. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 113 the thin bark and firm wood with which we are familiar in our modern trees, it has a hard external rind, then a great thickness of celluldr matter with rope-like bands of fibres, constituting an inner bark, while in the centre is a firm, woody axis of comparatively small diameter, and. Fig. Zi.—SigUlwria Lorwayana, Dawson, a. Zones of fruit-soars. 6, Leaf- scar enlarged, o. Fruit-soar enlarged. See appended note. somewhat intermediate in its structures between that of the Lepidodendra and those of the cycads an

. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 113 the thin bark and firm wood with which we are familiar in our modern trees, it has a hard external rind, then a great thickness of celluldr matter with rope-like bands of fibres, constituting an inner bark, while in the centre is a firm, woody axis of comparatively small diameter, and. Fig. Zi.—SigUlwria Lorwayana, Dawson, a. Zones of fruit-soars. 6, Leaf- scar enlarged, o. Fruit-soar enlarged. See appended note. somewhat intermediate in its structures between that of the Lepidodendra and those of the cycads an Stock Photo

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. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 113 the thin bark and firm wood with which we are familiar in our modern trees, it has a hard external rind, then a great thickness of celluldr matter with rope-like bands of fibres, constituting an inner bark, while in the centre is a firm, woody axis of comparatively small diameter, and. Fig. Zi.—SigUlwria Lorwayana, Dawson, a. Zones of fruit-soars. 6, Leaf- scar enlarged, o. Fruit-soar enlarged. See appended note. somewhat intermediate in its structures between that of the Lepidodendra and those of the cycads and the taxine conifers. Thus a great stem, five feet in diameter, may consist principally of cellular and bast fibres with very little true woody matter. The roots of this tree are. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Dawson, John William, Sir, 1820-1899. New York, D. Appleton and Company

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RMPG2D85–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Dawson, John William, Sir, 1820-1899. New York, D. Appleton and Company

RMRDFCP7–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Dawson, John William, Sir, 1820-1899. New York, D. Appleton and Company

RMPG2D3G–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 127. Fio. 52.—Alethopteris grandia (Dawson). Middle ooal-fonnation of Nova Scotia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Dawson, John William, Sir, 1820-1899. New York, D. Appleton and Company

RMRDFCHJ–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 127. Fio. 52.—Alethopteris grandia (Dawson). Middle ooal-fonnation of Nova Scotia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Dawson, John William, Sir, 1820-1899. New York, D. Appleton and Company

RMPG2DC3–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. 30 THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. markings referred to PalcBOchorda, Palmphycus, and ScoUthus have their places here. Many examples highly illustrative of the manner of formation of the impressions are afforded by Canadian rocks (Fig. 8). Branching forms referred to Licrophycus of Billings, and some of those referred to Buthotrephis, Hall, as well as radiating markings referable to ScotoUthus, Gyrophyllites, and As- terophycus, are ex- plained by the branch- ing burrows of worms illustrated by Nathorst and the author. As- tropolithon, a

RMRDF2RD–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. 30 THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. markings referred to PalcBOchorda, Palmphycus, and ScoUthus have their places here. Many examples highly illustrative of the manner of formation of the impressions are afforded by Canadian rocks (Fig. 8). Branching forms referred to Licrophycus of Billings, and some of those referred to Buthotrephis, Hall, as well as radiating markings referable to ScotoUthus, Gyrophyllites, and As- terophycus, are ex- plained by the branch- ing burrows of worms illustrated by Nathorst and the author. As- tropolithon, a

RMPG2D2A–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. 130 THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. species of ArchcBopteris, of the Upper and Middle Brian, are eminent as examples. This type, howeyer, scarcely extends as high as the coal-formation.* Some of the tree-ferns of the Carboniferous present yery remarkable features. Oue of these, of the genus Megaphyton, seems to have two rows of great leayes, one at each side of the stem, which was probably sustained by large bundles of aerial roots (Fig. 56). In the Carboniferous, as in the Erian, there are leaves which have been referred to ferns, but a

RMRDFCM4–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 115 their roots are properly roots at all, and not stems of some aquatic plant. Then the structure of their. Flo. 88.—iStigmaria root, seen from above, showing its regular divisions. From "Acadian Gsology." stems is most puzzling, and their fruit is an enigma, for while some have found connected with them cones supposed to resemhle those of iycopods, others attribute to them fruits like those of yew- trees. For years I have been myself gathering materials from the rich coal-formation deposits of Nova Scot

RMPG2D41–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. THE CARBONITKROCS FLORA. 125 and complicated stems belonged to higher and nobler types of mare's-tails than those of the modern world, and tiiat their fructification wixs equisetaceoos and of the form known as CkilanMstackys. We have already seen that noble tree-ferns existed in the Erian jteriod, and these were continued, and their number and Tariety greatly extended, in the Carbonifer- ous, In regard to the structure of their stems, and the method of supporting these by aSrial roots, the tree-ferns of all ages ha^e been nearly alike, and

RMRDFCDK–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. 180 THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. and which from their appearance are called "fossil birds' nests " by the quarrymen. Some, however, must have attained a considerable height so as to resemble palms. The cycads, with their simple, thick trunks, usually marked with rhombic scars, and bearing broad spreading crovms of large, elegantly formed pinnate leaves, must have formed a prominent part of the vegetation of the northern hemisphere during the whole of the Mesozoio period. A botanist, had there been such a person at the time,

RMPG2D6N–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. 112 THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. place to vast swampy flats, and which, instead of the oil- bearing shales of the Erian, were destined to produce those immense and wide-spread accumulations of vege- table matter which constitute our present beds of bitu- minous and anthracite coal. The atmosphere of these great swamps is moist and warm. Their vege- tation is most exuberant,, but of forms unfamiliar to modern eyes, and they swarm with insects, millepedes, and scorpions, and with batrachian reptiles large and small, among which we look

RMRDFCG9–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. 130 THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. species of ArchcBopteris, of the Upper and Middle Brian, are eminent as examples. This type, howeyer, scarcely extends as high as the coal-formation.* Some of the tree-ferns of the Carboniferous present yery remarkable features. Oue of these, of the genus Megaphyton, seems to have two rows of great leayes, one at each side of the stem, which was probably sustained by large bundles of aerial roots (Fig. 56). In the Carboniferous, as in the Erian, there are leaves which have been referred to ferns, but a

RMPG2CY5–. The geological history of plants. Paleobotany; 1888. LATER CRETACEOUS AND KAINOZOIO. 195 and leaves of oarices and grasses, so that these plants, now so important to the nourishment of man and his com- panion animals, were already represented.. Fie. 70.—Vegetation of Later Cretaceous. Exogens and palms. (After Saporta.) But the great feature of the time was its dicotyle- donous forests, and I hare only to enumerate the genera supposed to be represented in order to show the richness of the time in plants of this type. It may be necessary to explain here that the generic names used are mostly