John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice, Supreme Court
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Marshall portrait painted in 1831 by Henry Inman. John Marshall (September 24, 1755 - July 6, 1835) was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801-35). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. He had been a leader of the Federalist Party, served in the House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800, and Secretary of State under President John Adams. The longest-serving Chief Justice and the 4th longest serving justice in U.S. Supreme Court history, Marshall played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. He reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review and cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government. His court made several important decisions relating to federalism, affecting the balance of power between the federal government and the states. Marshall was the leading Federalist of the day, pursuing Federalist Party approaches to build a stronger federal government over the opposition of the Jeffersonian Republicans, who wanted stronger state governments. He died in 1835 at the age of 79.