Sori spores Black and White Stock Photos & Images

The bright green backlit leaves of a hard fern, Pelleae Calomelanos, on a hill in the ridges of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa Stock Photo

RF2R71XH6–The bright green backlit leaves of a hard fern, Pelleae Calomelanos, on a hill in the ridges of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa

Common Lady Fern (Athyrium Filix-Femina) (monochrome) Stock Photo

RM2GNTGN4–Common Lady Fern (Athyrium Filix-Femina) (monochrome)

Black and White view of the leaf textures of a large Forets Tree frenAlsophila capensis, in the Knysna Forest of South Africa Stock Photo

RF2R71X90–Black and White view of the leaf textures of a large Forets Tree frenAlsophila capensis, in the Knysna Forest of South Africa

Ferns are reproduced from spores that are gathered in clusters called sori, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. Stock Vector

RFT5YNNA–Ferns are reproduced from spores that are gathered in clusters called sori, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.

. The fern lover's companion; a guide for the Northeastern States and Canada. ib both of the pinna? and the lobes, con-fluent when ripe, ^eins forming narrow rows of net-likespaces (areoles) beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to themargin. The spores ripen in July. The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern,but the latter grow in crowns, with a single frond in thecenter, while the fronds of the chain fern rise singly fromthe creeping rootstock, which sends them up at intervalsall summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertilefronds. There are usually more sterile than fertile Stock Photo

RM2CF8YF3–. The fern lover's companion; a guide for the Northeastern States and Canada. ib both of the pinna? and the lobes, con-fluent when ripe, ^eins forming narrow rows of net-likespaces (areoles) beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to themargin. The spores ripen in July. The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern,but the latter grow in crowns, with a single frond in thecenter, while the fronds of the chain fern rise singly fromthe creeping rootstock, which sends them up at intervalsall summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertilefronds. There are usually more sterile than fertile

. Beginners' botany. Botany. 192 BEGINNERS' BOTANY packed in the perithecia. They do not ripen in the autumn, but fall to the ground with the leaf, and there remain securely pro- tected among the dead foliage. The following spring they mature and are liberated by the decay of the perithecia. They are then ready to attack the unfolding leaves of the willow and repeat the work of the summer before.. Fig, 280. —Sori con- taining Teleuto- SPORES OF Wheat Rust. The wheat rust. —The development of some of the rusts, as the common wheat rust {Pucchiia gi-aminis), is eveji more interesting and compHca Stock Photo

RMPG0NH3–. Beginners' botany. Botany. 192 BEGINNERS' BOTANY packed in the perithecia. They do not ripen in the autumn, but fall to the ground with the leaf, and there remain securely pro- tected among the dead foliage. The following spring they mature and are liberated by the decay of the perithecia. They are then ready to attack the unfolding leaves of the willow and repeat the work of the summer before.. Fig, 280. —Sori con- taining Teleuto- SPORES OF Wheat Rust. The wheat rust. —The development of some of the rusts, as the common wheat rust {Pucchiia gi-aminis), is eveji more interesting and compHca

The common polypody fern is also known as the 'rock cap fern. Ferns are reproduced from spores that are gathered in clusters called sori, vintage line Stock Vector

RFT5R9H1–The common polypody fern is also known as the 'rock cap fern. Ferns are reproduced from spores that are gathered in clusters called sori, vintage line

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. TELEUTOSPORES 35 The teleutospores are generally produced in sori like those of the uredospores; they frequently arise on the same mycelium, and very often on the same spore-bed, mingled with the uredo- spores. If both are found in any species, the teleutospores are always formed at least not earlier, and usually later than the uredospores. Their primary function now is to tide over an unfavourable period; for this reason they are sometimes called, in England, tuinter-spores. They may be one-celled as in. I'ig. Stock Photo

RMRE38BP–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. TELEUTOSPORES 35 The teleutospores are generally produced in sori like those of the uredospores; they frequently arise on the same mycelium, and very often on the same spore-bed, mingled with the uredo- spores. If both are found in any species, the teleutospores are always formed at least not earlier, and usually later than the uredospores. Their primary function now is to tide over an unfavourable period; for this reason they are sometimes called, in England, tuinter-spores. They may be one-celled as in. I'ig.

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. GRAMINEOUS CROPS. 129 the early autumn the uredo-mycelium produces blackish spores, and when these spores are massed together they give rise to the well-known sori of the com mildew. The wheat stem and leaves become covered (more or less) with. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Griffiths, A. B. Stock Photo

RMPG43N9–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. GRAMINEOUS CROPS. 129 the early autumn the uredo-mycelium produces blackish spores, and when these spores are massed together they give rise to the well-known sori of the com mildew. The wheat stem and leaves become covered (more or less) with. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Griffiths, A. B.

RMRDA84E–. Beginners' botany. Botany. 192 BEGINNERS' BOTANY packed in the perithecia. They do not ripen in the autumn, but fall to the ground with the leaf, and there remain securely pro- tected among the dead foliage. The following spring they mature and are liberated by the decay of the perithecia. They are then ready to attack the unfolding leaves of the willow and repeat the work of the summer before.. Fig, 280. —Sori con- taining Teleuto- SPORES OF Wheat Rust. The wheat rust. —The development of some of the rusts, as the common wheat rust {Pucchiia gi-aminis), is eveji more interesting and compHca

. Nature study and life. Nature study. 436 NATURE STUDY AND LIFE language lessons, and for study and genuine acquaintance. A small pool in one edge of the bed will add to its beauty and may support a collection of interesting water ferns. Aside from their grace and beauty the interesting fact connected with the study of ferns is their method of repro- duction by spores. Watch the underside of the leaves, and when the fruit dots, or sori, as they are called, turn. Fig. 177. Collection of Ferns George Putnam School, Roxbury, Mass. brown and appear to be ripe, distribute pieces of the leaf to the Stock Photo

RMPG4A2H–. Nature study and life. Nature study. 436 NATURE STUDY AND LIFE language lessons, and for study and genuine acquaintance. A small pool in one edge of the bed will add to its beauty and may support a collection of interesting water ferns. Aside from their grace and beauty the interesting fact connected with the study of ferns is their method of repro- duction by spores. Watch the underside of the leaves, and when the fruit dots, or sori, as they are called, turn. Fig. 177. Collection of Ferns George Putnam School, Roxbury, Mass. brown and appear to be ripe, distribute pieces of the leaf to the

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. UREDINOPSIS 379 UREDINOPSIS Magnus. Teleutospores solitary, extracellular, hyaline, septate. Uredo- sori subepidermal, with a distinct peridium; uredospores hyaline, pedicellate, without germ-pores. On Ferns. This genus is distinguished from all others by the fact that the teleutospores are dispersed without order among the cells of the mesophyll. There are three known forms of spores, which seem to occur simultaneously, and not in a fixed order of succession as in most pleomorphic Uredinales. It is one of the Stock Photo

RMRE2FXP–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. UREDINOPSIS 379 UREDINOPSIS Magnus. Teleutospores solitary, extracellular, hyaline, septate. Uredo- sori subepidermal, with a distinct peridium; uredospores hyaline, pedicellate, without germ-pores. On Ferns. This genus is distinguished from all others by the fact that the teleutospores are dispersed without order among the cells of the mesophyll. There are three known forms of spores, which seem to occur simultaneously, and not in a fixed order of succession as in most pleomorphic Uredinales. It is one of the

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi Stock Photo

RMPG0R79–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. GRAMINEOUS CBOPS. 129 the early autumn the uredo-mycelium produces blackish, spores, and when these spores are massed together they give rise to the well-known sori of the corn mildew. The wheat stem and leaves become covered (more or less) with. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Griffiths, A. Stock Photo

RMRDGX2M–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. GRAMINEOUS CBOPS. 129 the early autumn the uredo-mycelium produces blackish, spores, and when these spores are massed together they give rise to the well-known sori of the corn mildew. The wheat stem and leaves become covered (more or less) with. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Griffiths, A.

. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 462 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS in 1896 in Massachusetts. It was rapidly spread through- out this country by diseased stock, and is now known in nearly all localities where the chrysanthemum is culti- vated. The loss occasioned by the diminution in vigor of the plant and consequent imperfection of blooms is large. The sori, 2-3 mm. in di- ameter, which are diagnostic, first appear as small blisters covered by the epidermis. The rupture of this covering discloses a dark brown mass of spores. The sori are usu- ally very numerous upon the lower leaf Stock Photo

RMPG4E6W–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 462 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS in 1896 in Massachusetts. It was rapidly spread through- out this country by diseased stock, and is now known in nearly all localities where the chrysanthemum is culti- vated. The loss occasioned by the diminution in vigor of the plant and consequent imperfection of blooms is large. The sori, 2-3 mm. in di- ameter, which are diagnostic, first appear as small blisters covered by the epidermis. The rupture of this covering discloses a dark brown mass of spores. The sori are usu- ally very numerous upon the lower leaf

RMRDDYCF–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. GRAMINEOUS CROPS. 129 the early autumn the uredo-mycelium produces blackish spores, and when these spores are massed together they give rise to the well-known sori of the com mildew. The wheat stem and leaves become covered (more or less) with. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Griffiths, A. B.

. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 200 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS Since the spores arc spread only when they are wet, handling or disturbing the vines in any way while the. Fig. 89. — Boan rust upon leaf and pods ; note the numerous sori upon both surfaces. After Heach. dew or rain is still upon them should be avoided. Seeds already bearing the fungus, i.e., spotted seeds, should never be planted, since they not only raise sick plants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea Stock Photo

RMPG4ER4–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 200 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS Since the spores arc spread only when they are wet, handling or disturbing the vines in any way while the. Fig. 89. — Boan rust upon leaf and pods ; note the numerous sori upon both surfaces. After Heach. dew or rain is still upon them should be avoided. Seeds already bearing the fungus, i.e., spotted seeds, should never be planted, since they not only raise sick plants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea

. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODXJCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 511 oblique. The strongest arguments in favour of the notion are derived from the production of bulbs or young plants upon the fronds, especially as sometimes happens in place of sori. It is true that the sporangium at first consists of a single cell, but so does the leaf of a PhsEnogam, and the spores are formed by cell-division, exactly like the pollen in an anther, which is confessedly a metamorphosed leaf I do not, therefore, see the same objection to the appHcation of the doctrine of me- tamorphosis in Stock Photo

RMRE3D9J–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODXJCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 511 oblique. The strongest arguments in favour of the notion are derived from the production of bulbs or young plants upon the fronds, especially as sometimes happens in place of sori. It is true that the sporangium at first consists of a single cell, but so does the leaf of a PhsEnogam, and the spores are formed by cell-division, exactly like the pollen in an anther, which is confessedly a metamorphosed leaf I do not, therefore, see the same objection to the appHcation of the doctrine of me- tamorphosis in

. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 356 FILICALES founded by Presl may [CH. be de- Laccopteris. This genus, scribed as follows:—• Frond pedate, in habit resembling Matonia pectinata, with pinnate or pinnatifid pinnae; ultimate segments linear, provided with a well-marked midrib giving off' numerous dichotomously branched secondary veins which are in places connected by lateral anastomoses. Sori circular, forming a single row on each side of the midrib (fig. 278, B); sporangia 5—15 in each sorus, with an oblique annulus and tetrahedral spores. The presence of an Stock Photo

RMPG15EF–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 356 FILICALES founded by Presl may [CH. be de- Laccopteris. This genus, scribed as follows:—• Frond pedate, in habit resembling Matonia pectinata, with pinnate or pinnatifid pinnae; ultimate segments linear, provided with a well-marked midrib giving off' numerous dichotomously branched secondary veins which are in places connected by lateral anastomoses. Sori circular, forming a single row on each side of the midrib (fig. 278, B); sporangia 5—15 in each sorus, with an oblique annulus and tetrahedral spores. The presence of an

RMRDE3A1–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 200 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS Since the spores arc spread only when they are wet, handling or disturbing the vines in any way while the. Fig. 89. — Boan rust upon leaf and pods ; note the numerous sori upon both surfaces. After Heach. dew or rain is still upon them should be avoided. Seeds already bearing the fungus, i.e., spotted seeds, should never be planted, since they not only raise sick plants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea

. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 388 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS dies, and shrivels. The rust is conveyed from plant to plant throughout the summer by spores of this stage. The teleutospores may appear in the same sori with the uredospores or in separate sori, and in either event come. Fig. 166. — Clover leaf showing sori of mat. Original. later in the season. They are recognized by their darker brown color. The cluster-cup stage, which is less abun- dant and less injurious than the other stages, may often pass unnoticed. It appears first as pale swollen regions upon the leaf or Stock Photo

RMPG4ED7–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 388 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS dies, and shrivels. The rust is conveyed from plant to plant throughout the summer by spores of this stage. The teleutospores may appear in the same sori with the uredospores or in separate sori, and in either event come. Fig. 166. — Clover leaf showing sori of mat. Original. later in the season. They are recognized by their darker brown color. The cluster-cup stage, which is less abun- dant and less injurious than the other stages, may often pass unnoticed. It appears first as pale swollen regions upon the leaf or

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 240 PUCCINIA Spermogones. Epiphyllous, in roundish clusters. JEcidiospores. MQ,da& epiphyllous, on roundish yellow spots, in orbicular clusters as much as 1 cm. diam. surrounding a group of spermogones, scutelliform, yellow, with a slightly and irregularly torn -'narrow margin; spores delicately verruculose, orange, 12—20 ^u,. Uredospores. Sori scattered or in rows, often confluent, oblong, ellijjtical or linear, long covered by the swollen epidermis which is at length longitudinally split, ferruginous; sp Stock Photo

RMRE378E–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 240 PUCCINIA Spermogones. Epiphyllous, in roundish clusters. JEcidiospores. MQ,da& epiphyllous, on roundish yellow spots, in orbicular clusters as much as 1 cm. diam. surrounding a group of spermogones, scutelliform, yellow, with a slightly and irregularly torn -'narrow margin; spores delicately verruculose, orange, 12—20 ^u,. Uredospores. Sori scattered or in rows, often confluent, oblong, ellijjtical or linear, long covered by the swollen epidermis which is at length longitudinally split, ferruginous; sp

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 300 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE disappearing partially or wholly through gelatinization; fertile my- celium compacting into masses and giving rise to numerous chlam- ydospores formed from its contents. Conidia rarely develop on the exterior of the host. Sori prominent, usually forming dusty or agglutinated spore-masses that break out in definite places on the host or more rarely remain permanently embedded in the tissues. Spores (chlamydospores) light to dark colored, single, in pairs, or in spore-balls, the latter often co Stock Photo

RMPG467W–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 300 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE disappearing partially or wholly through gelatinization; fertile my- celium compacting into masses and giving rise to numerous chlam- ydospores formed from its contents. Conidia rarely develop on the exterior of the host. Sori prominent, usually forming dusty or agglutinated spore-masses that break out in definite places on the host or more rarely remain permanently embedded in the tissues. Spores (chlamydospores) light to dark colored, single, in pairs, or in spore-balls, the latter often co

. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants, to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Plantes; Botanique. Fig. 232. hXK.!-^ Fig. 2.31. Fig. 231. Root-stock and frond of Poly|X)dy. Fijj. 'I'M. Circinato vernatioai of the frond. Fig. 233.-Magnified vi'^w of the sori. Fig. 234.—Sporangium discharging spores ; greatly magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations m Stock Photo

RMRJ2H6F–. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants, to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Plantes; Botanique. Fig. 232. hXK.!-^ Fig. 2.31. Fig. 231. Root-stock and frond of Poly|X)dy. Fijj. 'I'M. Circinato vernatioai of the frond. Fig. 233.-Magnified vi'^w of the sori. Fig. 234.—Sporangium discharging spores ; greatly magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations m

. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 256. — Common Polypode Fern. Polypodium vulgare. Fig. 257. —Sori and Spo- rangium OF Polypode. A chain of cells lies along the top of the sporangium, which springs back elasti- cally on drying, thus dis- seminating the spores. Fig. 258. —The Brake Fruits underneath THE Revolute Edges of the Leaf. The sporangia are collected into little groups, known as sori (singular, sorus) or fruit-dots. Each sorus is covered with a thin scale or shield, known as an indusium. This indusium sepa- rates from the frond at its edges, and the sporangia are exposed. Not all ferns Stock Photo

RMPG25PM–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 256. — Common Polypode Fern. Polypodium vulgare. Fig. 257. —Sori and Spo- rangium OF Polypode. A chain of cells lies along the top of the sporangium, which springs back elasti- cally on drying, thus dis- seminating the spores. Fig. 258. —The Brake Fruits underneath THE Revolute Edges of the Leaf. The sporangia are collected into little groups, known as sori (singular, sorus) or fruit-dots. Each sorus is covered with a thin scale or shield, known as an indusium. This indusium sepa- rates from the frond at its edges, and the sporangia are exposed. Not all ferns

. Practical botany. Botany. THE PTERIDOPHYTES 281 or by the recurved leaf margin, which is known as a false indu- sium (Fig. 232). Each species of fern has a regular position in which its sori appear, and in some cases their arrangement and relation to the veins are used in distinguishing species from one another. In most of the common ferns the sporangia are of the form shown in Fig. 233. Each consists of a stalk, at the free end of which is a flattened capsule. Within the capsule, by division of the tissues, numerous asexual spores are formed.. Fig. 233. A fern sporangium, showing its behavi Stock Photo

RMRE3AR4–. Practical botany. Botany. THE PTERIDOPHYTES 281 or by the recurved leaf margin, which is known as a false indu- sium (Fig. 232). Each species of fern has a regular position in which its sori appear, and in some cases their arrangement and relation to the veins are used in distinguishing species from one another. In most of the common ferns the sporangia are of the form shown in Fig. 233. Each consists of a stalk, at the free end of which is a flattened capsule. Within the capsule, by division of the tissues, numerous asexual spores are formed.. Fig. 233. A fern sporangium, showing its behavi

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 931. —A leaf of Ficus religiosa^ a tree of the tropical rain forest, showing a so- called dripping point (d). —After Stahl. Fig. 932. — A portion of a leaf of a tropical Asplenium^ illustrating reproduction by leaves; on the under sides of the ultimate leaf divisions (pinnules) are fruit dots or sori (i), in which are sporangia with their spores; on the upper sides of the pinnules are bulbils (6), which here have germi- nated while connected with the parent plant, giving rise to bulblings whose leaves (/) already are conspic Stock Photo

RMPG20WR–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 931. —A leaf of Ficus religiosa^ a tree of the tropical rain forest, showing a so- called dripping point (d). —After Stahl. Fig. 932. — A portion of a leaf of a tropical Asplenium^ illustrating reproduction by leaves; on the under sides of the ultimate leaf divisions (pinnules) are fruit dots or sori (i), in which are sporangia with their spores; on the upper sides of the pinnules are bulbils (6), which here have germi- nated while connected with the parent plant, giving rise to bulblings whose leaves (/) already are conspic

. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. 638 FILICES. times arise from the surface of the frond, while at other times they spring from below, having a cutieular covering in the form of an indusium or involucre (fig. 882). The clusters of thecas are called sori (fig. 883). The margin of the frond sometimes is folded so as to cover tlie thecse, and at times the whole frond is converted into clusters of thecse. The spores when sown give rise to a prothallus (pro- thallium), which bears anther- idia and archegoni Stock Photo

RMRDH02Y–. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. 638 FILICES. times arise from the surface of the frond, while at other times they spring from below, having a cutieular covering in the form of an indusium or involucre (fig. 882). The clusters of thecas are called sori (fig. 883). The margin of the frond sometimes is folded so as to cover tlie thecse, and at times the whole frond is converted into clusters of thecse. The spores when sown give rise to a prothallus (pro- thallium), which bears anther- idia and archegoni

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 437 tongue-shaped bodies .5-.7 mm. high, opening by an irregular rup- ture of the peridium. The spores are, according to Arthur, coarsely verrucose with deciduous tuber- cles, except along one narrow line, where tubercles fail. The uredospores are produced in orange-yellow sori, which soon fade to nearly white. They are generally ellipsoidal, measuring 27-30 x 17-22/*. The teleuto- spores are borne in crowded waxy masses, and are at maturity a chain of four basi Stock Photo

RMPG3NJG–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 437 tongue-shaped bodies .5-.7 mm. high, opening by an irregular rup- ture of the peridium. The spores are, according to Arthur, coarsely verrucose with deciduous tuber- cles, except along one narrow line, where tubercles fail. The uredospores are produced in orange-yellow sori, which soon fade to nearly white. They are generally ellipsoidal, measuring 27-30 x 17-22/*. The teleuto- spores are borne in crowded waxy masses, and are at maturity a chain of four basi

RMRDEE5T–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 312 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or colu Stock Photo

RMPG4668–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 312 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or colu

RMRDEG7M–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 462 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS in 1896 in Massachusetts. It was rapidly spread through- out this country by diseased stock, and is now known in nearly all localities where the chrysanthemum is culti- vated. The loss occasioned by the diminution in vigor of the plant and consequent imperfection of blooms is large. The sori, 2-3 mm. in di- ameter, which are diagnostic, first appear as small blisters covered by the epidermis. The rupture of this covering discloses a dark brown mass of spores. The sori are usu- ally very numerous upon the lower leaf

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 431 produced in short chains and measure 24-28 x 18-21 fj, (Fig. 210,b). The uredesori occur on the under surface of the leaf. They are somewhat lighter colored than the casoma and are constantly inclosed by paraphyses. Individual spores are about the same in size and form, however, as the previous type (Fig. 210, c). In the same sori with the latter may be produced also the teleutospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images tha Stock Photo

RMPG3NKB–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 431 produced in short chains and measure 24-28 x 18-21 fj, (Fig. 210,b). The uredesori occur on the under surface of the leaf. They are somewhat lighter colored than the casoma and are constantly inclosed by paraphyses. Individual spores are about the same in size and form, however, as the previous type (Fig. 210, c). In the same sori with the latter may be produced also the teleutospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images tha

. A manual of botany. Botany. PTBRIDOPHYTA—PILICIN^ 141 The sporangia, situated as described above, are usually quite independent of each other, not being arranged in sori. They are often embedded in the tissue of the sporophyll and open when ripe by valves or slits. Each contains numerous spores. The gametophyte is best known in Ophioglossiim pedun- culosum and Botrychium Lunaria. In the former it is a tuberous body growing underground and devoid of chloroplastids. From it springs a cylindrical gametophore, which grows up through the earth and becomes green. It bears antheridia and archegonia Stock Photo

RMRE1M00–. A manual of botany. Botany. PTBRIDOPHYTA—PILICIN^ 141 The sporangia, situated as described above, are usually quite independent of each other, not being arranged in sori. They are often embedded in the tissue of the sporophyll and open when ripe by valves or slits. Each contains numerous spores. The gametophyte is best known in Ophioglossiim pedun- culosum and Botrychium Lunaria. In the former it is a tuberous body growing underground and devoid of chloroplastids. From it springs a cylindrical gametophore, which grows up through the earth and becomes green. It bears antheridia and archegonia

. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 400 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES developed. In their full maturity they appear as black specks. The tissue about them is yellowish. These bodies are not found on all leaves nor on all leaflets of a given leaf. Two or three weeks after the appearance of these structures evidence of rust is seen on the lower surface of the leaves. When mature, these bodies (sori) break open and expose an orange-colored mass of spores; whence the name orange-rust. Ordi- narily these sori with their spore- masses practically cover the lower sur- face of the leaf. Affected leaves are Stock Photo

RMPG3Y6X–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 400 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES developed. In their full maturity they appear as black specks. The tissue about them is yellowish. These bodies are not found on all leaves nor on all leaflets of a given leaf. Two or three weeks after the appearance of these structures evidence of rust is seen on the lower surface of the leaves. When mature, these bodies (sori) break open and expose an orange-colored mass of spores; whence the name orange-rust. Ordi- narily these sori with their spore- masses practically cover the lower sur- face of the leaf. Affected leaves are

. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. 501 963. Suboi'd. PolypodinefE. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters {sori or fruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, or rarely covering the whole surface, stalked, cellular-reticulated, the stalk-running into a vertical incom- plete ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporan- gium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit- dots often covered, at least when young, by a membrane called Stock Photo

RMRDTJ2X–. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. 501 963. Suboi'd. PolypodinefE. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters {sori or fruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, or rarely covering the whole surface, stalked, cellular-reticulated, the stalk-running into a vertical incom- plete ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporan- gium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit- dots often covered, at least when young, by a membrane called

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a sorus, showing the indusium (i) and long-stalked sporangia (s); 1129 considerably magnified. — After Wossidlo. megaspores to female plants, whereas the spores of most homosporous ferns give rise to plants that bear both male and female organs. The spores of most pteridofihytes are scattered by the wind, and they are well fi Stock Photo

RMPG3FE1–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a sorus, showing the indusium (i) and long-stalked sporangia (s); 1129 considerably magnified. — After Wossidlo. megaspores to female plants, whereas the spores of most homosporous ferns give rise to plants that bear both male and female organs. The spores of most pteridofihytes are scattered by the wind, and they are well fi

. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 37(3 BOTANY. spore cavity (Fig. 261, C, r). By the contraction of this ring the ripe sporangium is ruptured and the spores set free. In some cases, instead of forming a ring, the elastic cells are arranged as a group at one side or end of the sporangium. Six families or suborders of the Ferns may be distinguished, if we take into consideration the characters derived from the asexual genera- tion. They have been arranged as follows : * 1. Oleiolieniacem.—Sporangia sessile, splitting vertically, furnished witli a complete horizontal ring. Sori comp Stock Photo

RMRDWA1W–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 37(3 BOTANY. spore cavity (Fig. 261, C, r). By the contraction of this ring the ripe sporangium is ruptured and the spores set free. In some cases, instead of forming a ring, the elastic cells are arranged as a group at one side or end of the sporangium. Six families or suborders of the Ferns may be distinguished, if we take into consideration the characters derived from the asexual genera- tion. They have been arranged as follows : * 1. Oleiolieniacem.—Sporangia sessile, splitting vertically, furnished witli a complete horizontal ring. Sori comp

. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 708 THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. fig. 400 ^^ In Gyathea (figs. 400 !"â ^^^ ^^) the indusium is cup-like, and closed until the spores are ripe. In BicJcsonia the sorus is marginal, with bivalved indu- sium; in Alsophila the sori are scattered, and the indusium absent or rudimentary; in Hemitelia the indusium is scale-like, and situated on one side of the sorus. Of CyatheacesB about 200 species are known.. Fig. 401.âLife-history of a Tern. 1 A Fern-prothallium seen from the under sid Stock Photo

RMPG2MXD–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 708 THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. fig. 400 ^^ In Gyathea (figs. 400 !"â ^^^ ^^) the indusium is cup-like, and closed until the spores are ripe. In BicJcsonia the sorus is marginal, with bivalved indu- sium; in Alsophila the sori are scattered, and the indusium absent or rudimentary; in Hemitelia the indusium is scale-like, and situated on one side of the sorus. Of CyatheacesB about 200 species are known.. Fig. 401.âLife-history of a Tern. 1 A Fern-prothallium seen from the under sid

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 204 PUCCINIA On Viola palustris. Rare; Wales, Scotland, and near Birmingham. The beginnings of the sori may be seen by the middle of May. (Fig. 151.) This species is easily recognised by its large and pulvinate groups of sori. The mycelium spreads considerably beyond the part occupied by the spores, and consequently causes large yellow patches, usually only one or at most two on each leaf, each the result of a separate infection by the basidiospores. P. asarina Cooke, Handbook, p. 504, Plowright, Uredinese, p. Stock Photo

RMRE37DN–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 204 PUCCINIA On Viola palustris. Rare; Wales, Scotland, and near Birmingham. The beginnings of the sori may be seen by the middle of May. (Fig. 151.) This species is easily recognised by its large and pulvinate groups of sori. The mycelium spreads considerably beyond the part occupied by the spores, and consequently causes large yellow patches, usually only one or at most two on each leaf, each the result of a separate infection by the basidiospores. P. asarina Cooke, Handbook, p. 504, Plowright, Uredinese, p.

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or columellas. In time it becomes ruptured and t Stock Photo

RMPG466A–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or columellas. In time it becomes ruptured and t

RMRDGE8R–. Nature study and life. Nature study. 436 NATURE STUDY AND LIFE language lessons, and for study and genuine acquaintance. A small pool in one edge of the bed will add to its beauty and may support a collection of interesting water ferns. Aside from their grace and beauty the interesting fact connected with the study of ferns is their method of repro- duction by spores. Watch the underside of the leaves, and when the fruit dots, or sori, as they are called, turn. Fig. 177. Collection of Ferns George Putnam School, Roxbury, Mass. brown and appear to be ripe, distribute pieces of the leaf to the

RMPG25PE–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 256. — Common Polypode Fern. Polypodium vulgare. Fig. 257. —Sori and Spo- rangium OF Polypode. A chain of cells lies along the top of the sporangium, which springs back elasti- cally on drying, thus dis- seminating the spores. Fig. 258. —The Brake Fruits underneath THE Revolute Edges of the Leaf. The sporangia are collected into little groups, known as sori (singular, sorus) or fruit-dots. Each sorus is covered with a thin scale or shield, known as an indusium. This indusium sepa- rates from the frond at its edges, and the sporangia are exposed. Not all ferns

RMRDKNNW–. Nature study and life. Nature study. 436 NATURE STUDY AND LIFE language lessons, and for study and genuine acquaintance. A small pool in one edge of the bed will add to its beauty and may support a collection of interesting water ferns. Aside from their grace and beauty the interesting fact connected with the study of ferns is their method of repro- duction by spores. Watch the underside of the leaves, and when the fruit dots, or sori, as they are called, turn. Fig. 177. Collection of Ferns George Putnam School, Roxbury, Mass. brown and appear to be ripe, distribute pieces of the leaf to the

. Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. 'tx^ >. Pig. 52. Asparagus Diseases. a. Asparagus rust on stems, showing sori with winter spores, 6. cluster cup stage of Puccinia asparagi, c. Uredo or summer spores of P. asparagi. d. Teleuto or winter spores of P. asparagi (6. to d. after R. E. Smith).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Taubenhaus, Jacob Joseph, 1884-1937. New York : E. P. Dutton Stock Photo

RMPG4CH2–. Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. 'tx^ >. Pig. 52. Asparagus Diseases. a. Asparagus rust on stems, showing sori with winter spores, 6. cluster cup stage of Puccinia asparagi, c. Uredo or summer spores of P. asparagi. d. Teleuto or winter spores of P. asparagi (6. to d. after R. E. Smith).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Taubenhaus, Jacob Joseph, 1884-1937. New York : E. P. Dutton

RMRDE2RN–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 388 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS dies, and shrivels. The rust is conveyed from plant to plant throughout the summer by spores of this stage. The teleutospores may appear in the same sori with the uredospores or in separate sori, and in either event come. Fig. 166. — Clover leaf showing sori of mat. Original. later in the season. They are recognized by their darker brown color. The cluster-cup stage, which is less abun- dant and less injurious than the other stages, may often pass unnoticed. It appears first as pale swollen regions upon the leaf or

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 79 causing the "white rusts." The conidia are borne in white bUster-like sori under the raised and finally ruptured epidermis of the host. The conidiophores are short, club-shaped, arranged. Fig. 50.—^Albugo. A, section through a sorus showing epidermis, conidia, conidiophores and mycelium; B, conidiophores and conidia; C, myce- lium and haustoria. After Bergen and Davis. in clusters; the spores are borne in basipetal succession and remain attached in rather long chains tmless disturbed Stock Photo

RMPG4H2M–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 79 causing the "white rusts." The conidia are borne in white bUster-like sori under the raised and finally ruptured epidermis of the host. The conidiophores are short, club-shaped, arranged. Fig. 50.—^Albugo. A, section through a sorus showing epidermis, conidia, conidiophores and mycelium; B, conidiophores and conidia; C, myce- lium and haustoria. After Bergen and Davis. in clusters; the spores are borne in basipetal succession and remain attached in rather long chains tmless disturbed

RMRDDAM0–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or columellas. In time it becomes ruptured and t

RMPG4B14–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 209.—Chrysomyxa rhodcdendrl. Twig of Rhododendron hirsvXum with sori of nredo- Fig. 210.—Chrysotnyxa rhododendri on Rho- spores on the lower epidermis, causing dis- ttodendron fein-ugincv.m. Uredospore-sori in coloured spots on the upper, (v. Tubeuf September as elongated white stripes on the del.) stem below the leaves, (v. Tubeuf deL) The uredospores are yellow and ovoid, with granular protuber- ances on thei

RMRDJ5NC–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 437 tongue-shaped bodies .5-.7 mm. high, opening by an irregular rup- ture of the peridium. The spores are, according to Arthur, coarsely verrucose with deciduous tuber- cles, except along one narrow line, where tubercles fail. The uredospores are produced in orange-yellow sori, which soon fade to nearly white. They are generally ellipsoidal, measuring 27-30 x 17-22/*. The teleuto- spores are borne in crowded waxy masses, and are at maturity a chain of four basi

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. REPRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL 815 (i.e. Marsilea, Salvinia, and Azolla) and in SelagineUa and Isoetes there are two kinds of spores, namely, small spores or microspores, and large spores or megaspores; such a condition is known as keierospory (fig. 303). Upon germination the microspores give rise to male plants and the 1129. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a s Stock Photo

RMPG3FE8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. REPRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL 815 (i.e. Marsilea, Salvinia, and Azolla) and in SelagineUa and Isoetes there are two kinds of spores, namely, small spores or microspores, and large spores or megaspores; such a condition is known as keierospory (fig. 303). Upon germination the microspores give rise to male plants and the 1129. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a s

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. COLEOSPORIUM 323. Teleutospores. Sori filling large intercellular spaces of the mesophyll towards the lower sur- face of the leaf; spores prismatic, length up to 140/x, breadth 18— 28 fj,; epispore 18—21 fj, thick, or more, at the summit. ^cidia on (?both) leaves of Pinus silvestris; uredo- and teleu- tospores on Tussilago Farfara, May—November, very common. (Fig. 243.) The connection of the spore-forms on the alternate hosts has been demon- strated by Plowright, Klebahn, Fischer and Wagner. Klebahn and Fischer Stock Photo

RMRE2G9C–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. COLEOSPORIUM 323. Teleutospores. Sori filling large intercellular spaces of the mesophyll towards the lower sur- face of the leaf; spores prismatic, length up to 140/x, breadth 18— 28 fj,; epispore 18—21 fj, thick, or more, at the summit. ^cidia on (?both) leaves of Pinus silvestris; uredo- and teleu- tospores on Tussilago Farfara, May—November, very common. (Fig. 243.) The connection of the spore-forms on the alternate hosts has been demon- strated by Plowright, Klebahn, Fischer and Wagner. Klebahn and Fischer

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 321 Foreign species are on Papaver, Ranunculus, Delphinium, Calen- dula, Thalictrum and several other hosts. E. betiphilum Bub. is described on beet seed capsules; ^° E. lephroideum for the same host in France; E. calendulae (Oud.) de B. on Calendula. E. crastophilum Sacc.^ Sori in leaves, subcircular to linear, about 0.25-2 mm. in length, usually distinct though occasionally merged, black, long covered by the epidermis; spores dark-brown, tightly packed and adhering. Fig. 237.—E. ellisii, chlamy Stock Photo

RMPG464Y–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 321 Foreign species are on Papaver, Ranunculus, Delphinium, Calen- dula, Thalictrum and several other hosts. E. betiphilum Bub. is described on beet seed capsules; ^° E. lephroideum for the same host in France; E. calendulae (Oud.) de B. on Calendula. E. crastophilum Sacc.^ Sori in leaves, subcircular to linear, about 0.25-2 mm. in length, usually distinct though occasionally merged, black, long covered by the epidermis; spores dark-brown, tightly packed and adhering. Fig. 237.—E. ellisii, chlamy

RMRDA879–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 256. — Common Polypode Fern. Polypodium vulgare. Fig. 257. —Sori and Spo- rangium OF Polypode. A chain of cells lies along the top of the sporangium, which springs back elasti- cally on drying, thus dis- seminating the spores. Fig. 258. —The Brake Fruits underneath THE Revolute Edges of the Leaf. The sporangia are collected into little groups, known as sori (singular, sorus) or fruit-dots. Each sorus is covered with a thin scale or shield, known as an indusium. This indusium sepa- rates from the frond at its edges, and the sporangia are exposed. Not all ferns

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 313 Thecaphora Fingerhuth (p. 302) Sori in various parts of the host, often as indefinite masses in the floral parts or forming rather firm pustules on the stem, at ma- turity with a dusty spore- mass; spore-balls composed of few to many fertile cells, of small to large size; rather permanently united; spores usually yellowish or reddish, smooth on contiguous sides Fiq. 228.—Thecaphora, spore ball germina- but usually marked on the *'°°- ^^'^ ^retold. free surface; germination, so far as known, b Stock Photo

RMPG4665–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 313 Thecaphora Fingerhuth (p. 302) Sori in various parts of the host, often as indefinite masses in the floral parts or forming rather firm pustules on the stem, at ma- turity with a dusty spore- mass; spore-balls composed of few to many fertile cells, of small to large size; rather permanently united; spores usually yellowish or reddish, smooth on contiguous sides Fiq. 228.—Thecaphora, spore ball germina- but usually marked on the *'°°- ^^'^ ^retold. free surface; germination, so far as known, b

RMRDBBD3–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 356 FILICALES founded by Presl may [CH. be de- Laccopteris. This genus, scribed as follows:—• Frond pedate, in habit resembling Matonia pectinata, with pinnate or pinnatifid pinnae; ultimate segments linear, provided with a well-marked midrib giving off' numerous dichotomously branched secondary veins which are in places connected by lateral anastomoses. Sori circular, forming a single row on each side of the midrib (fig. 278, B); sporangia 5—15 in each sorus, with an oblique annulus and tetrahedral spores. The presence of an

. Lessons in botany. Botany. Fig Under side dium spinulosum showing dots (sori). of pinna of Aspi- fruit. Fig- '35- Four pinnjE of adiantum, showing recurved margins which cover the sporangia. fern, or of any one of many of the species of the true ferns just at the ripening of the spores, and place a portion of a leaf on a piece of white paper in a dry room, in a very short time we shall see that the paper is being dusted with minute brown objects which fly out from the leaf. Now if we take a portion of the same. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may hav Stock Photo

RMPG00T2–. Lessons in botany. Botany. Fig Under side dium spinulosum showing dots (sori). of pinna of Aspi- fruit. Fig- '35- Four pinnjE of adiantum, showing recurved margins which cover the sporangia. fern, or of any one of many of the species of the true ferns just at the ripening of the spores, and place a portion of a leaf on a piece of white paper in a dry room, in a very short time we shall see that the paper is being dusted with minute brown objects which fly out from the leaf. Now if we take a portion of the same. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may hav

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 326 SPORANGIA OF FILICALES leaves. Therefore, Bower estimates that the shield fern produces annually upwards of 50 million spores. This makes a striking comparison when we consider the spore production in the Bryo-. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusiura; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, s, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of t Stock Photo

RMRE1PJ5–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 326 SPORANGIA OF FILICALES leaves. Therefore, Bower estimates that the shield fern produces annually upwards of 50 million spores. This makes a striking comparison when we consider the spore production in the Bryo-. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusiura; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, s, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of t

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 315 Sori rather permanently embedded in tissues Spore-balls without sterile cortex Spore-balls consisting entirely of dark-colored spores 6. Tuburcinia. Spore-balls consisting of light-colored spores Spore-balls with or without central sterile cells 7. Burrillia. Spore-balls with central network of filaments S. Tracya. Spore-balls with sterile cortex 9. Doassansia, p. 322. Neovossia occurs on Phragmites; Tuburcinia on Convallariacese, Primula, Trientalis and Geranium in Russia; Burrillia on Limna Stock Photo

RMPG465M–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 315 Sori rather permanently embedded in tissues Spore-balls without sterile cortex Spore-balls consisting entirely of dark-colored spores 6. Tuburcinia. Spore-balls consisting of light-colored spores Spore-balls with or without central sterile cells 7. Burrillia. Spore-balls with central network of filaments S. Tracya. Spore-balls with sterile cortex 9. Doassansia, p. 322. Neovossia occurs on Phragmites; Tuburcinia on Convallariacese, Primula, Trientalis and Geranium in Russia; Burrillia on Limna

RMRDWF6E–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 326 SPORANGIA OF FILICALES leaves. Therefore, Bower estimates that the shield fern produces annually upwards of 50 million spores. This makes a striking comparison when we consider the spore production in the Bryo-. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusium; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, j, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma. and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of t

. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. 2;88 FOUNDATIONS OP BOTANY. Fia. 210.—Spore-Plamt of a Tern (Aspidium MUx-mas). ^, part of rootstock and fronds, not quite one-sixth natural size ; fr, yoting fronds unrolling; JB, under side of a pinnule, showing sori, s; C, section through a sorus at right angles to surface of leaf, showing indusium, i, and sporangia, 8; I>, a sporangium discharging spores. (£ is not far from natural size. C and D are considerably magnified.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability Stock Photo

RMPG41BJ–. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. 2;88 FOUNDATIONS OP BOTANY. Fia. 210.—Spore-Plamt of a Tern (Aspidium MUx-mas). ^, part of rootstock and fronds, not quite one-sixth natural size ; fr, yoting fronds unrolling; JB, under side of a pinnule, showing sori, s; C, section through a sorus at right angles to surface of leaf, showing indusium, i, and sporangia, 8; I>, a sporangium discharging spores. (£ is not far from natural size. C and D are considerably magnified.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 140 PUCCINIA Spermogones. Chiefly epiphyllous, in little clusters, orange. Uredospores. Sori generally hypophyllous, on yellowish or brownish spots (spots sometimes none), primary rather large, secondary very minute, much scattered, pulverulent, brown; spores globose to ellipsoid, acu- leolate, brown, 22—30 x 16— Fig. 92. p. Centaureae. Teleuto- 28 fj., with three (or two) germ- spores and uredospore. pores. Teleutospores. Sori similar, but blackish-brown; spores ellipsoid or somewhat obovate, rounded at both e Stock Photo

RMRE37Y6–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 140 PUCCINIA Spermogones. Chiefly epiphyllous, in little clusters, orange. Uredospores. Sori generally hypophyllous, on yellowish or brownish spots (spots sometimes none), primary rather large, secondary very minute, much scattered, pulverulent, brown; spores globose to ellipsoid, acu- leolate, brown, 22—30 x 16— Fig. 92. p. Centaureae. Teleuto- 28 fj., with three (or two) germ- spores and uredospore. pores. Teleutospores. Sori similar, but blackish-brown; spores ellipsoid or somewhat obovate, rounded at both e

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 265. asci subclavate, fugaceous, 55-70 fi; ascospores allantoic!, 12- 22 X 3-5 yn; conidial stage ( = Gloeosporium rufomaculans) with small sori, developing in more or less concentric circles, usually soon rupturing and pushing out spores in small pinkish masses; spores hyaline to greenish, chiefly oblong, unicellular 10- 28 X 3.5-7 M- The conidial stage of this fungus was first described by Rev. M. J. Berkeley in 1854 as a Septoria. It was later transferred to the form genus Gloeosporium under w Stock Photo

RMPG46C5–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 265. asci subclavate, fugaceous, 55-70 fi; ascospores allantoic!, 12- 22 X 3-5 yn; conidial stage ( = Gloeosporium rufomaculans) with small sori, developing in more or less concentric circles, usually soon rupturing and pushing out spores in small pinkish masses; spores hyaline to greenish, chiefly oblong, unicellular 10- 28 X 3.5-7 M- The conidial stage of this fungus was first described by Rev. M. J. Berkeley in 1854 as a Septoria. It was later transferred to the form genus Gloeosporium under w

RMRDDAM4–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 312 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or colu

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 204. Spore-Plant of a rem (Aspidium Filix-mas). A, part of rootstock and fronds, not quite one-sixth natural size; fr, young fronds unrolling (not usually found at the same season as the mature fronds); B, under side of a pinnule, showing sori s; C, section through a sorus at right angles to surface of leaf, showing indusium i, and sporan- gia s; B, a, sporangium discharging spores. (B is not far from natural size. C and D are considerably magnified.) 281. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digita Stock Photo

RMPG4A4B–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 204. Spore-Plant of a rem (Aspidium Filix-mas). A, part of rootstock and fronds, not quite one-sixth natural size; fr, young fronds unrolling (not usually found at the same season as the mature fronds); B, under side of a pinnule, showing sori s; C, section through a sorus at right angles to surface of leaf, showing indusium i, and sporan- gia s; B, a, sporangium discharging spores. (B is not far from natural size. C and D are considerably magnified.) 281. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digita

RMRDJ5PM–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 431 produced in short chains and measure 24-28 x 18-21 fj, (Fig. 210,b). The uredesori occur on the under surface of the leaf. They are somewhat lighter colored than the casoma and are constantly inclosed by paraphyses. Individual spores are about the same in size and form, however, as the previous type (Fig. 210, c). In the same sori with the latter may be produced also the teleutospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images tha

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 316 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE T. foetens. (B. & C.) Trel.^"' '''â '^'' ''' Sori in ovaries, ovate or oblong, 5-8 mm. in length, more or less concealed by the glumes, all or only part of the ovaries of a spike infected; spores light to dark-brown, oblong to chiefly sub- spherical or spherical, occasionally somewhat angular, foetid, es- pecially when young, smooth, chiefly 16-22 m, the most elongate rarely 28 /t in length. On wheat wherever grown. Kuhn'* found that infection occurs as in oats in the very young plan Stock Photo

RMPG4659–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 316 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE T. foetens. (B. & C.) Trel.^"' '''â '^'' ''' Sori in ovaries, ovate or oblong, 5-8 mm. in length, more or less concealed by the glumes, all or only part of the ovaries of a spike infected; spores light to dark-brown, oblong to chiefly sub- spherical or spherical, occasionally somewhat angular, foetid, es- pecially when young, smooth, chiefly 16-22 m, the most elongate rarely 28 /t in length. On wheat wherever grown. Kuhn'* found that infection occurs as in oats in the very young plan

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 228 PUCCINIA [JJcidia on Geranium prateiise, G. silvaticiim-^ uredo- and teleutospores on Polygonum amphibiuni, P. lapathifoUum, July— October; not uncommon. Klebahn and BubEik report the Eecidium on G. molle, G. phaeum and other species. (Fig. 175.) Teleutospores are found not only in the separate sori described above, but also in the old uredo-sori. These latter spores are rounded at the apex ; those which grow in distinct sori often have the thickening cap forced to one side, presumably by the pressure of th Stock Photo

RMRE379F–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 228 PUCCINIA [JJcidia on Geranium prateiise, G. silvaticiim-^ uredo- and teleutospores on Polygonum amphibiuni, P. lapathifoUum, July— October; not uncommon. Klebahn and BubEik report the Eecidium on G. molle, G. phaeum and other species. (Fig. 175.) Teleutospores are found not only in the separate sori described above, but also in the old uredo-sori. These latter spores are rounded at the apex ; those which grow in distinct sori often have the thickening cap forced to one side, presumably by the pressure of th

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 322 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE E. australe Speg. Son foliar, forming spots, yellowish to eventually dark, usually 0.5-6 mm. in length; spores light to reddish-yellow, ovoid to spherical or slightly angled, chiefly 10-16 n in length; conidia Unear, somewhat curved, usually 30-55 x 1-2 ii. Common and destructive on many species of Physalis and on Solanum, especially on some of the cultivated forms throughout the Americas and in Africa. E. fuscum Schr."^ Sori in.leaves, about 2-6 mm. or by confluence much larger, spores Stock Photo

RMPG464N–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 322 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE E. australe Speg. Son foliar, forming spots, yellowish to eventually dark, usually 0.5-6 mm. in length; spores light to reddish-yellow, ovoid to spherical or slightly angled, chiefly 10-16 n in length; conidia Unear, somewhat curved, usually 30-55 x 1-2 ii. Common and destructive on many species of Physalis and on Solanum, especially on some of the cultivated forms throughout the Americas and in Africa. E. fuscum Schr."^ Sori in.leaves, about 2-6 mm. or by confluence much larger, spores

. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 376 SOT ANT. Bpore cavity (Fig. 361, 0, r). By the contraction of this ring the ripe sporangium is ruptured and the spores set free. In some cases, instead of forming a ring, tlie elastic cells are arranged as a group at one side or end of the sporangium. Six families or suborders of the Perns may be distinguished, if we take into consideration the characters derived from the asexual genera- tion. They have Leen arranged as follows :* 1. Oleicheniacem.—Sporangia sessile, splitting vertically, furnished with a complete horizontal ring. Sori compos Stock Photo

RMRDW9EY–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 376 SOT ANT. Bpore cavity (Fig. 361, 0, r). By the contraction of this ring the ripe sporangium is ruptured and the spores set free. In some cases, instead of forming a ring, tlie elastic cells are arranged as a group at one side or end of the sporangium. Six families or suborders of the Perns may be distinguished, if we take into consideration the characters derived from the asexual genera- tion. They have Leen arranged as follows :* 1. Oleicheniacem.—Sporangia sessile, splitting vertically, furnished with a complete horizontal ring. Sori compos

RMRDGYYT–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 931. —A leaf of Ficus religiosa^ a tree of the tropical rain forest, showing a so- called dripping point (d). —After Stahl. Fig. 932. — A portion of a leaf of a tropical Asplenium^ illustrating reproduction by leaves; on the under sides of the ultimate leaf divisions (pinnules) are fruit dots or sori (i), in which are sporangia with their spores; on the upper sides of the pinnules are bulbils (6), which here have germi- nated while connected with the parent plant, giving rise to bulblings whose leaves (/) already are conspic

RMRDGFBJ–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a sorus, showing the indusium (i) and long-stalked sporangia (s); 1129 considerably magnified. — After Wossidlo. megaspores to female plants, whereas the spores of most homosporous ferns give rise to plants that bear both male and female organs. The spores of most pteridofihytes are scattered by the wind, and they are well fi

RMRDGAA9–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 708 THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. fig. 400 ^^ In Gyathea (figs. 400 !"â ^^^ ^^) the indusium is cup-like, and closed until the spores are ripe. In BicJcsonia the sorus is marginal, with bivalved indu- sium; in Alsophila the sori are scattered, and the indusium absent or rudimentary; in Hemitelia the indusium is scale-like, and situated on one side of the sorus. Of CyatheacesB about 200 species are known.. Fig. 401.âLife-history of a Tern. 1 A Fern-prothallium seen from the under sid

RMRDA873–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 256. — Common Polypode Fern. Polypodium vulgare. Fig. 257. —Sori and Spo- rangium OF Polypode. A chain of cells lies along the top of the sporangium, which springs back elasti- cally on drying, thus dis- seminating the spores. Fig. 258. —The Brake Fruits underneath THE Revolute Edges of the Leaf. The sporangia are collected into little groups, known as sori (singular, sorus) or fruit-dots. Each sorus is covered with a thin scale or shield, known as an indusium. This indusium sepa- rates from the frond at its edges, and the sporangia are exposed. Not all ferns

RMRDCX30–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 400 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES developed. In their full maturity they appear as black specks. The tissue about them is yellowish. These bodies are not found on all leaves nor on all leaflets of a given leaf. Two or three weeks after the appearance of these structures evidence of rust is seen on the lower surface of the leaves. When mature, these bodies (sori) break open and expose an orange-colored mass of spores; whence the name orange-rust. Ordi- narily these sori with their spore- masses practically cover the lower sur- face of the leaf. Affected leaves are

RMRDDAPC–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 300 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE disappearing partially or wholly through gelatinization; fertile my- celium compacting into masses and giving rise to numerous chlam- ydospores formed from its contents. Conidia rarely develop on the exterior of the host. Sori prominent, usually forming dusty or agglutinated spore-masses that break out in definite places on the host or more rarely remain permanently embedded in the tissues. Spores (chlamydospores) light to dark colored, single, in pairs, or in spore-balls, the latter often co

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 215. P. Arrhenathevi. a, teleutospores on Arrheiiatherum, from Hampton- in-Arden ; 6, another, and c, two abnormal ones, from Lichfield; d, a. paraphysis and uredospore from the latter. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, scattered, minute, puncti- forin or shortly linear, covered by the epidermis, black; spores ellipsoid - oblong or oblong- clavate, rounded, truncate or rarely gently attenuated a- bove where they are thickened (5—10/a) and darker, hardly or not at all constricted, gen- erally attenuated dow Stock Photo

RMRE372Y–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 215. P. Arrhenathevi. a, teleutospores on Arrheiiatherum, from Hampton- in-Arden ; 6, another, and c, two abnormal ones, from Lichfield; d, a. paraphysis and uredospore from the latter. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, scattered, minute, puncti- forin or shortly linear, covered by the epidermis, black; spores ellipsoid - oblong or oblong- clavate, rounded, truncate or rarely gently attenuated a- bove where they are thickened (5—10/a) and darker, hardly or not at all constricted, gen- erally attenuated dow

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 330 OCHROPSORA ^cidiospores. ^cidia scattered pretty regularly over the lower surface of the leaves, not very crowded, shortly cylindrical, white, with torn revolute margin; spores irregularly oblong, colourless, thin- walled, very delicately verruculose, 18—30 X 15—21 /J.. [ Uredospores. Sori hypophyllous, small, roundish, scattered, not more than A mm. diam.; spore-mass grey- ish or yellowish-white, suiTounded by a circle of paraphyses, which form a kind of peridium, but their upper ends, when mature, are fre Stock Photo

RMRE2G7P–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 330 OCHROPSORA ^cidiospores. ^cidia scattered pretty regularly over the lower surface of the leaves, not very crowded, shortly cylindrical, white, with torn revolute margin; spores irregularly oblong, colourless, thin- walled, very delicately verruculose, 18—30 X 15—21 /J.. [ Uredospores. Sori hypophyllous, small, roundish, scattered, not more than A mm. diam.; spore-mass grey- ish or yellowish-white, suiTounded by a circle of paraphyses, which form a kind of peridium, but their upper ends, when mature, are fre

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 256 PUCCINIA with three or four inconspicuous germ-pores; paraphyses very few or wanting. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, sometimes arranged in circles round the uredo-sori, rarely scattered, occasionally con-. Fig. 195. P. Lolii. jEcidia on leaves of E. catharticus ; Teleutospores, a, on Lolium, b, on Arrhenatherum. fluent, oblong or linear, ^—1 mm. long, nearly always covered by the epidermis, black; spores as in P. coronata, but very irregular; mesospores also occur. iEcidia on Rhamnus catharticus, May and Stock Photo

RMRE3772–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 256 PUCCINIA with three or four inconspicuous germ-pores; paraphyses very few or wanting. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, sometimes arranged in circles round the uredo-sori, rarely scattered, occasionally con-. Fig. 195. P. Lolii. jEcidia on leaves of E. catharticus ; Teleutospores, a, on Lolium, b, on Arrhenatherum. fluent, oblong or linear, ^—1 mm. long, nearly always covered by the epidermis, black; spores as in P. coronata, but very irregular; mesospores also occur. iEcidia on Rhamnus catharticus, May and

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON CBASSTJLACE^ 211 Teleutospores. Sori amphigenous or on the stems, but generally hypophyllous, scattered or crowded and confluent, minute, roundish, surrounded by the torn epidermis, pulverulent, dark- brown; spores broadly ellipsoid, depressed, rounded at both ends, scarcely thickened above, not constricted, smooth, dark chest- nut-brown, 20—35 X 17—24 fi; pedicels hyaline, about as long as the spore; spores occasionally three-celled, like Triphragmium. On Sedurn Rhodiola (roseum). Very rare. Glen Callater, Stock Photo

RMRE37CD–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON CBASSTJLACE^ 211 Teleutospores. Sori amphigenous or on the stems, but generally hypophyllous, scattered or crowded and confluent, minute, roundish, surrounded by the torn epidermis, pulverulent, dark- brown; spores broadly ellipsoid, depressed, rounded at both ends, scarcely thickened above, not constricted, smooth, dark chest- nut-brown, 20—35 X 17—24 fi; pedicels hyaline, about as long as the spore; spores occasionally three-celled, like Triphragmium. On Sedurn Rhodiola (roseum). Very rare. Glen Callater,

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON COMPOSITE 151. Pig. 103. P. Tragopogi. Teleutospores. Teleutospores. Sori amphigenous, without manifest spots, scattered, occasionally aggregated, mi- nute, punctiform, long covered by the epidermis, at length pulverulent, dark- brown; spores ellipsoid, rounded at each end, not thickened above, gently constricted, tuberculate, chestnut- brown, 26—45x18—52 fi; pedicels hyaline, short. On Tragopogon pratensis. Not uncommon. April—Sep- tember. (Fig. 103.) The mycelium arising from the infection of young plants Stock Photo

RMRE37WA–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON COMPOSITE 151. Pig. 103. P. Tragopogi. Teleutospores. Teleutospores. Sori amphigenous, without manifest spots, scattered, occasionally aggregated, mi- nute, punctiform, long covered by the epidermis, at length pulverulent, dark- brown; spores ellipsoid, rounded at each end, not thickened above, gently constricted, tuberculate, chestnut- brown, 26—45x18—52 fi; pedicels hyaline, short. On Tragopogon pratensis. Not uncommon. April—Sep- tember. (Fig. 103.) The mycelium arising from the infection of young plants

$. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A FERN 155 cluster of tiny stalked cases. The cases contain minute unicellular reproductive bodies called spores, and the en- Fig. 114.—Cross-section through the marginal sorus of a sporophyll of the bracken fern {Pteris aquilina). I, palisade layer;/6, vascular bundle; sp, sporangium; in, indusium. (Greatly magnified.) tire structure is a sporangium. The place where the sporangia are attached to the leaf is the sporangiophore^. Fig. 115.—Cyrtomium Jalcatum. Under (dorsal) surface of a portion of a sporophyll, showing the numerous sori on the p Stock Photo$

RMRE36YJ–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A FERN 155 cluster of tiny stalked cases. The cases contain minute unicellular reproductive bodies called spores, and the en- Fig. 114.—Cross-section through the marginal sorus of a sporophyll of the bracken fern {Pteris aquilina). I, palisade layer;/6, vascular bundle; sp, sporangium; in, indusium. (Greatly magnified.) tire structure is a sporangium. The place where the sporangia are attached to the leaf is the sporangiophore^. Fig. 115.—Cyrtomium Jalcatum. Under (dorsal) surface of a portion of a sporophyll, showing the numerous sori on the p

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. PUCCINIASTRUM 365 Fig. 272. P. Agrimoniae. Uredospores. spores shortly ellipsoid or obovate, echinulate, orange, 18—21 x 14 ya; epispore rather thick, with indistinct germ-pores. [Teleutospores. Sori similar, but indefinite, clear-brown; spores subepidermal, extracellular, cuneate, smooth, each divided into four cells by two longitudinal walls at right angles to one another, 30 x 21—30/*.] On Agrimonia Eupatoria. Uredospores common, July— September; teleutospores, very rare everywhere, not yet found in Britain. Stock Photo

RMRE2G11–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. PUCCINIASTRUM 365 Fig. 272. P. Agrimoniae. Uredospores. spores shortly ellipsoid or obovate, echinulate, orange, 18—21 x 14 ya; epispore rather thick, with indistinct germ-pores. [Teleutospores. Sori similar, but indefinite, clear-brown; spores subepidermal, extracellular, cuneate, smooth, each divided into four cells by two longitudinal walls at right angles to one another, 30 x 21—30/*.] On Agrimonia Eupatoria. Uredospores common, July— September; teleutospores, very rare everywhere, not yet found in Britain.

RMRDGFC3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. REPRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL 815 (i.e. Marsilea, Salvinia, and Azolla) and in SelagineUa and Isoetes there are two kinds of spores, namely, small spores or microspores, and large spores or megaspores; such a condition is known as keierospory (fig. 303). Upon germination the microspores give rise to male plants and the 1129. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a s

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 324 COLEOSPORIUM Uredospores. Sori scattered, orange, at first covered by the epidermis, soon pulverulent; spores ovate or ellipsoid, densely and evenly verruculose, 21—34 x 14—21 /u,. Teleutospores. Sori forming little red crusts; spores pris- matic, length up to 100 fi, breadth 18—24 fj,; epispore up to 14/u. thick at the summit. iEcidia on leaves of Pinus silvestris; uredo- and teleutospores on Petasites officinalis, August—November, not uncommon. The life-cycle has been demonstrated by Fischer and Wagner fo Stock Photo

RMRE2G95–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 324 COLEOSPORIUM Uredospores. Sori scattered, orange, at first covered by the epidermis, soon pulverulent; spores ovate or ellipsoid, densely and evenly verruculose, 21—34 x 14—21 /u,. Teleutospores. Sori forming little red crusts; spores pris- matic, length up to 100 fi, breadth 18—24 fj,; epispore up to 14/u. thick at the summit. iEcidia on leaves of Pinus silvestris; uredo- and teleutospores on Petasites officinalis, August—November, not uncommon. The life-cycle has been demonstrated by Fischer and Wagner fo

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 112 UROMYCES ^cidiospores. iEcidia amphigenous, clustered in circles 5— 10 mm. diam., cylindrical, whitish, margin deeply torn; spores delicately verruculose, yellow, 18—22 fi diam. Uredospores. Sori amphigenous, scattered or gregarious, round or more frequently elongate, small, surrounded by the j;onspicuous^torn epi- dermis, ciiinamon; spores globose to oval or^Hong, delicately and sparingly echinu- late, yellowish-brown, 18—25x16—21/i; epispore about 1^ fi thick. Teleutospores. Sori amphigenous but mostly ca Stock Photo

RMRE383A–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 112 UROMYCES ^cidiospores. iEcidia amphigenous, clustered in circles 5— 10 mm. diam., cylindrical, whitish, margin deeply torn; spores delicately verruculose, yellow, 18—22 fi diam. Uredospores. Sori amphigenous, scattered or gregarious, round or more frequently elongate, small, surrounded by the j;onspicuous^torn epi- dermis, ciiinamon; spores globose to oval or^Hong, delicately and sparingly echinu- late, yellowish-brown, 18—25x16—21/i; epispore about 1^ fi thick. Teleutospores. Sori amphigenous but mostly ca

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 296 PHRAGMIDIUM Uredospores. Sori yellow, roundish, often confluent, pul- verulent; spores ellipsoid to ovate, distantly verruculose, yellow, 28—32 X 21—24 /x. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, large, roundish, thick, pulvinate, black, on conspicuous purple-bordered spots; spores. Fig. 224. Ph. violaceum. a, secidiospore; 6, uredospore; c, outlines of various mature teleutospores from the same sorus; d, young teleutospore before the middle coat is fully developed, showing the fusion-nucleus in each cell, and th Stock Photo

RMRE371H–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 296 PHRAGMIDIUM Uredospores. Sori yellow, roundish, often confluent, pul- verulent; spores ellipsoid to ovate, distantly verruculose, yellow, 28—32 X 21—24 /x. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, large, roundish, thick, pulvinate, black, on conspicuous purple-bordered spots; spores. Fig. 224. Ph. violaceum. a, secidiospore; 6, uredospore; c, outlines of various mature teleutospores from the same sorus; d, young teleutospore before the middle coat is fully developed, showing the fusion-nucleus in each cell, and th

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 132 PUCCINIA Fig. 83. P. Ghry- santhemi. Ure- dospore (Brit- ish). delicately pedicels thick, hyaline Uredospores. Sori generally hypophyllous, on irregular pallid-yellow or brownish spots, scattered or in clusters, about 1—1| mm. diam. often circi- nate, pulverulent, snufif-brown; spores globose to ellipsoid, delicately echinulate, brown, 24— 52 X 17—27 fj,, mostly with three germ-pores. [Teleutospores. Mixed with the uredospores, oblong or ellipsoid, rounded and slightly thickened above, usually rounded or so Stock Photo

RMRE380P–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 132 PUCCINIA Fig. 83. P. Ghry- santhemi. Ure- dospore (Brit- ish). delicately pedicels thick, hyaline Uredospores. Sori generally hypophyllous, on irregular pallid-yellow or brownish spots, scattered or in clusters, about 1—1| mm. diam. often circi- nate, pulverulent, snufif-brown; spores globose to ellipsoid, delicately echinulate, brown, 24— 52 X 17—27 fj,, mostly with three germ-pores. [Teleutospores. Mixed with the uredospores, oblong or ellipsoid, rounded and slightly thickened above, usually rounded or so

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON GRAMINE^ 271. Fig. 206. P. perplexans. Teleutospores. Uredospores. Sori amphigenous, scattered, roundish, ob- long or linear, occasionally con- fluent, minute, yellow-brown; spores globose to ovate, faintly •echinulate, yellow, 20—28 /a diatn. (with 4—6 scattered germ-pores on one face, McAl- pine). Teleutospores. Sori amphi- genous, scattered, occasionally confluent, minute, generally oblong or linear, about 1—1|- mm. long, always covered by the epidermis, black; spores variable, generally oblong to clavate Stock Photo

RMRE1WNW–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON GRAMINE^ 271. Fig. 206. P. perplexans. Teleutospores. Uredospores. Sori amphigenous, scattered, roundish, ob- long or linear, occasionally con- fluent, minute, yellow-brown; spores globose to ovate, faintly •echinulate, yellow, 20—28 /a diatn. (with 4—6 scattered germ-pores on one face, McAl- pine). Teleutospores. Sori amphi- genous, scattered, occasionally confluent, minute, generally oblong or linear, about 1—1|- mm. long, always covered by the epidermis, black; spores variable, generally oblong to clavate

RMRDE70E–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 79 causing the "white rusts." The conidia are borne in white bUster-like sori under the raised and finally ruptured epidermis of the host. The conidiophores are short, club-shaped, arranged. Fig. 50.—^Albugo. A, section through a sorus showing epidermis, conidia, conidiophores and mycelium; B, conidiophores and conidia; C, myce- lium and haustoria. After Bergen and Davis. in clusters; the spores are borne in basipetal succession and remain attached in rather long chains tmless disturbed

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 174 PUCCINIA On leaves, petioles and stems of Glechoma hederacea {Nepeta Glechoma). June—October. Not uncommon. (Fig. 123.) The sori are especially large, round and compact late in the season, when they produce spores which are darker and will not germinate immediately (as the others do), but only after the winter's rest. I have a specimen, resembling this species, on Prunella vulgaris from Sutton Park, Warwicks. ; Plowright mentions a similar one from Ben Lawers {I.e. p. 215). Distribution : Europe, Siberia, J Stock Photo

RMRE37MJ–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 174 PUCCINIA On leaves, petioles and stems of Glechoma hederacea {Nepeta Glechoma). June—October. Not uncommon. (Fig. 123.) The sori are especially large, round and compact late in the season, when they produce spores which are darker and will not germinate immediately (as the others do), but only after the winter's rest. I have a specimen, resembling this species, on Prunella vulgaris from Sutton Park, Warwicks. ; Plowright mentions a similar one from Ben Lawers {I.e. p. 215). Distribution : Europe, Siberia, J

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON CAMPANULACEiE 159 cinnamon; spores globose to ellipsoid, echinulate, yellow-brown, 24—29 X 16—25 jjl,, with two germ-pores. Teleutospores. Sori similar and often on the stems, but dark-brown; spores ellipsoid or somewhat ovate, rounded and not thickened above, scarcely constricted, usually rounded below, very delicately verruculose, brown, 25—40 X 16—24 fi; epispore thin; pedi- cels hyaline, usually very short. ^.^ ^^, ^ ^.^^^^.. On leaves and stalks of Hieracium, Teleutospores. H. boreale, H. murorum, H. Pi Stock Photo

RMRE37RH–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON CAMPANULACEiE 159 cinnamon; spores globose to ellipsoid, echinulate, yellow-brown, 24—29 X 16—25 jjl,, with two germ-pores. Teleutospores. Sori similar and often on the stems, but dark-brown; spores ellipsoid or somewhat ovate, rounded and not thickened above, scarcely constricted, usually rounded below, very delicately verruculose, brown, 25—40 X 16—24 fi; epispore thin; pedi- cels hyaline, usually very short. ^.^ ^^, ^ ^.^^^^.. On leaves and stalks of Hieracium, Teleutospores. H. boreale, H. murorum, H. Pi

RMRDE0C4–. Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. 'tx^ >. Pig. 52. Asparagus Diseases. a. Asparagus rust on stems, showing sori with winter spores, 6. cluster cup stage of Puccinia asparagi, c. Uredo or summer spores of P. asparagi. d. Teleuto or winter spores of P. asparagi (6. to d. after R. E. Smith).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Taubenhaus, Jacob Joseph, 1884-1937. New York : E. P. Dutton

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 288 TEIPHEAGMIUM Spermogmes. On the leaves and petioles, circinate, flat, yellowish. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds—primary, i.e. ceeomata, amphigenous, large, expanded, bright-orange, mostly on the veins and petioles where they cause distortion, without para- physes; secon&rt/, hypophyllous, small, round, scattered, orange, surrounded by paraphyses; spores brilliant-orange, ellipsoid to obovate, verrucose, 25—28 x 18—21/i, without evident germ- pores.. Fig. 218. T. Ulmariae. Normal teleiitospore; a and 6, Stock Photo

RMRE372D–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 288 TEIPHEAGMIUM Spermogmes. On the leaves and petioles, circinate, flat, yellowish. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds—primary, i.e. ceeomata, amphigenous, large, expanded, bright-orange, mostly on the veins and petioles where they cause distortion, without para- physes; secon&rt/, hypophyllous, small, round, scattered, orange, surrounded by paraphyses; spores brilliant-orange, ellipsoid to obovate, verrucose, 25—28 x 18—21/i, without evident germ- pores.. Fig. 218. T. Ulmariae. Normal teleiitospore; a and 6,

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 302 XENODOCHUS. Spermogones. Epiphyllous, in little groups. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds, primary epiphyllous, sur- rounding the spermogones, secon- dary hypophyllous, scattered, small, round, punctiform, orange, sur- rounded byafewclavate paraphyses; spores spherical to obovate, finely echinulate, reddish-orange, 20— 23 X 14—20 fi. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyl- lous, similar, but bright-brown; spores cylindrical, fusiform or cla- vate, of 2—7 (mostly five) cells, often curved, thickened at the apex like many Stock Photo

RMRE370B–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 302 XENODOCHUS. Spermogones. Epiphyllous, in little groups. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds, primary epiphyllous, sur- rounding the spermogones, secon- dary hypophyllous, scattered, small, round, punctiform, orange, sur- rounded byafewclavate paraphyses; spores spherical to obovate, finely echinulate, reddish-orange, 20— 23 X 14—20 fi. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyl- lous, similar, but bright-brown; spores cylindrical, fusiform or cla- vate, of 2—7 (mostly five) cells, often curved, thickened at the apex like many

. Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. 740 FUNGI stems of beans and vetches, the uredospore and teleutospore-sori being round or oval of chestnut-brown colour. (b) Uromyces BetcR Pers., is a common parasite on garden and sugar beet, mangel, and wild sea-beet. The ^cidiospores are rarely met with except on the petioles and young leaves of 'seed'-beets in spring, but uredo- spores and teleutospores are freely produced in summer on the ordinary mangel crop, their re- spective sori being roundish and. F,c. .50.-^, Uredospo^-sorlof mangel of brOWn ColoUr (Fig. 2 Stock Photo

RMRE0PA0–. Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. 740 FUNGI stems of beans and vetches, the uredospore and teleutospore-sori being round or oval of chestnut-brown colour. (b) Uromyces BetcR Pers., is a common parasite on garden and sugar beet, mangel, and wild sea-beet. The ^cidiospores are rarely met with except on the petioles and young leaves of 'seed'-beets in spring, but uredo- spores and teleutospores are freely produced in summer on the ordinary mangel crop, their re- spective sori being roundish and. F,c. .50.-^, Uredospo^-sorlof mangel of brOWn ColoUr (Fig. 2

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 248. 0. Sorbi. Jicid- ium leucospermum. a, aecidia on leaf of A. nemorosa, nat. size; 6, the same, x 2 ; u, secidiospores, x 600.. Fig. 249. 0. Sorbi. Section of teleuto-sorus, before tlie division of the spores into four cells (one spore is shaded); «,, basidiospores. (After Fischer.) Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, ^—^ mm. diam., at first covered by the epidermis, pustulate, pale flesh-colour, roundish or oblong, clustered in groups; spores cylindrical, rounded above, crowded, grey, granular, subopaque Stock Photo

RMRE2G7C–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 248. 0. Sorbi. Jicid- ium leucospermum. a, aecidia on leaf of A. nemorosa, nat. size; 6, the same, x 2 ; u, secidiospores, x 600.. Fig. 249. 0. Sorbi. Section of teleuto-sorus, before tlie division of the spores into four cells (one spore is shaded); «,, basidiospores. (After Fischer.) Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, ^—^ mm. diam., at first covered by the epidermis, pustulate, pale flesh-colour, roundish or oblong, clustered in groups; spores cylindrical, rounded above, crowded, grey, granular, subopaque

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 386. — Leaflet of Marattia, showing dichotomous venation and synangia (instead of sori). band of thick-walled cells which extends from the stomium over the top of the capsule and down on the other side to the stalk (figs. 385, 39°)- The primary sporogenous cell cuts off a sterile cell from each one of the four faces, these four cells developing the tapetum (figs. 388, 389). The centrally placed sporoge- nous cell then be- gins a series of divisions until 16 mother cells are formed, which means a maximum output of 64 spores. Stock Photo

RMRDYF9C–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 386. — Leaflet of Marattia, showing dichotomous venation and synangia (instead of sori). band of thick-walled cells which extends from the stomium over the top of the capsule and down on the other side to the stalk (figs. 385, 39°)- The primary sporogenous cell cuts off a sterile cell from each one of the four faces, these four cells developing the tapetum (figs. 388, 389). The centrally placed sporoge- nous cell then be- gins a series of divisions until 16 mother cells are formed, which means a maximum output of 64 spores.

. Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) Prepared at the request of the Botanical Dept. of Harvard University. Botany; Botany. o4G. Under side of a segmeut of Fern leaf, showing: sori. 345. Rhizome and leaves of the Rock Feru. 347. Section of sorus: s, sporangia; /, indusiuni ; b, blade of the leaf. — WossiDLo. 479. Spores are borne in small sporangia (Fig. 348), clustered in groups on the under sides of the leaves (Fig. 347). Each cluster, or "fruit spot" (so)-us), is in many species shielded by a membrane (iitdiisium, i). Stock Photo

RMRDTNBE–. Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) Prepared at the request of the Botanical Dept. of Harvard University. Botany; Botany. o4G. Under side of a segmeut of Fern leaf, showing: sori. 345. Rhizome and leaves of the Rock Feru. 347. Section of sorus: s, sporangia; /, indusiuni ; b, blade of the leaf. — WossiDLo. 479. Spores are borne in small sporangia (Fig. 348), clustered in groups on the under sides of the leaves (Fig. 347). Each cluster, or "fruit spot" (so)-us), is in many species shielded by a membrane (iitdiisium, i).

RMRDTNBA–. Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) Prepared at the request of the Botanical Dept. of Harvard University. Botany; Botany. o4G. Under side of a segmeut of Fern leaf, showing: sori. 345. Rhizome and leaves of the Rock Feru. 347. Section of sorus: s, sporangia; /, indusiuni ; b, blade of the leaf. — WossiDLo. 479. Spores are borne in small sporangia (Fig. 348), clustered in groups on the under sides of the leaves (Fig. 347). Each cluster, or "fruit spot" (so)-us), is in many species shielded by a membrane (iitdiisium, i).

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