the-kitten-retzius-showed-that-in-the-snake-those-nerve-fibers-that-were-connected-with-the-sense-cells-in-the-vomero-nasal-organ-mingled-with-the-bundle-of-fibers-from-the-olfactory-region-of-the-nose-and-thus-con-fir-image232032831.htmlRMRDE06R–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 97 with correctness, that these fibers belonged to the olfac- tory nerve (Fig. 24). These observations were confirmed by all subsequent workers including von Lenhossek (1892) in the rabbit, Eetzius (1894) in the snake, Ramon y Cajal (1895) in the rat, and Read (1908) in the kitten. Retzius showed that in the snake those nerve-fibers that were connected with the sense cells in the vomero- nasal organ mingled with the bundle of fibers from the olfactory region of the nose and thus con- fir
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 27. ous branched alveolo-tubular glands which, contain both mucous and serous cells. The conchsB of the respiratory region have long been known to be extremely vascular and to be possessed of a structure like that of erectile tissue. This is especially true of their edges. They can be excited through reflex channels to considerable enlargement and the swelling thus produced may be suffi- cient to close completely the respir- atory passages. It is believed that this high vasc Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-olfactory-organ-27-ous-branched-alveolo-tubular-glands-which-contain-both-mucous-and-serous-cells-the-conchsb-of-the-respiratory-region-have-long-been-known-to-be-extremely-vascular-and-to-be-possessed-of-a-structure-like-that-of-erectile-tissue-this-is-especially-true-of-their-edges-they-can-be-excited-through-reflex-channels-to-considerable-enlargement-and-the-swelling-thus-produced-may-be-suffi-cient-to-close-completely-the-respir-atory-passages-it-is-believed-that-this-high-vasc-image216456560.htmlRMPG4CFC–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 27. ous branched alveolo-tubular glands which, contain both mucous and serous cells. The conchsB of the respiratory region have long been known to be extremely vascular and to be possessed of a structure like that of erectile tissue. This is especially true of their edges. They can be excited through reflex channels to considerable enlargement and the swelling thus produced may be suffi- cient to close completely the respir- atory passages. It is believed that this high vasc
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 75 Henning, is represented by a number of odors, it is not ab- solutely separated from the others, but between any pair of them there are numerous odors that assume interme- diate positions. The six classes, however, are the striking predominant elements in this complex and are in no sense submerged in the general array of odors. Henning has tried to make clear his idea of the rela- tions of these six classes by imagining them located one Slowery spicy. lity ^restnoTis Flo. 17.—Olf Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-physiology-of-olfaction-75-henning-is-represented-by-a-number-of-odors-it-is-not-ab-solutely-separated-from-the-others-but-between-any-pair-of-them-there-are-numerous-odors-that-assume-interme-diate-positions-the-six-classes-however-are-the-striking-predominant-elements-in-this-complex-and-are-in-no-sense-submerged-in-the-general-array-of-odors-henning-has-tried-to-make-clear-his-idea-of-the-rela-tions-of-these-six-classes-by-imagining-them-located-one-slowery-spicy-lity-restnotis-flo-17olf-image232032875.htmlRMRDE08B–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 75 Henning, is represented by a number of odors, it is not ab- solutely separated from the others, but between any pair of them there are numerous odors that assume interme- diate positions. The six classes, however, are the striking predominant elements in this complex and are in no sense submerged in the general array of odors. Henning has tried to make clear his idea of the rela- tions of these six classes by imagining them located one Slowery spicy. lity ^restnoTis Flo. 17.—Olf
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 71 stronger in each instance called forth fatigue more quickly than the weaker. Some persons are absolutely devoid of true olfaction, a condition which, as already pointed out, is attendant upon certain deficiencies in the essentials of the olfac- tory apparatus and which is designated as anosmia. 'Olfacties 11. 0 10 ZO 30 40 SO 60 TO SO 90 Sec, Fig. 16.—Curves of olfactory exhaustion produced by the action of benzoin of 9 and of 3.5 olfacties and |by rubber of 14 and of 10 olfacti Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-physiology-of-olfaction-71-stronger-in-each-instance-called-forth-fatigue-more-quickly-than-the-weaker-some-persons-are-absolutely-devoid-of-true-olfaction-a-condition-which-as-already-pointed-out-is-attendant-upon-certain-deficiencies-in-the-essentials-of-the-olfac-tory-apparatus-and-which-is-designated-as-anosmia-olfacties-11-0-10-zo-30-40-so-60-to-so-90-sec-fig-16curves-of-olfactory-exhaustion-produced-by-the-action-of-benzoin-of-9-and-of-35-olfacties-and-by-rubber-of-14-and-of-10-olfacti-image216456494.htmlRMPG4CD2–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 71 stronger in each instance called forth fatigue more quickly than the weaker. Some persons are absolutely devoid of true olfaction, a condition which, as already pointed out, is attendant upon certain deficiencies in the essentials of the olfac- tory apparatus and which is designated as anosmia. 'Olfacties 11. 0 10 ZO 30 40 SO 60 TO SO 90 Sec, Fig. 16.—Curves of olfactory exhaustion produced by the action of benzoin of 9 and of 3.5 olfacties and |by rubber of 14 and of 10 olfacti
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 51 that surface by an appropriate movement of the inner tube will produce a stimulus of two olfacties and so forth. Thus a graded series of measured olfactory stim- uli can easily be obtained. Further, by using outer tubes carrying different odorous substances, various com- parisons can be instituted as measured in olfacties. Moreover, a double olfactometer (Fig. 14) may be easily. '*.—Double olfaotometer. Alter Zwaardemaker, 1895, Fig. 15. devised in that two single olfactometers Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-physiology-of-olfaction-51-that-surface-by-an-appropriate-movement-of-the-inner-tube-will-produce-a-stimulus-of-two-olfacties-and-so-forth-thus-a-graded-series-of-measured-olfactory-stim-uli-can-easily-be-obtained-further-by-using-outer-tubes-carrying-different-odorous-substances-various-com-parisons-can-be-instituted-as-measured-in-olfacties-moreover-a-double-olfactometer-fig-14-may-be-easily-double-olfaotometer-alter-zwaardemaker-1895-fig-15-devised-in-that-two-single-olfactometers-image232032900.htmlRMRDE098–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 51 that surface by an appropriate movement of the inner tube will produce a stimulus of two olfacties and so forth. Thus a graded series of measured olfactory stim- uli can easily be obtained. Further, by using outer tubes carrying different odorous substances, various com- parisons can be instituted as measured in olfacties. Moreover, a double olfactometer (Fig. 14) may be easily. '*.—Double olfaotometer. Alter Zwaardemaker, 1895, Fig. 15. devised in that two single olfactometers
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 112 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES types of papillae, the fungiform, foliate, and vallate, very generally carry taste-buds (Fig. 25). The fungiform papillae are relatively large knob-like elevations scattered over the dorsum of the tongue. They can be easily seen with the unaided eye and may be readily located and identified. They commonly carry a few taste-buds embed- ded in the epithelium of their free outer sur- faces. In sections of the crowns of these papillae parallel to the surface of the tongue three Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-112-smell-taste-allied-senses-types-of-papillae-the-fungiform-foliate-and-vallate-very-generally-carry-taste-buds-fig-25-the-fungiform-papillae-are-relatively-large-knob-like-elevations-scattered-over-the-dorsum-of-the-tongue-they-can-be-easily-seen-with-the-unaided-eye-and-may-be-readily-located-and-identified-they-commonly-carry-a-few-taste-buds-embed-ded-in-the-epithelium-of-their-free-outer-sur-faces-in-sections-of-the-crowns-of-these-papillae-parallel-to-the-surface-of-the-tongue-three-image216456447.htmlRMPG4CBB–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 112 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES types of papillae, the fungiform, foliate, and vallate, very generally carry taste-buds (Fig. 25). The fungiform papillae are relatively large knob-like elevations scattered over the dorsum of the tongue. They can be easily seen with the unaided eye and may be readily located and identified. They commonly carry a few taste-buds embed- ded in the epithelium of their free outer sur- faces. In sections of the crowns of these papillae parallel to the surface of the tongue three
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 94 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES area is believed to correspond to the vomero-nasal organ of the higher vertebrates and the lateral area to the true olfactory receptor of these forms. In some amphibians the distinction between a lateral and a median organ is much more evident than in fishes (Fig. 21). The lateral organ is the one that conducts the. Fig. 20.—Diagram of the median face of the left nasal cavity of man; the small circle marks the position of the vomero-nasal organ in the nasal septum. newly est Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-94-smell-taste-allied-senses-area-is-believed-to-correspond-to-the-vomero-nasal-organ-of-the-higher-vertebrates-and-the-lateral-area-to-the-true-olfactory-receptor-of-these-forms-in-some-amphibians-the-distinction-between-a-lateral-and-a-median-organ-is-much-more-evident-than-in-fishes-fig-21-the-lateral-organ-is-the-one-that-conducts-the-fig-20diagram-of-the-median-face-of-the-left-nasal-cavity-of-man-the-small-circle-marks-the-position-of-the-vomero-nasal-organ-in-the-nasal-septum-newly-est-image232032858.htmlRMRDE07P–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 94 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES area is believed to correspond to the vomero-nasal organ of the higher vertebrates and the lateral area to the true olfactory receptor of these forms. In some amphibians the distinction between a lateral and a median organ is much more evident than in fishes (Fig. 21). The lateral organ is the one that conducts the. Fig. 20.—Diagram of the median face of the left nasal cavity of man; the small circle marks the position of the vomero-nasal organ in the nasal septum. newly est
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 98 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. Brunn's observation that the vomero-nasal sense cells were directly connected with nerve fibers, but he also pointed out that in the Jacobson organ of the foetal rab- bit free-nerve terminations occurred. These free termi- nals in some instances reached the receptive surface of the epitheUum where they ended in slight knobs. Similar endings were recorded for the rat by Eamon y Cajal (1895). Von Lenhossek was unable to decide definitely whether these terminals belonged to th Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-98-smell-taste-allied-senses-brunns-observation-that-the-vomero-nasal-sense-cells-were-directly-connected-with-nerve-fibers-but-he-also-pointed-out-that-in-the-jacobson-organ-of-the-foetal-rab-bit-free-nerve-terminations-occurred-these-free-termi-nals-in-some-instances-reached-the-receptive-surface-of-the-epitheuum-where-they-ended-in-slight-knobs-similar-endings-were-recorded-for-the-rat-by-eamon-y-cajal-1895-von-lenhossek-was-unable-to-decide-definitely-whether-these-terminals-belonged-to-th-image216456455.htmlRMPG4CBK–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 98 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. Brunn's observation that the vomero-nasal sense cells were directly connected with nerve fibers, but he also pointed out that in the Jacobson organ of the foetal rab- bit free-nerve terminations occurred. These free termi- nals in some instances reached the receptive surface of the epitheUum where they ended in slight knobs. Similar endings were recorded for the rat by Eamon y Cajal (1895). Von Lenhossek was unable to decide definitely whether these terminals belonged to th
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 71 stronger in each instance called forth fatigue more quickly than the weaker. Some persons are absolutely devoid of true olfaction, a condition which, as already pointed out, is attendant upon certain deficiencies in the essentials of the olfac- tory apparatus and which is designated as anosmia. 'Olfacties 11. 0 10 ZO 30 40 SO 60 TO SO 90 Sec, Fig. 16.—Curves of olfactory exhaustion produced by the action of benzoin of 9 and of 3.5 olfacties and |by rubber of 14 and of 10 olfacti Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-physiology-of-olfaction-71-stronger-in-each-instance-called-forth-fatigue-more-quickly-than-the-weaker-some-persons-are-absolutely-devoid-of-true-olfaction-a-condition-which-as-already-pointed-out-is-attendant-upon-certain-deficiencies-in-the-essentials-of-the-olfac-tory-apparatus-and-which-is-designated-as-anosmia-olfacties-11-0-10-zo-30-40-so-60-to-so-90-sec-fig-16curves-of-olfactory-exhaustion-produced-by-the-action-of-benzoin-of-9-and-of-35-olfacties-and-by-rubber-of-14-and-of-10-olfacti-image232032885.htmlRMRDE08N–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 71 stronger in each instance called forth fatigue more quickly than the weaker. Some persons are absolutely devoid of true olfaction, a condition which, as already pointed out, is attendant upon certain deficiencies in the essentials of the olfac- tory apparatus and which is designated as anosmia. 'Olfacties 11. 0 10 ZO 30 40 SO 60 TO SO 90 Sec, Fig. 16.—Curves of olfactory exhaustion produced by the action of benzoin of 9 and of 3.5 olfacties and |by rubber of 14 and of 10 olfacti
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 113 cells extend only part way through the epithelium in which they are imbedded. The fohate papillae lie on either side of the edge of the human tongue and close to its root. They form a series of from three to eight vertical parallel ridges. Each ridge is abundantly supplied with taste-buds which,. FiQ. 26.—Vertical section of a fungiform papilla showing two taste-buds. however, do not occur on its free outer surface but on its sides. Here the buds open into the ditch betw Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-113-cells-extend-only-part-way-through-the-epithelium-in-which-they-are-imbedded-the-fohate-papillae-lie-on-either-side-of-the-edge-of-the-human-tongue-and-close-to-its-root-they-form-a-series-of-from-three-to-eight-vertical-parallel-ridges-each-ridge-is-abundantly-supplied-with-taste-buds-which-fiq-26vertical-section-of-a-fungiform-papilla-showing-two-taste-buds-however-do-not-occur-on-its-free-outer-surface-but-on-its-sides-here-the-buds-open-into-the-ditch-betw-image216456443.htmlRMPG4CB7–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 113 cells extend only part way through the epithelium in which they are imbedded. The fohate papillae lie on either side of the edge of the human tongue and close to its root. They form a series of from three to eight vertical parallel ridges. Each ridge is abundantly supplied with taste-buds which,. FiQ. 26.—Vertical section of a fungiform papilla showing two taste-buds. however, do not occur on its free outer surface but on its sides. Here the buds open into the ditch betw
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 116 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES where compound buds with as many as six pores have been identified. The frequency with which types of buds with different numbers of pores occur may be gathered from the enumeration by Heidenhain who found that in 509 taste-buds from the foliate papillsB of the rabbit 368 had one pore, 100 two pores, 29 three pores, 7 four. Fio. 28.—Lateral view of the catfish, Amiurus melas, showing in black the gustatory branches of the facial nerve. After Herrick, 1903, Fig. 3. pores, 1 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-116-smell-taste-allied-senses-where-compound-buds-with-as-many-as-six-pores-have-been-identified-the-frequency-with-which-types-of-buds-with-different-numbers-of-pores-occur-may-be-gathered-from-the-enumeration-by-heidenhain-who-found-that-in-509-taste-buds-from-the-foliate-papillsb-of-the-rabbit-368-had-one-pore-100-two-pores-29-three-pores-7-four-fio-28lateral-view-of-the-catfish-amiurus-melas-showing-in-black-the-gustatory-branches-of-the-facial-nerve-after-herrick-1903-fig-3-pores-1-image232032782.htmlRMRDE052–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 116 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES where compound buds with as many as six pores have been identified. The frequency with which types of buds with different numbers of pores occur may be gathered from the enumeration by Heidenhain who found that in 509 taste-buds from the foliate papillsB of the rabbit 368 had one pore, 100 two pores, 29 three pores, 7 four. Fio. 28.—Lateral view of the catfish, Amiurus melas, showing in black the gustatory branches of the facial nerve. After Herrick, 1903, Fig. 3. pores, 1
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 117. human material and by Heidenhain (1914) in the rabbit. 5. Cellular Composition of Taste-buds. The cells composing the taste-buds are so arranged as to give each bud somewhat the appearance of a flower bud or of a leaf bud not yet unfolded. As has been stated already, these end-organs were described in the skin of fishes as early as 1851 by Leydig and were subsequently simultaneously and independently discovered in the mouths of the higher vertebrates *by Loven (1867) an Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-117-human-material-and-by-heidenhain-1914-in-the-rabbit-5-cellular-composition-of-taste-buds-the-cells-composing-the-taste-buds-are-so-arranged-as-to-give-each-bud-somewhat-the-appearance-of-a-flower-bud-or-of-a-leaf-bud-not-yet-unfolded-as-has-been-stated-already-these-end-organs-were-described-in-the-skin-of-fishes-as-early-as-1851-by-leydig-and-were-subsequently-simultaneously-and-independently-discovered-in-the-mouths-of-the-higher-vertebrates-by-loven-1867-an-image216456420.htmlRMPG4CAC–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 117. human material and by Heidenhain (1914) in the rabbit. 5. Cellular Composition of Taste-buds. The cells composing the taste-buds are so arranged as to give each bud somewhat the appearance of a flower bud or of a leaf bud not yet unfolded. As has been stated already, these end-organs were described in the skin of fishes as early as 1851 by Leydig and were subsequently simultaneously and independently discovered in the mouths of the higher vertebrates *by Loven (1867) an
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 114 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tongue a V-shaped row whose angle points toward the esophagus (See Fig. 25). Each papilla is a low circu- lar elevation surrounded by a relatively deep, narrow ditch. The taste-buds are located on the walls of this ditch and chiefly on that wall which forms part of the papilla. In a vertical section through a vallate papilla, it is usual to see on the side of the ditch formed by the. Fig. 27.—Vertical section of a vallate papilla showing taate-buds. papilla from ten to a do Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-114-smell-taste-allied-senses-tongue-a-v-shaped-row-whose-angle-points-toward-the-esophagus-see-fig-25-each-papilla-is-a-low-circu-lar-elevation-surrounded-by-a-relatively-deep-narrow-ditch-the-taste-buds-are-located-on-the-walls-of-this-ditch-and-chiefly-on-that-wall-which-forms-part-of-the-papilla-in-a-vertical-section-through-a-vallate-papilla-it-is-usual-to-see-on-the-side-of-the-ditch-formed-by-the-fig-27vertical-section-of-a-vallate-papilla-showing-taate-buds-papilla-from-ten-to-a-do-image232032794.htmlRMRDE05E–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 114 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tongue a V-shaped row whose angle points toward the esophagus (See Fig. 25). Each papilla is a low circu- lar elevation surrounded by a relatively deep, narrow ditch. The taste-buds are located on the walls of this ditch and chiefly on that wall which forms part of the papilla. In a vertical section through a vallate papilla, it is usual to see on the side of the ditch formed by the. Fig. 27.—Vertical section of a vallate papilla showing taate-buds. papilla from ten to a do
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 122 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES terns of branches ending in free terminations around a taste-bud, ia which case they are called perigemmal or ©. Flo. 32.—Golgi preparations of the taste-huds of the cat, a, in longitudinal section fihowing nerve terminations, and 6, in transverse section showing intragemmal nerve' sbers. After Retzius, 1892a, Plate 7, Figs. 1 and 4. peribulbar fibers, or they enter the bud and end freely among its cells being designated then as intragemmal or intrabulbar fibers (Fig. 32). Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-122-smell-taste-allied-senses-terns-of-branches-ending-in-free-terminations-around-a-taste-bud-ia-which-case-they-are-called-perigemmal-or-flo-32golgi-preparations-of-the-taste-huds-of-the-cat-a-in-longitudinal-section-fihowing-nerve-terminations-and-6-in-transverse-section-showing-intragemmal-nerve-sbers-after-retzius-1892a-plate-7-figs-1-and-4-peribulbar-fibers-or-they-enter-the-bud-and-end-freely-among-its-cells-being-designated-then-as-intragemmal-or-intrabulbar-fibers-fig-32-image216456399.htmlRMPG4C9K–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 122 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES terns of branches ending in free terminations around a taste-bud, ia which case they are called perigemmal or ©. Flo. 32.—Golgi preparations of the taste-huds of the cat, a, in longitudinal section fihowing nerve terminations, and 6, in transverse section showing intragemmal nerve' sbers. After Retzius, 1892a, Plate 7, Figs. 1 and 4. peribulbar fibers, or they enter the bud and end freely among its cells being designated then as intragemmal or intrabulbar fibers (Fig. 32).
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 93 IS ered with an epithelium that resembles histologically the respiratory epithehum of the nasal cavity. This lateral epithelium may even be ciliated. The median wall is cov- ered with an epithelium much Uke the olfactory epithelium of the nose except that differentiated olfactory cells are apparently not present. The cavity of the organ ' sometimes obliterated by excessive epithelial growth and calcareous con- cretions may occur in its walls. As it appears to be without nervous con- n Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-vomeronasal-organ-93-is-ered-with-an-epithelium-that-resembles-histologically-the-respiratory-epithehum-of-the-nasal-cavity-this-lateral-epithelium-may-even-be-ciliated-the-median-wall-is-cov-ered-with-an-epithelium-much-uke-the-olfactory-epithelium-of-the-nose-except-that-differentiated-olfactory-cells-are-apparently-not-present-the-cavity-of-the-organ-sometimes-obliterated-by-excessive-epithelial-growth-and-calcareous-con-cretions-may-occur-in-its-walls-as-it-appears-to-be-without-nervous-con-n-image232032867.htmlRMRDE083–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 93 IS ered with an epithelium that resembles histologically the respiratory epithehum of the nasal cavity. This lateral epithelium may even be ciliated. The median wall is cov- ered with an epithelium much Uke the olfactory epithelium of the nose except that differentiated olfactory cells are apparently not present. The cavity of the organ ' sometimes obliterated by excessive epithelial growth and calcareous con- cretions may occur in its walls. As it appears to be without nervous con- n
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 75 Henning, is represented by a number of odors, it is not ab- solutely separated from the others, but between any pair of them there are numerous odors that assume interme- diate positions. The six classes, however, are the striking predominant elements in this complex and are in no sense submerged in the general array of odors. Henning has tried to make clear his idea of the rela- tions of these six classes by imagining them located one Slowery spicy. lity ^restnoTis Flo. 17.—Olf Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-physiology-of-olfaction-75-henning-is-represented-by-a-number-of-odors-it-is-not-ab-solutely-separated-from-the-others-but-between-any-pair-of-them-there-are-numerous-odors-that-assume-interme-diate-positions-the-six-classes-however-are-the-striking-predominant-elements-in-this-complex-and-are-in-no-sense-submerged-in-the-general-array-of-odors-henning-has-tried-to-make-clear-his-idea-of-the-rela-tions-of-these-six-classes-by-imagining-them-located-one-slowery-spicy-lity-restnotis-flo-17olf-image216456499.htmlRMPG4CD7–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 75 Henning, is represented by a number of odors, it is not ab- solutely separated from the others, but between any pair of them there are numerous odors that assume interme- diate positions. The six classes, however, are the striking predominant elements in this complex and are in no sense submerged in the general array of odors. Henning has tried to make clear his idea of the rela- tions of these six classes by imagining them located one Slowery spicy. lity ^restnoTis Flo. 17.—Olf
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 113 cells extend only part way through the epithelium in which they are imbedded. The fohate papillae lie on either side of the edge of the human tongue and close to its root. They form a series of from three to eight vertical parallel ridges. Each ridge is abundantly supplied with taste-buds which,. FiQ. 26.—Vertical section of a fungiform papilla showing two taste-buds. however, do not occur on its free outer surface but on its sides. Here the buds open into the ditch betw Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-113-cells-extend-only-part-way-through-the-epithelium-in-which-they-are-imbedded-the-fohate-papillae-lie-on-either-side-of-the-edge-of-the-human-tongue-and-close-to-its-root-they-form-a-series-of-from-three-to-eight-vertical-parallel-ridges-each-ridge-is-abundantly-supplied-with-taste-buds-which-fiq-26vertical-section-of-a-fungiform-papilla-showing-two-taste-buds-however-do-not-occur-on-its-free-outer-surface-but-on-its-sides-here-the-buds-open-into-the-ditch-betw-image232032803.htmlRMRDE05R–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 113 cells extend only part way through the epithelium in which they are imbedded. The fohate papillae lie on either side of the edge of the human tongue and close to its root. They form a series of from three to eight vertical parallel ridges. Each ridge is abundantly supplied with taste-buds which,. FiQ. 26.—Vertical section of a fungiform papilla showing two taste-buds. however, do not occur on its free outer surface but on its sides. Here the buds open into the ditch betw
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 114 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tongue a V-shaped row whose angle points toward the esophagus (See Fig. 25). Each papilla is a low circu- lar elevation surrounded by a relatively deep, narrow ditch. The taste-buds are located on the walls of this ditch and chiefly on that wall which forms part of the papilla. In a vertical section through a vallate papilla, it is usual to see on the side of the ditch formed by the. Fig. 27.—Vertical section of a vallate papilla showing taate-buds. papilla from ten to a do Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-114-smell-taste-allied-senses-tongue-a-v-shaped-row-whose-angle-points-toward-the-esophagus-see-fig-25-each-papilla-is-a-low-circu-lar-elevation-surrounded-by-a-relatively-deep-narrow-ditch-the-taste-buds-are-located-on-the-walls-of-this-ditch-and-chiefly-on-that-wall-which-forms-part-of-the-papilla-in-a-vertical-section-through-a-vallate-papilla-it-is-usual-to-see-on-the-side-of-the-ditch-formed-by-the-fig-27vertical-section-of-a-vallate-papilla-showing-taate-buds-papilla-from-ten-to-a-do-image216456435.htmlRMPG4CAY–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 114 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tongue a V-shaped row whose angle points toward the esophagus (See Fig. 25). Each papilla is a low circu- lar elevation surrounded by a relatively deep, narrow ditch. The taste-buds are located on the walls of this ditch and chiefly on that wall which forms part of the papilla. In a vertical section through a vallate papilla, it is usual to see on the side of the ditch formed by the. Fig. 27.—Vertical section of a vallate papilla showing taate-buds. papilla from ten to a do
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 121 tion of much, uncertainty. Some claimed that the gustatory nerve-fibers connected directly with the cells of the taste-buds; others that they did not so connect. The first to employ special neurological methods for the solution of this question were Fusari and Panasci (1890). These workers claimed that by means of Golgi prep-. FiQ. 31.—Golgi preparations of the taste-buds of the rabbit, a showing cells (after von Lenhoss^k, 1893a, Fig. la) and 6 showing nerve-termination Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-121-tion-of-much-uncertainty-some-claimed-that-the-gustatory-nerve-fibers-connected-directly-with-the-cells-of-the-taste-buds-others-that-they-did-not-so-connect-the-first-to-employ-special-neurological-methods-for-the-solution-of-this-question-were-fusari-and-panasci-1890-these-workers-claimed-that-by-means-of-golgi-prep-fiq-31golgi-preparations-of-the-taste-buds-of-the-rabbit-a-showing-cells-after-von-lenhossk-1893a-fig-la-and-6-showing-nerve-termination-image232032755.htmlRMRDE043–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 121 tion of much, uncertainty. Some claimed that the gustatory nerve-fibers connected directly with the cells of the taste-buds; others that they did not so connect. The first to employ special neurological methods for the solution of this question were Fusari and Panasci (1890). These workers claimed that by means of Golgi prep-. FiQ. 31.—Golgi preparations of the taste-buds of the rabbit, a showing cells (after von Lenhoss^k, 1893a, Fig. la) and 6 showing nerve-termination
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 36 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES nasal epithelium must be their cells of origin, as in fact was shown to be the case for the chick by Disse (1896a, 1897). Here the olfactory nerve-fibers have been demon- strated to grow from certain olfactory epithelial cells into the olfactory bulb, the epithelial cells acting in all respects like neuroblasts Bedford (1904). The trigeminal fibers. Flo. 10.—Olfactory epithelium of an embryo chick (ninth day) showinR olfactory cells, su.stentacular cells, and free-nerve endi Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-36-smell-taste-allied-senses-nasal-epithelium-must-be-their-cells-of-origin-as-in-fact-was-shown-to-be-the-case-for-the-chick-by-disse-1896a-1897-here-the-olfactory-nerve-fibers-have-been-demon-strated-to-grow-from-certain-olfactory-epithelial-cells-into-the-olfactory-bulb-the-epithelial-cells-acting-in-all-respects-like-neuroblasts-bedford-1904-the-trigeminal-fibers-flo-10olfactory-epithelium-of-an-embryo-chick-ninth-day-showinr-olfactory-cells-sustentacular-cells-and-free-nerve-endi-image216456523.htmlRMPG4CE3–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 36 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES nasal epithelium must be their cells of origin, as in fact was shown to be the case for the chick by Disse (1896a, 1897). Here the olfactory nerve-fibers have been demon- strated to grow from certain olfactory epithelial cells into the olfactory bulb, the epithelial cells acting in all respects like neuroblasts Bedford (1904). The trigeminal fibers. Flo. 10.—Olfactory epithelium of an embryo chick (ninth day) showinR olfactory cells, su.stentacular cells, and free-nerve endi
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 27. ous branched alveolo-tubular glands which, contain both mucous and serous cells. The conchsB of the respiratory region have long been known to be extremely vascular and to be possessed of a structure like that of erectile tissue. This is especially true of their edges. They can be excited through reflex channels to considerable enlargement and the swelling thus produced may be suffi- cient to close completely the respir- atory passages. It is believed that this high vasc Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-olfactory-organ-27-ous-branched-alveolo-tubular-glands-which-contain-both-mucous-and-serous-cells-the-conchsb-of-the-respiratory-region-have-long-been-known-to-be-extremely-vascular-and-to-be-possessed-of-a-structure-like-that-of-erectile-tissue-this-is-especially-true-of-their-edges-they-can-be-excited-through-reflex-channels-to-considerable-enlargement-and-the-swelling-thus-produced-may-be-suffi-cient-to-close-completely-the-respir-atory-passages-it-is-believed-that-this-high-vasc-image232032965.htmlRMRDE0BH–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 27. ous branched alveolo-tubular glands which, contain both mucous and serous cells. The conchsB of the respiratory region have long been known to be extremely vascular and to be possessed of a structure like that of erectile tissue. This is especially true of their edges. They can be excited through reflex channels to considerable enlargement and the swelling thus produced may be suffi- cient to close completely the respir- atory passages. It is believed that this high vasc
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 124 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. In the fishes the nerves chiefly concerned are the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and the facial. The taste-buds of the gill region are supplied by the vagus and the glosso- pharyngeal. Those that are in the mouth proper or are on the exterior of the body are innervated by the facial nerve. Consequently in the catfish (See Fig. 28), in which the whole outer skin is provided with taste-buds, this nerve is enormously developed and sends large branches to the barbels and an exte Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-124-smell-taste-allied-senses-in-the-fishes-the-nerves-chiefly-concerned-are-the-vagus-the-glossopharyngeal-and-the-facial-the-taste-buds-of-the-gill-region-are-supplied-by-the-vagus-and-the-glosso-pharyngeal-those-that-are-in-the-mouth-proper-or-are-on-the-exterior-of-the-body-are-innervated-by-the-facial-nerve-consequently-in-the-catfish-see-fig-28-in-which-the-whole-outer-skin-is-provided-with-taste-buds-this-nerve-is-enormously-developed-and-sends-large-branches-to-the-barbels-and-an-exte-image216456393.htmlRMPG4C9D–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 124 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. In the fishes the nerves chiefly concerned are the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and the facial. The taste-buds of the gill region are supplied by the vagus and the glosso- pharyngeal. Those that are in the mouth proper or are on the exterior of the body are innervated by the facial nerve. Consequently in the catfish (See Fig. 28), in which the whole outer skin is provided with taste-buds, this nerve is enormously developed and sends large branches to the barbels and an exte
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 66 SMELL. TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Similar experiments on the kUlifish (Fundulus) gave like results Parker (1911). Here, however, the olfac- tory organs were excluded, not by cutting the olfactory tracts, but by stitching up the anterior nares. As a re- sult of this operation the fish no longer responded to hid- den food, but quickly reacquired this power after the. Fig. 15.—Ventral view of the head of a Hammer-head Shark (Cestracion) showing the olfactory pits (o) widely separated. After Garman. 1913, Plate Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-66-smell-taste-allied-senses-similar-experiments-on-the-kulifish-fundulus-gave-like-results-parker-1911-here-however-the-olfac-tory-organs-were-excluded-not-by-cutting-the-olfactory-tracts-but-by-stitching-up-the-anterior-nares-as-a-re-sult-of-this-operation-the-fish-no-longer-responded-to-hid-den-food-but-quickly-reacquired-this-power-after-the-fig-15ventral-view-of-the-head-of-a-hammer-head-shark-cestracion-showing-the-olfactory-pits-o-widely-separated-after-garman-1913-plate-image232032892.htmlRMRDE090–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 66 SMELL. TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Similar experiments on the kUlifish (Fundulus) gave like results Parker (1911). Here, however, the olfac- tory organs were excluded, not by cutting the olfactory tracts, but by stitching up the anterior nares. As a re- sult of this operation the fish no longer responded to hid- den food, but quickly reacquired this power after the. Fig. 15.—Ventral view of the head of a Hammer-head Shark (Cestracion) showing the olfactory pits (o) widely separated. After Garman. 1913, Plate
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 93 IS ered with an epithelium that resembles histologically the respiratory epithehum of the nasal cavity. This lateral epithelium may even be ciliated. The median wall is cov- ered with an epithelium much Uke the olfactory epithelium of the nose except that differentiated olfactory cells are apparently not present. The cavity of the organ ' sometimes obliterated by excessive epithelial growth and calcareous con- cretions may occur in its walls. As it appears to be without nervous con- n Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-vomeronasal-organ-93-is-ered-with-an-epithelium-that-resembles-histologically-the-respiratory-epithehum-of-the-nasal-cavity-this-lateral-epithelium-may-even-be-ciliated-the-median-wall-is-cov-ered-with-an-epithelium-much-uke-the-olfactory-epithelium-of-the-nose-except-that-differentiated-olfactory-cells-are-apparently-not-present-the-cavity-of-the-organ-sometimes-obliterated-by-excessive-epithelial-growth-and-calcareous-con-cretions-may-occur-in-its-walls-as-it-appears-to-be-without-nervous-con-n-image216456486.htmlRMPG4CCP–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 93 IS ered with an epithelium that resembles histologically the respiratory epithehum of the nasal cavity. This lateral epithelium may even be ciliated. The median wall is cov- ered with an epithelium much Uke the olfactory epithelium of the nose except that differentiated olfactory cells are apparently not present. The cavity of the organ ' sometimes obliterated by excessive epithelial growth and calcareous con- cretions may occur in its walls. As it appears to be without nervous con- n
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 125 by Baginsky (1894), it has been confirmed by such a number of observers, including Drasch (1887), Ranvier (1888), Sandmeyer (1895), Meyer (1897) and others, that it is now generally accepted. Both the right and the left branches of this nerve innervate the median vallate papilla in mammals and form at the base of this organ, as Vastarini-Cresi (1915) has shown, more or less of a gusta- tory chiasma. The anterior two- thirds of the tongue in man are innervated by the ling Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-125-by-baginsky-1894-it-has-been-confirmed-by-such-a-number-of-observers-including-drasch-1887-ranvier-1888-sandmeyer-1895-meyer-1897-and-others-that-it-is-now-generally-accepted-both-the-right-and-the-left-branches-of-this-nerve-innervate-the-median-vallate-papilla-in-mammals-and-form-at-the-base-of-this-organ-as-vastarini-cresi-1915-has-shown-more-or-less-of-a-gusta-tory-chiasma-the-anterior-two-thirds-of-the-tongue-in-man-are-innervated-by-the-ling-image232032728.htmlRMRDE034–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 125 by Baginsky (1894), it has been confirmed by such a number of observers, including Drasch (1887), Ranvier (1888), Sandmeyer (1895), Meyer (1897) and others, that it is now generally accepted. Both the right and the left branches of this nerve innervate the median vallate papilla in mammals and form at the base of this organ, as Vastarini-Cresi (1915) has shown, more or less of a gusta- tory chiasma. The anterior two- thirds of the tongue in man are innervated by the ling
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 38 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tory current as they are in the sharks and rays, and in the lung-fishes. In the air-inhahiting vertebrates each olfactory sac possesses, as in man, an external inlet, the anterior naris, and a posterior outlet, the choana, opening into the mouth or the pharynx. The olfactory sacs are relatively simple in amphibians, but become progressively more compli-. FiQ. 11.—Ventral view of the head of a shark (Scyllium) showing the olfactory pita in rela- tion to the mouth. cated in re Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-38-smell-taste-allied-senses-tory-current-as-they-are-in-the-sharks-and-rays-and-in-the-lung-fishes-in-the-air-inhahiting-vertebrates-each-olfactory-sac-possesses-as-in-man-an-external-inlet-the-anterior-naris-and-a-posterior-outlet-the-choana-opening-into-the-mouth-or-the-pharynx-the-olfactory-sacs-are-relatively-simple-in-amphibians-but-become-progressively-more-compli-fiq-11ventral-view-of-the-head-of-a-shark-scyllium-showing-the-olfactory-pita-in-rela-tion-to-the-mouth-cated-in-re-image216456532.htmlRMPG4CEC–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 38 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES tory current as they are in the sharks and rays, and in the lung-fishes. In the air-inhahiting vertebrates each olfactory sac possesses, as in man, an external inlet, the anterior naris, and a posterior outlet, the choana, opening into the mouth or the pharynx. The olfactory sacs are relatively simple in amphibians, but become progressively more compli-. FiQ. 11.—Ventral view of the head of a shark (Scyllium) showing the olfactory pita in rela- tion to the mouth. cated in re
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 122 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES terns of branches ending in free terminations around a taste-bud, ia which case they are called perigemmal or ©. Flo. 32.—Golgi preparations of the taste-huds of the cat, a, in longitudinal section fihowing nerve terminations, and 6, in transverse section showing intragemmal nerve' sbers. After Retzius, 1892a, Plate 7, Figs. 1 and 4. peribulbar fibers, or they enter the bud and end freely among its cells being designated then as intragemmal or intrabulbar fibers (Fig. 32). Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-122-smell-taste-allied-senses-terns-of-branches-ending-in-free-terminations-around-a-taste-bud-ia-which-case-they-are-called-perigemmal-or-flo-32golgi-preparations-of-the-taste-huds-of-the-cat-a-in-longitudinal-section-fihowing-nerve-terminations-and-6-in-transverse-section-showing-intragemmal-nerve-sbers-after-retzius-1892a-plate-7-figs-1-and-4-peribulbar-fibers-or-they-enter-the-bud-and-end-freely-among-its-cells-being-designated-then-as-intragemmal-or-intrabulbar-fibers-fig-32-image232032743.htmlRMRDE03K–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 122 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES terns of branches ending in free terminations around a taste-bud, ia which case they are called perigemmal or ©. Flo. 32.—Golgi preparations of the taste-huds of the cat, a, in longitudinal section fihowing nerve terminations, and 6, in transverse section showing intragemmal nerve' sbers. After Retzius, 1892a, Plate 7, Figs. 1 and 4. peribulbar fibers, or they enter the bud and end freely among its cells being designated then as intragemmal or intrabulbar fibers (Fig. 32).
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 28 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES other 238 sq. mm. The more recent results of Read (1908), however, show that in man the olfactory fibers spread from the dorsal portion of the olfactory cleft ven- trally over the superior concha almost to its free edge and correspondingly over the septum to about one third its ex- tent. (Fig. 4). The antero-posterior spread of the nerve, according to this author, is about twice that of its ventral distribution on either the concha or the septum; hence the whole area innerva Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-28-smell-taste-allied-senses-other-238-sq-mm-the-more-recent-results-of-read-1908-however-show-that-in-man-the-olfactory-fibers-spread-from-the-dorsal-portion-of-the-olfactory-cleft-ven-trally-over-the-superior-concha-almost-to-its-free-edge-and-correspondingly-over-the-septum-to-about-one-third-its-ex-tent-fig-4-the-antero-posterior-spread-of-the-nerve-according-to-this-author-is-about-twice-that-of-its-ventral-distribution-on-either-the-concha-or-the-septum-hence-the-whole-area-innerva-image216456548.htmlRMPG4CF0–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 28 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES other 238 sq. mm. The more recent results of Read (1908), however, show that in man the olfactory fibers spread from the dorsal portion of the olfactory cleft ven- trally over the superior concha almost to its free edge and correspondingly over the septum to about one third its ex- tent. (Fig. 4). The antero-posterior spread of the nerve, according to this author, is about twice that of its ventral distribution on either the concha or the septum; hence the whole area innerva
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics. Cornell University. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippincott Company Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-albert-r-mann-library-new-york-state-colleges-of-agriculture-and-home-economics-cornell-university-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-parker-george-howard-1864-1955-philadelphia-london-j-b-lippincott-company-image232050903.htmlRMRDER87–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics. Cornell University. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippincott Company
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 31 and the less distinct proximal zone of basal nuclei. Each of the olfactory nuclei is lodged in an oval cell-body. Proximally this tapers rapidly into a fine olfactory nerve- fiber wliich eventually enters the olfactory bulb of the brain. Distally the body of the cell extends as a somewhat coarser rod-like structure to the outer surface of the olfac- tory epithelium where it ter- minates in a small enlargement. This enlargement has been called the olfactory vesicle by Van Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-olfactory-organ-31-and-the-less-distinct-proximal-zone-of-basal-nuclei-each-of-the-olfactory-nuclei-is-lodged-in-an-oval-cell-body-proximally-this-tapers-rapidly-into-a-fine-olfactory-nerve-fiber-wliich-eventually-enters-the-olfactory-bulb-of-the-brain-distally-the-body-of-the-cell-extends-as-a-somewhat-coarser-rod-like-structure-to-the-outer-surface-of-the-olfac-tory-epithelium-where-it-ter-minates-in-a-small-enlargement-this-enlargement-has-been-called-the-olfactory-vesicle-by-van-image216456527.htmlRMPG4CE7–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 31 and the less distinct proximal zone of basal nuclei. Each of the olfactory nuclei is lodged in an oval cell-body. Proximally this tapers rapidly into a fine olfactory nerve- fiber wliich eventually enters the olfactory bulb of the brain. Distally the body of the cell extends as a somewhat coarser rod-like structure to the outer surface of the olfac- tory epithelium where it ter- minates in a small enlargement. This enlargement has been called the olfactory vesicle by Van
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 98 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. Brunn's observation that the vomero-nasal sense cells were directly connected with nerve fibers, but he also pointed out that in the Jacobson organ of the foetal rab- bit free-nerve terminations occurred. These free termi- nals in some instances reached the receptive surface of the epitheUum where they ended in slight knobs. Similar endings were recorded for the rat by Eamon y Cajal (1895). Von Lenhossek was unable to decide definitely whether these terminals belonged to th Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-98-smell-taste-allied-senses-brunns-observation-that-the-vomero-nasal-sense-cells-were-directly-connected-with-nerve-fibers-but-he-also-pointed-out-that-in-the-jacobson-organ-of-the-foetal-rab-bit-free-nerve-terminations-occurred-these-free-termi-nals-in-some-instances-reached-the-receptive-surface-of-the-epitheuum-where-they-ended-in-slight-knobs-similar-endings-were-recorded-for-the-rat-by-eamon-y-cajal-1895-von-lenhossek-was-unable-to-decide-definitely-whether-these-terminals-belonged-to-th-image232032825.htmlRMRDE06H–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 98 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. Brunn's observation that the vomero-nasal sense cells were directly connected with nerve fibers, but he also pointed out that in the Jacobson organ of the foetal rab- bit free-nerve terminations occurred. These free termi- nals in some instances reached the receptive surface of the epitheUum where they ended in slight knobs. Similar endings were recorded for the rat by Eamon y Cajal (1895). Von Lenhossek was unable to decide definitely whether these terminals belonged to th
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 116 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES where compound buds with as many as six pores have been identified. The frequency with which types of buds with different numbers of pores occur may be gathered from the enumeration by Heidenhain who found that in 509 taste-buds from the foliate papillsB of the rabbit 368 had one pore, 100 two pores, 29 three pores, 7 four. Fio. 28.—Lateral view of the catfish, Amiurus melas, showing in black the gustatory branches of the facial nerve. After Herrick, 1903, Fig. 3. pores, 1 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-116-smell-taste-allied-senses-where-compound-buds-with-as-many-as-six-pores-have-been-identified-the-frequency-with-which-types-of-buds-with-different-numbers-of-pores-occur-may-be-gathered-from-the-enumeration-by-heidenhain-who-found-that-in-509-taste-buds-from-the-foliate-papillsb-of-the-rabbit-368-had-one-pore-100-two-pores-29-three-pores-7-four-fio-28lateral-view-of-the-catfish-amiurus-melas-showing-in-black-the-gustatory-branches-of-the-facial-nerve-after-herrick-1903-fig-3-pores-1-image216456425.htmlRMPG4CAH–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 116 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES where compound buds with as many as six pores have been identified. The frequency with which types of buds with different numbers of pores occur may be gathered from the enumeration by Heidenhain who found that in 509 taste-buds from the foliate papillsB of the rabbit 368 had one pore, 100 two pores, 29 three pores, 7 four. Fio. 28.—Lateral view of the catfish, Amiurus melas, showing in black the gustatory branches of the facial nerve. After Herrick, 1903, Fig. 3. pores, 1
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 28 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES other 238 sq. mm. The more recent results of Read (1908), however, show that in man the olfactory fibers spread from the dorsal portion of the olfactory cleft ven- trally over the superior concha almost to its free edge and correspondingly over the septum to about one third its ex- tent. (Fig. 4). The antero-posterior spread of the nerve, according to this author, is about twice that of its ventral distribution on either the concha or the septum; hence the whole area innerva Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-28-smell-taste-allied-senses-other-238-sq-mm-the-more-recent-results-of-read-1908-however-show-that-in-man-the-olfactory-fibers-spread-from-the-dorsal-portion-of-the-olfactory-cleft-ven-trally-over-the-superior-concha-almost-to-its-free-edge-and-correspondingly-over-the-septum-to-about-one-third-its-ex-tent-fig-4-the-antero-posterior-spread-of-the-nerve-according-to-this-author-is-about-twice-that-of-its-ventral-distribution-on-either-the-concha-or-the-septum-hence-the-whole-area-innerva-image232032953.htmlRMRDE0B5–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 28 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES other 238 sq. mm. The more recent results of Read (1908), however, show that in man the olfactory fibers spread from the dorsal portion of the olfactory cleft ven- trally over the superior concha almost to its free edge and correspondingly over the septum to about one third its ex- tent. (Fig. 4). The antero-posterior spread of the nerve, according to this author, is about twice that of its ventral distribution on either the concha or the septum; hence the whole area innerva
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 51 that surface by an appropriate movement of the inner tube will produce a stimulus of two olfacties and so forth. Thus a graded series of measured olfactory stim- uli can easily be obtained. Further, by using outer tubes carrying different odorous substances, various com- parisons can be instituted as measured in olfacties. Moreover, a double olfactometer (Fig. 14) may be easily. '*.—Double olfaotometer. Alter Zwaardemaker, 1895, Fig. 15. devised in that two single olfactometers Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-physiology-of-olfaction-51-that-surface-by-an-appropriate-movement-of-the-inner-tube-will-produce-a-stimulus-of-two-olfacties-and-so-forth-thus-a-graded-series-of-measured-olfactory-stim-uli-can-easily-be-obtained-further-by-using-outer-tubes-carrying-different-odorous-substances-various-com-parisons-can-be-instituted-as-measured-in-olfacties-moreover-a-double-olfactometer-fig-14-may-be-easily-double-olfaotometer-alter-zwaardemaker-1895-fig-15-devised-in-that-two-single-olfactometers-image216456512.htmlRMPG4CDM–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION 51 that surface by an appropriate movement of the inner tube will produce a stimulus of two olfacties and so forth. Thus a graded series of measured olfactory stim- uli can easily be obtained. Further, by using outer tubes carrying different odorous substances, various com- parisons can be instituted as measured in olfacties. Moreover, a double olfactometer (Fig. 14) may be easily. '*.—Double olfaotometer. Alter Zwaardemaker, 1895, Fig. 15. devised in that two single olfactometers
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 31 and the less distinct proximal zone of basal nuclei. Each of the olfactory nuclei is lodged in an oval cell-body. Proximally this tapers rapidly into a fine olfactory nerve- fiber wliich eventually enters the olfactory bulb of the brain. Distally the body of the cell extends as a somewhat coarser rod-like structure to the outer surface of the olfac- tory epithelium where it ter- minates in a small enlargement. This enlargement has been called the olfactory vesicle by Van Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-olfactory-organ-31-and-the-less-distinct-proximal-zone-of-basal-nuclei-each-of-the-olfactory-nuclei-is-lodged-in-an-oval-cell-body-proximally-this-tapers-rapidly-into-a-fine-olfactory-nerve-fiber-wliich-eventually-enters-the-olfactory-bulb-of-the-brain-distally-the-body-of-the-cell-extends-as-a-somewhat-coarser-rod-like-structure-to-the-outer-surface-of-the-olfac-tory-epithelium-where-it-ter-minates-in-a-small-enlargement-this-enlargement-has-been-called-the-olfactory-vesicle-by-van-image232032928.htmlRMRDE0A8–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 31 and the less distinct proximal zone of basal nuclei. Each of the olfactory nuclei is lodged in an oval cell-body. Proximally this tapers rapidly into a fine olfactory nerve- fiber wliich eventually enters the olfactory bulb of the brain. Distally the body of the cell extends as a somewhat coarser rod-like structure to the outer surface of the olfac- tory epithelium where it ter- minates in a small enlargement. This enlargement has been called the olfactory vesicle by Van
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 30 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Sehultze on this subject has been unquestionably and abundantly confirmed. The sustentacular cells are the chief supporting ele- ments of the olfactory epithelium. Each of these cells has a distal cylindrical portion that contains the yellowish or light brownish pigment so characteristic of the olfac-. Fia. 6.—Olfactory epithelium of a young mouse showing the olfactory cells and, to the right, two suatentacular cells. Golgi preparation. After Retzius, lS92a, Plate 10, Fig. 2 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-30-smell-taste-allied-senses-sehultze-on-this-subject-has-been-unquestionably-and-abundantly-confirmed-the-sustentacular-cells-are-the-chief-supporting-ele-ments-of-the-olfactory-epithelium-each-of-these-cells-has-a-distal-cylindrical-portion-that-contains-the-yellowish-or-light-brownish-pigment-so-characteristic-of-the-olfac-fia-6olfactory-epithelium-of-a-young-mouse-showing-the-olfactory-cells-and-to-the-right-two-suatentacular-cells-golgi-preparation-after-retzius-ls92a-plate-10-fig-2-image216456543.htmlRMPG4CER–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 30 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Sehultze on this subject has been unquestionably and abundantly confirmed. The sustentacular cells are the chief supporting ele- ments of the olfactory epithelium. Each of these cells has a distal cylindrical portion that contains the yellowish or light brownish pigment so characteristic of the olfac-. Fia. 6.—Olfactory epithelium of a young mouse showing the olfactory cells and, to the right, two suatentacular cells. Golgi preparation. After Retzius, lS92a, Plate 10, Fig. 2
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 112 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES types of papillae, the fungiform, foliate, and vallate, very generally carry taste-buds (Fig. 25). The fungiform papillae are relatively large knob-like elevations scattered over the dorsum of the tongue. They can be easily seen with the unaided eye and may be readily located and identified. They commonly carry a few taste-buds embed- ded in the epithelium of their free outer sur- faces. In sections of the crowns of these papillae parallel to the surface of the tongue three Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-112-smell-taste-allied-senses-types-of-papillae-the-fungiform-foliate-and-vallate-very-generally-carry-taste-buds-fig-25-the-fungiform-papillae-are-relatively-large-knob-like-elevations-scattered-over-the-dorsum-of-the-tongue-they-can-be-easily-seen-with-the-unaided-eye-and-may-be-readily-located-and-identified-they-commonly-carry-a-few-taste-buds-embed-ded-in-the-epithelium-of-their-free-outer-sur-faces-in-sections-of-the-crowns-of-these-papillae-parallel-to-the-surface-of-the-tongue-three-image232032811.htmlRMRDE063–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 112 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES types of papillae, the fungiform, foliate, and vallate, very generally carry taste-buds (Fig. 25). The fungiform papillae are relatively large knob-like elevations scattered over the dorsum of the tongue. They can be easily seen with the unaided eye and may be readily located and identified. They commonly carry a few taste-buds embed- ded in the epithelium of their free outer sur- faces. In sections of the crowns of these papillae parallel to the surface of the tongue three
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. NATURE OF SENSE ORGANS 29 olfactory cell with the olfactory nerve-fiber was first seen by Babuchin in 1872 who showed that in a gold-chloride preparation, fibers could be traced from the nerve to the cells that were suspected by Schultze to be sense cells. In 1886 this connection was demonstrated with much greater certainty in methylen-blue preparations by Ehrlich whose results were con- firmed the following year by Arnstein. Because of the transitoriness of methylen-blue preparations, the results of Ehrl Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-nature-of-sense-organs-29-olfactory-cell-with-the-olfactory-nerve-fiber-was-first-seen-by-babuchin-in-1872-who-showed-that-in-a-gold-chloride-preparation-fibers-could-be-traced-from-the-nerve-to-the-cells-that-were-suspected-by-schultze-to-be-sense-cells-in-1886-this-connection-was-demonstrated-with-much-greater-certainty-in-methylen-blue-preparations-by-ehrlich-whose-results-were-con-firmed-the-following-year-by-arnstein-because-of-the-transitoriness-of-methylen-blue-preparations-the-results-of-ehrl-image216456546.htmlRMPG4CEX–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. NATURE OF SENSE ORGANS 29 olfactory cell with the olfactory nerve-fiber was first seen by Babuchin in 1872 who showed that in a gold-chloride preparation, fibers could be traced from the nerve to the cells that were suspected by Schultze to be sense cells. In 1886 this connection was demonstrated with much greater certainty in methylen-blue preparations by Ehrlich whose results were con- firmed the following year by Arnstein. Because of the transitoriness of methylen-blue preparations, the results of Ehrl
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 30 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Sehultze on this subject has been unquestionably and abundantly confirmed. The sustentacular cells are the chief supporting ele- ments of the olfactory epithelium. Each of these cells has a distal cylindrical portion that contains the yellowish or light brownish pigment so characteristic of the olfac-. Fia. 6.—Olfactory epithelium of a young mouse showing the olfactory cells and, to the right, two suatentacular cells. Golgi preparation. After Retzius, lS92a, Plate 10, Fig. 2 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-30-smell-taste-allied-senses-sehultze-on-this-subject-has-been-unquestionably-and-abundantly-confirmed-the-sustentacular-cells-are-the-chief-supporting-ele-ments-of-the-olfactory-epithelium-each-of-these-cells-has-a-distal-cylindrical-portion-that-contains-the-yellowish-or-light-brownish-pigment-so-characteristic-of-the-olfac-fia-6olfactory-epithelium-of-a-young-mouse-showing-the-olfactory-cells-and-to-the-right-two-suatentacular-cells-golgi-preparation-after-retzius-ls92a-plate-10-fig-2-image232032938.htmlRMRDE0AJ–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 30 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Sehultze on this subject has been unquestionably and abundantly confirmed. The sustentacular cells are the chief supporting ele- ments of the olfactory epithelium. Each of these cells has a distal cylindrical portion that contains the yellowish or light brownish pigment so characteristic of the olfac-. Fia. 6.—Olfactory epithelium of a young mouse showing the olfactory cells and, to the right, two suatentacular cells. Golgi preparation. After Retzius, lS92a, Plate 10, Fig. 2
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 66 SMELL. TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Similar experiments on the kUlifish (Fundulus) gave like results Parker (1911). Here, however, the olfac- tory organs were excluded, not by cutting the olfactory tracts, but by stitching up the anterior nares. As a re- sult of this operation the fish no longer responded to hid- den food, but quickly reacquired this power after the. Fig. 15.—Ventral view of the head of a Hammer-head Shark (Cestracion) showing the olfactory pits (o) widely separated. After Garman. 1913, Plate Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-66-smell-taste-allied-senses-similar-experiments-on-the-kulifish-fundulus-gave-like-results-parker-1911-here-however-the-olfac-tory-organs-were-excluded-not-by-cutting-the-olfactory-tracts-but-by-stitching-up-the-anterior-nares-as-a-re-sult-of-this-operation-the-fish-no-longer-responded-to-hid-den-food-but-quickly-reacquired-this-power-after-the-fig-15ventral-view-of-the-head-of-a-hammer-head-shark-cestracion-showing-the-olfactory-pits-o-widely-separated-after-garman-1913-plate-image216456506.htmlRMPG4CDE–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 66 SMELL. TASTE, ALLIED SENSES Similar experiments on the kUlifish (Fundulus) gave like results Parker (1911). Here, however, the olfac- tory organs were excluded, not by cutting the olfactory tracts, but by stitching up the anterior nares. As a re- sult of this operation the fish no longer responded to hid- den food, but quickly reacquired this power after the. Fig. 15.—Ventral view of the head of a Hammer-head Shark (Cestracion) showing the olfactory pits (o) widely separated. After Garman. 1913, Plate
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 117. human material and by Heidenhain (1914) in the rabbit. 5. Cellular Composition of Taste-buds. The cells composing the taste-buds are so arranged as to give each bud somewhat the appearance of a flower bud or of a leaf bud not yet unfolded. As has been stated already, these end-organs were described in the skin of fishes as early as 1851 by Leydig and were subsequently simultaneously and independently discovered in the mouths of the higher vertebrates *by Loven (1867) an Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-117-human-material-and-by-heidenhain-1914-in-the-rabbit-5-cellular-composition-of-taste-buds-the-cells-composing-the-taste-buds-are-so-arranged-as-to-give-each-bud-somewhat-the-appearance-of-a-flower-bud-or-of-a-leaf-bud-not-yet-unfolded-as-has-been-stated-already-these-end-organs-were-described-in-the-skin-of-fishes-as-early-as-1851-by-leydig-and-were-subsequently-simultaneously-and-independently-discovered-in-the-mouths-of-the-higher-vertebrates-by-loven-1867-an-image232032773.htmlRMRDE04N–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 117. human material and by Heidenhain (1914) in the rabbit. 5. Cellular Composition of Taste-buds. The cells composing the taste-buds are so arranged as to give each bud somewhat the appearance of a flower bud or of a leaf bud not yet unfolded. As has been stated already, these end-organs were described in the skin of fishes as early as 1851 by Leydig and were subsequently simultaneously and independently discovered in the mouths of the higher vertebrates *by Loven (1867) an
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 125 by Baginsky (1894), it has been confirmed by such a number of observers, including Drasch (1887), Ranvier (1888), Sandmeyer (1895), Meyer (1897) and others, that it is now generally accepted. Both the right and the left branches of this nerve innervate the median vallate papilla in mammals and form at the base of this organ, as Vastarini-Cresi (1915) has shown, more or less of a gusta- tory chiasma. The anterior two- thirds of the tongue in man are innervated by the ling Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-gustatory-organ-125-by-baginsky-1894-it-has-been-confirmed-by-such-a-number-of-observers-including-drasch-1887-ranvier-1888-sandmeyer-1895-meyer-1897-and-others-that-it-is-now-generally-accepted-both-the-right-and-the-left-branches-of-this-nerve-innervate-the-median-vallate-papilla-in-mammals-and-form-at-the-base-of-this-organ-as-vastarini-cresi-1915-has-shown-more-or-less-of-a-gusta-tory-chiasma-the-anterior-two-thirds-of-the-tongue-in-man-are-innervated-by-the-ling-image216456389.htmlRMPG4C99–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE GUSTATORY ORGAN 125 by Baginsky (1894), it has been confirmed by such a number of observers, including Drasch (1887), Ranvier (1888), Sandmeyer (1895), Meyer (1897) and others, that it is now generally accepted. Both the right and the left branches of this nerve innervate the median vallate papilla in mammals and form at the base of this organ, as Vastarini-Cresi (1915) has shown, more or less of a gusta- tory chiasma. The anterior two- thirds of the tongue in man are innervated by the ling
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 36 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES nasal epithelium must be their cells of origin, as in fact was shown to be the case for the chick by Disse (1896a, 1897). Here the olfactory nerve-fibers have been demon- strated to grow from certain olfactory epithelial cells into the olfactory bulb, the epithelial cells acting in all respects like neuroblasts Bedford (1904). The trigeminal fibers. Flo. 10.—Olfactory epithelium of an embryo chick (ninth day) showinR olfactory cells, su.stentacular cells, and free-nerve endi Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-36-smell-taste-allied-senses-nasal-epithelium-must-be-their-cells-of-origin-as-in-fact-was-shown-to-be-the-case-for-the-chick-by-disse-1896a-1897-here-the-olfactory-nerve-fibers-have-been-demon-strated-to-grow-from-certain-olfactory-epithelial-cells-into-the-olfactory-bulb-the-epithelial-cells-acting-in-all-respects-like-neuroblasts-bedford-1904-the-trigeminal-fibers-flo-10olfactory-epithelium-of-an-embryo-chick-ninth-day-showinr-olfactory-cells-sustentacular-cells-and-free-nerve-endi-image232032920.htmlRMRDE0A0–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 36 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES nasal epithelium must be their cells of origin, as in fact was shown to be the case for the chick by Disse (1896a, 1897). Here the olfactory nerve-fibers have been demon- strated to grow from certain olfactory epithelial cells into the olfactory bulb, the epithelial cells acting in all respects like neuroblasts Bedford (1904). The trigeminal fibers. Flo. 10.—Olfactory epithelium of an embryo chick (ninth day) showinR olfactory cells, su.stentacular cells, and free-nerve endi
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. Monographs on Experimental Biology SMELL, TASTE, AND ALLIED SENSES IN THE VERTEBRATES BY G. H. PARKER, Sc.D. PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 37 ILLUSTRATIONS. PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippinc Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-monographs-on-experimental-biology-smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-by-g-h-parker-scd-professor-of-zoology-harvard-university-37-illustrations-philadelphia-and-london-j-b-lippincott-company-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-parker-george-howard-1864-1955-philadelphia-london-j-b-lippinc-image216456582.htmlRMPG4CG6–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. Monographs on Experimental Biology SMELL, TASTE, AND ALLIED SENSES IN THE VERTEBRATES BY G. H. PARKER, Sc.D. PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 37 ILLUSTRATIONS. PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippinc
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 124 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. In the fishes the nerves chiefly concerned are the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and the facial. The taste-buds of the gill region are supplied by the vagus and the glosso- pharyngeal. Those that are in the mouth proper or are on the exterior of the body are innervated by the facial nerve. Consequently in the catfish (See Fig. 28), in which the whole outer skin is provided with taste-buds, this nerve is enormously developed and sends large branches to the barbels and an exte Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-124-smell-taste-allied-senses-in-the-fishes-the-nerves-chiefly-concerned-are-the-vagus-the-glossopharyngeal-and-the-facial-the-taste-buds-of-the-gill-region-are-supplied-by-the-vagus-and-the-glosso-pharyngeal-those-that-are-in-the-mouth-proper-or-are-on-the-exterior-of-the-body-are-innervated-by-the-facial-nerve-consequently-in-the-catfish-see-fig-28-in-which-the-whole-outer-skin-is-provided-with-taste-buds-this-nerve-is-enormously-developed-and-sends-large-branches-to-the-barbels-and-an-exte-image232032732.htmlRMRDE038–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 124 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. In the fishes the nerves chiefly concerned are the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and the facial. The taste-buds of the gill region are supplied by the vagus and the glosso- pharyngeal. Those that are in the mouth proper or are on the exterior of the body are innervated by the facial nerve. Consequently in the catfish (See Fig. 28), in which the whole outer skin is provided with taste-buds, this nerve is enormously developed and sends large branches to the barbels and an exte
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics. Cornell University. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippincott Company Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-albert-r-mann-library-new-york-state-colleges-of-agriculture-and-home-economics-cornell-university-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-parker-george-howard-1864-1955-philadelphia-london-j-b-lippincott-company-image216456585.htmlRMPG4CG9–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics. Cornell University. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippincott Company
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 25 the lateral wall of each nasal chamber into its cavity and partly divide that cavity into three approximately hori- zontal passages: the inferior meatus under the inferior concha, the middle meatus under the middle concha and the superior meatus under the superior concha. (Fig. 2). The external naris leads at once to the first chamber of the nose, the vestibule, which connects almost directly with the inferior meatus, less directly with the su- perior meatus and through t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-olfactory-organ-25-the-lateral-wall-of-each-nasal-chamber-into-its-cavity-and-partly-divide-that-cavity-into-three-approximately-hori-zontal-passages-the-inferior-meatus-under-the-inferior-concha-the-middle-meatus-under-the-middle-concha-and-the-superior-meatus-under-the-superior-concha-fig-2-the-external-naris-leads-at-once-to-the-first-chamber-of-the-nose-the-vestibule-which-connects-almost-directly-with-the-inferior-meatus-less-directly-with-the-su-perior-meatus-and-through-t-image232032969.htmlRMRDE0BN–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 25 the lateral wall of each nasal chamber into its cavity and partly divide that cavity into three approximately hori- zontal passages: the inferior meatus under the inferior concha, the middle meatus under the middle concha and the superior meatus under the superior concha. (Fig. 2). The external naris leads at once to the first chamber of the nose, the vestibule, which connects almost directly with the inferior meatus, less directly with the su- perior meatus and through t
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 97 with correctness, that these fibers belonged to the olfac- tory nerve (Fig. 24). These observations were confirmed by all subsequent workers including von Lenhossek (1892) in the rabbit, Eetzius (1894) in the snake, Ramon y Cajal (1895) in the rat, and Read (1908) in the kitten. Retzius showed that in the snake those nerve-fibers that were connected with the sense cells in the vomero- nasal organ mingled with the bundle of fibers from the olfactory region of the nose and thus con- fir Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-vomeronasal-organ-97-with-correctness-that-these-fibers-belonged-to-the-olfac-tory-nerve-fig-24-these-observations-were-confirmed-by-all-subsequent-workers-including-von-lenhossek-1892-in-the-rabbit-eetzius-1894-in-the-snake-ramon-y-cajal-1895-in-the-rat-and-read-1908-in-the-kitten-retzius-showed-that-in-the-snake-those-nerve-fibers-that-were-connected-with-the-sense-cells-in-the-vomero-nasal-organ-mingled-with-the-bundle-of-fibers-from-the-olfactory-region-of-the-nose-and-thus-con-fir-image216456458.htmlRMPG4CBP–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERONASAL ORGAN 97 with correctness, that these fibers belonged to the olfac- tory nerve (Fig. 24). These observations were confirmed by all subsequent workers including von Lenhossek (1892) in the rabbit, Eetzius (1894) in the snake, Ramon y Cajal (1895) in the rat, and Read (1908) in the kitten. Retzius showed that in the snake those nerve-fibers that were connected with the sense cells in the vomero- nasal organ mingled with the bundle of fibers from the olfactory region of the nose and thus con- fir
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 126 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES the temporary disturbance in taste, a condition that was supposed to be permanent by Krause, to the effect of the degenerating trigeminal fibers on the adjacent gusta- tory fibers, an effect that disappeared when the degenera- tion was complete. Consequently Gushing concluded that the gustatory fibers from the anterior part of the tongue. Fia. 35.—Diagram to illustrate the possible paths of the gustatory nerve-fibers from the tongue to the brain in man. The distal part of t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-126-smell-taste-allied-senses-the-temporary-disturbance-in-taste-a-condition-that-was-supposed-to-be-permanent-by-krause-to-the-effect-of-the-degenerating-trigeminal-fibers-on-the-adjacent-gusta-tory-fibers-an-effect-that-disappeared-when-the-degenera-tion-was-complete-consequently-gushing-concluded-that-the-gustatory-fibers-from-the-anterior-part-of-the-tongue-fia-35diagram-to-illustrate-the-possible-paths-of-the-gustatory-nerve-fibers-from-the-tongue-to-the-brain-in-man-the-distal-part-of-t-image232032715.htmlRMRDE02K–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 126 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES the temporary disturbance in taste, a condition that was supposed to be permanent by Krause, to the effect of the degenerating trigeminal fibers on the adjacent gusta- tory fibers, an effect that disappeared when the degenera- tion was complete. Consequently Gushing concluded that the gustatory fibers from the anterior part of the tongue. Fia. 35.—Diagram to illustrate the possible paths of the gustatory nerve-fibers from the tongue to the brain in man. The distal part of t
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 25 the lateral wall of each nasal chamber into its cavity and partly divide that cavity into three approximately hori- zontal passages: the inferior meatus under the inferior concha, the middle meatus under the middle concha and the superior meatus under the superior concha. (Fig. 2). The external naris leads at once to the first chamber of the nose, the vestibule, which connects almost directly with the inferior meatus, less directly with the su- perior meatus and through t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-anatomy-of-the-olfactory-organ-25-the-lateral-wall-of-each-nasal-chamber-into-its-cavity-and-partly-divide-that-cavity-into-three-approximately-hori-zontal-passages-the-inferior-meatus-under-the-inferior-concha-the-middle-meatus-under-the-middle-concha-and-the-superior-meatus-under-the-superior-concha-fig-2-the-external-naris-leads-at-once-to-the-first-chamber-of-the-nose-the-vestibule-which-connects-almost-directly-with-the-inferior-meatus-less-directly-with-the-su-perior-meatus-and-through-t-image216456570.htmlRMPG4CFP–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. ANATOMY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN 25 the lateral wall of each nasal chamber into its cavity and partly divide that cavity into three approximately hori- zontal passages: the inferior meatus under the inferior concha, the middle meatus under the middle concha and the superior meatus under the superior concha. (Fig. 2). The external naris leads at once to the first chamber of the nose, the vestibule, which connects almost directly with the inferior meatus, less directly with the su- perior meatus and through t
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. NATURE OF SENSE ORGANS 29 olfactory cell with the olfactory nerve-fiber was first seen by Babuchin in 1872 who showed that in a gold-chloride preparation, fibers could be traced from the nerve to the cells that were suspected by Schultze to be sense cells. In 1886 this connection was demonstrated with much greater certainty in methylen-blue preparations by Ehrlich whose results were con- firmed the following year by Arnstein. Because of the transitoriness of methylen-blue preparations, the results of Ehrl Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-nature-of-sense-organs-29-olfactory-cell-with-the-olfactory-nerve-fiber-was-first-seen-by-babuchin-in-1872-who-showed-that-in-a-gold-chloride-preparation-fibers-could-be-traced-from-the-nerve-to-the-cells-that-were-suspected-by-schultze-to-be-sense-cells-in-1886-this-connection-was-demonstrated-with-much-greater-certainty-in-methylen-blue-preparations-by-ehrlich-whose-results-were-con-firmed-the-following-year-by-arnstein-because-of-the-transitoriness-of-methylen-blue-preparations-the-results-of-ehrl-image232032945.htmlRMRDE0AW–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. NATURE OF SENSE ORGANS 29 olfactory cell with the olfactory nerve-fiber was first seen by Babuchin in 1872 who showed that in a gold-chloride preparation, fibers could be traced from the nerve to the cells that were suspected by Schultze to be sense cells. In 1886 this connection was demonstrated with much greater certainty in methylen-blue preparations by Ehrlich whose results were con- firmed the following year by Arnstein. Because of the transitoriness of methylen-blue preparations, the results of Ehrl
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 96 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES 111 all these higher vertebrates the olfactory organ proper corresponds to the lateral component of the pair of organs in the lower forms and the vomero-nasal organ to the median member of this group (Fig. 23). 3. Histology. The vomero-nasal organ of the dog and the cat, as described by Read (1908), is a tubular organ whose transverse section is circular in out- line near its opening and crescentic or kidney- shaped throughout its greater extent. Its median wall may be two t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-96-smell-taste-allied-senses-111-all-these-higher-vertebrates-the-olfactory-organ-proper-corresponds-to-the-lateral-component-of-the-pair-of-organs-in-the-lower-forms-and-the-vomero-nasal-organ-to-the-median-member-of-this-group-fig-23-3-histology-the-vomero-nasal-organ-of-the-dog-and-the-cat-as-described-by-read-1908-is-a-tubular-organ-whose-transverse-section-is-circular-in-out-line-near-its-opening-and-crescentic-or-kidney-shaped-throughout-its-greater-extent-its-median-wall-may-be-two-t-image216456474.htmlRMPG4CCA–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 96 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES 111 all these higher vertebrates the olfactory organ proper corresponds to the lateral component of the pair of organs in the lower forms and the vomero-nasal organ to the median member of this group (Fig. 23). 3. Histology. The vomero-nasal organ of the dog and the cat, as described by Read (1908), is a tubular organ whose transverse section is circular in out- line near its opening and crescentic or kidney- shaped throughout its greater extent. Its median wall may be two t
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERO-NASAL ORGAN 95 of smell located in the respiratory passage and an entirely independent vomero-nasal organ. The latter, in the form of a blind sac, opens into the cavity of the mouth. This peculiarity is probably dependent upon the growth of the hard palate in reptiles whereby a new adjustment between the nasal cavity and the mouth is brought about. In mammals the vomero-nasal organ also shows much diversity. It is apparently best developed in the lower. Fio.121.—Transverse section of the snout of a Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-vomero-nasal-organ-95-of-smell-located-in-the-respiratory-passage-and-an-entirely-independent-vomero-nasal-organ-the-latter-in-the-form-of-a-blind-sac-opens-into-the-cavity-of-the-mouth-this-peculiarity-is-probably-dependent-upon-the-growth-of-the-hard-palate-in-reptiles-whereby-a-new-adjustment-between-the-nasal-cavity-and-the-mouth-is-brought-about-in-mammals-the-vomero-nasal-organ-also-shows-much-diversity-it-is-apparently-best-developed-in-the-lower-fio121transverse-section-of-the-snout-of-a-image232032849.htmlRMRDE07D–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERO-NASAL ORGAN 95 of smell located in the respiratory passage and an entirely independent vomero-nasal organ. The latter, in the form of a blind sac, opens into the cavity of the mouth. This peculiarity is probably dependent upon the growth of the hard palate in reptiles whereby a new adjustment between the nasal cavity and the mouth is brought about. In mammals the vomero-nasal organ also shows much diversity. It is apparently best developed in the lower. Fio.121.—Transverse section of the snout of a
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERO-NASAL ORGAN 95 of smell located in the respiratory passage and an entirely independent vomero-nasal organ. The latter, in the form of a blind sac, opens into the cavity of the mouth. This peculiarity is probably dependent upon the growth of the hard palate in reptiles whereby a new adjustment between the nasal cavity and the mouth is brought about. In mammals the vomero-nasal organ also shows much diversity. It is apparently best developed in the lower. Fio.121.—Transverse section of the snout of a Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-vomero-nasal-organ-95-of-smell-located-in-the-respiratory-passage-and-an-entirely-independent-vomero-nasal-organ-the-latter-in-the-form-of-a-blind-sac-opens-into-the-cavity-of-the-mouth-this-peculiarity-is-probably-dependent-upon-the-growth-of-the-hard-palate-in-reptiles-whereby-a-new-adjustment-between-the-nasal-cavity-and-the-mouth-is-brought-about-in-mammals-the-vomero-nasal-organ-also-shows-much-diversity-it-is-apparently-best-developed-in-the-lower-fio121transverse-section-of-the-snout-of-a-image216456476.htmlRMPG4CCC–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. VOMERO-NASAL ORGAN 95 of smell located in the respiratory passage and an entirely independent vomero-nasal organ. The latter, in the form of a blind sac, opens into the cavity of the mouth. This peculiarity is probably dependent upon the growth of the hard palate in reptiles whereby a new adjustment between the nasal cavity and the mouth is brought about. In mammals the vomero-nasal organ also shows much diversity. It is apparently best developed in the lower. Fio.121.—Transverse section of the snout of a
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 24 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES middle, the superior being absent. When a fourth concha is to be seen, it is found above and behind the superior. It has been designated the first supreme concha and it. FiQ. 1.—Diagram of the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity of man. 1, Inferior concha; 2, middle concha; 3, superior concha; 4, first supreme concha; 5, second supreme concha; the apertures numbered 6 to 10 are covered from sight by the concha), but their positions are indicated by vertical lining; 6, ape Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-24-smell-taste-allied-senses-middle-the-superior-being-absent-when-a-fourth-concha-is-to-be-seen-it-is-found-above-and-behind-the-superior-it-has-been-designated-the-first-supreme-concha-and-it-fiq-1diagram-of-the-lateral-wall-of-the-right-nasal-cavity-of-man-1-inferior-concha-2-middle-concha-3-superior-concha-4-first-supreme-concha-5-second-supreme-concha-the-apertures-numbered-6-to-10-are-covered-from-sight-by-the-concha-but-their-positions-are-indicated-by-vertical-lining-6-ape-image232017484.htmlRMRDD8JM–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 24 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES middle, the superior being absent. When a fourth concha is to be seen, it is found above and behind the superior. It has been designated the first supreme concha and it. FiQ. 1.—Diagram of the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity of man. 1, Inferior concha; 2, middle concha; 3, superior concha; 4, first supreme concha; 5, second supreme concha; the apertures numbered 6 to 10 are covered from sight by the concha), but their positions are indicated by vertical lining; 6, ape
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 126 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES the temporary disturbance in taste, a condition that was supposed to be permanent by Krause, to the effect of the degenerating trigeminal fibers on the adjacent gusta- tory fibers, an effect that disappeared when the degenera- tion was complete. Consequently Gushing concluded that the gustatory fibers from the anterior part of the tongue. Fia. 35.—Diagram to illustrate the possible paths of the gustatory nerve-fibers from the tongue to the brain in man. The distal part of t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-126-smell-taste-allied-senses-the-temporary-disturbance-in-taste-a-condition-that-was-supposed-to-be-permanent-by-krause-to-the-effect-of-the-degenerating-trigeminal-fibers-on-the-adjacent-gusta-tory-fibers-an-effect-that-disappeared-when-the-degenera-tion-was-complete-consequently-gushing-concluded-that-the-gustatory-fibers-from-the-anterior-part-of-the-tongue-fia-35diagram-to-illustrate-the-possible-paths-of-the-gustatory-nerve-fibers-from-the-tongue-to-the-brain-in-man-the-distal-part-of-t-image216456380.htmlRMPG4C90–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 126 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES the temporary disturbance in taste, a condition that was supposed to be permanent by Krause, to the effect of the degenerating trigeminal fibers on the adjacent gusta- tory fibers, an effect that disappeared when the degenera- tion was complete. Consequently Gushing concluded that the gustatory fibers from the anterior part of the tongue. Fia. 35.—Diagram to illustrate the possible paths of the gustatory nerve-fibers from the tongue to the brain in man. The distal part of t
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 96 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES 111 all these higher vertebrates the olfactory organ proper corresponds to the lateral component of the pair of organs in the lower forms and the vomero-nasal organ to the median member of this group (Fig. 23). 3. Histology. The vomero-nasal organ of the dog and the cat, as described by Read (1908), is a tubular organ whose transverse section is circular in out- line near its opening and crescentic or kidney- shaped throughout its greater extent. Its median wall may be two t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-96-smell-taste-allied-senses-111-all-these-higher-vertebrates-the-olfactory-organ-proper-corresponds-to-the-lateral-component-of-the-pair-of-organs-in-the-lower-forms-and-the-vomero-nasal-organ-to-the-median-member-of-this-group-fig-23-3-histology-the-vomero-nasal-organ-of-the-dog-and-the-cat-as-described-by-read-1908-is-a-tubular-organ-whose-transverse-section-is-circular-in-out-line-near-its-opening-and-crescentic-or-kidney-shaped-throughout-its-greater-extent-its-median-wall-may-be-two-t-image232032846.htmlRMRDE07A–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 96 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES 111 all these higher vertebrates the olfactory organ proper corresponds to the lateral component of the pair of organs in the lower forms and the vomero-nasal organ to the median member of this group (Fig. 23). 3. Histology. The vomero-nasal organ of the dog and the cat, as described by Read (1908), is a tubular organ whose transverse section is circular in out- line near its opening and crescentic or kidney- shaped throughout its greater extent. Its median wall may be two t
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 24 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES middle, the superior being absent. When a fourth concha is to be seen, it is found above and behind the superior. It has been designated the first supreme concha and it. FiQ. 1.—Diagram of the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity of man. 1, Inferior concha; 2, middle concha; 3, superior concha; 4, first supreme concha; 5, second supreme concha; the apertures numbered 6 to 10 are covered from sight by the concha), but their positions are indicated by vertical lining; 6, ape Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-24-smell-taste-allied-senses-middle-the-superior-being-absent-when-a-fourth-concha-is-to-be-seen-it-is-found-above-and-behind-the-superior-it-has-been-designated-the-first-supreme-concha-and-it-fiq-1diagram-of-the-lateral-wall-of-the-right-nasal-cavity-of-man-1-inferior-concha-2-middle-concha-3-superior-concha-4-first-supreme-concha-5-second-supreme-concha-the-apertures-numbered-6-to-10-are-covered-from-sight-by-the-concha-but-their-positions-are-indicated-by-vertical-lining-6-ape-image216456581.htmlRMPG4CG5–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 24 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES middle, the superior being absent. When a fourth concha is to be seen, it is found above and behind the superior. It has been designated the first supreme concha and it. FiQ. 1.—Diagram of the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity of man. 1, Inferior concha; 2, middle concha; 3, superior concha; 4, first supreme concha; 5, second supreme concha; the apertures numbered 6 to 10 are covered from sight by the concha), but their positions are indicated by vertical lining; 6, ape
![. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE04C/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-118-smell-taste-allied-senses-fiq-30a-compound-taste-bud-from-a-foliate-papilla-of-the-rabbit-after-heidenhain-1914-plate-23-fig-27-cell-to-which-he-gave-the-name-of-quot-stabzellequot-or-rod-cell-this-type-of-cell-was-said-to-differ-from-the-ordinary-taste-cell-in-that-it-was-without-a-taste-hair-it-has-not-been-identified-with-certainty-by-subsequent-investigators-the-supporting-cells-of-the-taste-buds-have-been-the-occasion-of-much-difference-of-opinion-the-older-workers-believed-RDE04C.jpg ". Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed Stock Photo")
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-118-smell-taste-allied-senses-fiq-30a-compound-taste-bud-from-a-foliate-papilla-of-the-rabbit-after-heidenhain-1914-plate-23-fig-27-cell-to-which-he-gave-the-name-of-quot-stabzellequot-or-rod-cell-this-type-of-cell-was-said-to-differ-from-the-ordinary-taste-cell-in-that-it-was-without-a-taste-hair-it-has-not-been-identified-with-certainty-by-subsequent-investigators-the-supporting-cells-of-the-taste-buds-have-been-the-occasion-of-much-difference-of-opinion-the-older-workers-believed-image232032764.htmlRMRDE04C–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed
![. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4CA9/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-118-smell-taste-allied-senses-fiq-30a-compound-taste-bud-from-a-foliate-papilla-of-the-rabbit-after-heidenhain-1914-plate-23-fig-27-cell-to-which-he-gave-the-name-of-quot-stabzellequot-or-rod-cell-this-type-of-cell-was-said-to-differ-from-the-ordinary-taste-cell-in-that-it-was-without-a-taste-hair-it-has-not-been-identified-with-certainty-by-subsequent-investigators-the-supporting-cells-of-the-taste-buds-have-been-the-occasion-of-much-difference-of-opinion-the-older-workers-believed-PG4CA9.jpg ". Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed Stock Photo")
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-118-smell-taste-allied-senses-fiq-30a-compound-taste-bud-from-a-foliate-papilla-of-the-rabbit-after-heidenhain-1914-plate-23-fig-27-cell-to-which-he-gave-the-name-of-quot-stabzellequot-or-rod-cell-this-type-of-cell-was-said-to-differ-from-the-ordinary-taste-cell-in-that-it-was-without-a-taste-hair-it-has-not-been-identified-with-certainty-by-subsequent-investigators-the-supporting-cells-of-the-taste-buds-have-been-the-occasion-of-much-difference-of-opinion-the-older-workers-believed-image216456417.htmlRMPG4CA9–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. 118 SMELL, TASTE, ALLIED SENSES. FiQ. 30.—A compound]''taste- bud from a foliate papilla of the rabbit. After Heidenhain 1914, Plate 23, Fig. 27. cell to which he gave the name of " Stabzelle" or rod cell. This type of cell was said to differ from the ordinary- taste cell in that it was without a taste hair. It has not been identified with certainty by subsequent investigators. The supporting cells of the taste-buds have been the occasion of much difference of opinion. The older workers believed
. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. Monographs on Experimental Biology SMELL, TASTE, AND ALLIED SENSES IN THE VERTEBRATES BY G. H. PARKER, Sc.D. PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 37 ILLUSTRATIONS. PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippinc Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-senses-and-sensation-vertebrates-monographs-on-experimental-biology-smell-taste-and-allied-senses-in-the-vertebrates-by-g-h-parker-scd-professor-of-zoology-harvard-university-37-illustrations-philadelphia-and-london-j-b-lippincott-company-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-parker-george-howard-1864-1955-philadelphia-london-j-b-lippinc-image232050901.htmlRMRDER85–. Smell, taste, and allied senses in the vertebrates . Senses and sensation; Vertebrates. Monographs on Experimental Biology SMELL, TASTE, AND ALLIED SENSES IN THE VERTEBRATES BY G. H. PARKER, Sc.D. PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 37 ILLUSTRATIONS. PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Parker, George Howard, 1864-1955. Philadelphia ; London : J. B. Lippinc
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