RM2RN08YD–Greece: Vasilios Chalis (1785 - 1846), a Cretan leader in the 1821 Great War of Independence (Greek Revolution), 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. However, Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention on the island.
RM2RN08YA–Greece: Vasilios Chalis (1785 - 1846), a Cretan leader in the 1821 Great War of Independence (Greek Revolution), 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. However, Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention on the island.
RM2RN08Y7–Greece: Vasilios Chalis (1785 - 1846), a Cretan leader in the 1821 Great War of Independence (Greek Revolution), 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. However, Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention on the island.
RM2B01P08–Korea: North Korean (DPRK) propaganda poster showing Great Mother Kim Jong Suk safeguarding Great Leader Comrade Kim Il Sung at the risk of her life during the Korean War of Independence. Kim Jong-suk was a Korean independence activist and Communist politician. She was North Korean leader Kim Il-sung's first wife and Kim Jong-il's mother. She was also First Lady of North Korea from 1948 until her death in 1949.
RM2B0198D–India: Japanese WWII propaganda leaflet showing the British blowing Indians from the mouths of cannons - a reference to the Indian War of Independence of 1857, c. 1941-1945. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B01EK9–Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881 - 10 November 1938), founding father of the Republic of Turkey, 1925. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921 and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until 1934, was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence.
RM2B017C7–Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881 - 10 November 1938), early 1920s. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies.
RM2RN08X5–Greece: Anagnostes Skalides (1818 - 1901), a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08X8–Greece: Anagnostes Skalides (1818 - 1901), a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08XT–Greece: Konstantinos Kriaris (1797 - 1884), Cretan chieftain and revolutionary fighter, also a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08YN–Greece: Hatzi Mihalis Giannaris (1833 - 1916), revolutionary leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08WG–Greece: Captain Mathios Milonogiannis (1828 - 1901), a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08WC–Greece: Captain Mathios Milonogiannis (1828 - 1901), a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08XP–Greece: Konstantinos Kriaris (1797 - 1884), Cretan chieftain and revolutionary fighter, also a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN18XW–Greece: Ioannis Emm. Zimbrakakis also Ioannis Zymvrakakis (1818 - 1913), head of the Crete Western Division during the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN18XT–Greece: Ioannis Emm. Zimbrakakis also Ioannis Zymvrakakis (1818 - 1913), head of the Crete Western Division during the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08Y1–Greece: Kostaros Voloudakis (1804 - 1900), Cretan chieftain and a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08XX–Greece: Kostaros Voloudakis (1804 - 1900), Cretan chieftain and a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08XE–Greece: Captain Mathios Milonogiannis (1828 - 1901), a leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2RN08YE–Greece: Hatzi Mihalis Giannaris (1833 - 1916), revolutionary leader in the 1866 Great Cretan Revolution, 1866 Square, Chania (Hania), Crete. The Great Cretan Revolution (1866 - 1869), also known as the Cretan Revolt, was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire's control in Crete.
RM2WH5B7A–Greece: Anagnostis Mantakas (1817 - 1916), Cretan freedom fighter, forecourt of Trimatiri Cathedral, Chania, Crete. In 1913, Anagnostis Mantakas with the help of Hatzi Mihalis Giannaris, raised the Greek Flag over the Firkas Fort in Chania. This signalled the reunification of Crete with Greece.
RM2WH5B7C–Greece: Anagnostis Mantakas (1817 - 1916), Cretan freedom fighter, forecourt of Trimatiri Cathedral, Chania, Crete. In 1913, Anagnostis Mantakas with the help of Hatzi Mihalis Giannaris, raised the Greek Flag over the Firkas Fort in Chania. This signalled the reunification of Crete with Greece.
RM2B03AF2–Born in Viñales, Gabriela de la Caridad Azcuy Labrador (18 March 1861 – 15 March 1914) was a Cuban nurse and poet who participated in the Cuban War of Independence.
RM2B018JY–India: Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 - 18 August 1945), Indian independence leader. Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian revolutionary who led an Indian national political and military force against Britain and the Western powers during World War II. Popularly known as Netaji (literally 'Respected Leader'), Bose was one of the most prominent leaders in the Indian independence movement and is a legendary, though controversial, figure in India today. His wartime alliances with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan has left his legacy divided, with claims of fascism and anti-Semitism.
RM2B01Y4N–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B01Y9M–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B0270N–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4P–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4H–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4F–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4T–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4Y–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4K–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4N–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4E–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B02K4W–Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of poli
RM2B0189X–India: Indian Independence League propaganda leaflet - 'A Warning and an Advice'. Such leaflets were dropped by Japanese aircraft and otherwise surreptitiously circulated, c. 1941-1944. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II.
RM2B018AE–China/Burma/India: Indian Independence League propaganda pamphlet showing Mahatma Gandhi urging Indian troops to unite against Britain, c. 1941-1944. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B018AD–India: 'Compromise with Britain means suicide'. Indian Independence League propaganda leaflet, English on one side, Urdu on the reverse. c. 1941-1944. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B018AF–India: Indian Independence League 'Declaration of War against Britain and the United States', c. 1941-1944. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road, and the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), otherwise known as Merrill's Marauders.
RM2B018AA–India: Indian Independence League war propaganda leaflet - 'Kill English officers and come to our side'. Such leaflets were dropped by Japanese aircraft and otherwise surreptitiously circulated, c. 1941-1944. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B02YT1–The 1948 Arab–Israeli War or the First Arab–Israeli War was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states. In Hebrew it is known as 'The War of Independence' or 'The War of Liberation'. This war formed the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war, known in Arabic as 'The Nakba' or 'Catastrophe'.
RM2B02YT2–The 1948 Arab–Israeli War or the First Arab–Israeli War was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states. In Hebrew it is known as 'The War of Independence' or 'The War of Liberation'. This war formed the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war, known in Arabic as 'The Nakba' or 'Catastrophe'.
RM2B02629–Louis Dupré (9 January 1789, Versailles – October 12, 1837, Paris) was a French painter, especially noted for his travels in Greece and the Ottoman Empire and his numerous paintings with Orientalist and Philhellene themes. He often traveled and changed his work location, including Paris, Kassel (1811–1814), Naples (1814–1816), Rome (1816–1819, 1824–1831), Naples (1819–1820), Istanbul (ca. 1820), Greece (ca. 1820), Paris (1820–1837), and Vienna (1820–1824). His visit to Greece was on the very eve of the Greek War of Independence.
RM2B02WA6–Ariel Sharon (February 26, 1928 – January 11, 2014) was an Israeli politician and general who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel until he was incapacitated by a stroke. Sharon was a commander in the Israeli Army from its creation in 1948. As a soldier and then an officer, he participated prominently in the 1948 War of Independence. He was an instrumental figure in the creation of Unit 101 and the Reprisal operations, as well as in the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War of 1967, the War of Attrition, and the Yom-Kippur War of 1973. As Minister of Defense, he directed the 1982 Lebanon W
RM2B02W9X–Yitzhak Rabin (1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995. Rabin led a 27-year career as a soldier. As a teenager he joined the Palmach, the commando force of the Yishuv. He eventually rose through its ranks to become its chief of operations during Israel's War of Independence. He joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces in late 1948 and continued to rise as a promising officer. He helped shape the training doctrine of the IDF in
RM2B02W9W–Moshe Dayan (20 May 1915 – 16 October 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. He was the second child born on the first kibbutz, but he moved with his family in 1921, and he grew up on a moshav (Israeli village or settlement). As commander of the Jerusalem front in Israel's War of Independence, Chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–58) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War, he became a fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. After being blamed for the army's lack of preparation before the outbreak of the 1973 Yom Kippu
RM2B02WA2–Yitzhak Rabin (1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995. Rabin led a 27-year career as a soldier. As a teenager he joined the Palmach, the commando force of the Yishuv. He eventually rose through its ranks to become its chief of operations during Israel's War of Independence. He joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces in late 1948 and continued to rise as a promising officer. He helped shape the training doctrine of the IDF in
RM2B02W9T–Moshe Dayan (20 May 1915 – 16 October 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. He was the second child born on the first kibbutz, but he moved with his family in 1921, and he grew up on a moshav (Israeli village or settlement). As commander of the Jerusalem front in Israel's War of Independence, Chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–58) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War, he became a fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. After being blamed for the army's lack of preparation before the outbreak of the 1973 Yom Kippu
RM2B02WA0–Moshe Dayan (20 May 1915 – 16 October 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. He was the second child born on the first kibbutz, but he moved with his family in 1921, and he grew up on a moshav (Israeli village or settlement). As commander of the Jerusalem front in Israel's War of Independence, Chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–58) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War, he became a fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. After being blamed for the army's lack of preparation before the outbreak of the 1973 Yom Kippu
RM2B00TH0–Philippines: Filipino farmers at work in a rice field. Illustration by Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753), 1734. This illustration first appeared on a map of the Philippines by Spanish missionary Pedro Murillo Velarde. It shows farmers operating rudimentary ox-drawn ploughs while a woman husks rice under a hut. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. The galleons linking Manila to Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th to 19th centuries.
RM2B033HH–George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, FRS (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was an English poet and a leading figure in the Romantic Movement. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, and the short lyric She Walks in Beauty. Byron is regarded as one of the greatest British poets, and remains widely read and influential. He travelled widely across Europe, especially in Italy where he lived for seven years. Later in life, Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire, for wh
RM2B02WDB–Shimon Peres (born 2 August 1923) is a Polish-born Israeli statesman. He was the ninth President of Israel from 2007 to 2014. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel and twice as Interim Prime Minister, and he was a member of 12 cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President. He held several diplomatic and military positions during and directly after Israel's War of Independence. His first high-level government p
RM2B02WD6–Shimon Peres (born 2 August 1923) is a Polish-born Israeli statesman. He was the ninth President of Israel from 2007 to 2014. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel and twice as Interim Prime Minister, and he was a member of 12 cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President. He held several diplomatic and military positions during and directly after Israel's War of Independence. His first high-level government p
RM2B01B5M–South Sudan: Flag of South Sudan. The flag of Southern Sudan was adopted following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. The flag was previously used as the flag of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. The flag is similar to the flag of Kenya with the addition of a blue triangle and gold star at the hoist. The colours are said to represent the Southern Sudanese people (black), peace (white), the blood shed for freedom (red), the land (green) and the waters of the Nile (blue); the gold star, the Star of Bethlehem, represents unity.
RM2B01987–India/Burma: Japanese WWII propaganda leaflet - An Indian National Army soldier shows a subservient Indian cleaning John Bull's boots what the Burmese independence movement has attained, c. 1941-1945. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B00TFN–Sri Lanka: A female 'martyr' of the LTTE independence struggle. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, commonly known as the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers, is a separatist organization formerly based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a violent secessionist campaign that sought to create Tamil Eelam, an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. This campaign evolved into the Sri Lankan Civil War, which was one of the longest running armed conflicts in Asia until the LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces in May 2009.
RM2B01989–India: Japanese WWII propaganda poster depicting the miseries of life under the British Raj and the prosperity attainable through independence, c. 1941-1945. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B01D26–Vietnam: British troops in Saigon at the end of World War II, 1945-1946. In September 1945, 20,000 British troops of the 20th Indian Division occupied Saigon under the command of General Sir Douglas David Gracey. During the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Allies had agreed on Britain taking control of Vietnam south of the 16th parallel (then part of French Indochina) from the Japanese occupiers. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Communist Viet Minh, proclaimed Vietnamese independence from French rule and major pro-independence and anti-French demonstrations were held in Saigon.
RM2B01D23–Vietnam: British troops in Saigon at the end of World War II, 1945-1946. In September 1945, 20,000 British troops of the 20th Indian Division occupied Saigon under the command of General Sir Douglas David Gracey. During the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Allies had agreed on Britain taking control of Vietnam south of the 16th parallel (then part of French Indochina) from the Japanese occupiers. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Communist Viet Minh, proclaimed Vietnamese independence from French rule and major pro-independence and anti-French demonstrations were held in Saigon.
RM2B018JP–China/Burma/India: Japanese WWII propaganda poster showing Chiang Kai-shek exploiting India while Burma raises a flag of independence. Japan wields the scissors. China Burma India Theatre (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjunction with British and Chinese Allied air and land forces in China, Burma, and India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theatre included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, and the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built Ledo Road.
RM2B01EE0–Vietnam: A bust of President Ho Chi Minh (19 May 1890 - 3 September 1969). Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1946-1955) and president (1945-1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War until his death. Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954.
RM2B00MWR–Vietnam: Telegram from Ho Chi Minh to President Truman dated February 28, 1946. The Second Indochina War, known in America as the Vietnam War, was a Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the U.S. and other anti-communist nations.
RM2B00T3W–Indonesia/Netherlands: 'Get Out! The Indies Must be Liberated'. This 1945 recruiting poster by the Dutch artist Nico Broekman shows a Japanese soldier being booted from the island of Java, and the caption, 'Get Out! The Indies Must Be Liberated.' During World War II, Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies in early 1942. After the surrender, a large number of Dutch submarines and some aircraft escaped to Australia and continued to fight as part of Australian units. In the course of the war, Indonesian nationalists supported by the Japanese took over parts of the country.
RM2B00W5A–Vietnam: French paratroopers dropping on Dien Bien Phu, November 1953. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (French: Bataille de Dien Bien Phu; Vietnamese: Chien dich Dien Bien Phu) was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist revolutionaries. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations over the future of Indochina at Geneva.
RM2B00W5X–Malaysia: British and Malay military police check the credentials of an elderly Sino-Malay during the 'Emergency', April 1949. The Malayan Emergency was a guerrilla war fought between Commonwealth armed forces and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the military arm of the Malayan Communist Party, from 1948 to 1960. The Malayan Emergency was the colonial government's term for the conflict. The MNLA termed it the Anti-British National Liberation War. Despite the communists' defeat in 1960, communist leader Chin Peng renewed the insurgency in 1967; it would last until 1989.
RM2B00WFX–Sri Lanka: A Tamil Tiger (LTTE) bicycle platoon near Kilinochchi, May 2004. Photo by Qz10 (CC BY-SA 3.0 License). The Sri Lankan Civil War began on July 23, 1983, and quickly developed into an on-and-off insurgency against the Colombo government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, and other few rebel groups, which were fighting to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
RM2B01CD6–Vietnam: USAF Aerial surveillance photograph of the Long Bien Bridge, Hanoi, shortly after laser-guided bombs desroyed the central spans in May 1972. The Long Bien Bridge was built in 1903 by the architects of Daydé & Pillé, a French company. Before North Vietnam's independence in 1954, it was called Doumer Bridge, named after Paul Doumer - the Governor-General of French Indochina and then French president. It was, at that time, one of the longest bridges in Asia with the length of 2,500 m.
RM2B016AB–Netherlands/Indonesia: A bloodsoaked Acehnese independence flag, captured by Dutch soldiers in 1840. This Acehnese flag was captured in 1840 from an Acehnese fort by First Lieutenant C.H. Bischoff of the Dutch colonial forces. Severely wounded, Bischoff was carried off by his comrades wrapped in the flag. Several days later, on 3 May 1840, Bischoff died of his wounds. Before passing away, he was promoted to the rank of captain for his heroic deed. Laboratory research has confirmed that the flag has a bullet hole and bears blood stains.
RM2B01FKJ–Vietnam: Armed Japanese troops in Saigon under British control after Japanese surrender, 1945. In September 1945, 20,000 British troops of the 20th Indian Division occupied Saigon under the command of General Sir Douglas David Gracey. During the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Allies had agreed on Britain taking control of Vietnam south of the 16th parallel (then part of French Indochina) from the Japanese occupiers. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnamese independence from French rule and major pro-independence and anti-French demonstrations were held in Saigon.
RM2B01CA7–Vietnam: Political propaganda poster, with the French and South Vietnamese flags signposted 'To Independence' and the Communist skull-and-cross bones signposted 'To Death', 1948. On May 27, 1948, Nguyễn Văn Xuân, then President of the Republic of Cochinchina, became President of the rightist Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (Thủ tướng lâm thời) following the merging of the government of Cochin China and Vietnam. Nguyễn Văn Xuân later went into exile in France, where he died in 1989.
RM2B01105–Mongolia: Damdin Sukhbaatar (1893-1923, left) and Khorloogiin Choibalsan (1895-1952, right), Mongolian revolutionary leaders, early 1920s. Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence. Khorloogiin Choibalsan joined with Sukhbaatar to form the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. After the Mongolian and Soviet Red Army forces entered Urga in 1921 and established a pro-Soviet government, Choibalsan became deputy war minister.
RM2B02P0C–Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc (19 May 1890 – 3 September 1969) was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War until his death. Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. He lost political power inside No
RM2B00Y4E–Vietnam: President Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969). Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc (19 May 1890 – 3 September 1969) was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War until his death. Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954.
RM2B01C2K–Vietnam/France: 'Dien Bien Phu Has Fallen', Headlines of 'Le Parisien', 8-9 May, 1954. The important Battle of Dien Bien Phu was fought between the Việt Minh (led by General Vo Nguyen Giap), and the French Union (led by General Henri Navarre). The siege of the French garrison lasted fifty-seven days, from 5:30 PM on March 13 to 5:30 PM on May 7, 1954. The southern outpost or fire base of the camp, Isabelle, did not follow the cease-fire order and fought until the next day at 01:00 AM, a few hours before the long-scheduled Geneva Meeting's Indochina conference.
RM2B00WGA–Sri Lanka: Pottu Amman, commander of the LTTE or Tamil Tiger Black Tigers force and Tiger Organization Security Intelligence Service (TOSIS). Shanmugalingam Sivashankar, aka Pottu Amman, joined LTTE in 1981 along with Colonel Soosai, and became second in LTTE's military wing after leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. Pottu Amman was trained at a coastal camp in Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu. He was responsible for training Black Tigers for suicide missions, most notably when former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was killed in 1989. He may have been killed by the Sri Lankan Army in May 1 2009.
RM2GA5J73–Cuba: The central dome of the Museo de la Revolución (Museum of the Revolution) with painting of the Revolutionary War, Old Havana. The museum originally housed the Presidential Palace of all Cuban presidents from Mario García Menocal to Fulgencio Batista. The palace was designed by the Cuban architect Rodolfo Maruri and the Belgian architect Paul Belau and was inaugurated in 1920.
RM2B028XY–General Sir James Hope Grant GCB (22 July 1808 – 7 March 1875), British general, was the fifth and youngest son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire, and brother of Sir Francis Grant, President of the Royal Academy. He entered the British Army in 1826 as cornet in the 9th Lancers, and became lieutenant in 1828 and captain in 1835. In 1842 he was brigade-major to Lord Saltoun in the First Opium War, and specially distinguished himself at the capture of Chinkiang, after which he received the rank of major and the CB. In the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–1846 he took part in the battle of S
RM2B028XX–General Sir James Hope Grant GCB (22 July 1808 – 7 March 1875), British general, was the fifth and youngest son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire, and brother of Sir Francis Grant, President of the Royal Academy. He entered the British Army in 1826 as cornet in the 9th Lancers, and became lieutenant in 1828 and captain in 1835. In 1842 he was brigade-major to Lord Saltoun in the First Opium War, and specially distinguished himself at the capture of Chinkiang, after which he received the rank of major and the CB. In the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–1846 he took part in the battle of S
RM2B028XN–General Sir James Hope Grant GCB (22 July 1808 – 7 March 1875), British general, was the fifth and youngest son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire, and brother of Sir Francis Grant, President of the Royal Academy. He entered the British Army in 1826 as cornet in the 9th Lancers, and became lieutenant in 1828 and captain in 1835. In 1842 he was brigade-major to Lord Saltoun in the First Opium War, and specially distinguished himself at the capture of Chinkiang, after which he received the rank of major and the CB. In the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–1846 he took part in the battle of S
RM2B01RK2–Uzbekistan: The 1916 Rising in Khiva. Oil on canvas painting, c. 1918. During the First World War the Muslim exemption from conscription was removed by the Russians, sparking the Central Asian Revolt of 1916. When the Russian Revolution of 1917 occurred, a provisional Government of Jadid Reformers, also known as the Turkestan Muslim Council met in Kokand and declared Turkestan's autonomy. This new government was quickly crushed by the forces of the Tashkent Soviet, and the semi-autonomous states of Bukhara and Khiva were also invaded. The main independence forces were rapidly crushed.
RM2B00T3B–Japan: Japanese boys jeering at Chinese residents, Tokyo. Early 20th century. China, then under the Qing Dynasty, was defeated by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. China was forced to cede Taiwan to the Japanese, and to recognize the independence of Korea in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Qing Dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign imperialism, while Japan had emerged as a great power through its effective measures of modernization. Japanese often mocked Chinese between the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and the end of World War II.
RM2B00YM7–Vietnam: Honour guard on parade outside Norodom Palace, Saigon (1925). Originally the French governor's palace, then Norodom Palace, then Independence Palace, the magnificent original French building was knocked down to make way for Reunification Palace, which was built on the same site between 1962 -66. It is today a famous landmark in Ho Chi Minh City and a popular museum and tourist attraction. The present building was designed by architect Ngo Viet Thu and was the home and workplace of the President of South Vietnam during the US-Vietnam War.
RM2B027JF–The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese Independence Army and the Indian National Army. The British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the United Kingdom, British India and Africa. Partly because monsoon rains made effective campaigning possible only for about half of the year, the Burma campaign was almost the longest campaign of the war. During the campaigning season
RM2B02EJ8–The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, who were assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burmese Independence Army and the Indian National Army. The British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the United Kingdom, British India and Africa. Partly because monsoon rains made effective campaigning possible only for about half of the year, the Burma campaign was almost the longest campaign of the war. During the campaigning seaso
RM2B031WN–The First World War had no direct impact on Siam (now known as Thailand), due to its great distance not only from Europe, but even from Germany's colonial territories in the Pacific and on the China Coast. However, the war did provide an opportunity for King Vajiravudh of Siam, Rama VI, to strengthen his country's position in the international arena, and to strengthen the position of the monarchy within the Thai state. Though it had been successful in maintaining its independence from the European colonial powers, Siam had been forced to cede Laos, Cambodia, plus its own four southernmost pro
RM2B02CTX–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B02CW4–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B02CW9–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B02CWB–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B02CW7–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B02CW6–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B02CW5–The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) is the military arm of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group composed of ethnic Kachins in northern Burma (Myanmar). In May 2012, the Associated Press reported that the rebel group had 8,000 troops. From 1961 until 1994, the KIA fought a grueling and inconclusive war against the Burmese junta. Originally the KIA fought for independence, but now the official KIO policy goal is for autonomy within a federal union of Burma. The Kachin are an ethnic minority group that is indigenous to Burma. The northernmost region of Myanmar is Kachin
RM2B00YNC–Vietnam: French governor's palace in Saigon, later known as Norodom Palace, destroyed in 1962 (early 20th century). Originally the French governor's palace, then Norodom Palace, then Independence Palace, the magnificent original French building was knocked down to make way for Reunification Palace, which was built on the same site between 1962 -66. It is today a famous landmark in Ho Chi Minh City and a popular museum and tourist attraction. The present building was designed by architect Ngo Viet Thu and was the home and workplace of the President of South Vietnam during the US-Vietnam War.
RM2B02ENK–Việt Minh ( abbreviated from Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội, English 'League for the Independence of Vietnam') was a communist national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó on May 19, 1941. The Việt Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. When the Japanese occupation began, the Việt Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the Republic of China. After World War II, the Việt Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War. In 1942 Giap and about forty men mo
RM2B02KMN–Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II. Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles (370 km) northeast of Los Angeles. Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area. Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, but abandoned the tow
RM2B02M7E–Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II. Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles (370 km) northeast of Los Angeles. Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area. Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, but abandoned the tow
RM2B02M5K–Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II. Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles (370 km) northeast of Los Angeles. Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area. Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, but abandoned the tow
RM2B02M4R–Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II. Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles (370 km) northeast of Los Angeles. Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area. Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, but abandoned the tow
RM2B02M58–Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II. Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles (370 km) northeast of Los Angeles. Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area. Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, but abandoned the tow
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