Roots fungi Black and White Stock Photos & Images

in Sydenham Hill Woods, on 25th October 2020, in London, England. Sydenham Hill Wood forms part of the largest remaining tract of the old Great North Wood, a vast area of worked coppices and wooded commons that once stretched from Deptford to Selhurst. The wood is home to more than 200 species of trees and plants as well as rare fungi, insects, birds and woodland mammals. Stock Photo

RM2D84BKT–in Sydenham Hill Woods, on 25th October 2020, in London, England. Sydenham Hill Wood forms part of the largest remaining tract of the old Great North Wood, a vast area of worked coppices and wooded commons that once stretched from Deptford to Selhurst. The wood is home to more than 200 species of trees and plants as well as rare fungi, insects, birds and woodland mammals.

Black diamond French truffle farm growing in Pinehurst, NC, USA Stock Photo

RM2XNBN00–Black diamond French truffle farm growing in Pinehurst, NC, USA

. Western agriculture. whichcomprise the majority ofthese, are minute, unicellularorganisms which multiply bya process c&Wedfission. Theyare composed of rod-shaped,spherical, and spiral bodies.Yeasts are unicellular or-ganisms usually considerablylarger than bacteria and havea definite organized nucleus.They usually multiply by aprocess called budding andare oval bodies. Molds are multicellular fungi of consider-able size and in types of body are much more complex thaneither bacteria or yeasts. They are all classed together as simple undifferentiatedplants which never develop roots, stems, or Stock Photo

RM2AFRT74–. Western agriculture. whichcomprise the majority ofthese, are minute, unicellularorganisms which multiply bya process c&Wedfission. Theyare composed of rod-shaped,spherical, and spiral bodies.Yeasts are unicellular or-ganisms usually considerablylarger than bacteria and havea definite organized nucleus.They usually multiply by aprocess called budding andare oval bodies. Molds are multicellular fungi of consider-able size and in types of body are much more complex thaneither bacteria or yeasts. They are all classed together as simple undifferentiatedplants which never develop roots, stems, or

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 448 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS of some consequence. It is perhaps not responsible for all the injuries which have been ascribed to it in Colorado, particularly in so far as the production of the disease known as "little potato". Fig. 220. Rhizoctonia producing a Crown Rot of Beets is concerned. The fungus, however, attacks the subterranean parts of the stem, as well as penetrating the roots, and the hyphae are found, for the most part, enveloping stem and root, or distrib Stock Photo

RMPG3NHB–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 448 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS of some consequence. It is perhaps not responsible for all the injuries which have been ascribed to it in Colorado, particularly in so far as the production of the disease known as "little potato". Fig. 220. Rhizoctonia producing a Crown Rot of Beets is concerned. The fungus, however, attacks the subterranean parts of the stem, as well as penetrating the roots, and the hyphae are found, for the most part, enveloping stem and root, or distrib

The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in Tarangire National Pa Stock Photo

RMKYPYPK–The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in Tarangire National Pa

Maple blight microscopic fungus plant disease vintage illustration from antique book 'The Playtime Naturalist', London UK, 1889. Stock Photo

RFD0FNP2–Maple blight microscopic fungus plant disease vintage illustration from antique book 'The Playtime Naturalist', London UK, 1889.

. An introduction to vegetable physiology. Plant physiology. 204 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY and Azobader) which apparently have the power of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Many of our forest trees, among which the members of the Gwpuliferce are conspicuous, exhibit another symbiosis which is of the greatest interest and importance. The roots of these plants grow down into soil which is infested with the mycelia of different fungi, with which they become entangled. The hyphee of the fungi continue to grow together with the root, 5 ^ and form an invest- ment over it, which is in some cases met with in t Stock Photo

RMRE0RTT–. An introduction to vegetable physiology. Plant physiology. 204 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY and Azobader) which apparently have the power of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Many of our forest trees, among which the members of the Gwpuliferce are conspicuous, exhibit another symbiosis which is of the greatest interest and importance. The roots of these plants grow down into soil which is infested with the mycelia of different fungi, with which they become entangled. The hyphee of the fungi continue to grow together with the root, 5 ^ and form an invest- ment over it, which is in some cases met with in t

. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 424 SOILS: PBOPSRTIES AND MANAGEMENT with the myceHa of fungi. It is thought that the mycor- rhiza aid the higher plants to obtain nutriment that they must strive for in competition with the fungi. RIycotrophic plants are also able to grow with a very small transpiration of moisture, as is well known to be the case with many conifers; and this restricted tran- spiration would doubtless result in lack of nutriment were it not for the assistance of the mycorrhiza. 346. Plant roots. — The roots of plants assist in pro- moting productiveness of the Stock Photo

RMPFXN32–. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 424 SOILS: PBOPSRTIES AND MANAGEMENT with the myceHa of fungi. It is thought that the mycor- rhiza aid the higher plants to obtain nutriment that they must strive for in competition with the fungi. RIycotrophic plants are also able to grow with a very small transpiration of moisture, as is well known to be the case with many conifers; and this restricted tran- spiration would doubtless result in lack of nutriment were it not for the assistance of the mycorrhiza. 346. Plant roots. — The roots of plants assist in pro- moting productiveness of the

RMKYPYT1–The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in Tarangire National Pa

RMRD9C1R–. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 424 SOILS: PBOPSRTIES AND MANAGEMENT with the myceHa of fungi. It is thought that the mycor- rhiza aid the higher plants to obtain nutriment that they must strive for in competition with the fungi. RIycotrophic plants are also able to grow with a very small transpiration of moisture, as is well known to be the case with many conifers; and this restricted tran- spiration would doubtless result in lack of nutriment were it not for the assistance of the mycorrhiza. 346. Plant roots. — The roots of plants assist in pro- moting productiveness of the

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 8oo ECOLOGY clearly demonstrated that some root fungi are prochemotropic with respect to certain substances that are within or about roots. Probably fungus contact with roots originally was casual, and the first mycosymbiosis doubtless was faculta- tive ; later, it may be supposed, came obligate mycosymbiosis, reaching its culmination in the orchids and ericads, and especially in those species that re- quire fungus contact for germination, and in such forms as NeoUia and Mono- tropa, which contain no chlorophyll and thus depend e Stock Photo

RMPG3FG8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 8oo ECOLOGY clearly demonstrated that some root fungi are prochemotropic with respect to certain substances that are within or about roots. Probably fungus contact with roots originally was casual, and the first mycosymbiosis doubtless was faculta- tive ; later, it may be supposed, came obligate mycosymbiosis, reaching its culmination in the orchids and ericads, and especially in those species that re- quire fungus contact for germination, and in such forms as NeoUia and Mono- tropa, which contain no chlorophyll and thus depend e

RMKYPYR4–The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in Tarangire National Pa

RMRDGFEJ–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 8oo ECOLOGY clearly demonstrated that some root fungi are prochemotropic with respect to certain substances that are within or about roots. Probably fungus contact with roots originally was casual, and the first mycosymbiosis doubtless was faculta- tive ; later, it may be supposed, came obligate mycosymbiosis, reaching its culmination in the orchids and ericads, and especially in those species that re- quire fungus contact for germination, and in such forms as NeoUia and Mono- tropa, which contain no chlorophyll and thus depend e

. The care of trees in lawn, street and park, with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Trees. Growth and Form Development 15. tips of the roots to the tips of the crown with all its ramification of branches, consists of very loose, thin-walled cell tissues; hence it affords an easy pathway for the growth of the mycelium of wood-destroying fungi. It is along this line of least resistance that the most rapid progress of rot is made, and hence there is need for particular attention to the branch wounds where the fungus enters. The root system develops in a manner somewhat simila Stock Photo

RMPFXCXJ–. The care of trees in lawn, street and park, with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Trees. Growth and Form Development 15. tips of the roots to the tips of the crown with all its ramification of branches, consists of very loose, thin-walled cell tissues; hence it affords an easy pathway for the growth of the mycelium of wood-destroying fungi. It is along this line of least resistance that the most rapid progress of rot is made, and hence there is need for particular attention to the branch wounds where the fungus enters. The root system develops in a manner somewhat simila

. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. 190 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FUNGI Truffle, as a substitute for the genuine article (Fig. 78). Many of the species possess a strong penetrating odour, which may be useful in guiding animals where to search for them, but can scarcely be protective. From their habit they are very diffi- cult to find, and hence are regarded as more uncommon than they probably are. They seem to prefer a sandy soil, and are to be sought near the roots of trees. Altogether not more than s Stock Photo

RMRDXH58–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. 190 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FUNGI Truffle, as a substitute for the genuine article (Fig. 78). Many of the species possess a strong penetrating odour, which may be useful in guiding animals where to search for them, but can scarcely be protective. From their habit they are very diffi- cult to find, and hence are regarded as more uncommon than they probably are. They seem to prefer a sandy soil, and are to be sought near the roots of trees. Altogether not more than s

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 480 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS appeared. An examination of the plant after death shows that all of the smaller roots have been killed, and these readily break off as the plant is pulled from the soil. At this time the main root as well as the fibrous root system is infested with a weft, or with strands, of the dirty yellow or buff-colored fungus. The mycelium penetrates the bark and also the wood of the roots. It does not, however, extend into the wood far above the surface of the Stock Photo

RMPG3NEH–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 480 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS appeared. An examination of the plant after death shows that all of the smaller roots have been killed, and these readily break off as the plant is pulled from the soil. At this time the main root as well as the fibrous root system is infested with a weft, or with strands, of the dirty yellow or buff-colored fungus. The mycelium penetrates the bark and also the wood of the roots. It does not, however, extend into the wood far above the surface of the

. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. ROOT-HAIRS. Root-hairs are continuations of some of the outer cells of the younjjer roots and are brought into very close contact with the particles of soil. Their number depends much on the nature of the medium in which the roots are grown. Where the soil is rich, moist and porous, root-hairs are abundant. They are very short-li Stock Photo

RMRJ6PB9–. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. ROOT-HAIRS. Root-hairs are continuations of some of the outer cells of the younjjer roots and are brought into very close contact with the particles of soil. Their number depends much on the nature of the medium in which the roots are grown. Where the soil is rich, moist and porous, root-hairs are abundant. They are very short-li

. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 428 SOILS : JPEOPEBTUSS AND MANAGEMENT the roots of many forest trees and known as myeorrhizal fungi have the abihty to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and that in some way the trees obtain a part, at least, of the nitro- gen so fixed. The growth of forests on poor, sandy soil containing practically no nitrogen has been urged as an example of this process. 350. Bacteria. — Of the several forms of microorgan- isms found in the soil, bacteria are the most important. In fact, the abundant and continued growth of plants on the soil is absolutely dependent Stock Photo

RMPFXN2T–. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 428 SOILS : JPEOPEBTUSS AND MANAGEMENT the roots of many forest trees and known as myeorrhizal fungi have the abihty to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and that in some way the trees obtain a part, at least, of the nitro- gen so fixed. The growth of forests on poor, sandy soil containing practically no nitrogen has been urged as an example of this process. 350. Bacteria. — Of the several forms of microorgan- isms found in the soil, bacteria are the most important. In fact, the abundant and continued growth of plants on the soil is absolutely dependent

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. 156 ROOTS Algae are not uncommon in soils and they seem to mfluence soil fertility. Since Algae have chlorophyll and thus differ from Fungi and Bacteria in being able to manufacture carbohydrates, the Algae of the soil may furnish some of the carbohydrates which the Fungi and Bacteria need. There is considerable evidence that some of the soil Bacteria are directly benefited by the pres- ence of Algae. Certain Bacteria and Algae are known to live intimately associated, the Algae furnishing the Bacteria with carbohydrates, and the Bacteria furnis Stock Photo

RMRDTGMR–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. 156 ROOTS Algae are not uncommon in soils and they seem to mfluence soil fertility. Since Algae have chlorophyll and thus differ from Fungi and Bacteria in being able to manufacture carbohydrates, the Algae of the soil may furnish some of the carbohydrates which the Fungi and Bacteria need. There is considerable evidence that some of the soil Bacteria are directly benefited by the pres- ence of Algae. Certain Bacteria and Algae are known to live intimately associated, the Algae furnishing the Bacteria with carbohydrates, and the Bacteria furnis

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. M DIVISION I,—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. end. Agaricus melleus is chiefly a parasite on living European Abietineae (see Division III). It makes its way into the roots or the base of the stem beneath the ground, and the mycelium spreads in the cambium zone and in the young bast, forming. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly Stock Photo

RMPG4FCY–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. M DIVISION I,—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. end. Agaricus melleus is chiefly a parasite on living European Abietineae (see Division III). It makes its way into the roots or the base of the stem beneath the ground, and the mycelium spreads in the cambium zone and in the young bast, forming. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly

. The care of trees, in lawn, street and park [microform] : with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Jardins; Arbres; Landscape gardening. Growth and Form Development i^ tips of the roots to the tips of the crown with all its ramification of branches, consists of very loose, thin-walled cell tissues; hence it affords an easy pathway for the growth of the mycelium of wood-destroying fungi. It is along this line of least resistance that the most rapid progress of rot is made, and hence there is need for particular attention to the branch wounds where the fungus enters. The root Stock Photo

RMREN0HD–. The care of trees, in lawn, street and park [microform] : with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Jardins; Arbres; Landscape gardening. Growth and Form Development i^ tips of the roots to the tips of the crown with all its ramification of branches, consists of very loose, thin-walled cell tissues; hence it affords an easy pathway for the growth of the mycelium of wood-destroying fungi. It is along this line of least resistance that the most rapid progress of rot is made, and hence there is need for particular attention to the branch wounds where the fungus enters. The root

. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 102 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLAyTS tioned, those depending upon electrical or atmospherical influences, freezing of the bark, too long culture of par-. FiG. 42. — Pear blight; healthy and diseased twigs. Original. ticular varieties, freezing of the roots, too high culture, insects, fungi, and absence of needed food. One of the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stev Stock Photo

RMPG4F3Y–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 102 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLAyTS tioned, those depending upon electrical or atmospherical influences, freezing of the bark, too long culture of par-. FiG. 42. — Pear blight; healthy and diseased twigs. Original. ticular varieties, freezing of the roots, too high culture, insects, fungi, and absence of needed food. One of the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stev

RMRDJ5KE–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 448 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS of some consequence. It is perhaps not responsible for all the injuries which have been ascribed to it in Colorado, particularly in so far as the production of the disease known as "little potato". Fig. 220. Rhizoctonia producing a Crown Rot of Beets is concerned. The fungus, however, attacks the subterranean parts of the stem, as well as penetrating the roots, and the hyphae are found, for the most part, enveloping stem and root, or distrib

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 763. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- Stock Photo

RMPG3FM1–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 763. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav-

. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 250 SYMBIOSIS OF PHANEROGAMS AND FUNGI. dissolved in that water, are caused by the mycelial mantle to pass from the surrounding ground into the epidermal cells of the root in question, and thence onward, ascending into axis, branches, and foliage. Thus the fungus-mycelium not only inflicts no injury on the green-leaved plant by entering into connection with its roots, but confers a positive benefit, and it is even questionable whether a number of green-leaved plants could flourish at all without the Stock Photo

RMRDNEG9–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 250 SYMBIOSIS OF PHANEROGAMS AND FUNGI. dissolved in that water, are caused by the mycelial mantle to pass from the surrounding ground into the epidermal cells of the root in question, and thence onward, ascending into axis, branches, and foliage. Thus the fungus-mycelium not only inflicts no injury on the green-leaved plant by entering into connection with its roots, but confers a positive benefit, and it is even questionable whether a number of green-leaved plants could flourish at all without the

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- ing greater power of pene- trati Stock Photo

RMPG3FKP–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- ing greater power of pene- trati

. How crops grow. A treatise on the chemical composition, structure and life of the plant, for students of agriculture ... Agricultural chemistry; Growth (Plants). Fig. 3. Fig. 28. All the plants of higher orders we find likewise to consist chiefly of globular or angular cells. All the growing parts especially, as the tips of the roots, the leaves, flowers and fruit, are, for the most part, aggrega- tions of such minute vesicles. If we examine the pulp of fruits, as that of a ripe •Viz.: the Cryptogams, Including Molds and Mushrooms (Fungi), Mosses, Ferns, Sea-Weeds (AlgcB) and Bacteria (Schi Stock Photo

RMRE0J21–. How crops grow. A treatise on the chemical composition, structure and life of the plant, for students of agriculture ... Agricultural chemistry; Growth (Plants). Fig. 3. Fig. 28. All the plants of higher orders we find likewise to consist chiefly of globular or angular cells. All the growing parts especially, as the tips of the roots, the leaves, flowers and fruit, are, for the most part, aggrega- tions of such minute vesicles. If we examine the pulp of fruits, as that of a ripe •Viz.: the Cryptogams, Including Molds and Mushrooms (Fungi), Mosses, Ferns, Sea-Weeds (AlgcB) and Bacteria (Schi

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 792 ECOLOGY outside), while if the fungi occur within the roots, as in the orchids (fig. 1106), it is called endotrophic {i.e. nourished within). Ecto trophic mycorhizas vary from forms with loose and scattered hyphal threads which come into casual contact with the roots to a condition like that in Monoiropa, where the root system usually is compacted into a clump or ball, and where the in- dividual rootlets are so closely invested by fun- gal hyphaethatthelatter when sectioned resem- ble a compact tissue (figs. 1104, 1105); in s Stock Photo

RMPG3FH4–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 792 ECOLOGY outside), while if the fungi occur within the roots, as in the orchids (fig. 1106), it is called endotrophic {i.e. nourished within). Ecto trophic mycorhizas vary from forms with loose and scattered hyphal threads which come into casual contact with the roots to a condition like that in Monoiropa, where the root system usually is compacted into a clump or ball, and where the in- dividual rootlets are so closely invested by fun- gal hyphaethatthelatter when sectioned resem- ble a compact tissue (figs. 1104, 1105); in s

RMRDJ5EC–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 480 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS appeared. An examination of the plant after death shows that all of the smaller roots have been killed, and these readily break off as the plant is pulled from the soil. At this time the main root as well as the fibrous root system is infested with a weft, or with strands, of the dirty yellow or buff-colored fungus. The mycelium penetrates the bark and also the wood of the roots. It does not, however, extend into the wood far above the surface of the

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. go2 ECOLOGY evidence for either. The exact cause of petalization is unknown, but in many cases it appears to be inherent, double flowers usually being regarded as sports or mutants, since they often may be reproduced by seed as well as by cuttings.^ In other cases, petalization clearly is due to external factors, notably in a number of species in which plants whose roots are infested with certain parasitic fungi (as Heterodera radicicola) develop double flowers. Saponaria sometimes has double flowers when the roots are infested w Stock Photo

RMPG3F5X–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. go2 ECOLOGY evidence for either. The exact cause of petalization is unknown, but in many cases it appears to be inherent, double flowers usually being regarded as sports or mutants, since they often may be reproduced by seed as well as by cuttings.^ In other cases, petalization clearly is due to external factors, notably in a number of species in which plants whose roots are infested with certain parasitic fungi (as Heterodera radicicola) develop double flowers. Saponaria sometimes has double flowers when the roots are infested w

$. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. NUTRITION 3^3. Ftg. "654. — Endotrophic making longer because the encompassing fungus by its spongy tex- ture retains rainwater longer than would the algae alone. Mycorhiza is another instance of so-called mutualism, in which fungi associate themselves with the roots of certain plants, especially the oaks (CupuHferae), the heaths (Ericaceae), and the orchids (Orchidaceae). Sometimes they jacket the rootlets with a weft of filaments (ectotrophic mycorhiza, fig. 653), and sometimes they penetrate the corti- cal cells, forming Stock Photo$

RMRDXT20–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. NUTRITION 3^3. Ftg. "654. — Endotrophic making longer because the encompassing fungus by its spongy tex- ture retains rainwater longer than would the algae alone. Mycorhiza is another instance of so-called mutualism, in which fungi associate themselves with the roots of certain plants, especially the oaks (CupuHferae), the heaths (Ericaceae), and the orchids (Orchidaceae). Sometimes they jacket the rootlets with a weft of filaments (ectotrophic mycorhiza, fig. 653), and sometimes they penetrate the corti- cal cells, forming

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF HOST-PLANT. 31 Somewhat doubtful cases are the outgrowths resembling aerial roots which arise on Laurus canariensis attacked by Eocdbasidium lauri. Geyler, their discoverer, regarded them as deformed stem- shoots, but they resemble rather the galls of the alpine-rose. § 6. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON CELL-CONTENTS. The most common and, at the same time, most apparent effect Stock Photo

RMPG4303–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF HOST-PLANT. 31 Somewhat doubtful cases are the outgrowths resembling aerial roots which arise on Laurus canariensis attacked by Eocdbasidium lauri. Geyler, their discoverer, regarded them as deformed stem- shoots, but they resemble rather the galls of the alpine-rose. § 6. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON CELL-CONTENTS. The most common and, at the same time, most apparent effect

RMRDD27J–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. M DIVISION I,—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. end. Agaricus melleus is chiefly a parasite on living European Abietineae (see Division III). It makes its way into the roots or the base of the stem beneath the ground, and the mycelium spreads in the cambium zone and in the young bast, forming. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly

. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 2l8 FARM FRIENDS AND FARM FOES the top of these the spores are produced. Compare it with an apple tree: the mycelium corresponds in a way to the roots; the vertical column to the trunk; the spores to the seeds in the fruit. Can you not see that this mold is really a plant, though it lacks the green coloring matter of our more familiar plants ? Parasitic Fungi The toadstools, mushrooms, and molds are all fungi that live at the expense of dead or decaying plant or animal mat Stock Photo

RMPG466P–. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 2l8 FARM FRIENDS AND FARM FOES the top of these the spores are produced. Compare it with an apple tree: the mycelium corresponds in a way to the roots; the vertical column to the trunk; the spores to the seeds in the fruit. Can you not see that this mold is really a plant, though it lacks the green coloring matter of our more familiar plants ? Parasitic Fungi The toadstools, mushrooms, and molds are all fungi that live at the expense of dead or decaying plant or animal mat

. Introduction to botany. Botany. 52 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY saprophytes have fungi growing upon their roots in such ways as to assist in securing food. These are called symbiotic sapro- phytes. The Indian pipe (^Monotropa) often has these root fungi (mycorrhiza). Partial saprophytes, among flowering plants, are not easily recognized by their form and color, but may be known by their inability to flourish without considerable humus in the soil. 52. Parasites. The dodders are the most familiar flower- ing parasites. One of the commonest species is abundant in the central and north- eastern state Stock Photo

RMRE3ANR–. Introduction to botany. Botany. 52 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY saprophytes have fungi growing upon their roots in such ways as to assist in securing food. These are called symbiotic sapro- phytes. The Indian pipe (^Monotropa) often has these root fungi (mycorrhiza). Partial saprophytes, among flowering plants, are not easily recognized by their form and color, but may be known by their inability to flourish without considerable humus in the soil. 52. Parasites. The dodders are the most familiar flower- ing parasites. One of the commonest species is abundant in the central and north- eastern state

. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPHTTA. 161. (J) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order Selvellaceoe).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 386. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, but Stock Photo

RMPG417T–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPHTTA. 161. (J) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order Selvellaceoe).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 386. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, but

RMRJ5RWK–. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. 9 ROOTS. Roots. Although popularly so considered, it is by no means the case that all parts of plants which grow beneath the surface of the ground are roots. There are many stems beneath the surface and many roots above. Roots have no leaves, and are otherwise simpler than stems. They elongate by a rapid multi- plication and grow

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 212 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS outset as to cause manifest loss in the final crop. Again, diseased plants may entirely recover. The surfaces of diseased roots may be roughened and browned by the presence of the fungus, but the tissues within are usually, in the case of violets, peas, etc., tinted red or pink. Ordinarily the fungus penetrates all parts of the rootlet, but as is common with plants which are not vigorous or obligate parasites, there are no abnormal cell divisions of t Stock Photo

RMPG3YPH–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 212 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS outset as to cause manifest loss in the final crop. Again, diseased plants may entirely recover. The surfaces of diseased roots may be roughened and browned by the presence of the fungus, but the tissues within are usually, in the case of violets, peas, etc., tinted red or pink. Ordinarily the fungus penetrates all parts of the rootlet, but as is common with plants which are not vigorous or obligate parasites, there are no abnormal cell divisions of t

RMRD8G14–. The care of trees in lawn, street and park, with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Trees. Growth and Form Development 15. tips of the roots to the tips of the crown with all its ramification of branches, consists of very loose, thin-walled cell tissues; hence it affords an easy pathway for the growth of the mycelium of wood-destroying fungi. It is along this line of least resistance that the most rapid progress of rot is made, and hence there is need for particular attention to the branch wounds where the fungus enters. The root system develops in a manner somewhat simila

RMPG42XK–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 96 SYMBIOSIS. in Monotropa. The root-system of a tree has not only to secure nourishment, but also the rigidity and stability of the tree.^ This latter can only be attained by a wide distribution of roots in the firm subsoil free from humus, where normal roots with root-hairs will be formed. The nursing function of the mycorhiza seems thus to be less important than in the case of Monotropa.. Fig. IS.—Mycorhisa of Pi

. An introduction to vegetable physiology. Plant physiology. 198 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY roots of these plants grow down into soil which is infested with the mycelia of different fungi, with which they become entangled. The hyphse of the fungi continue to grow together with the root, and form an investment over it, which is in some cases met with in the form of an open network, and in others in that of a dense feltwork (fig. 98). The fungi in some eases perforate the external cells of the roots and form a network in the interior. From the out- side of the investing mantle hyphse grow out into the Stock Photo

RMRDYHM5–. An introduction to vegetable physiology. Plant physiology. 198 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY roots of these plants grow down into soil which is infested with the mycelia of different fungi, with which they become entangled. The hyphse of the fungi continue to grow together with the root, and form an investment over it, which is in some cases met with in the form of an open network, and in others in that of a dense feltwork (fig. 98). The fungi in some eases perforate the external cells of the roots and form a network in the interior. From the out- side of the investing mantle hyphse grow out into the

RMPG4A35–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 460 BASIDIOMYCETES. cleared forest-land where the fungus sporophores are numerous on dead stools or roots. Agaricus (Pholiota) adiposus Fr.' (Britain and U.S. America). This is a conspicuous bright yellow or honey-yellow toadstool, with a glistening slimy cap which, as well as the stalk, is beset with concentric darker scales (Fig. 289). The scales and delicate annulus become indistinct or disappear on old sporophor

RMRDEX1J–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 102 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLAyTS tioned, those depending upon electrical or atmospherical influences, freezing of the bark, too long culture of par-. FiG. 42. — Pear blight; healthy and diseased twigs. Original. ticular varieties, freezing of the roots, too high culture, insects, fungi, and absence of needed food. One of the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stev

. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. FUNGI 159 balls; but it is thought that a basidium is represented also in the life-history of the rusts, and hence they are now included among the Basidiomycetes. This supposed ba- sidium of the rust is the little filament produced by the winter spore, which sends out branches that bear the small early spring spores (Â§ 84). 88. Mycorhiza.âThis name means root-fungus, and refers to an association that exists between certain Fungi of the soil and the roots of higher plants. It was thought once that this association of fungus and root occurr Stock Photo

RMPFYEG4–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. FUNGI 159 balls; but it is thought that a basidium is represented also in the life-history of the rusts, and hence they are now included among the Basidiomycetes. This supposed ba- sidium of the rust is the little filament produced by the winter spore, which sends out branches that bear the small early spring spores (Â§ 84). 88. Mycorhiza.âThis name means root-fungus, and refers to an association that exists between certain Fungi of the soil and the roots of higher plants. It was thought once that this association of fungus and root occurr

. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. FUNGI 309 Differentiation of the Thallus. It is usually possible to draw a fairly sharp distinction between the vegetative part of the thallus, the mycele, and that portion specialised for the bearing of propagative bodies, the sporophore. In reduced forms, however, such distinction will be seen to be arbitrary, since propagative cells are formed in such cases from otherwise undifferen- tiated hyphal cells. The mycele, which serves the same physiological purposes as roots in point of the absorption of nutriment and of attach- ment, occurs in a va Stock Photo

RMRE3CXX–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. FUNGI 309 Differentiation of the Thallus. It is usually possible to draw a fairly sharp distinction between the vegetative part of the thallus, the mycele, and that portion specialised for the bearing of propagative bodies, the sporophore. In reduced forms, however, such distinction will be seen to be arbitrary, since propagative cells are formed in such cases from otherwise undifferen- tiated hyphal cells. The mycele, which serves the same physiological purposes as roots in point of the absorption of nutriment and of attach- ment, occurs in a va

RMPG3RJ3–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 526 THE PATHOGENIC SLIME-FUNGI. young roots of newly germinated cabbage, turnips, etc. They do this by penetrating the cell-wall, probably that of a hair to begin with, and the malformation ensues. The myxamoebae possess a fis^eUum and pseudopodia, so that they are fitted for. Fig. 316.—Plasmodiophora bi-assicac. Effects on Turnip grown in Russia. (After Worouin.) different modes of locomotion. When entrance into a

RMRDHK3B–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- ing greater power of pene- trati

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES SSI the broken stub of the main root system. Nature attempts to repair the damage in the tobacco by the formation of a cluster of. new roots, so that affected plants may not be killed, but remain in the stunted form (Figs. 196 and 197). The intercellular mycelium is septate, hyaline at first and consists of narrow hyphae. The fungus produces three kinds of spores, which. Fig. 196.—Tobacco roots affected by rot (Thielavia basicola). i. Inoculat Stock Photo

RMPG4474–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES SSI the broken stub of the main root system. Nature attempts to repair the damage in the tobacco by the formation of a cluster of. new roots, so that affected plants may not be killed, but remain in the stunted form (Figs. 196 and 197). The intercellular mycelium is septate, hyaline at first and consists of narrow hyphae. The fungus produces three kinds of spores, which. Fig. 196.—Tobacco roots affected by rot (Thielavia basicola). i. Inoculat

RMRD9C1M–. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 428 SOILS : JPEOPEBTUSS AND MANAGEMENT the roots of many forest trees and known as myeorrhizal fungi have the abihty to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and that in some way the trees obtain a part, at least, of the nitro- gen so fixed. The growth of forests on poor, sandy soil containing practically no nitrogen has been urged as an example of this process. 350. Bacteria. — Of the several forms of microorgan- isms found in the soil, bacteria are the most important. In fact, the abundant and continued growth of plants on the soil is absolutely dependent

. The essentials of botany. Botany. (J) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order Selvellaceoe).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 386. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, but in some spe- cies Stock Photo

RMPG4176–. The essentials of botany. Botany. (J) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order Selvellaceoe).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 386. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, but in some spe- cies

RMRDHK3F–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 763. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav-

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 3Â° MYCOLOGY (Fig. 9). The presence of these bacteria causes the formation of swell- ings, tubercles, or nodules on the roots of the leguminous plants. Here Bacillus radicicola remains, utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen until about the time of flowering of the host, when it begins to assume in- volution forms, enlarging considerably and assuming S-shaped or Y-shaped forms (Fig. 10). Then they are gradually absorbed by the . â "'vwr^. Fig. 9.âCells of root tubercle of Lupinus angu Stock Photo

RMPG4E77–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 3Â° MYCOLOGY (Fig. 9). The presence of these bacteria causes the formation of swell- ings, tubercles, or nodules on the roots of the leguminous plants. Here Bacillus radicicola remains, utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen until about the time of flowering of the host, when it begins to assume in- volution forms, enlarging considerably and assuming S-shaped or Y-shaped forms (Fig. 10). Then they are gradually absorbed by the . â "'vwr^. Fig. 9.âCells of root tubercle of Lupinus angu

. My garden, its plan and culture together with a general description of its geology, botany, and natural history. Gardening. MY GARDEN. were attacked with disease till 1871, when they were visited by- aphides and fungi. CULINARY ROOTS AND TUBERS. We grow several crops of Turnips [Brassica Rapa, fig. 172). The first crop is sown early in March, and successional sowings are made till the middle of August. There are many varieties ; we generally prefer the American Strap Leaf and the White Stone, though some prefer the Orange-jelly, which some again think objectionable on. Please note that these Stock Photo

RMRDPNP9–. My garden, its plan and culture together with a general description of its geology, botany, and natural history. Gardening. MY GARDEN. were attacked with disease till 1871, when they were visited by- aphides and fungi. CULINARY ROOTS AND TUBERS. We grow several crops of Turnips [Brassica Rapa, fig. 172). The first crop is sown early in March, and successional sowings are made till the middle of August. There are many varieties ; we generally prefer the American Strap Leaf and the White Stone, though some prefer the Orange-jelly, which some again think objectionable on. Please note that these

. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounded or mutilated unnecessarily. Horses sh Stock Photo

RMPG26X4–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounded or mutilated unnecessarily. Horses sh

RMRDDWXC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF HOST-PLANT. 31 Somewhat doubtful cases are the outgrowths resembling aerial roots which arise on Laurus canariensis attacked by Eocdbasidium lauri. Geyler, their discoverer, regarded them as deformed stem- shoots, but they resemble rather the galls of the alpine-rose. § 6. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON CELL-CONTENTS. The most common and, at the same time, most apparent effect

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. FUNGI IMPERFECTI 307 usually before the middle or latter part of the summer; so that the tops are not often killed before the middle of July or the first of August in New York. The parasite does not pass down into the root nor does it induce rot of any kind in the roots. The general effect on the root of the plant is to reduce its growth, and proba- bly where the blight continues year after year the root will be so weakened that it will become subject to soil rots of various kinds. Stock Photo

RMPG3YE2–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. FUNGI IMPERFECTI 307 usually before the middle or latter part of the summer; so that the tops are not often killed before the middle of July or the first of August in New York. The parasite does not pass down into the root nor does it induce rot of any kind in the roots. The general effect on the root of the plant is to reduce its growth, and proba- bly where the blight continues year after year the root will be so weakened that it will become subject to soil rots of various kinds.

RMRJ6M13–. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. FAIRY-RING FUNGI. 481 the grass in the roots of which it grows, and so causing the brown ring, on which an abundant crop of toad-stool fruits forms in the fall, which by their decay enrich the soil so that it produces a ranker vegetation the next season. An appearance which may be called false fairy-rings is occa- sionally produc

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASK PRODUCERS 303 Loranthus, Phoradendron and Viscum include the well-known mistletoes. The American mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Fig. 119), extends from southern New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana and Missouri to Texas. It is a slow-growing green parasite, which on account of its chlorophyll is not entirely dependent upon its host for its carbohydrates (Figs. 120 and 121). It is essentially a water parasite, and consequently, its parasitic roots or sinkers grow in Stock Photo

RMPG44NT–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASK PRODUCERS 303 Loranthus, Phoradendron and Viscum include the well-known mistletoes. The American mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Fig. 119), extends from southern New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana and Missouri to Texas. It is a slow-growing green parasite, which on account of its chlorophyll is not entirely dependent upon its host for its carbohydrates (Figs. 120 and 121). It is essentially a water parasite, and consequently, its parasitic roots or sinkers grow in

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. -?"â â 111. â Â« â â¢ **.! Fig. 343. â Some of the roots and the lower portion of the trunk of an Apple tree which has been killed by the Toadstools. Destructive Toadstools and Bracket Fungi. â Some Toad- stools attack the roots of trees and cause the disease called Boot Rot. This disease occurs on a number of fruit trees, such as the Apple, Plum, Cherry, and Peach, and on many shrubs and forest trees. In Figure 343 is shown some Toadstools which have destroyed an Apple tree. The Toadstools usually cause the death of the roots, and this re Stock Photo

RMRDWCYE–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. -?"â â 111. â Â« â â¢ **.! Fig. 343. â Some of the roots and the lower portion of the trunk of an Apple tree which has been killed by the Toadstools. Destructive Toadstools and Bracket Fungi. â Some Toad- stools attack the roots of trees and cause the disease called Boot Rot. This disease occurs on a number of fruit trees, such as the Apple, Plum, Cherry, and Peach, and on many shrubs and forest trees. In Figure 343 is shown some Toadstools which have destroyed an Apple tree. The Toadstools usually cause the death of the roots, and this re

RMPG42XE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 98 SYMBIOSIS. suggested that the reduced formation of hairs on their roots was due to the fungus-hyphae behaving physiologically as root-hairs, Johow, in opposition to Frank, states that the non-ehloro- phyUous Wullschlaegelia, a relative of Neotiia, shows no trace of. Fig. 19.—Coralliorhiza innata Br. (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 20.—iVeodin Sidut avis Rich, (v. Tubeuf phot.) fungal hyphae about its roots, and yet derive

. Lessons in nature study. Nature study. PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS 123 â. Fig. 77. A prothallium of a fern magnified. The small figure at the top ehows the natural size. Both figures show the undersid" of the plant. The archegonia are shown near the notch, below are the antheridia, the round dots, and numerous hairs acting as roots. Lichens. The lessons on the muslirooms will prepare the class for another group of fungi, the lichens. They are very common. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration an Stock Photo

RMRDY29M–. Lessons in nature study. Nature study. PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS 123 â. Fig. 77. A prothallium of a fern magnified. The small figure at the top ehows the natural size. Both figures show the undersid" of the plant. The archegonia are shown near the notch, below are the antheridia, the round dots, and numerous hairs acting as roots. Lichens. The lessons on the muslirooms will prepare the class for another group of fungi, the lichens. They are very common. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration an

RMPG4BBD–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. USTILAGO. 279 Ustilago maydis (D.C.)^ (Britain and U.S. America).^ This smut of Zea Mais produces large and conspicuous deformations on leaves, leaf-sheaths, stems, roots, and all parts of the male and female flowers. These are whitish, gall-like swellings and blisters, containing a mass of gelatinous mycelium, from which spores are produced. The swellings may- attain to the size of a fist, or even larger. The spore

RMRJ6MGX–. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. 824 THE ROOTS OF RED CLOVER. For a long time it was propagated by scattering tlie seed in the chaff with all the weeds and rubbish, as it accumulated at the stack or barn. Extent of Roots.—Red clover usually has a large tap root, with numerous branches extending in all directions. Sometimes the tap root is short and soon equaled

RMPG4B6B–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. TUBERCTJLINA. Tuberculina. 32r Mycelium parasitic on hyphae and spore-patches of Uredineae. Short rod-like hyphae spring from the spore-patches, and give ofi' from their apices, globose conidia, which on germination produce branched promycelia bearing sickle-shaped conidia.. Fig. 179.—ScMifizia cypericola on Ct/perus Jkivescens. Several roots show palmately- divided swellings. Isolated spore. (After Magnus.) Tubercu

RMRDGFFR–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 792 ECOLOGY outside), while if the fungi occur within the roots, as in the orchids (fig. 1106), it is called endotrophic {i.e. nourished within). Ecto trophic mycorhizas vary from forms with loose and scattered hyphal threads which come into casual contact with the roots to a condition like that in Monoiropa, where the root system usually is compacted into a clump or ball, and where the in- dividual rootlets are so closely invested by fun- gal hyphaethatthelatter when sectioned resem- ble a compact tissue (figs. 1104, 1105); in s

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. u6 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 28. Crown Gall of Peach the newly formed parenchyma. The centers of these growths ulti- mately become most curiously twisted nodules of tracheides and woody fibers." Galls upon relatively small roots may not attain more than a centimeter in diameter, while ordinarily on nursery stock, raspberries, etc., they may be as large as a walnut (Fig. 28). On the crowns of large trees they may be much larger. Cross-inoculation experiments. It has cost Stock Photo

RMPG405R–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. u6 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 28. Crown Gall of Peach the newly formed parenchyma. The centers of these growths ulti- mately become most curiously twisted nodules of tracheides and woody fibers." Galls upon relatively small roots may not attain more than a centimeter in diameter, while ordinarily on nursery stock, raspberries, etc., they may be as large as a walnut (Fig. 28). On the crowns of large trees they may be much larger. Cross-inoculation experiments. It has cost

RMRDJGYB–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPHTTA. 161. (J) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order Selvellaceoe).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 386. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, but

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 309 two branches together. Squirrels in search of food bite off the twigs of trees. Deer and moose browse upon the tender branches and bark of various trees, the moose especially, upon Acer pennsyhanicum and Sorbus americana. Grizzly bears rub their backs against the bark of trees and sometimes in this way decorticate them. Rodents peel off the outer protective layers of roots as food, or as material with which to line their burrows. The mycelia of Rhizoctoni Stock Photo

RMPG44NF–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 309 two branches together. Squirrels in search of food bite off the twigs of trees. Deer and moose browse upon the tender branches and bark of various trees, the moose especially, upon Acer pennsyhanicum and Sorbus americana. Grizzly bears rub their backs against the bark of trees and sometimes in this way decorticate them. Rodents peel off the outer protective layers of roots as food, or as material with which to line their burrows. The mycelia of Rhizoctoni

. Florists' review [microform]. Floriculture. JULY 18, 1912. The Florists'Review 13. View in the Lecture Hall at the National Sweet Pea Show, Boston. tained. Cultures made from this sick soil produced the same fungi as those found on the diseased roots and stems. Our experiments are as yet incomplete, but the results obtained so far point to the fact that these fungi in the soil are the cause of this soil sickness. The debris found in this sick soil also readily yielded a pure culture of the Sclerotinia libertinia, of which I have just spoken. All these fungous diseases just described can also Stock Photo

RMRRY4C6–. Florists' review [microform]. Floriculture. JULY 18, 1912. The Florists'Review 13. View in the Lecture Hall at the National Sweet Pea Show, Boston. tained. Cultures made from this sick soil produced the same fungi as those found on the diseased roots and stems. Our experiments are as yet incomplete, but the results obtained so far point to the fact that these fungi in the soil are the cause of this soil sickness. The debris found in this sick soil also readily yielded a pure culture of the Sclerotinia libertinia, of which I have just spoken. All these fungous diseases just described can also

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Mitnila sclerotiorum Rost.^* which causes a disease of alfalfa in Denmark is the only pathogen of the family. The infected plants die and later the roots and stems be- come filled with black sclerotia which lie dormant about a year. Fig. 89. — Mitrula. B, habit UpOn resuming growth they be- sketch; F, asci. After Schroter. , , i- i . j i come covered by light red eleva^ tions, which bear small light red ascocarps.. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-s Stock Photo

RMPG4GRF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Mitnila sclerotiorum Rost.^* which causes a disease of alfalfa in Denmark is the only pathogen of the family. The infected plants die and later the roots and stems be- come filled with black sclerotia which lie dormant about a year. Fig. 89. — Mitrula. B, habit UpOn resuming growth they be- sketch; F, asci. After Schroter. , , i- i . j i come covered by light red eleva^ tions, which bear small light red ascocarps.. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-s

RMRDCXRH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 526 THE PATHOGENIC SLIME-FUNGI. young roots of newly germinated cabbage, turnips, etc. They do this by penetrating the cell-wall, probably that of a hair to begin with, and the malformation ensues. The myxamoebae possess a fis^eUum and pseudopodia, so that they are fitted for. Fig. 316.—Plasmodiophora bi-assicac. Effects on Turnip grown in Russia. (After Worouin.) different modes of locomotion. When entrance into a

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 493 one on snapdragon,^^ another on Clematis roots,** and one on ap- ple*"^ Phomopsis Saccardo " (p. 482) As in Phoma, but with hooked conidiophores. A small genus. P. aloeapercrassee Trinch. is reported on scapes and flowers of the aloe in Italy. P. stewartii Pk. Perithecia gregarious, commonly occupying grayish or brown spots, thin, subcutaneous, at length erumpent, depressed, minute, Is- 12 xaxsx. broad, black; spores of two kinds, first; filiform, curved, flexuous or vmcinate, hyali Stock Photo

RMPG0RBH–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 493 one on snapdragon,^^ another on Clematis roots,** and one on ap- ple*"^ Phomopsis Saccardo " (p. 482) As in Phoma, but with hooked conidiophores. A small genus. P. aloeapercrassee Trinch. is reported on scapes and flowers of the aloe in Italy. P. stewartii Pk. Perithecia gregarious, commonly occupying grayish or brown spots, thin, subcutaneous, at length erumpent, depressed, minute, Is- 12 xaxsx. broad, black; spores of two kinds, first; filiform, curved, flexuous or vmcinate, hyali

RMRDAAHR–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. FUNGI 159 balls; but it is thought that a basidium is represented also in the life-history of the rusts, and hence they are now included among the Basidiomycetes. This supposed ba- sidium of the rust is the little filament produced by the winter spore, which sends out branches that bear the small early spring spores (Â§ 84). 88. Mycorhiza.âThis name means root-fungus, and refers to an association that exists between certain Fungi of the soil and the roots of higher plants. It was thought once that this association of fungus and root occurr

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 151.—Cross-section of a calloused end of a poplar cutting. G. Vessel; M, pith ray. (After Kiisler, p. 159.) Fig. 153. — Stem of Lamium orvala with strong cal- lous growth. {Afler Kiister.) are capable of producing callus, such as roots, stems and leaves, yet all parts of all plants do not have the capacity of forming it. Such growth seems to reside in the living elements of exposed tissue and the productive power of different kinds of tissues varies greatly. Cam- bium is the most a Stock Photo

RMPG44J3–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 151.—Cross-section of a calloused end of a poplar cutting. G. Vessel; M, pith ray. (After Kiisler, p. 159.) Fig. 153. — Stem of Lamium orvala with strong cal- lous growth. {Afler Kiister.) are capable of producing callus, such as roots, stems and leaves, yet all parts of all plants do not have the capacity of forming it. Such growth seems to reside in the living elements of exposed tissue and the productive power of different kinds of tissues varies greatly. Cam- bium is the most a

RMRDJFBY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 212 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS outset as to cause manifest loss in the final crop. Again, diseased plants may entirely recover. The surfaces of diseased roots may be roughened and browned by the presence of the fungus, but the tissues within are usually, in the case of violets, peas, etc., tinted red or pink. Ordinarily the fungus penetrates all parts of the rootlet, but as is common with plants which are not vigorous or obligate parasites, there are no abnormal cell divisions of t

. Beginners' botany. Botany. THE STEMS—KINDS AND FORMS; PRUNING 57. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounde Stock Photo

RMPG26X9–. Beginners' botany. Botany. THE STEMS—KINDS AND FORMS; PRUNING 57. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounde

. Textbook of botany. Botany. I82 TEXTBOOK OP BOTANY in some cases the fungous threads penetrate the root cells. It is thought by some who have studied these mycorhizas that the fungi are not, strictly speaking, parasitic upon the trees; rather, there is a sort of part- nership between a tree and the fungus living in its roots. The fungus finds a sheltered place in which to live, and probably also uses as food some of the substances in the root cells. On the other hand, it is thought that the fungous threads on the outside of the root assist the root by absorb- ing water and other substances, Stock Photo

RMRDWACJ–. Textbook of botany. Botany. I82 TEXTBOOK OP BOTANY in some cases the fungous threads penetrate the root cells. It is thought by some who have studied these mycorhizas that the fungi are not, strictly speaking, parasitic upon the trees; rather, there is a sort of part- nership between a tree and the fungus living in its roots. The fungus finds a sheltered place in which to live, and probably also uses as food some of the substances in the root cells. On the other hand, it is thought that the fungous threads on the outside of the root assist the root by absorb- ing water and other substances,

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 649 F. gemmiperda Aderh. is described by Aderliold "" as fatal to flower buds of cherry before they open, a conclusion supported by inoculation experiments. The disease in general appearance re- sembles sclerotiniose. F. rhizogenum P. & C. Sporodochia superficial, 1 to 2 mm. wide, dense, convex, white or whitish, hyphse densely interwoven, septate, subramose; conidia oblong, roundish, 1-septate, 70 x 4 /«. It was originally described as a parasite on apple roots in Ne- braska '&quot Stock Photo

RMPG45FF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 649 F. gemmiperda Aderh. is described by Aderliold "" as fatal to flower buds of cherry before they open, a conclusion supported by inoculation experiments. The disease in general appearance re- sembles sclerotiniose. F. rhizogenum P. & C. Sporodochia superficial, 1 to 2 mm. wide, dense, convex, white or whitish, hyphse densely interwoven, septate, subramose; conidia oblong, roundish, 1-septate, 70 x 4 /«. It was originally described as a parasite on apple roots in Ne- braska '&quot

RMRDDAMK–. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 2l8 FARM FRIENDS AND FARM FOES the top of these the spores are produced. Compare it with an apple tree: the mycelium corresponds in a way to the roots; the vertical column to the trunk; the spores to the seeds in the fruit. Can you not see that this mold is really a plant, though it lacks the green coloring matter of our more familiar plants ? Parasitic Fungi The toadstools, mushrooms, and molds are all fungi that live at the expense of dead or decaying plant or animal mat

RMPG42XW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ECTOTEOPHIC MYCORHIZA. 95. Fig. 17.—Spruce seedling in third year, grown in clay-loam. Typical coral-like mycorhiza are absent. The strong root to the right shows, on its newer parts and on all lateral roots, only root-hairs and no fungus. The remaining roote are not modified in any way—some are covered with loose fungal caps, others have both fungal caps and root-hairs, while others are quite free from fungi, (v. T

RMRDCY6M–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 460 BASIDIOMYCETES. cleared forest-land where the fungus sporophores are numerous on dead stools or roots. Agaricus (Pholiota) adiposus Fr.' (Britain and U.S. America). This is a conspicuous bright yellow or honey-yellow toadstool, with a glistening slimy cap which, as well as the stalk, is beset with concentric darker scales (Fig. 289). The scales and delicate annulus become indistinct or disappear on old sporophor

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 81 germinate in a similar manner. Conidia germinate freely only if they are chilled. ^^ A. Candida (Pers.) Roussel.*' Sori on all parts of the host except the roots, white or rarely light-yellow, prominent and rather deep- seated, variable in size and shape, often confluent and frequently producing marked distortion of the host; conidiophores hyaline, clavate, about 35-40 x 15-17 m; conidia, globular, hyaline, with uniformly thin walls, 15-18 fi; oospores, much less common than conidia, usually c Stock Photo

RMPG4H0N–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 81 germinate in a similar manner. Conidia germinate freely only if they are chilled. ^^ A. Candida (Pers.) Roussel.*' Sori on all parts of the host except the roots, white or rarely light-yellow, prominent and rather deep- seated, variable in size and shape, often confluent and frequently producing marked distortion of the host; conidiophores hyaline, clavate, about 35-40 x 15-17 m; conidia, globular, hyaline, with uniformly thin walls, 15-18 fi; oospores, much less common than conidia, usually c

RMRDGEYN–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. go2 ECOLOGY evidence for either. The exact cause of petalization is unknown, but in many cases it appears to be inherent, double flowers usually being regarded as sports or mutants, since they often may be reproduced by seed as well as by cuttings.^ In other cases, petalization clearly is due to external factors, notably in a number of species in which plants whose roots are infested with certain parasitic fungi (as Heterodera radicicola) develop double flowers. Saponaria sometimes has double flowers when the roots are infested w

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 329.—CoUybia velutipes. After Lloyd. A common saprophyte which is reported by Stewart ^"^ as the probable cause of death of the horse-chestnut. It has also been reported in Europe as a parasite. Tricholoma Fries (p. 450) Stout and fleshy, stipe rnd pileus of the same sub- stance; gills sinuate or ad- aate. Fig. 330. T. rutilans Scha. occurs on pine roots; T. saponaceum Fr. on various tree roots. Mycena Fries (p. 450) Small; pileus usually bell- shaped, rarely umbilicate, membranous and more or less striate, at first with Stock Photo

RMPG0RCY–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 329.—CoUybia velutipes. After Lloyd. A common saprophyte which is reported by Stewart ^"^ as the probable cause of death of the horse-chestnut. It has also been reported in Europe as a parasite. Tricholoma Fries (p. 450) Stout and fleshy, stipe rnd pileus of the same sub- stance; gills sinuate or ad- aate. Fig. 330. T. rutilans Scha. occurs on pine roots; T. saponaceum Fr. on various tree roots. Mycena Fries (p. 450) Small; pileus usually bell- shaped, rarely umbilicate, membranous and more or less striate, at first with

RMRDDWT0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 96 SYMBIOSIS. in Monotropa. The root-system of a tree has not only to secure nourishment, but also the rigidity and stability of the tree.^ This latter can only be attained by a wide distribution of roots in the firm subsoil free from humus, where normal roots with root-hairs will be formed. The nursing function of the mycorhiza seems thus to be less important than in the case of Monotropa.. Fig. IS.—Mycorhisa of Pi

. The care of trees in lawn, street and park, with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Trees. 42 Disease and Death of Trees — Generalities the wood body. W hile the tree can go on rotting for years, to all appearances without detriment, its stabihty is under- mined, and finally a ^indstorm may lay it low in full leaf and otherwise in full health. These fungi gain entrance to the wood through wounds made by broken or badly pruned branches, by broken bark or through injured, exposed roots. On the ragged surface of a broken branch stump, and even on a well-pruned but unprotecte Stock Photo

RMPFXCW5–. The care of trees in lawn, street and park, with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Trees. 42 Disease and Death of Trees — Generalities the wood body. W hile the tree can go on rotting for years, to all appearances without detriment, its stabihty is under- mined, and finally a ^indstorm may lay it low in full leaf and otherwise in full health. These fungi gain entrance to the wood through wounds made by broken or badly pruned branches, by broken bark or through injured, exposed roots. On the ragged surface of a broken branch stump, and even on a well-pruned but unprotecte

. Elementary botany. Botany. 320 ECOLOGY. Mycorhiza. 603. Many others of the higher plants have fungi associated with their roots Such roots are mycorhiza. Many orchids have mycorhiza which arc thiclv and fleshy, while the " coral-root " orchid has a coral-like mass of rhi- zomes. The curious Indian-pipe (monotropa) has a system of slender roots beside the closely branched mass of mycorhiza. Jn these cases the fungus lives. Fig. 423. Dodder. in the cells of the root and some of the threads of the fungus e.xtend to the outside into the soil, and perhaps partly serve as abscirhent orga Stock Photo

RMRE1N6P–. Elementary botany. Botany. 320 ECOLOGY. Mycorhiza. 603. Many others of the higher plants have fungi associated with their roots Such roots are mycorhiza. Many orchids have mycorhiza which arc thiclv and fleshy, while the " coral-root " orchid has a coral-like mass of rhi- zomes. The curious Indian-pipe (monotropa) has a system of slender roots beside the closely branched mass of mycorhiza. Jn these cases the fungus lives. Fig. 423. Dodder. in the cells of the root and some of the threads of the fungus e.xtend to the outside into the soil, and perhaps partly serve as abscirhent orga

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 42 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE to decay of roots of carrot, parsnip, tumip, radish, salsify, of onion bulbs, hyacinth corms, cabbage heads, celery stalks and fruits of tomato, pepper and egg plant. Jones found no decay pro- duced in young carrot or parsnip plants, fruits of orange, banana, apple, pear, cauliflower head,* Irish potato tuber, beet root or tomato stems. ^"^ Infection did not occur unless the epidermis was broken. The rotten mass was always soft, wet, and exuded a liquid clouded with bac- teria. / I V^ J Stock Photo

RMPG4H6Y–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 42 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE to decay of roots of carrot, parsnip, tumip, radish, salsify, of onion bulbs, hyacinth corms, cabbage heads, celery stalks and fruits of tomato, pepper and egg plant. Jones found no decay pro- duced in young carrot or parsnip plants, fruits of orange, banana, apple, pear, cauliflower head,* Irish potato tuber, beet root or tomato stems. ^"^ Infection did not occur unless the epidermis was broken. The rotten mass was always soft, wet, and exuded a liquid clouded with bac- teria. / I V^ J

RMRDJG22–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. u6 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 28. Crown Gall of Peach the newly formed parenchyma. The centers of these growths ulti- mately become most curiously twisted nodules of tracheides and woody fibers." Galls upon relatively small roots may not attain more than a centimeter in diameter, while ordinarily on nursery stock, raspberries, etc., they may be as large as a walnut (Fig. 28). On the crowns of large trees they may be much larger. Cross-inoculation experiments. It has cost

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 460 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLA^ff DISEASE. Fig. 329.—CoUybia velutipes. After Lloyd. A common saprophyte which is reported by Stewart ^"^ as the probable cause of death of the horse-chestnut. It has also been reported in Europe as a parasite. Tricholoma Fries (p. 450) Stout and fleshy, stipe rnd pileus of the same sub- stance; gills sinuate or ad- aate. Fig. 330. T. rutilans Scha. occurs on pine roots; T. saponaceum Fr. on various tree roots. Mycena Fries (p. 450) Small; pileus usually bell- shaped, rarely umbilicate, membranou Stock Photo

RMPG0RD4–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 460 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLA^ff DISEASE. Fig. 329.—CoUybia velutipes. After Lloyd. A common saprophyte which is reported by Stewart ^"^ as the probable cause of death of the horse-chestnut. It has also been reported in Europe as a parasite. Tricholoma Fries (p. 450) Stout and fleshy, stipe rnd pileus of the same sub- stance; gills sinuate or ad- aate. Fig. 330. T. rutilans Scha. occurs on pine roots; T. saponaceum Fr. on various tree roots. Mycena Fries (p. 450) Small; pileus usually bell- shaped, rarely umbilicate, membranou

RMRDAMX8–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounded or mutilated unnecessarily. Horses sh

. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. ROOTS 107. food supplies. T h e r G f o r o, p r o - cesses are devel- oped "which pene- trate and aliscirh. The mistletoe and dodder are seed- plants "whieh have t h i s h a Ij it. a n d both have such processes (see Figs. 102, 103). This habit is mncli more extensively devel- oped, however, in a low group of plants known as the fungi. Many of these iiarasitic fungi live upon jilants and animals, common illustrations being the mildews of lilac leaves and many other plants, the rust of wheat, the smut i:if corn, etc. 70. Root structure. Stock Photo

RMPG0P9K–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. ROOTS 107. food supplies. T h e r G f o r o, p r o - cesses are devel- oped "which pene- trate and aliscirh. The mistletoe and dodder are seed- plants "whieh have t h i s h a Ij it. a n d both have such processes (see Figs. 102, 103). This habit is mncli more extensively devel- oped, however, in a low group of plants known as the fungi. Many of these iiarasitic fungi live upon jilants and animals, common illustrations being the mildews of lilac leaves and many other plants, the rust of wheat, the smut i:if corn, etc. 70. Root structure.

RMRDDWRK–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 98 SYMBIOSIS. suggested that the reduced formation of hairs on their roots was due to the fungus-hyphae behaving physiologically as root-hairs, Johow, in opposition to Frank, states that the non-ehloro- phyUous Wullschlaegelia, a relative of Neotiia, shows no trace of. Fig. 19.—Coralliorhiza innata Br. (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 20.—iVeodin Sidut avis Rich, (v. Tubeuf phot.) fungal hyphae about its roots, and yet derive

. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPBYTA. 161. (i) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order SelvellacecB).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 336. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, hut Stock Photo

RMRDWBRM–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPBYTA. 161. (i) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order SelvellacecB).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 336. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, hut

. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. 194 Science of Plant Life Roots in relation to bacteria and fungi. The roots of many plants have bacteria or fungi growing about them or inside them. The best-known crop plants belonging to this group are the clover, cowpea, and alfalfa; their roots develop small nodules in which cer- tain kinds of bacteria change nitrogen of the air into nitro- gen compounds which may be used by the plants. More information about these bac- teria will be found in a later chapter (page 258). Many of Stock Photo

RMRDTK0Y–. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. 194 Science of Plant Life Roots in relation to bacteria and fungi. The roots of many plants have bacteria or fungi growing about them or inside them. The best-known crop plants belonging to this group are the clover, cowpea, and alfalfa; their roots develop small nodules in which cer- tain kinds of bacteria change nitrogen of the air into nitro- gen compounds which may be used by the plants. More information about these bac- teria will be found in a later chapter (page 258). Many of

RMRDE21A–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 309 two branches together. Squirrels in search of food bite off the twigs of trees. Deer and moose browse upon the tender branches and bark of various trees, the moose especially, upon Acer pennsyhanicum and Sorbus americana. Grizzly bears rub their backs against the bark of trees and sometimes in this way decorticate them. Rodents peel off the outer protective layers of roots as food, or as material with which to line their burrows. The mycelia of Rhizoctoni

. The essentials of botany. Botany. (i) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order SelvellacecB).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 336. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, hut in some spe- cies Stock Photo

RMRDWBRG–. The essentials of botany. Botany. (i) Blue Mould may be obtained from decaying fruit, pastry, and frequently upon ink. 335. The Cup-Fungi and their Allies {Order SelvellacecB).—The common Cup-fungus of the woods is a good representative of this order. The fa- miliar cup- or saucer-shaped growth is in reality the spore-fruit, while the plant itself generally grows underground. The plant consists of whitish, jointed filaments which grow on or in the ground, drawing their nourishment from decaying sticks, roots, etc. 336. But little is known as to the asexual reproduction, hut in some spe- cies

RMRDD861–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. USTILAGO. 279 Ustilago maydis (D.C.)^ (Britain and U.S. America).^ This smut of Zea Mais produces large and conspicuous deformations on leaves, leaf-sheaths, stems, roots, and all parts of the male and female flowers. These are whitish, gall-like swellings and blisters, containing a mass of gelatinous mycelium, from which spores are produced. The swellings may- attain to the size of a fist, or even larger. The spore

RMRDE19E–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES SSI the broken stub of the main root system. Nature attempts to repair the damage in the tobacco by the formation of a cluster of. new roots, so that affected plants may not be killed, but remain in the stunted form (Figs. 196 and 197). The intercellular mycelium is septate, hyaline at first and consists of narrow hyphae. The fungus produces three kinds of spores, which. Fig. 196.—Tobacco roots affected by rot (Thielavia basicola). i. Inoculat

RMRDTG8R–. Elementary botany. Botany. 320 ECOLOG Y. Mycorhiza. 603. Many others of the higher plants have fungi associated with their roots. Such roots are mycorhiza. In some genera of the orchids the roots form a compact mass resembling coral growth, as in the coral-root orchid. The curious Indian-pipe (monotropa) has roots which form a large closely branched mass of thickened short roots. In these cases the fungus lives in. Fig. 423. Dodder. the cells of the root and some of the threads of the fungus extend to the outside into the soil, and perhaps partly serve as absorbent organs since the root hair

Roots fungi Black & White Stock Photos

Roots fungi Black & White Stock Photos

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