Spores bacteria Black and White Stock Photos & Images - Page 2

. Diseases of bees. Bees. The bacteria of American foulbrood are hardy compared with the average forms of germs. If they were not so hardy they would not be able to continue the disease in spite of all adverse conditions to which they are subjected in attempted control measures. This point is im- portant because of its bearing upon the apparent disappearance of the disease in the treated colonies and apriary and the unexplained ap- pearance of the disease at a later time. The spores remain capable of producing bacteria for 30 or 40 years, so that when the material is once contaminated it is ex Stock Photo

RMRDETBM–. Diseases of bees. Bees. The bacteria of American foulbrood are hardy compared with the average forms of germs. If they were not so hardy they would not be able to continue the disease in spite of all adverse conditions to which they are subjected in attempted control measures. This point is im- portant because of its bearing upon the apparent disappearance of the disease in the treated colonies and apriary and the unexplained ap- pearance of the disease at a later time. The spores remain capable of producing bacteria for 30 or 40 years, so that when the material is once contaminated it is ex

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PERISPORIEAE. 179 -Aspergillus, Penicillmm, Zopfia, Perisporium, Lasiobotrys, Apio- ^pormm, Capnodium, Asterina, Microthyrium. To this sub-division of the Perisporiaceae belong some com- mon forms of mould-fungi which are generally only saprophytic,. Fig. 76.—Phyliactinia suffulta from Beech. Perithecium, with characteristic appendages. Contents of the perithecium: asci, spores, and chains of cells resembling paraph Stock Photo

RMPG42JP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PERISPORIEAE. 179 -Aspergillus, Penicillmm, Zopfia, Perisporium, Lasiobotrys, Apio- ^pormm, Capnodium, Asterina, Microthyrium. To this sub-division of the Perisporiaceae belong some com- mon forms of mould-fungi which are generally only saprophytic,. Fig. 76.—Phyliactinia suffulta from Beech. Perithecium, with characteristic appendages. Contents of the perithecium: asci, spores, and chains of cells resembling paraph

. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 62 MICEOBES, FEEMENTS, AND MOULDS. of soda, which neutralizes the acidity of the saliva. It is, above all, essential that the feeding-bottle, all the utensils employed for the infant, and the infant itself, should be kept perfectly clean; and, unfortu- nately, this condition is too rarely fulfilled, especially. Fig. 34.—OiAium albicans^ or Saccharomyces mycoderma; d, much-branched myce- lium ; g, chaplet or torula of spores, giving birtli at/, k to the mycelium. among the working classes in towns, and districts in which children Stock Photo

RMRDHTK3–. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 62 MICEOBES, FEEMENTS, AND MOULDS. of soda, which neutralizes the acidity of the saliva. It is, above all, essential that the feeding-bottle, all the utensils employed for the infant, and the infant itself, should be kept perfectly clean; and, unfortu- nately, this condition is too rarely fulfilled, especially. Fig. 34.—OiAium albicans^ or Saccharomyces mycoderma; d, much-branched myce- lium ; g, chaplet or torula of spores, giving birtli at/, k to the mycelium. among the working classes in towns, and districts in which children

. Agricultural bacteriology; a study of the relation of germ life to the farm, with laboratory experiments for students, microorganisms of soil, fertilizers, sewage, water, dairy products, miscellaneous farm products and of diseases of animals and plants. Bacteriology, Agricultural. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 19 accomplish the purpose. Even boiling is not sufficient to destroy spores, so, to be sure of complete sterilization, a temperature above boiling is necessary. If the object is a solid that can bear heat it is simply heated at about soo^F. for an hour or so. If it is a liquid it is p Stock Photo

RMPFTPGR–. Agricultural bacteriology; a study of the relation of germ life to the farm, with laboratory experiments for students, microorganisms of soil, fertilizers, sewage, water, dairy products, miscellaneous farm products and of diseases of animals and plants. Bacteriology, Agricultural. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 19 accomplish the purpose. Even boiling is not sufficient to destroy spores, so, to be sure of complete sterilization, a temperature above boiling is necessary. If the object is a solid that can bear heat it is simply heated at about soo^F. for an hour or so. If it is a liquid it is p

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 96 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. as it was described in Peziza Sclerotiorum, &c. (Fig. 43), which is extended by stretching into a thin membrane, it becomes a question whether the thickenings in the cases we are considering are not extended in the same way into thin membranes with the expansion of the ascus, and are to be considered therefore as reserve-pieces of membrane destined to be extended and to assist in the ejection of the spores, and comparable with th Stock Photo

RMRDD1PD–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 96 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. as it was described in Peziza Sclerotiorum, &c. (Fig. 43), which is extended by stretching into a thin membrane, it becomes a question whether the thickenings in the cases we are considering are not extended in the same way into thin membranes with the expansion of the ascus, and are to be considered therefore as reserve-pieces of membrane destined to be extended and to assist in the ejection of the spores, and comparable with th

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 8a DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGV. and exceptional cases the release of the ripe spores is left to chance, there being no special arrangement made for it, and the spores may even germinate inside the mother- cell, the germ-tubes piercing or bursting through its wall, as may be seen in the sporangioles of Thamnidium and its allies. The arrangements for the escape of the spores vary in different species. a. The aquatic swarm-spores of the Saprolegnieae (with one partial Stock Photo

RMPG4D0R–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 8a DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGV. and exceptional cases the release of the ripe spores is left to chance, there being no special arrangement made for it, and the spores may even germinate inside the mother- cell, the germ-tubes piercing or bursting through its wall, as may be seen in the sporangioles of Thamnidium and its allies. The arrangements for the escape of the spores vary in different species. a. The aquatic swarm-spores of the Saprolegnieae (with one partial

. Manual of bacteriology. Bacteriology. 32 METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA. adjusting the safety valve so as to blow off at the correspond- ing pressure. One exposure of media (when in small bulk) to the latter temperature for seven minutes is sufficient to kill all. organisms or spores, but if the bulk is great, then it is advisable to prolong the exposure to fifteen minutes. Here, again, care must be taken when gelatin is to be steriHsed. It must not be exposed to a temperature above 105° C, and must be sterilised by the intermittent method.^ Certain precautions are necessary in using the Stock Photo

RMRE4MND–. Manual of bacteriology. Bacteriology. 32 METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA. adjusting the safety valve so as to blow off at the correspond- ing pressure. One exposure of media (when in small bulk) to the latter temperature for seven minutes is sufficient to kill all. organisms or spores, but if the bulk is great, then it is advisable to prolong the exposure to fifteen minutes. Here, again, care must be taken when gelatin is to be steriHsed. It must not be exposed to a temperature above 105° C, and must be sterilised by the intermittent method.^ Certain precautions are necessary in using the

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 77 are the commencements of spores; they are formed simultaneously and soon become invested with firm membranes, and grow as they lie arranged in a longitudinal row inside the ascus to about double their original size. The protoplasm which surrounds them at first disappears rapidly in Peziza pitya as they increase in size, and like the protoplasm contained in the spores is always coloured yellow by iodine in this species. The protoplasm o Stock Photo

RMPG4DE0–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 77 are the commencements of spores; they are formed simultaneously and soon become invested with firm membranes, and grow as they lie arranged in a longitudinal row inside the ascus to about double their original size. The protoplasm which surrounds them at first disappears rapidly in Peziza pitya as they increase in size, and like the protoplasm contained in the spores is always coloured yellow by iodine in this species. The protoplasm o

RMRDD1WB–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 69 A- also the rest of the hymenial tissue, becomes entirely dissolved by processes of decom- position not accurately known, and the spores are thus set at liberty. They lie at first in the place where they were formed; their subsequent fortunes are described in Division II. The history of the basidia, which make their appearance as branches of the simple sporophores and form gonidia in Peziza Fuckeliana ('Botrytis cinerea'), is essential

RMPG4CB5–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FVNGI. 95 common in the Pyrenomycetes, but further investigation of individual cases is desirable. The last remark specially applies to a considerable number of Pyrenomycetes, in which the asci have the same structure as in Sphaeria Scirpi and S. Lemaneae and elongate in the same way if they are placed singly in water when they are mature ; among these are Sphaeria inquinans and S. obducens, Schm., Cucurbitaria Labumi, and some species of Pleosp

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 28o DIVISION II.—COURUE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. the outer surface of somewhat cushion-shaped bodies, which are formed by the interweaving of mycelial hyphae immediately beneath the epidermis of the host, more rarely at a greater depth, and burst through it when they form spores. Both are formed acrogenously on crowded sporiferous cells (sterigmata, basidia), which cover the outer surface of the hymenium, either alone or in certain species mixed with or surrounded by Stock Photo

RMRDEABX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 28o DIVISION II.—COURUE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. the outer surface of somewhat cushion-shaped bodies, which are formed by the interweaving of mycelial hyphae immediately beneath the epidermis of the host, more rarely at a greater depth, and burst through it when they form spores. Both are formed acrogenously on crowded sporiferous cells (sterigmata, basidia), which cover the outer surface of the hymenium, either alone or in certain species mixed with or surrounded by

RMPG3RGJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 527 mentary condition and twisted course of the vessels, and an accumulation of transitory starch in the tissues. [The methods at our disposal for combating this parasite all work indirectly. Its spores seem to retain their vitality for two, three, or more years, hence one very evident measure is not to plant the same crop in succession on land which has been attacked. As, however, all Cruciferae are

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMrCETES.—COLLEMACEAE. ail covered on the inside with periphyses which converge towards the median line. All the periphyses, those of the neck as well as those beneath it, converge till their extremities touch, but without becoming firmly united, so that asci or spores can pass between them to the outside when they are mature. In Melanospora parasitica the future canal of the ostiole is to some extent marked out from the first, for th Stock Photo

RMRDCT09–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMrCETES.—COLLEMACEAE. ail covered on the inside with periphyses which converge towards the median line. All the periphyses, those of the neck as well as those beneath it, converge till their extremities touch, but without becoming firmly united, so that asci or spores can pass between them to the outside when they are mature. In Melanospora parasitica the future canal of the ostiole is to some extent marked out from the first, for th

RMPG4201–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLVPORUS. 445 surface, and a smooth yellowish hymenial surface. They are large and flat, the thickest part being at their insertion (Fig. 277). Several frequently occur on the same stem, especially if wounds or frost injuries are present. The spores are brown and roundish. Conidia are said, by Schroeter, to be formed on the upper surface of the sporophores. This species is a deadly enemy of fruit-trees, especially

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Staining 701 true branches, a circumstance that has modified the present opinion regarding its classification. It is probable that it has been errone- ously placed among the bacilli, and really belongs among the higher bacteria. The organism is not motile, does not possess flagella, and has no spores. Staining.—The tubercle baciUus belongs to a group of organisms which, because of their peculiar behavior toward stains, are known as "saurefest" Stock Photo

RMRE1BW4–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Staining 701 true branches, a circumstance that has modified the present opinion regarding its classification. It is probable that it has been errone- ously placed among the bacilli, and really belongs among the higher bacteria. The organism is not motile, does not possess flagella, and has no spores. Staining.—The tubercle baciUus belongs to a group of organisms which, because of their peculiar behavior toward stains, are known as "saurefest"

. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). MOLD DISEASES 71 the center, though continuing to spread at the edge, thus producing a ringlike growth that has given origin to the. Fig. 28. A mold (Trichophyton) which produces ringworm. At o is a bit of hair with the mold spores on the outside, and at ^ a figure of the mold itself highly magnified. name. The affection is a troublesome one to heal, especially when it gets into the scalp; it may produce bald spots, but is never very serious. Two or three types of this disease have been found to be produced by Stock Photo

RMPG2REF–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). MOLD DISEASES 71 the center, though continuing to spread at the edge, thus producing a ringlike growth that has given origin to the. Fig. 28. A mold (Trichophyton) which produces ringworm. At o is a bit of hair with the mold spores on the outside, and at ^ a figure of the mold itself highly magnified. name. The affection is a troublesome one to heal, especially when it gets into the scalp; it may produce bald spots, but is never very serious. Two or three types of this disease have been found to be produced by

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER 111.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 65 In basidia exhibiting successive abjunction of many propagative cells the process of abjunction is repeated several times on the same basidium. There are three very distinct sub-forms of successive abjunction, each of which has some special pecu- liarities connected with it. These sub-forms may be distinguished as the sympodial and the serial or concatenate (Reihen-weise, Kettenweise), the latter being again divided into the simple and Stock Photo

RMRDD1XD–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER 111.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 65 In basidia exhibiting successive abjunction of many propagative cells the process of abjunction is repeated several times on the same basidium. There are three very distinct sub-forms of successive abjunction, each of which has some special pecu- liarities connected with it. These sub-forms may be distinguished as the sympodial and the serial or concatenate (Reihen-weise, Kettenweise), the latter being again divided into the simple and

RMPG4B8F–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHACELOTHECA. 305 period, and produce three-celled promycelia with elongated ovoid conidia, which sprout indefinitely. In nutritive solutions two or three promycelia may be produced. Schizonella.^ The spores are produced in series on the reproductive hyphae. At first two-chambered by means of a cross-septum, they later separate into two loosely-joined cells and form twin-spores; each half germinates like an Ustilag

RMRDD1WK–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 67 of which those named Cladosporium herbarum, Dematium are the best known; to these may be added the delicate botryosporum^ and many others. Connected with these three kinds of acrogenous abjunction of spores is one which is less distinctly marked and which may be termed the mode of eross- septation (Querzergliederung). In this the terminal por- tion of a hypha or hyphal branch grows first of all to a certain length, and then ceases to e

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 17a DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. but pairs thus united are to be seen in a few hours after ejection; the two halves of each pair are in open communication, and in most cases also swollen to a larger than their original size. Each of these double spores is capable of germinating under conditions which will be described in section XCVI; one of the halves puts forth a tube which takes the whole of the protoplasm of the pair, and pene- trating into a suita Stock Photo

RMPG4BAJ–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 17a DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. but pairs thus united are to be seen in a few hours after ejection; the two halves of each pair are in open communication, and in most cases also swollen to a larger than their original size. Each of these double spores is capable of germinating under conditions which will be described in section XCVI; one of the halves puts forth a tube which takes the whole of the protoplasm of the pair, and pene- trating into a suita

. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 48 MICROBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS. wasp, because it is attacked during its lifetime by a fungus which it carries about for some time, and which finally causes its death: this is Torrubia spherocephala (Tulasne). Isaria sphingum, another m Fig. 21.—Two filaments of Sapro- legnia containing spores (grejitly magnified).. Fig. 22.—Oogonium of Saprolegnia surrounded by Antheridia (much magnified). species of the same genus, has been observed on the back of a butterfly, which was poised upon a leaf as if alive, and which was probably k Stock Photo

RMRDJ5B9–. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 48 MICROBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS. wasp, because it is attacked during its lifetime by a fungus which it carries about for some time, and which finally causes its death: this is Torrubia spherocephala (Tulasne). Isaria sphingum, another m Fig. 21.—Two filaments of Sapro- legnia containing spores (grejitly magnified).. Fig. 22.—Oogonium of Saprolegnia surrounded by Antheridia (much magnified). species of the same genus, has been observed on the back of a butterfly, which was poised upon a leaf as if alive, and which was probably k

RMPG4B0D–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CRONARTICM. 383 and curl up. unknown. In some districts very common. Aecidial stage Gymnosporangium.^ Teleutospores bicellular and furnished with stalks which have gelatinous walls, so that the spores come to form part of a gelatinous mass.^ The first-formed teleutospores are thick-. Fig. 21G.—Gymnosporangiuvi clavaiiaeformc. 1, S, 3, Stages in dbvelopment of the spore-cushions. U, 5, 6, Isolated spores (enlarged);

. Special pathology and therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals. Veterinary medicine. Fig. 77. Bac. Tuberculosis, acid- fast form. Bronchial secretion from cattle. Stained by Ziehl- Nelssen's method. which. Spengler refers to as "splinters" and regards as true spores,. 'Most investigators, however, look upon these bodies as chromatin granules such as are found also in other bacteria whether they are sporulating or non-sporulating species. Staining. The typical tubercle ba- cillus is stained most readily and charac- teristically with a warm carbol-fuchsin solution or with any Stock Photo

RMRE53XP–. Special pathology and therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals. Veterinary medicine. Fig. 77. Bac. Tuberculosis, acid- fast form. Bronchial secretion from cattle. Stained by Ziehl- Nelssen's method. which. Spengler refers to as "splinters" and regards as true spores,. 'Most investigators, however, look upon these bodies as chromatin granules such as are found also in other bacteria whether they are sporulating or non-sporulating species. Staining. The typical tubercle ba- cillus is stained most readily and charac- teristically with a warm carbol-fuchsin solution or with any

RMPG0R79–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Isolation and Cultivation 395 The gonococci are small, the length of one of the coffee-bean cocci being about 1.6 ^j its breadth about 0.8 /x. They are not motile, nor provided with flagella, and are without spores. Quite as characteristic as the form of the organism is its rela- tion to the cells. In most of the inflammatory exudates the gono- cocci are contained either in epithelial cells or in leukocytes, very few of them lying free. This intracellula Stock Photo

RMRE4H2C–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Isolation and Cultivation 395 The gonococci are small, the length of one of the coffee-bean cocci being about 1.6 ^j its breadth about 0.8 /x. They are not motile, nor provided with flagella, and are without spores. Quite as characteristic as the form of the organism is its rela- tion to the cells. In most of the inflammatory exudates the gono- cocci are contained either in epithelial cells or in leukocytes, very few of them lying free. This intracellula

RMPG41Y7–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 446 BASIDIOMYCETES. bark of birch. Spathulate cystidia Spores colourless, and acutely ovate and forming crusts on the occur between the basidia. in shape. This is parasitic on birch. The mycelium kills and permeates the wood-parenchyma which forms the greater mass of the later-formed parts of each year-ring, with the result that the various year-rings of the wood separate from each other as concentric hollow cylinde

. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. PARASITIC FUNGI AND MOULDS. 13 In this case, the spores or seeds are developed in the cells of the mycelium itself. This latter mode of reproduction also occurs in the higher fungi, which therefore possess two modes,of reproduction and two kinds of spores: exogenous spores, which are externally developed, as we see on the hymenium (Fig. 2); and endogenous or internal spores, which are developed in the mycelium (Fig. 4). These spores not only differ in the site of their origin, but also in their form, size, structure, and in the e Stock Photo

RMRDJ5FE–. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. PARASITIC FUNGI AND MOULDS. 13 In this case, the spores or seeds are developed in the cells of the mycelium itself. This latter mode of reproduction also occurs in the higher fungi, which therefore possess two modes,of reproduction and two kinds of spores: exogenous spores, which are externally developed, as we see on the hymenium (Fig. 2); and endogenous or internal spores, which are developed in the mycelium (Fig. 4). These spores not only differ in the site of their origin, but also in their form, size, structure, and in the e

RMPG4B5N–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PUCCINIA. 343 hyphae forming the bottom of the aecidium-cup. These hyphae give rise to numerous short sporophores, from each of which a single long chain of spores is abjointed in basipetal succession, the spores being at first separated by temporary intermediate cells. The sporophores round the margin of each aecidium do not, however, give off spores; they also produce chains of cells basipetally, but these grow la

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 138 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. intervals; accidental and unimportant deviations from this plan are sometimes but rarely observed. The gonidia are usually abjointed as spores, and in germination) which takes place under water, become swarming sporangia. The swarm-cells are not formed in the same way as in Pythium but inside the original membrane of the sporangium, from which they issue through an aperture at the apex. As a frequent exception the germi Stock Photo

RMRDBTP5–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 138 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. intervals; accidental and unimportant deviations from this plan are sometimes but rarely observed. The gonidia are usually abjointed as spores, and in germination) which takes place under water, become swarming sporangia. The swarm-cells are not formed in the same way as in Pythium but inside the original membrane of the sporangium, from which they issue through an aperture at the apex. As a frequent exception the germi

. Bacteria in relation to soil fertility. Soil microbiology; Bacteriology, Agricultural. Fig. 18.—Yeast cells (after Van Hest). may give rise to a number of spores; hence, this becomes a process of multiplication. The yeasts ferment sugars with the forma- tion of alcohol and carbon dioxid and are often classified accord- ing to the specific sugar which they ferment. Few of the yeasts produce disease in man or the lower animals. However, they. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of Stock Photo

RMPFTPPX–. Bacteria in relation to soil fertility. Soil microbiology; Bacteriology, Agricultural. Fig. 18.—Yeast cells (after Van Hest). may give rise to a number of spores; hence, this becomes a process of multiplication. The yeasts ferment sugars with the forma- tion of alcohol and carbon dioxid and are often classified accord- ing to the specific sugar which they ferment. Few of the yeasts produce disease in man or the lower animals. However, they. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 404 Chancroid no relation between the cells and the bacilli. As a rule, they are free, sometimes they are inclosed in leukocytes. The baciUi are not motile, have no flagella and do not form spores. Staining.—The organisms are somewhat difficult to stain, as they do not retain the color well, giving it up quickly when washed. They do not stain by Gram's method. Cultivation.—The first successful isolation and cultivation of the organism seems to have been Stock Photo

RMRE4H1W–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 404 Chancroid no relation between the cells and the bacilli. As a rule, they are free, sometimes they are inclosed in leukocytes. The baciUi are not motile, have no flagella and do not form spores. Staining.—The organisms are somewhat difficult to stain, as they do not retain the color well, giving it up quickly when washed. They do not stain by Gram's method. Cultivation.—The first successful isolation and cultivation of the organism seems to have been

RMPG0R7H–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. OLPIDIUM. 107 Olpidium brassicae, (Wor.)^ ( = Chytridium brassicae, Wor.) Cabbage-seedlings die if this fungus finds its way into the tissue at the neck of the root. The spherical sporangia are formed at this place, and their long necks project out of the cells enabling the uniciliate swarm-spores to escape. Eesting-spores with a warty thickened membrane occur in the cells of the epidermis.. Fig. 24.—Chi/ti'idium br

$. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. SPOROZOA 4SI spores are again produced. P6brine is a disease of the greatest importance to the silkworm industry. It is effectively restricted. S^Wi^ Fig. 215.—-Nosetna bombycis. Section of intestinal epithelium of silkworfn showing spores of Nosema and also the peculiar multiplication resembling the growth of a mold. {From Doflein after Stempell.) (See also Fig. 83, p. 165.) by a careful microscopic examination of all the si Stock Photo$

RMRE3XRJ–. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. SPOROZOA 4SI spores are again produced. P6brine is a disease of the greatest importance to the silkworm industry. It is effectively restricted. S^Wi^ Fig. 215.—-Nosetna bombycis. Section of intestinal epithelium of silkworfn showing spores of Nosema and also the peculiar multiplication resembling the growth of a mold. {From Doflein after Stempell.) (See also Fig. 83, p. 165.) by a careful microscopic examination of all the si

RMPG4B8Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 296 USTILAGINEAE.. celia, may develop to mycelia; coalescence of conidia is unknown. In nutritive solutions conidia are formed in large numbers, and multiply yeast-like till nutriment fails. Ust. succisae Magn.^ frequents the anthers of Scdbiosa Succisa, and forms pure white spores, easily distinguished from those of the two preceding species. The anthers appear to be thickly covered with glassy granules. The spores

RMRDC0TW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLVPORUS. 445 surface, and a smooth yellowish hymenial surface. They are large and flat, the thickest part being at their insertion (Fig. 277). Several frequently occur on the same stem, especially if wounds or frost injuries are present. The spores are brown and roundish. Conidia are said, by Schroeter, to be formed on the upper surface of the sporophores. This species is a deadly enemy of fruit-trees, especially

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 30. Corticium amorphum, Fr. Development of the spores, the successive stages being in the order of the letters. a a nearly mature basidium with cell-nucleus. /" basidium with two ripe spores, two others having already dropped off. Magn. 390 times. and at length, when the spores are nearly matured, the delimitation of them by cross septa takes place; the basidium has by this time given up the largest part of its protoplasm, but retains a thin parietal layer a Stock Photo

RMPG44DD–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 30. Corticium amorphum, Fr. Development of the spores, the successive stages being in the order of the letters. a a nearly mature basidium with cell-nucleus. /" basidium with two ripe spores, two others having already dropped off. Magn. 390 times. and at length, when the spores are nearly matured, the delimitation of them by cross septa takes place; the basidium has by this time given up the largest part of its protoplasm, but retains a thin parietal layer a

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 750 Glanders conjoined individuals may occasionally be found. Long threads are never formed. When stained with ordinary aqueous solutions of the aniline dyes, or with Loffler's alkaline methylene-blue, the bacillary sub- stance does not usually appear homogeneous, but, like that of the diphtheria bacillus, shows marked inequalities, some areas being deeply, some faintly, stained. The bacillus is non-motile, has no flagella, and does not form spores. Stai Stock Photo

RMRE1BNK–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 750 Glanders conjoined individuals may occasionally be found. Long threads are never formed. When stained with ordinary aqueous solutions of the aniline dyes, or with Loffler's alkaline methylene-blue, the bacillary sub- stance does not usually appear homogeneous, but, like that of the diphtheria bacillus, shows marked inequalities, some areas being deeply, some faintly, stained. The bacillus is non-motile, has no flagella, and does not form spores. Stai

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 130. chrysomyxa Rhododendri in a leaf of Rh. hirsutttm. Vertical section through a teleutospore-layer. e—€ epidermis of the under surface of the leaf. Adjoining the spores is the tissue of the leaf traversed and distorted by mycelial filaments m of Chrysomyxa; a a row of teleutospores which have not yet germinated; / a similar row in which the uppermost teleutospore has formed a promycelium, and on this sterigmata and sporidia are beginning to be formed in basipe Stock Photo

RMPG1WTX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 130. chrysomyxa Rhododendri in a leaf of Rh. hirsutttm. Vertical section through a teleutospore-layer. e—€ epidermis of the under surface of the leaf. Adjoining the spores is the tissue of the leaf traversed and distorted by mycelial filaments m of Chrysomyxa; a a row of teleutospores which have not yet germinated; / a similar row in which the uppermost teleutospore has formed a promycelium, and on this sterigmata and sporidia are beginning to be formed in basipe

RMRD8WKH–. Agricultural bacteriology; a study of the relation of germ life to the farm, with laboratory experiments for students, microorganisms of soil, fertilizers, sewage, water, dairy products, miscellaneous farm products and of diseases of animals and plants. Bacteriology, Agricultural. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 19 accomplish the purpose. Even boiling is not sufficient to destroy spores, so, to be sure of complete sterilization, a temperature above boiling is necessary. If the object is a solid that can bear heat it is simply heated at about soo^F. for an hour or so. If it is a liquid it is p

RMPG4BBW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. USTILAGO. 277 which at first swell up in a gelatinous manner. Spores are formed inside the ultimate ramifications of the mycelium, and as they reach maturity, the membrane loses its gelatinous character, the cells break up, and the spores are set free; they are dispersed as a dry dusty powder after rupture of the tissues. Fig. 14S.—UstUago maydis. The head has been exposed to view by dissecting away the enclosing le

RMRDC1HE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea

. Bacteria in relation to soil fertility. Soil microbiology; Bacteriology, Agricultural. i86 BACTERIA AND SOIL FERTILITY cently when Kellerman and McBeth isolated thirty-six species from different sources. These were much more active than those studied by earlier workers. They were all rod-shaped organisms varying in length from .8 to- 3.5 [^. Involution forms have been observed for only three species. Five species have been found to produce spores. Twenty-seven species are motile; of these, seven are pseudomonas and twenty are bacilli. A few are faculative. Please note that these images are e Stock Photo

RMPFTPMM–. Bacteria in relation to soil fertility. Soil microbiology; Bacteriology, Agricultural. i86 BACTERIA AND SOIL FERTILITY cently when Kellerman and McBeth isolated thirty-six species from different sources. These were much more active than those studied by earlier workers. They were all rod-shaped organisms varying in length from .8 to- 3.5 [^. Involution forms have been observed for only three species. Five species have been found to produce spores. Twenty-seven species are motile; of these, seven are pseudomonas and twenty are bacilli. A few are faculative. Please note that these images are e

. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. 92 PHARMACEUTICAL BACTERIOLOGY mould spores, mould hyphae, and bacteria, indicating the use of fruit, fruit pulp, fruit juices, fruit refuse, etc., which was decomposed or undergoing fermentation or decomposition prior to or at the time of manufacture. The organisms named prevail in varying amounts in different products. Veast organisms are apt to predominate in jellies, fruit juices and fruit .'/ ', .ROCHESTtR.N.Y. Fig. 39.—Thoma-Zeiss hemacytometer. Complete equipment for blood counting. This is very convenient for Stock Photo

RMRE4M66–. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. 92 PHARMACEUTICAL BACTERIOLOGY mould spores, mould hyphae, and bacteria, indicating the use of fruit, fruit pulp, fruit juices, fruit refuse, etc., which was decomposed or undergoing fermentation or decomposition prior to or at the time of manufacture. The organisms named prevail in varying amounts in different products. Veast organisms are apt to predominate in jellies, fruit juices and fruit .'/ ', .ROCHESTtR.N.Y. Fig. 39.—Thoma-Zeiss hemacytometer. Complete equipment for blood counting. This is very convenient for

RMPG42KH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PODOSPHAERA. 175 This mildew has inflicted great Dusting the threatened P. myrtillina Schub. on leaves of Vaccinium MyrtUlus (bil- berry), V. uliginosum, and JSmpetntm nigmm (crowberry), (U.S. America). Erysiphe. The perithecia contain several asci, each with two to eight oval hyaline spores. The appendages are like these of Sphae- rotheca, simple and thread-like. Erysiphe graminis D. C. Mould or mildew of grass and

RMRDC127–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 257.—Bxobasidium vaccinii. The basidial layer is shown developing from the intercelUilar myceliiim of the shoots. (After Woronin.). Fig. 258.—Exobasidium vaccinii, Germinating basidiospores. The septate spores have given off germ-tubes which penetrate into the cowberry leaves, either by stomata or through the epidermis. The lowest spore is forming conidia. (After Woronin.) This Eosobasidium is very common on th

RMPG4D5R–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 8i structure of that in Peziza confluens ; I could not see it in the ascus when fully formed, but the young spore-primordia on the other hand have a distinct nucleus. The spores lie close together and form a small group of usually six small round delicate cells, which occupy the apex or a part of one side of the ascus ; they are all alike when quite young and were probably therefore formed simultaneously, but they develope very unequally;

. A text-book of animal physiology, with introductory chapters on general biology and a full treatment of reproduction ... Physiology, Comparative. 18 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. The Bactekia. The bacteria include numberless varieties of organisms of extreme minuteness, many of them visible only by the help of the most powerful lenses. Their size has been estimated at from sa^oo to nrW of an inch in diameter. They grow mostly in the longitudinal direction, and repro- duce by transverse division, forming spores from which new generations arise. Some of them have vibratile cilia, while the cause of the m Stock Photo

RMRE3X3J–. A text-book of animal physiology, with introductory chapters on general biology and a full treatment of reproduction ... Physiology, Comparative. 18 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. The Bactekia. The bacteria include numberless varieties of organisms of extreme minuteness, many of them visible only by the help of the most powerful lenses. Their size has been estimated at from sa^oo to nrW of an inch in diameter. They grow mostly in the longitudinal direction, and repro- duce by transverse division, forming spores from which new generations arise. Some of them have vibratile cilia, while the cause of the m

RMPG0R5G–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 126 PHYCOMYCETES. swarm-spores which escape from the enclosing coats and germinate on seedling plants. De Bary * found germ-tubes of Cystopus entering all the stomata of Zepidium sativum and of Capsella, but they only developed further if the part attacked were the cotyledons. Magnus^ observed an infection of Raphanus Baphanistriim in which the unopened buds were infected by swarm- spores. Oogonia may be found in th

RMRDCXRB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 527 mentary condition and twisted course of the vessels, and an accumulation of transitory starch in the tissues. [The methods at our disposal for combating this parasite all work indirectly. Its spores seem to retain their vitality for two, three, or more years, hence one very evident measure is not to plant the same crop in succession on land which has been attacked. As, however, all Cruciferae are

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 8o DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGr. of spores in these instances differs from that in the 8-spored asci in no other respect than in the number of nuclear divisions and spore-primordia. Whether regular abortion of a certain number of original spore-primordia occurs in individual cases, where the number of perfect spores is small, is still uncertain. The formation of the spores too in Tuber and doubtless also in the rest of the Tuberaceae and in Elaphomyces differs much Stock Photo

RMPG4D9F–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 8o DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGr. of spores in these instances differs from that in the 8-spored asci in no other respect than in the number of nuclear divisions and spore-primordia. Whether regular abortion of a certain number of original spore-primordia occurs in individual cases, where the number of perfect spores is small, is still uncertain. The formation of the spores too in Tuber and doubtless also in the rest of the Tuberaceae and in Elaphomyces differs much

RMRDC1WJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHAERELLA. 213 spring in the fallen needles, which lie on the ground over winter. The ascospores are mature and capable of infection at, the beginning of June. In forests of pure larch, or in mixture with spruce, the ascospores are easily distributed by wind. In larch, underplanted with beech, the spores are kept down towards the ground by the canopy of beech foliage, so that, during the summer, they cannot be carr

RMPG4B36–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 197.—Caeonia pinitwquum. Portion of Ctteoma-patch (enlarged). /, Cortical cells partially absorbed or muck compressed ; 6, baaidia from which spores (c) are abjointed in succession: the younger with delicate walls and separated by membranous lamellae, which disappear on formation of the spore-coats (d). (After R. Hartig.) The pycnidia are produced at end of May or beginning of June, between the epidermal cell-w

. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 452 PROTOPHYTA within the wall of the mother-cell. The mature spore is usually a highly refringent body with definite outline, and of globular or ellipsoidal form. The formation of spores commonly takes place when the substratum yields no more nourishment, or vegetation is otherwise interrupted, and it usually occurs in most of the cells, others remaining sterile. Arthro- sporous reproduction is effected by the simple separation of members which form the starting point of new growths. The spores of Bacteria are capable of germination from maturit Stock Photo

RMRE2NGD–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 452 PROTOPHYTA within the wall of the mother-cell. The mature spore is usually a highly refringent body with definite outline, and of globular or ellipsoidal form. The formation of spores commonly takes place when the substratum yields no more nourishment, or vegetation is otherwise interrupted, and it usually occurs in most of the cells, others remaining sterile. Arthro- sporous reproduction is effected by the simple separation of members which form the starting point of new growths. The spores of Bacteria are capable of germination from maturit

RMPG4B02–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 384 UREDINEAE. spores grow on needles and twigs of Coniferae, the aecidia on the leaves of various Eosaeeae (Pomaceae). Five species occur in Germany, but there are many in America. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme Jacquin. (Britain and U.S. America.) The mycelium of this species perennates in twigs of Juniperus communis. Infection is brought about by aecidiospores. In the following year a swelling of attacked places

RMRDBTK6–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.— COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—VSTILAGINEAE. ^15 abjunction; all the sporogenous hyphae divide, according to Winter, by transverse walls arising from the extremities of their curved terminal branches in basipetal succession into short members, which develope into spores united together in pairs. The development of the spores of TTstilago may be briefly desciibed in about the same words, only in this case the ripe spore-cells are. not united in couples, but are isolat

. Bacteriology and mycology of foods. Food. Fig. 1.—Spores and Fragments of Filaments of Mold from Decaying Sweet Pepper (X150) The same or an allied species is one cause of " dry rot " in tomatoes.. Fig. 2.—Yeasts and Spherical Bacteria from Decaying Tomatoes (X500). The oval bodies are the yeasts, some in budding stage; the bacteria appear as small spheres, or pairs of spheres.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the o Stock Photo

RMPFXATC–. Bacteriology and mycology of foods. Food. Fig. 1.—Spores and Fragments of Filaments of Mold from Decaying Sweet Pepper (X150) The same or an allied species is one cause of " dry rot " in tomatoes.. Fig. 2.—Yeasts and Spherical Bacteria from Decaying Tomatoes (X500). The oval bodies are the yeasts, some in budding stage; the bacteria appear as small spheres, or pairs of spheres.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the o

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. iia DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOOr. A more noteworthy special case which recalls the formation of swarm-spores is that of the germination of the acrogenously formed spores (gonidia) of the plasmato- parous Peronosporeae (Peronospora densa, Rab. and P. pygmaea, Unger); here when a spore is placed in water the whole of the protoplasm suddenly swells and issues from the papilla-like tip of the spore which opens to admit its passage, and assumes the form of a spherical bo Stock Photo

RMRDD1MG–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. iia DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOOr. A more noteworthy special case which recalls the formation of swarm-spores is that of the germination of the acrogenously formed spores (gonidia) of the plasmato- parous Peronosporeae (Peronospora densa, Rab. and P. pygmaea, Unger); here when a spore is placed in water the whole of the protoplasm suddenly swells and issues from the papilla-like tip of the spore which opens to admit its passage, and assumes the form of a spherical bo

. The elements of botany embracing organography, histology, vegetable physiology, systematic botany and economic botany ... together with a complete glossary of botanical terms. Botany. 124 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. spores burst open, the protoplasm of each escapes as a swarm-spore with one cilium, and undergoes fission. Coa- lescence of a number of these takes place in a few days to form the plasmodium. 157, The Bacteria (Schieomycetes) are Protophyta, des- titute of chlorophyll. They are exceedingly small and simple organisms (Fig. 234), present in fermenting and putrefying matter, and sometimes in Stock Photo

RMPG40MB–. The elements of botany embracing organography, histology, vegetable physiology, systematic botany and economic botany ... together with a complete glossary of botanical terms. Botany. 124 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. spores burst open, the protoplasm of each escapes as a swarm-spore with one cilium, and undergoes fission. Coa- lescence of a number of these takes place in a few days to form the plasmodium. 157, The Bacteria (Schieomycetes) are Protophyta, des- titute of chlorophyll. They are exceedingly small and simple organisms (Fig. 234), present in fermenting and putrefying matter, and sometimes in

. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. CHAPTER XXIX SPOROZOA Cyclospora Caryolytica.—Schaudinn in 1902 discovered this organism, which lives as a parasite in the nuclei of epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa in the common mole. It is ingested in the form of spores, from which the slender young sporozoites escape in the intestine and penetrate the nuclei of epithelial cells. Here the parasite becomes rounded and enlarges; becoming quickly differentiated into Stock Photo

RMRE3Y5J–. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. CHAPTER XXIX SPOROZOA Cyclospora Caryolytica.—Schaudinn in 1902 discovered this organism, which lives as a parasite in the nuclei of epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa in the common mole. It is ingested in the form of spores, from which the slender young sporozoites escape in the intestine and penetrate the nuclei of epithelial cells. Here the parasite becomes rounded and enlarges; becoming quickly differentiated into

RMPG4HE9–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—BASIDIOMYCETES. 335 on all specimens. We can arrive at no certainty in the matter without a complete account of their development and especially of their germination. Corda' has described a Fungus growing on old pine-wood under the name of Ptychogaster albus, a round body of the size of a hazel-nut or even much larger, which has the appearance of a Lycoperdon and is white when young, but when the spores are ripe is of the colour of a bro

RMRDD1RG–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 87 it is the apical and most extensible portion of the wall and chiefly the area forming the lid in that portion which is most distinctly coloured blue with iodine. In the Sordarieae also I frequently saw the ascus open by a comparatively tall lid. There is a third series of cases in which the spores are ejected through an apical perfectly circular hole which before ejection of the spores is a circumscribed thinner or less compact portion

RMPG4BHY–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Bacilli Resembling the Typhoid Bacillus 629 Morphology.âThe organism bears a close resemblance to that of typhoid fever, sometimes appearing short, sometimes long and flexible. There are many long and curly flagella with peritrichial arrangement, and the organism is actively motile. It does not produce spores. Staining.âIt stains with the ordinary dyes, but rather better with Loffler's alkaline methylene blue, not by Gram's method. Isolation.âThe bacilli Stock Photo

RMRE1YX7–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Bacilli Resembling the Typhoid Bacillus 629 Morphology.âThe organism bears a close resemblance to that of typhoid fever, sometimes appearing short, sometimes long and flexible. There are many long and curly flagella with peritrichial arrangement, and the organism is actively motile. It does not produce spores. Staining.âIt stains with the ordinary dyes, but rather better with Loffler's alkaline methylene blue, not by Gram's method. Isolation.âThe bacilli

RMPG4BMR–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—MVCORINI. ^52, turn in a hair-point; the lateral branches of the last order swell into irregularly capitate basidia, from the short slender sterigmata of which 8-20 spherical spores are simultaneously abjointed. Similar sporiferous structures with hair-points are formed on the terminal ramifications of copiously branched gonidiophores, which rise in a curve into the air from well-fed mycelia in a similar manner to the stolons of Rhizopus

. A manual of bacteriology. Bacteriology. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 33I to increase thread formation. The toxin-producing power and virulence of the tetanus bacillus is not permanently effected by contact for a long period with eosin, and cultivation in media containing eosin does not effect these properties permanently. Eosin prevents the germination of spores in the animal body, and it causes the bacilli to degenerate and disappear when in- jected repeatedly at the seat of the tetanus inoculation. Un- germinated tetanus spores remain alive at the point of in- jection in eosin-treated animals, and Stock Photo

RMRE1D66–. A manual of bacteriology. Bacteriology. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 33I to increase thread formation. The toxin-producing power and virulence of the tetanus bacillus is not permanently effected by contact for a long period with eosin, and cultivation in media containing eosin does not effect these properties permanently. Eosin prevents the germination of spores in the animal body, and it causes the bacilli to degenerate and disappear when in- jected repeatedly at the seat of the tetanus inoculation. Un- germinated tetanus spores remain alive at the point of in- jection in eosin-treated animals, and

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 344 THALLOPHYTES But a Bacterium commonly forms only one spore, and the formation of spores, therefore, does not generally result in the multiplication of individuals. The spore stage is apparently for protection rather than for multiplication. In the spore stage Bacteria can live where there is no food and when heat and. Fig. 297. — A petri dish containing agar upon which are colonies of the Bacterium {Actinomyces chromogenus) which attacks Irish Potatoes, causing scabby areas. The white spots are the colonies. From Bulletin 184, Ver- mont Agr. Exp Stock Photo

RMPG4B5M–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 344 THALLOPHYTES But a Bacterium commonly forms only one spore, and the formation of spores, therefore, does not generally result in the multiplication of individuals. The spore stage is apparently for protection rather than for multiplication. In the spore stage Bacteria can live where there is no food and when heat and. Fig. 297. — A petri dish containing agar upon which are colonies of the Bacterium {Actinomyces chromogenus) which attacks Irish Potatoes, causing scabby areas. The white spots are the colonies. From Bulletin 184, Ver- mont Agr. Exp

RMRDD1PJ–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FVNGI. 95 common in the Pyrenomycetes, but further investigation of individual cases is desirable. The last remark specially applies to a considerable number of Pyrenomycetes, in which the asci have the same structure as in Sphaeria Scirpi and S. Lemaneae and elongate in the same way if they are placed singly in water when they are mature ; among these are Sphaeria inquinans and S. obducens, Schm., Cucurbitaria Labumi, and some species of Pleosp

. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 6o BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS to find their way to the skin of any piece of fruit. But after they fall upon the fruit they will not grow unless the conditions are right. If the skin is whole and smooth and dry, they do not readily germinate. Commonly they start at some small crack in the skin through which the thread sprouting from the spore can thrust itself into the softer parts within. Hence whole-skinned fruits are easier to keep than those with bruises. If the spores find sufficient moisture on the skin, Stock Photo

RMPG2RFK–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 6o BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS to find their way to the skin of any piece of fruit. But after they fall upon the fruit they will not grow unless the conditions are right. If the skin is whole and smooth and dry, they do not readily germinate. Commonly they start at some small crack in the skin through which the thread sprouting from the spore can thrust itself into the softer parts within. Hence whole-skinned fruits are easier to keep than those with bruises. If the spores find sufficient moisture on the skin,

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. BACTERIA 341 of the organism, develop abnormally, producing scabby formations which constitute the scabby areas on the tuber or root. The Plasmodia are finally transformed into spores which are liberated as powdery masses as the infected tissues die and the spore masses break open. It has been found that the spores can live in the ground for a num- ber of years and may also live adhering to the rind of the Potato. Treating seed Potatoes with weak solu- tions of formaldehyde or corrosive subhmate to kill the spores adhering to the tubers, and rotatin Stock Photo

RMRDD7TX–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. BACTERIA 341 of the organism, develop abnormally, producing scabby formations which constitute the scabby areas on the tuber or root. The Plasmodia are finally transformed into spores which are liberated as powdery masses as the infected tissues die and the spore masses break open. It has been found that the spores can live in the ground for a num- ber of years and may also live adhering to the rind of the Potato. Treating seed Potatoes with weak solu- tions of formaldehyde or corrosive subhmate to kill the spores adhering to the tubers, and rotatin

RMPG4BDX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 260 ASCOMYCETES. larger and four smaller spores, the latter appearing to be rudi- mentary and incapable of germination. ScL baccarum Sehroet.^ (Britain).^ The sclerotium disease of the bilberry (Voce. Myrtillus). This varies from the other species in having round conidia incapable of germinating in v?ater, in having more robust apotbecial beakers, and in lacking rhizoids. The spores are similar in number and arrange

RMRDD7YN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. FIG. 35. a Cysteptts Portulacae; nt mycelial branch bearing two basidia which are producing gonidia byabjunction; the figure is explained in the text. * Eurolium Asptrgillus gtaucus; r extremity of a sporopbore covered with radiating sterigmata, on which the formation of spores is just beginning, s and / isolated portions showing smgle sterigmata^ with their spores; « youngest spore of a chaiiL a magn. 390, the rest 300 times.. Please note that these images are extrac Stock Photo

RMPG4DJ2–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. FIG. 35. a Cysteptts Portulacae; nt mycelial branch bearing two basidia which are producing gonidia byabjunction; the figure is explained in the text. * Eurolium Asptrgillus gtaucus; r extremity of a sporopbore covered with radiating sterigmata, on which the formation of spores is just beginning, s and / isolated portions showing smgle sterigmata^ with their spores; « youngest spore of a chaiiL a magn. 390, the rest 300 times.. Please note that these images are extrac

RMRDD1M9–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI.—GERMINATION. "3 becomes invested with a very delicate membrane of its own and appears as a small vesicle which elongates in the outward direction as the germ-tube and grows through the episporium. In the thick-walled spores of Pertusaria the tubes often ramify inside the episporium and the ramifications spread in it parallel with the surface of the spore. The canals in the membrane are, as far as can be ascertained, new formations at

RMPG41MW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 456 BASIDIOMYCETES. numerous branches like the runners of some hanging plant, e.g. Aaron's Beard {Saxifraga sdrmerdosa). The rhizomorphs live as saprophytes and have been long known to emit phosphorescent light. Sporophores are developed directly on them, and if one sows the spores, a delicate hyphal tissue is produced, which, under suitable conditions, passes gradually over into the rhizo- morph-strand. Brefeld suc

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 3IO Suppuration and Streptococcus brevis (chains of from four to ten), have been described by v. Lingelsheim,* but do not hold as separate species. The streptococcus is not motile and does not form spores. Staining.—The organisms stain well with ordinary aqueous solutions of anilin dyes and by Gram's method. Isolation.—The streptococcus can be isolated from pus contain- ing it by plating or by the inoculation of a mouse or rabbit, from whose blood it may Stock Photo

RMRE4H8E–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 3IO Suppuration and Streptococcus brevis (chains of from four to ten), have been described by v. Lingelsheim,* but do not hold as separate species. The streptococcus is not motile and does not form spores. Staining.—The organisms stain well with ordinary aqueous solutions of anilin dyes and by Gram's method. Isolation.—The streptococcus can be isolated from pus contain- ing it by plating or by the inoculation of a mouse or rabbit, from whose blood it may

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 41. Protomyus macrosporus, Unger. a mature resting-spore in the dormant state (see section LIIl) with the remains of the hypha on which it was formed, b further development when cultivated in water; the protoplasm enclosed in an inner layer of the membrane (inner cell) swells up and escapes from the ruptured outer layers of the membrane, c—e development of the spores in the inner cell (sporangium) which has escaped frvm the outer cell. In ^ the protoplasm is pari Stock Photo

RMPG4D31–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 41. Protomyus macrosporus, Unger. a mature resting-spore in the dormant state (see section LIIl) with the remains of the hypha on which it was formed, b further development when cultivated in water; the protoplasm enclosed in an inner layer of the membrane (inner cell) swells up and escapes from the ruptured outer layers of the membrane, c—e development of the spores in the inner cell (sporangium) which has escaped frvm the outer cell. In ^ the protoplasm is pari

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. BACTERIA 341 of the organism, develop abnormally, producing scabby formations which constitute the scabby areas on the tuber or root. The Plasmodia are finally transformed into spores which are liberated as powdery masses as the infected tissues die and the spore masses break open. It has been found that the spores can live in the ground for a num- ber of years and may also live adhering to the rind of the Potato. Treating seed Potatoes with weak solu- tions of formaldehyde or corrosive sublimate to kill the spores adhering to the tubers, and r Stock Photo

RMRDWD8G–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. BACTERIA 341 of the organism, develop abnormally, producing scabby formations which constitute the scabby areas on the tuber or root. The Plasmodia are finally transformed into spores which are liberated as powdery masses as the infected tissues die and the spore masses break open. It has been found that the spores can live in the ground for a num- ber of years and may also live adhering to the rind of the Potato. Treating seed Potatoes with weak solu- tions of formaldehyde or corrosive sublimate to kill the spores adhering to the tubers, and r

RMPG4B9F–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. -290 USTILAGINEAE. shoot. Spores are developed only in the inflorescence, which in consequence fails to reach its full development as a panicle, and remains more or less spike-like and enclosed in a leaf- sheath. The parts of the inflorescence become completely filled. Fig. 160.— l/stilago tritici. Wheat-smut. The central ear is noitual and healthy, the others are smutted and most of the spores are already shed, (v.

. Swine practice . Swine. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 331 long and .3 to .5 micron in width, and is usually curved or slightly bent. It may contain granules or the body may be uniform. It is nonmotile and does not form spores. This organism is covered with a waxlike substance which renders it more difficult to stain than ordi- nary bacteria, but after the organism has been stained, which can be accomplished by applying' steaming carbolfuchsin for five minutes, it retains the stain even when subjected to the action of acids; for this reason it has been called an acid-fast bacterium. It is an aerobe, an Stock Photo

RMRE3F14–. Swine practice . Swine. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 331 long and .3 to .5 micron in width, and is usually curved or slightly bent. It may contain granules or the body may be uniform. It is nonmotile and does not form spores. This organism is covered with a waxlike substance which renders it more difficult to stain than ordi- nary bacteria, but after the organism has been stained, which can be accomplished by applying' steaming carbolfuchsin for five minutes, it retains the stain even when subjected to the action of acids; for this reason it has been called an acid-fast bacterium. It is an aerobe, an

RMPG42KC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. UNCINULA. 177 appendages having hooked tips. Within the peritheeia are found the ovoid asci containing the spores; there are from four to ten asci in each perithecium, and four to eight spores in each ascus. The conidial stage was formerly known as Oidium Tiickeri. The conidia are abjointed as oval colourless bodies from simple septate conidiophores, to the number of two or three in each chain. They germinate at onc

. Special pathology and therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals. Veterinary medicine. Etiology. 505. Fig. 77. Bac. Tuberculosis, acid- fast form. Bronchial secretion from cattle. Stained by Ziehl- Nelssen's method. which. Spengler refers to as "splinters" and regards as true spores,. 'Most investigators, however, look upon these bodies as chromatin granules such as are found also in other bacteria whether they are sporulating or non-sporulating species. Staining. The typical tubercle ba- cillus is stained most readily and charac- teristically with a warm carbol-fuchsin solut Stock Photo

RMRE53XY–. Special pathology and therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals. Veterinary medicine. Etiology. 505. Fig. 77. Bac. Tuberculosis, acid- fast form. Bronchial secretion from cattle. Stained by Ziehl- Nelssen's method. which. Spengler refers to as "splinters" and regards as true spores,. 'Most investigators, however, look upon these bodies as chromatin granules such as are found also in other bacteria whether they are sporulating or non-sporulating species. Staining. The typical tubercle ba- cillus is stained most readily and charac- teristically with a warm carbol-fuchsin solut

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 81. a and b Entyloma Caleiidtilae. a mycelial fUament with two young resting-spores, b resting-spore genninating; the front pair of primary sporidia in the whorl shows conjugation at the base, c and d Entyioma Ungeriaftunt, De Bary. ragenninatingresting-spore; four primary sporidia conjugating by paiis at their apices, cf the same specimen seven houis later; commencement of the abjointiag of a secondary sporidium (gonidium) on each pair, Magn. 600 times. Fig. 82. Stock Photo

RMPG4B59–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 81. a and b Entyloma Caleiidtilae. a mycelial fUament with two young resting-spores, b resting-spore genninating; the front pair of primary sporidia in the whorl shows conjugation at the base, c and d Entyioma Ungeriaftunt, De Bary. ragenninatingresting-spore; four primary sporidia conjugating by paiis at their apices, cf the same specimen seven houis later; commencement of the abjointiag of a secondary sporidium (gonidium) on each pair, Magn. 600 times. Fig. 82.

. Atlas and principles of bacteriology and text-book of special bacteriologic diagnosis. Bacteriology. 18 MOSPMOLOGY. ical, rod, thread, or spiral in form, with no organs except flagella which are used for locomotion. Vegetative increase is by transverse, very rarely by longitudinal division. A series of varieties form roundish, endogenous resting spores ; in others there have been, or asserted to have been, observed conidia-like formations (arthrospores). Other means of propagation have not been observed. Bacteria occur, so far as we know, only in the following forms, which were first perfect Stock Photo

RMRE20B4–. Atlas and principles of bacteriology and text-book of special bacteriologic diagnosis. Bacteriology. 18 MOSPMOLOGY. ical, rod, thread, or spiral in form, with no organs except flagella which are used for locomotion. Vegetative increase is by transverse, very rarely by longitudinal division. A series of varieties form roundish, endogenous resting spores ; in others there have been, or asserted to have been, observed conidia-like formations (arthrospores). Other means of propagation have not been observed. Bacteria occur, so far as we know, only in the following forms, which were first perfect

. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 72 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS. and others upon the smooth skin, the latter proving less troublesome to heal. A second skin disease is favus, some- times difficult to distinguish from ringworm, although it is produced by a different species of mold, shown in Fig. 30. In the case of both of these diseases the affection is spread by means of mold spores discharged through the skin. They are liable to be carried from person to person by the use of combs or towels, or even cloths and sponges used in washing or bath Stock Photo

RMPG2REC–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 72 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS. and others upon the smooth skin, the latter proving less troublesome to heal. A second skin disease is favus, some- times difficult to distinguish from ringworm, although it is produced by a different species of mold, shown in Fig. 30. In the case of both of these diseases the affection is spread by means of mold spores discharged through the skin. They are liable to be carried from person to person by the use of combs or towels, or even cloths and sponges used in washing or bath

RMRE3GWX–. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. BACILLACE^: THE SPOROGENIC AEROBES 283 Gelatin is slowly liquefied. The colony presents a very char- acteristic appearance, especially as it grows on gelatin, which is due to the large coils of long parallel threads, of which the colony is composed. The vegetative bacillus is rather easily killed but the spores may survive boiling in water for 5 minutes and in some instances as long as half an hour when afforded some mechanic

RMPG42GH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. TRICHOSPHAERIA. 197 asci, the latter with eight four-celled light-grey spores, which germinate directly and distribute the fungus over new host- plants. I found this same fungus on Tsuga ca'oadensis^ at Baden- Baden, and on spruces in several parts of the Bavarian forests.^ It, however, rarely attacks spruces, although they often occur in the same forest with iirs. One of the cases of infection referred to above was

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Pathogenesis 421 no relation between the cells and the bacilli. As a rule, they are free, sometimes they are inclosed in leukocytes. The bacilli are not motile, have no flagella and do not form spores. Staining.—^The organisms are somewhat difficult to stain, as they do not retain the color well, giving it up quickly when washe^. They do not stain by Gram's method. Cultivation.—The first successful isolation and cultivation of the organism seems to have Stock Photo

RMRE1CDG–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Pathogenesis 421 no relation between the cells and the bacilli. As a rule, they are free, sometimes they are inclosed in leukocytes. The bacilli are not motile, have no flagella and do not form spores. Staining.—^The organisms are somewhat difficult to stain, as they do not retain the color well, giving it up quickly when washe^. They do not stain by Gram's method. Cultivation.—The first successful isolation and cultivation of the organism seems to have

RMPG4B6E–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 177.—Theca;phora hyalina. Pluricellu- lar spore, with two cells (spores) germinating. (After Worontn.). Fig. 17S.—Sorosporium sajfiynariae (var. Lycknidi£ dioicae.) Matui'e spore-mass, and spores germinating. (After Woronin.) promycelium from the apex of which a single conidium is produced. Thecaphora lathyri Kiihn. Spore-balls formed in the seeds of Lathyrus pratensis, and escaping as a brown powder on dehisce

. Bacteria in relation to country life. Bacteria. 24 Bacteria in Relation to Country Life non-formation of spores is utilized in our methods of sterilization in the laboratory, the dairy, and the can- ning industries. A distinction is drawn between pasteuriza- tion, in which the tempera^ ture is raised sufficiently high to kill all of the bacterial cells except the spores, and steriliza- tion, in which the temperature is considerably higher,—enough to insure the destruction of all the bacterial cells. In the case of milk, pasteurization is ad- equate for the complete elimi- nation of the disea Stock Photo

RMRDGHG4–. Bacteria in relation to country life. Bacteria. 24 Bacteria in Relation to Country Life non-formation of spores is utilized in our methods of sterilization in the laboratory, the dairy, and the can- ning industries. A distinction is drawn between pasteuriza- tion, in which the tempera^ ture is raised sufficiently high to kill all of the bacterial cells except the spores, and steriliza- tion, in which the temperature is considerably higher,—enough to insure the destruction of all the bacterial cells. In the case of milk, pasteurization is ad- equate for the complete elimi- nation of the disea

RMPG4AWM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 396 UREDINEAK Jun. virginiana, and Jun. phoenicea. (A reported occurrence on Pinus lialepensis is probably an error.) The sporogenous cushions are little dark-brown protuberance-s which break forth in spring from swellings, or on green. Fig. 230.—Gymnospvratmium sabinae on twigs of Junipa"UR Sahtna, at the time of liberation of spores, (v. Tubeuf phot.) twigs and scale-leaves. These bodies absorb water, swell,

RMRDD1RR–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 8a DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGV. and exceptional cases the release of the ripe spores is left to chance, there being no special arrangement made for it, and the spores may even germinate inside the mother- cell, the germ-tubes piercing or bursting through its wall, as may be seen in the sporangioles of Thamnidium and its allies. The arrangements for the escape of the spores vary in different species. a. The aquatic swarm-spores of the Saprolegnieae (with one partial

RMPG4B5H–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 344 UREDINEAE. through the epidermis. The yellow uredospores are abjointed singly from long sporophores; they are unicellular and ovoid, with a thin granular coat beset with germ-pores (Fig. 184). The uredo- spores are easily conveyed to other grass-plants and germinate at once, their germ-tubes entering by a stoma and developing into a mycelium, which can produce a new crop of uredospores in a. Fig. 184.—Puccinia p

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 370 Anthrax and the resistance or susceptibihty of the animal. In man, a resisting animal, anthrax is rarely so caused except the number of spores be great, when it results in a disturbance at first localized in the lungs, and much resembhng pneumonia. From the lungs generahzed infection may later occur and destroy life. This form of infection is of occasional occurrence among men whose occupation occasionally brings them into contact with the hair or hi Stock Photo

RMRE1CGG–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 370 Anthrax and the resistance or susceptibihty of the animal. In man, a resisting animal, anthrax is rarely so caused except the number of spores be great, when it results in a disturbance at first localized in the lungs, and much resembhng pneumonia. From the lungs generahzed infection may later occur and destroy life. This form of infection is of occasional occurrence among men whose occupation occasionally brings them into contact with the hair or hi

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 114 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. In compound spores each merispore germinates in the same way as a simple spore or has the power of doing so (see Fig. 59 C). It is not uncommon to see a germ-tube proceeding from almost every merispore, even where they are many in number, as in Pleospora herbarum and Cucurbitaria Labumi. Sometimes certain merispores only germinate as a rule, and if the cells are arranged in a simple row his is usually the case with one or both the t Stock Photo

RMPG439C–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 114 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. In compound spores each merispore germinates in the same way as a simple spore or has the power of doing so (see Fig. 59 C). It is not uncommon to see a germ-tube proceeding from almost every merispore, even where they are many in number, as in Pleospora herbarum and Cucurbitaria Labumi. Sometimes certain merispores only germinate as a rule, and if the cells are arranged in a simple row his is usually the case with one or both the t

$. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. MYCOBACTERIACE^: THE TXJBERCLE BACILLUS 315 forms are often somewhat bent, and they frequently contain refractile granules. When stained these forms have a beaded or banded appearance. Spores have not been observed. Branch- ing forms occur sometimes in cultures, suggesting a close relation to actinomyces and streptothrix. There is a considerable amount of a waxy substance in the body of the bacillus, which makes it difficult Stock Photo$

RMRE3YGB–. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. MYCOBACTERIACE^: THE TXJBERCLE BACILLUS 315 forms are often somewhat bent, and they frequently contain refractile granules. When stained these forms have a beaded or banded appearance. Spores have not been observed. Branch- ing forms occur sometimes in cultures, suggesting a close relation to actinomyces and streptothrix. There is a considerable amount of a waxy substance in the body of the bacillus, which makes it difficult

. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 63 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS that show signs of decay, since decaying fruit will surely be shedding spores which will infect the sound fruit. Such fruit, therefore, should not be allowed to remain in a pantry with other fruit, nor in a cellar. Nor should it be allowed to accumulate in heaps near the home, for insects and air currents are sure to distribute the spores. The removal of all decaying fruit, or its total destruction, therefore, is a necessary safeguard to protect the sound fruit that remains. Prote Stock Photo

RMPG2RF6–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 63 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS that show signs of decay, since decaying fruit will surely be shedding spores which will infect the sound fruit. Such fruit, therefore, should not be allowed to remain in a pantry with other fruit, nor in a cellar. Nor should it be allowed to accumulate in heaps near the home, for insects and air currents are sure to distribute the spores. The removal of all decaying fruit, or its total destruction, therefore, is a necessary safeguard to protect the sound fruit that remains. Prote

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 72 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. one belonging to the sixth youngest spore in the chain. Phenomena essentially the same occur in other species of the Uredineae, but with considerable variations in form in the different species'. Where filiform sporophores rise free into the air, a further mechanical arrange- ment is found which greatly assists the shedding and scattering of the abscised spores. It may be readily observed in the Hyphomycetes, in Peronospora, for exam Stock Photo

RMRDD1TY–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 72 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. one belonging to the sixth youngest spore in the chain. Phenomena essentially the same occur in other species of the Uredineae, but with considerable variations in form in the different species'. Where filiform sporophores rise free into the air, a further mechanical arrange- ment is found which greatly assists the shedding and scattering of the abscised spores. It may be readily observed in the Hyphomycetes, in Peronospora, for exam

RMPG4B87–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 167.âTitletia tHtici. A, Two spores germinated in moist air; a short promycelium is developed, and bears a crown of conidia (sporidia), several of which have fused in pairs. Fushion of conidia, germination, and development of a secondary conldiura, C, are also shown. B, Two spores germinated in water with promycelia which elongate till the water surface is reached, where they form sporidia; the â r, ,,.Â« â¢-,,

RMRDC1MJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat

RMPG42K1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fio. 74.—UncinuUi salicis. Peritheciiim. (After Tulasne.) Phyllactinia. The spherical perithecia are flattened at the poles, and enclose several asci containing two or three oval sulphur-yellow spores. The appendages are sharp-pointed hairs with swoUeu bases. Phyllactinia suffulta liebent. {Fh. guttata- Wallr.) produces white spots or coatings on the leaves of many trees, e.g. beech, hornbeam, ash, birch, hazel, oak

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