RMRHKAEK–. Biology. Biology. 78 ORGANISMS OF TISSUES tive or somatic cells, and reproducing or reproductive cells. The differentiation is carried a step farther in the case of Pleo- dorina where twenty-eight of the cells are capable of reproduc- ing, while the remaining four cells, making up the thirty-two cell colony, are purely vegetative and do not reproduce. Here there is a permanent differentiation in the colony and a long step toward the metazoan condition. In some colonies finally, as in Gonium pectorale, the method of development approaches. k FIG. 32.—Reproduction of Gonium pcctorale. Each of
RMRDX32M–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 branches push up between them and gradually a compact sheath of para- physes is built up. The ascogenous hyphae meanwhile spread radially at the base of the paraphyses and the asci begin to form. The apothecia may be further enlarged by intercalary growth, and this vigorous development of vegetative tissue immediately underneath raises the whole fruit structure well above the surface level. Sattler^ in his paper on Cladoniae'^ cites as an argument in favour of fertilization the relative positions of carpogonia and spermogonia on the podetia.
RMRHK2M6–. The biology of the Protozoa. Protozoa; Protozoa. REPRODUCTION 229 funnel-like peristome. The nucleus divides equally, one-half passing into the swelling which, with only partial peristomial development, breaks away from the parent and then completes its peristomial differentiations.. Fig. WQ.—Councilmania lafleuri, a parasitic intestinal amcsba. A, normal, vegetative individual; B, to E, encysted individuals and formation of eight endo- genous buds which escape one by one (B, C). (After Kofoid and Swezy.) In Suctoria similar exogenous buds, either single or multiple, are formed from the oral
RMRDX3F3–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 16s firmly attached to the trichogyne cell but without any plasma connection between the two. The changes in the trichogyne described by Stahl and Baur in Collemaceae were not seen in Anaptychia; the peculiar swelling of the septa seems to be a phenomenon confined to gelatinous lichens. During the trichogyne stage in this lichen the vegetative hyphae from the medulla grow up and surround the young carpogonia, and, at the same time, very slender hyphae begin to branch upwards to form the paraphyses. Darbi- shire's^ examination of Physcia pulverul
RMRGAHT3–. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. 6 BULLETIN 947, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPERIMENTAL WORK. The feeding experiments were carried on at the Salina Experiment Station, in "Utah, and were continued through the summer months from 1915 to 1919. Facilities for chemical work were provided at the Salina station so that such work as was dependent on field conditions was conducted. Fig. d.—Hclenium hoopesii. Young plants showing root system and method of vegetative reproduction. there, but the more detailed work was carried on in Washington, wher
RMRD3J33–. The cytology and life-history of bacteria. Bacteria. THE BACTERIAL NUCLEUS 69 redistributed in the filament, and the latter then fragments into nidividual bacteria, each containing two pairs ot chrcMiiosomes. Thus each chromosome of the original six becomes the parent of the entire complement of two pairs in one daughter bacterium. The occurrence ot the fusion process has now been confirmed by genetic studies (Section G, below). ^ ^ /n r <j ^. {Reproduced front the Journal of Hygiene.) Fig. 30 CO.MPLEX VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIUM The trinucleate cell precedes the fusion cell wit
RMRDWPWB–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. PLEUROCOCCUS 191 the adult form, and sooner or later divide, commonly by two successive walls at right-angles to one another, to form four- celled packets. Each daughter-ceU is thus the quadrant of a sphere, but with subsequent growth it rounds off and separates from its neighbours, giving rise again to the adult form. This process of vegetative propagation is, when conditions are favour- able, repeated at frequent intervals, and in this way Pleitrococcus rapidly covers large areas.'. Fig. ioi.—Various coloni
RMRDHKB8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 678 ECOLOGY advance upstream, and even may migrate from one river or pond to another; wind and fish may be agents of dispersal upstream, and it is the current belief that the feet of wading birds are important agents in carrying plant fragments from one pond to another. Clearly the culmination of vegetative reproduction among seed plants is to be seen in fragmenting hydrophytes, where stem detachability facilitates dis- persal as much as does seed production. Winter buds. — In many aquatics there develop special winter buds or hi
RMRD3HYN–. The cytology and life-history of bacteria. Bacteria. 92 THE CYTOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY OF BACTERIA Vegetative reproduction, in bacteria of this morphology, may take place in one of two different ways, which correspond to the simple and complex types of fission in eubacteria, although the resemblance is not exact.. (6)â(§ a D (Reproduced from the Journal of General Microbiology.) Fig. 38 ALTERNATIVE MODES OF DIVISION IN MYCOBACTERIA AND CORYNEBACTERIA â fopâProliferation of cells, followed by simple fission. BelowâFragmentation into individual cells, which by growth and division return to the
RMRPX820–. The algae. Algae. io6 THE ALGAE sheath of pectose. Any cell is capable of division, and vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is exceedingly common, three methods having been described: (a) The septum between two cells spUts and a mucilaginous jelly develops in between, so that when one cell subsequently develops a high turgor pressure the cells become forced apart. ^. 1. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work..
RMRPX981–. The algae. Algae. 26 THE ALGAE being the normal number in the common species P. morum. In the species the cells are so compacted that they are flattened by mutual pressure. Each colony is enclosed in a gelatinous matrix with an outer watery sheath, and, together with the next two genera, exhibits some degree of polarity in its progression. In asexual reproduction the colony first ceases to be motile and sinks to the bottom of the pond. Then each cell gives rise by several divisions to a bowl-shaped daughter colony or coenobium. This. A B Fig. 5 Pandorina morum. A, vegetative colony ( x 975).
RMRDY9F2–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 225 as homologous with a hair. Sometimes the sporangia, although really free, are overgrown by adjacent parts, so that. Fig. 225.—A lichen {P.innelia conspersa) growing on a sti.»ne, showing the leaf-Uke thallus (mycelium*, witli many fructifications lapothecia'. Tlie older ones are more or less in'egular and large with a narrow rim ; the younger are nearer the margin, cir- cular, and nearly closed over at top. Natural size.—After Frank.. Please note that these images are extracted
RMRE3B90–. Practical botany. Botany. 200 PRACTICAL BOTANY. 185. Vaucheria: reproduction. As suggested in Sect. 183, it sometimes occurs tliat brandies are left as separated in- dividuals by the death of the older portions of the plant. This re- sults in vegetative re- production. Asexual reproduction may be started by having the end of a branch cut off by a cross wall. The part that is thus cut off proceeds to form an immense zoospore (Fig. 162, ^, 5). The wall which contains it breaks, and it slowly emerges, and, after a period of separate ex- istence in the water, it germinates and forms a new plant
RMRDHBFB–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 199 containing the ovules, surmounted by (2) a slender part of variable length, the style, which is terminated by (3) a rough, sticky, or branched part, the j/z^fwa. (See figs. 152,156.) 283. Stigma and style.—The stigma may take the form of a knob, a ridge, a straight or wavy line, or be lobed or branched. However compact, it is usually roughened by the prolongation of its surface cells into rounded, pointed, or hair-like extensions (fig. 154), which frequently secrete a sticky fluid. Its
RMRH05F4–. Bulletin. Fig. 1.—An Overgrazed Mountain Bunch-Grass Range Fenced Against Stock in 1907. Photographed July 12, 1907.. Fig. 2.—View of Same Area After Three Seasons' Protection Against Grazing. The increase in forage is due to vegetative growth and not to reproduction from sued.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. United States. Office of Experiment Stations. Washington, Govt. Print. Off
RMRR28N9–. Advances in marine biology: volume 17. Coral fisheries. Fig. 73. Vegetative reproduction in Penicillus and Udotea. (Top) An aquarium showing a cluster of young Penicilli aroiuid an old Penicillus with white capituluni. Two other young Penicilli appear in the left foreground. A young Udotea is developing to the left of the large Udotea. All yovmg plants are from rhizoidal runners, and the aquarium had been established five weeks when the photograph was taken. The diameter of the white discs is 0-85 cm. (Bottom) Filaments of the espera stage of Penicillus capitatus from the Caribbean, develope
RMRPX8ET–. The algae. Algae. EUPHYCOPHYTA 75. The cells, which are globose in shape and occasionally branched, are single, or else as many as four may be united into a group. Under certain cultural conditions branching may be copious. Each cell contains one chloroplast and there are no pyrenoids. The sole method of reproduction is through vegetative division in three planes when one may find up to fifty cells in a group. There is probably only one species, P. naegelii, all the other so-called species being reduced or modi- fied forms of other algae. The resistance of the cells to desiccation is aided b
RMRDWAY4–. British plants; their biology and ecology. Botany; Botany; Plant ecology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 161 extreme cold, and the food destined for them goes into the little plants instead. 7. Multiplication by Detached Shoots—e.g., some aqua- tics'(see p. 53). It is clear from this that the vegetative mode of repro- duction in aU its various forms is really one of bvd- detachment. Bulbs, corms, and bulbils are obviously only buds rich in food-reserves. Cuttings, fragments of rhizomes, ruimers, duckers, and tubers are modified bud-bearing shoots. In viviparous roots and leaves buds arise on organs
RMRG5DB5–. Cacti. Cactus. 20 CIRCULAR 66, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A study of vegetative reproduction in such forms as Opuntia luiffuiforrms (pi. 18, A) would be exceedingly interesting. Certain strains of this species at least produce plants simulating the type of joint from which they are propagated. As an example, the plant illustrated in Plate 18. B, will reproduce itself vegetatively from the median strap-shaped joints, the lateral ovate ones producing a plant of entirely different appearance in that none of the long joints will be formed. A study of the plants in the wild reveals some rema
RMRH29D4–. British plants : their biology and ecology. Plants; Plant ecology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 157 shoot in the old bulb during the resting period. The food that was destined for the flower is diverted and used in the production of numerous small bulbs. Lilies, hya- cinths, etc., are regularly propagated by this method. The scales of the hyacinth are also slit up, and when placed in a warm, moist atmosphere as many as a hundred tiny bulbils may be formed along the cut edges, and after several seasons these become big flowering bulbs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page
RMRE0MT8–. South African botany. Botany. CLASSIFICATION 185 brilliant. They seem to be visited by insects for the sake of the pollen and hence cross-pollinated, but self- pollination can easily occur. Other Genera.—Galenia (Kraalbush) is common on the Karoo. Tetragonia is very like the ice-plant, having leaves which ghsten in the sun. Aizoon has red flowers and is found in the Cape. Vegetative Reproduction.—Many species of Mesembry- anthemum are readily reproduced from slips.. Pi8. 104.—Erica cerintTwides. I. Anther. II- Floral Diagram. III. Longitudinal Section of Flower. 155 N O Ericaceae.—General Ch
RMRE3WHD–. A text-book of animal physiology, with introductory chapters on general biology and a full treatment of reproduction ... Physiology, Comparative. AMPHIOXUS. PLATE I. GASTRULATION. (After Haeekel.) Pigs. 1 to 17 represent holoblastic eggs (with total cleavage); Figs. 18 to 30 show meroblastie eggs (with partial cleavage). The animal halves are colored gray, the vegetative halves red. The nutritive yolk is shaded vertically. All the figures show vertical merid- ian sections through the axis of the primitive intestine. In all, the letters indicate the same parts: c, the parent-cell {cytula); /,
RMRH29BA–. British plants : their biology and ecology. Plants; Plant ecology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 16L extreme cold, and the food destined for them goes into the little plants instead. 7. Multiplication by Detached Shoots—e.g., some aqua- tics (see p. 53). It is clear from this that the vegetative mode of repro- duction in all its various forms is really one of bud- detachment. Bulbs, corms, and bulbils are obviously only buds rich in food-reserves. Cuttings, fragments of rhizomes, runners, suckers, and tubers are modified bud-bearing shoots. In viviparous roots and leaves buds arise on organs which
RMRDGF00–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. REPRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL 893 ^^ if an inflorescence is cut off and allowed to strike root in a moist chamber the tip grows into a vegetative shoot (figs. 1199, 1200). The oldest buds develop into the usual flowers, while younger buds de- velop into cleistogamous flowers without prominent corollas; still younger buds develop only the calyx, and the very youngest lateral buds, as well as the ter- minal bud, develop vegetative shoots. If a flowering shoot of Myriophyllum heierophyllum is transferred from a pond to a covered aquari
RMRDHH88–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. CHAPTER YI REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS It -n-ill be rememljored tliat nutrition ami rejii-odnction are tlie two great funoti(jus of plants. In (liscussintr foliage leaves, stems, and roots, they were used as illustra- Ls their external relations. tions of nutritive organs, so far are concerned. AVe shall now briefly study the reproductive organs from the same point of view, not describing the processes of reproduction, but some of the external relations. 71. Vegetative multiplica- tion.—Among the very lowest plants no special organs of reproduction are de
RMRPX8E5–. The algae. Algae. The cells, which are globose in shape and occasionally branched, are single, or else as many as four may be united into a group. Under certain cultural conditions branching may be copious. Each cell contains one chloroplast and there are no pyrenoids. The sole method of reproduction is through vegetative division in three planes when one may find up to fifty cells in a group. There is probably only one species, P. naegelii, all the other so-called species being reduced or modi- fied forms of other algae. The resistance of the cells to desiccation is aided by a highly concen
RMRG3T2T–. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1997 Reddoch and Reddoch: The Orchids in the Ottawa District 81 Goody era repens (Linnaeus) R. Brown in Aiton var. ophioides Fernald Lesser Rattlesnake-plantain Goodyerie rampante Goodyera repens is the smallest of the three Goodyeras in the District. It is a species of dense, shady forests and swamps that can form small, compact patches by vegetative reproduction. It can be recognized by its basal rosette of tessellated leaves lacking light lines along the median vein and can be distinguished from G. pubes- cens by its essentially one-sided in
RMRDHNJT–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 215 at intervals, so that they easily break there. When broken off by an accident, the piece rolls away, takes root from the under side, and sends up shoots from the upper. Advantage is taken of this power of several parts to form adventitious roots and shoots in the artificial propagation of. Fig. 183.—Formation of runners in the strawberry, a, the mother plant; b, young plant formed at tip of first runner ; c, plantlet at tip of second ; a third has put out from c. Slightly reduced.—Afte
RMRE39PA–. Practical botany. Botany. Fig. 352. A, corn cockle, a weed of the Pink family, troublesome in grain- fields. The seeds are poisonous. One third natural size. B, cocklebur, a very troublesome weed of the Composite family, in rich land throughout a large part of the country. Two thirds natural size resistance to unfavorable influences. Some of the chief quali- fications wliich distinguish weeds are: (1) The power of vegetative reproduction. (2) Deep, tough roots, or relatively extensive development of the underground portion. (3) The power to produce many seeds.. Please note that these images
RMRDWCYD–. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. 240 Plants and their Ways in South Africa The Cycadacea; come of a very ancient lineage, for their fossil forms are found in older rock formations than those of any of their living Gymnosperm relatives. A xerophytic character of these plants is the well-developed underground stem systeni by which vegetative reproduction. Fig. 214.—Siangcria zeyhcri. Showing the feathered venation. is secured. A curi(7us feature is shown in Fig. 213. From the upper [xjrtion of the tap root, roots are given off wliich grow directly upward (apogeofropic). T
RMRDBCHP–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. IX] EQUISETUM. 247 two sets of buds, which may develope into ascending aerial shoots or descending roots. At each node is a leaf-sheath more or less deeply divided along the upper margin into teeth representing the tips of coherent leaves (fig. 52, A). In some species one or more internodes of underground branches become considerably swollen and assume the form of ovate or elliptical starch-storing tubers, which are capable of giving rise to new plants by vegetative reproduction. Tubers, either singly or in chains, occur in E.
RMRHK5YT–. Biology and human life. Biology. 472 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN LIFE 346. Fertilization. In some of the seaweeds and other classes of plants, gametes are produced in special organs or on special parts of the plant body. This shows a division of labor be- tween vegetative and reproductive regions or structures. There is a further tendency for the two gametes that take part in con- jugation to become different from each other. In the bladder wrack, or rockweed, which is common on our coasts, some of the bladders on the tips of the fronds bear organs that discharge. a 0 c d Fig. 194. Reproduction in roc
RMRG3T4C–. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1997 Reddoch and Reddoch: The Orchids in the Ottawa District 77 Goody era pubescens (Willdenow) R. Brown in Aiton Downy Rattlesnake-plantain Goodyerie pubescente Goodyera pubescens is the largest of the three Goodyeras in the District. It is a species of mature, mesic forests and swamps that can form large patches by vegetative reproduction. These patches can be one or two metres across and can contain 100 to 200 plants. It can be recognized by its basal rosette of tessellated leaves with broad light green to nearly white lines bordering the me
RMRDXT2T–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. ASCOMYCETES—EUASCI—YEAST 249 SACCHAROMYCBTACEAE. Vegetative cells single or in small groups; mycelium usually not evident, reproduction, by budding; ascospores, usually 4, produced in the cell; occasion- ally 8, 3, S, or seldom) 1. The Saccharomycetes are fungi important in the process of fermenta- tion. It is only in recent years that any parasitic species has been recog- nized. Metchnikoff, in 1884, found a parasitic yeast Monospor
RMRDY4GF–. Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia. Plant ecology; Botany; Desert plants. ^^M5";::^^. A. Prominent development of horizontal roots in Acacia camhadgei, Neales River, Oodnadatta. B. Vegetative reproduction in Acacia sienophylla from flood-plain, Neales River, Oodnadatta. C. Kochia sedifolia on low slope above Copley Plain on Yudnamutana road, Copley.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the orig
RMRDWAYW–. British plants; their biology and ecology. Botany; Botany; Plant ecology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 157 shoot in the old bulb durmg the resting period. The food that was destined for the flower is diverted and used in the production of numerous small bulbs. Lilies, hya- cinths, etc., are regularly propagated by this method. The scales of the hyacinth are also slit up, and when placed in a warm, moist atmosphere as many as a hundred tiny bulbils may be formed along the cut edges, and after several seasons these become big flowering bulbs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanne
RMRDXPY8–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 263 leaves. They generally arise upon the stem, more rarely from the leaves or the root. Upon the stem they usually take the jjlace of shoots of other forms, developing from a-xillary buds (figs. 294, 296). If formed on leaf or root it is always from adventitious buds (fig. 293'). Every possible gradation exists, from the simplest to those with well-de- veloped members, constituting a plant of some size. They may be artificially grouped as follows : 364. {a) Buds.—In these the axis
RMRH29C2–. British plants : their biology and ecology. Plants; Plant ecology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 159 .--a protecting sheath round the SAVollen stem. The old corm, drained of food, withers away, and the young one sinks down to occupy its place. The descent is assisted by the contraction of thick and fleshy roots (Fig. 63). In the autumn-crocus (Colchicum autumnale), which belongs to the Lily family, the new corm is formed at the side of the old one, and contractile roots are unnecessary. In large corms more than one corm is formed at the top of the old one, each of flowering size. In addition, a nu
RMRE8AA6–. Coral and atolls: a history and description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands, with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general. Coral reefs and islands. Fig. 19.. Vegetative E,epkoduction IN Corals. Meandrine type of division : no separation of daughter zooids. Vegetative Reproduction in Corals. Diagram showing an Astrcea assuming (as a sport) a Mean- drine form of division. From an actual specimen. environment may call forth special reproductive activity in any portion of the growth, and so in a colony, all
RMRDB751–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. :'^::l;/.*ii^'s:iSi£^^J^'SS.-sdf±iSi-u'^ 251 (250, 252). Fig. 243. Bolrydium granulalum Greville. X is. (After Goebel and Woronin.) 252 (250, 251) Plants growing on the tissues of higher plants. Phyllosiphon Kuhn. Plants parasitic in the leaves and stems of aquatic plants. The lower end is inflated, green, the upper part colorless. In the vegetative part the chromatophores are indistinct. Reproduction by internal division or aplano- spores which are liberated by the rupturing of the cell wall. In these the rhromatophore is distinct. Fig. 244. Phyllos
RMRDB76P–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. i68 FRESH-WATER BIOLOGY 233 (220) Chromatophore a single equatorial band, with one pyrenoid. Fila- ments branched, attached, frequently with a gelatinous cov- ering. Reproduction by zoospores and isogametes. Family Chaetophoeaceae . 234 234 (242) The zoosporangia of the same form as the vegetative cells; the larger species usually bearing long hairs. Subfamily Cha'etophoreae . 235 ^iS (239) Plant attached, differentiated into base and apex 236 236 (237, 238) Filaments imbedded in a firm, gelatinous matrix, forming a spherical or an irregularly branche
RMRR277K–. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. 256 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. A piece of stem cut from certain plants and placed in water or moist sand will grow roots. plant. Geraniums and other house plants are usually propagated in this way since they may be produced much more quickly from cuttings or slips than from the germination of seeds. Another advantage of slip- planting is that one is usu- all}' sure to grow a plant true to the type from which the slip was taken. The seeds of plants do not always develop into plants exactly like the organisms from which they were gathered. Rege
RMRDWAYC–. British plants; their biology and ecology. Botany; Botany; Plant ecology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 159 ---a protecting sheath round the swollen stem. The old corm, drained of food, withers away, and the young one sinks down to occupy its place. The descent is assisted by the contraction of thick and fleshy roots (Pig. 63). In the autumn-crocus (Golchicum autumnale), which belongs to the Lily family, the new corm is formed at the side of the old one, and contractile roots are unnecessary. In large conns more than one corm is formed at the top of the old one, each of flowering size. In addition
RMRDB74W–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 243. Bolrydium granulalum Greville. X is. (After Goebel and Woronin.) 252 (250, 251) Plants growing on the tissues of higher plants. Phyllosiphon Kuhn. Plants parasitic in the leaves and stems of aquatic plants. The lower end is inflated, green, the upper part colorless. In the vegetative part the chromatophores are indistinct. Reproduction by internal division or aplano- spores which are liberated by the rupturing of the cell wall. In these the rhromatophore is distinct. Fig. 244. Phyllosiphon arisari Kuhn. Cells of host not shown. X 40- (After
RMRDY9D1–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 23I may be called, propcrl)' enough, a flower.* The wall of the sporangium when young is formed by three layers of cells, but consists at maturity of one layer only, which, having its cell-walls thickened in an irregular manner (fig. 238), tears open the sporangium, usually along a vertical line. The wall of the spore consists of three layers, the outer one splitting into narrow strips and remaining lightly attached to the spore at one point (fig. 239). To these parts of the cell-w
RMRR28PB–. Advances in marine biology: volume 17. Coral fisheries. 212 L. HrLLIS-COLESrVAUX B. Vegetative reproduction of Halimeda Halimeda plants that grow in sand reproduce by "runners" of filaments (Fig. 69). These filaments, or bundles of filaments, are at least 20 cm long (the limits of my aquaria) and spread laterally through the substrate from the main holdfast (Colinvaux et al., 1965; Colinvaux, 1968a, b; Hillis-Colinvaux, 1972, 1973). They are non-photosynthetic,. Fig. 69. Vegetative reproduction in Halimeda by "runners". A fine, filamentous thread or collection of such thr
RMRFRH6N–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. & &JEW&S ^8t* fe B^x^v^^^. A. Prominent development of horizontal roots in ^cot-to 'cambadgei, Neales River, Oodnadatta. B. Vegetative reproduction in Acacia stenophylla from flood-plain, Neales River, Oodnadatta. C. Kochia sedifolia on low slope above Copley Plain on Yudnamutana road, Copley.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Carnegie Institution
RMRDB779–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 227. Chlorotylium cataractarum Rabenhorst. X 150. (After Raben- borst.) 227 (224) Branches not frequent, rarely wanting 228 228 (229) Branches long, scattered; reproduction by resting spores. Pithophora Wittrock. Cells long, cylindrical; akinetes formed by the end of a cell being separated by a membrane, the contents becoming much thicker and darker, while the membrane increases in thickness and the whole be- comes swollen in the middle. Fig. 228. Pithophora kewerisis Wittrock. a. vegetative filament; b. formation of resting spore. X 140. (After
RMRE3AR7–. Introduction to botany. Botany. 32 INTKODUCTION TO BOTANY 31. Reproduction of producing buds. Fig. 24. Vegetative reproduction of the sweet potato The potato was hurled in moist sand and began to sprout, that is, to send out slioots from adven- titious buds at various points. Each shoot may grow into a new plant. About half natural size by means of roots. Roots are often capable which may develop into new mdividuals and thus propagate the plant. The sweet potato is a good instance of this, each root, if buried in moist sand, being capable of giving rise to several new plants (fig. 24). Roses
RMRDEG55–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 16.—Ectotrophic mycorhizas. At left hyphal mantle on root of hickory Carya ovata in cross section; at right root tip of an oak, Quercus, with fungous mantle. (From Gager. after W. B. McDougall.) forms in the different groups of fungi and are produced as special cells in a purely vegetative manner. They represent a special part of the thallus given over to reproduction. Upon the formation of these spores, which may germinate at once or live for some time as resting spores, the rapid
RMRE3B8W–. Practical botany. Botany. 185. Vaucheria: reproduction. As suggested in Sect. 183, it sometimes occurs tliat brandies are left as separated in- dividuals by the death of the older portions of the plant. This re- sults in vegetative re- production. Asexual reproduction may be started by having the end of a branch cut off by a cross wall. The part that is thus cut off proceeds to form an immense zoospore (Fig. 162, ^, 5). The wall which contains it breaks, and it slowly emerges, and, after a period of separate ex- istence in the water, it germinates and forms a new plant (Fig. 162, C). This zo
RMRFRGNJ–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. >, ;^^^, ». A. Community of Acacia pycnantha, the golden wattle, by a streamway on the Mount Brown road, Quoin. B. Large specimen of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var. pawpen'to by a wash on the Mount Arden road, Quorn. A comparison with the automobile will give an idea of its size. C. Vegetative reproduction in Hakea leucoptcra. A young shoot, removed from the soil, is shown taking its origin from a horizontal root. Quorn.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - c
RMRH8XTH–. Botany for high schools. Botany. FUNGI, BLACK MOLD 249 The spores are very numerous and float readily in the air, so that if a piece of bread or cooked potato is left exposed in a room or out of doors for a day or less, and then covered in a pan with some moist paper, in a few days the mold will appear. The mycelium is white and forms an abundant growth of threads forming the white glistening mat which spreads over the bread or other substances. 403. Asexual reproduction.—The mycelium is the vegetative or growing stage of the fungus. Within a day or so after the mycelium begins to form, asex
RMRE2M8W–. Practical botany. Botany. Tig. 68. Propagation of the strawberry plant by runners A, the parent plant; B, the young plant; r, runner; 6, bract. Half natural size 77. Reproduction by offsets and similar branches. An offset is a lateral branch for vegetative reproduction, usually rather short, as seen in the cardinal flower and the houseleek. Some- times the offset ends in a leafy rosette; in any case the branch readily takes root and begins life as a new individual. A stolon is an ordinary branch which roots at or near the tip and so forms a new plant, as is often seen in the black raspberry.
RMRDHKBT–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 676 ECOLOGY Land plants with little capacity for vegetative reproduction. — Many herbs with persistent primary roots {e.g. dock, dandelion, vervain) die down to the ground in autumn, appearing essentially stemless in winter. In reality there is a short thick stem which elongates and enlarges slightly each year; at first only one bud is formed, growing into a single leafy shoot, but, as the size increases, a number of buds are formed, growing into several leafy shoots. Such a perennial stem is known as multicipital (figs. 994-996,
RMRDWPR8–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. REPRODUCTION OF ULOTHRIX 213 The products of division {sp.), each of which has a chloroplast and pyrenoid of its own, are hberated through a small round hole formed in the side-wall, but remain enveloped for a few seconds in a thin bladder of mucilage (Fig. 115, b). Meanwhile. Fig. 115.— Ulothrix zonaia. a, two young plants recently developed from zoospores ; b, thread showing stages in the development of zoospores (sp.) ; c, short length of vegetative filament showing chloroplasts (c) vT.th pyrenoids (p.) ;
RMRE0C2K–. Senescence and rejuvenescence. Age; Reproduction. THE GAMETES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 317 P.. Figs. 123-127.—Gametes of various algae: Fig. 123, young egg cell of Vohox aureus, connected with surrounding vegetative cells by numerous plasmatic strands (from Klein, '89); Fig. 124, spermatozoid of Vohox aureus (from Klein, '89); Fig. 125, part of filament of Oedogonium, showing oogonium with large egg and below three antheridia, from two of which spermatozoids have escaped (from Coulter, etc., '10); Fig. 126, branch of Chara, bearing oogonium, og, containing a single egg and antherid- ium, an (af
RMRE1PY0–. Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. 266 REPRODUCTION together are comparatively large, a good union is very readily made. In the process of grafting a short piece of a shoot with from two to four buds upon it is united with the stock. In the grafting of fruit trees the grafts or scions are cut in January or February before vegetative growth commences, from well-ripened shoots of the preceding year's growth. They are then placed in moist sand or garden soil on the north side of a waU, or kept in a cool cellar in order to prevent them from drying up and to
RMRDY4A0–. Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia. Plant ecology; Botany; Desert plants. B. C. Community of Acacia pycnaniha, the golden wattle, by a streamway on the Mount Brown road, Quorn. Large specimen of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var. pauperita by a wash on the Mount Arden road, Quorn. A comparison with the automobile will give an idea of its size. Vegetative reproduction in Hakea leucoptera. A young shoot, removed from the soil, is shown taking its origin from a horizontal root. Quorn,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been
RMRG2R71–. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1972 DUGLE AND COPPS: POLLEN OF CATTAILS 35 Results and Discussion The presence in Manitoba of Typha angusti- jolia is confirmed, and T. x glauca, its hybrid with T. latifolia is reported for the first time from the province. From sight records and the specimen distribution the taxa were found to be quite common, and the characteristic clones can be recognized from a distance. McDonald (1951) and Yeo (1964) have pointed out that a single seed can result in a large clone of ma- ture plants by vegetative reproduction. There- fore, even a semi-fertile or sterile F
RMRD3HT1–. The cytology and life-history of bacteria. Bacteria. JJ®®QJ^ 2N. ^«®®®*" J.8 17 16 15 {Reproduced from the Journal of Hygiene). Fig. 51 THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ACTINOMYCES BOVIS (I) Spore. (2-4) Germination. (5-8 and 33-36) Vegetative reproduction in the primary mycelium. (9-17) Formation of " initial cell " by fusion of units from primary mycelium. (18-21) Germination of " initial cell " to give coenocytic secondary mycelium. (22-24 and 37-41) Growth and branching. (25-31) Development and maturation of spore, nuclear reduction. (According to Morris).. Please note that th
RMRR2740–. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. 262 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION P K mW^ F fr m&k >, Sfi m % — . l: . w !. A whole bulb and the cut section of two bulbi are shown. Note the short stem and the thick fleshy leaves arranged around the stem. ''eyes " in the tubers are really buds. When used for propagation, the potato is cut so that each section has at least one '' eye.'' These sections can be planted and each bud or "eye " will develop a root system and an aerial stem. Each tuber can form as many plants as it has buds or '^ eyes." Nourishment in the f
RMRDB7EX–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE FRESH-WATER ALGAE 147 92 (93) Colonies macroscopic or microscopic, expanded or intestiform, cells arranged in fours Tetraspora Link. Reproduction by division in two directions; zoospores may originate directly from the vegetative cells, and by divi- sion give rise to a new colony; isogametes with two cilia may be formed, also resting spores with heavy brown walls. Fig. 153. Tetraspora explanata KUtzing. X 2So- (After Nageli.) 93 (92) Colonies pear-shaped, attached, cells irregularly placed near the surface Apiocystis Nageli.. Please note that thes
RMREP3J8–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. S'Z hi < ⢠i.. CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BRITISH LICHENS ;"Mg uKc leather close under vour feet WE Shall here consider the minufp or m,-.. Ihe term 7%«&, ^Oa^^,, ^/ro,ul or green leaf) isL nerall, employed to designate the vegetative sysuH^Z of nutr,t,ve organs of a Lichen. Though bearing no st⢠Itrot "^^^ 'r â ' ""'^ "^^ -sideredTc :; : n ng the offices and supplying the place among the
RMRDD24X–. Effects of timber cutting and revegetation on snow accumulation and melt in north Idaho. Clearcutting Idaho; Snow; Revegetation Idaho. Natural reproduction on the north-slope strip clearcut, hereafter referred to as the "vegetative recovery plot," was well established by 1945. A species survey 20 years later showed 3,320 stems per acre, consisting of 60 percent western redcedar and 20 per- cent western hemlock. Heights of most saplings ranged from 10 ft (3 m) to over 15 ft (4.6 m). The south face quickly brushed over and as a consequence, the present stand is poorly to fairly well
RMRR23RJ–. Adventures with animals and plants. Biology. Eyes Fig. 400 When he wants a new potato crop, the farmer cuts up potatoes and plants the pieces. What nriist he he sure to include in each piece? Leaves and roots of old bulb Stem of new bulb. mi%K. Fig. 399 Tidip bulbs increase in number. Sev- Fig. 401 Vegetative reproduction by a Bryo- eral buds within the old bulb enlarge forming pbyllum leaf. The leaf was removed from the new bulbs. Portions of the old bulb are shown stein, then laid on soil. How many new plants in black. are growing from this single leaf?. Please note that these images are e
RMRD3J3F–. The cytology and life-history of bacteria. Bacteria. .*// r ^ ^4 8. :? A. 4 ^Wa 11 Fig. 29 COMPLEX VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION (]-r>) Streptococcus faecalis, x 3000 ; 16-11) Shigella flexneri. x 3000. (I) Large cell with elongated fu.sion nucleus. (2-4) Development of filament. (5) Fragmentation of filament. (6, 7) Trinucleate pre-fusion cells. (8, i>) Fusion nuclei. In (8) compare fusion cell {left) with rlivif â mal cell (ri'^ht). (10, 11, 12) Development of fusion nucleus. (13, 14, 15) Redistribution of nuclear elements in growing filament, (IH, 17) Fragmentation of filament. (16) stai
RMRJXXGY–. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. Rare plants; Botany. Specimens / Spécimens CAN, DAO, LKHD, HAM, MICH, MT, OAC, PFM, QK, RPP, SLU, SSMF, TRT, TRTE, UWO, WAT, WLU O Pre 1925 <D 1925-1949 » 1950-1964 • Post 1964. HABITAT: Moist woods and stream banks. STATUS: Rare in Canada and New Jersey. NOTES: Populations of this species in Ontario are maintained only by vegetative reproduction; no repro- duction by seed was observed by J. Ambrose between 1979-1983. Although not shown by herbarium records, many populations have been eliminated from the Niagara region (J. Ambrose pers. comm.)
RMRFT5R5–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Vegetative Reproduction. 197 Table 5 5.—Experiments in propagation by cuttings- —Continued. Exp. No. Date. Parts used. No. of cut- Conditions. Results. tings. igo8 160 May 19 Twigs 20 cm. long .. 356 Planted reversed1 in a "melga," 2 2 to s cm. projecting above surface of soil. May 31,3 started; June 5, 46 started; July 9, 5 5 started. In some cases buds started 10 cm. below surface. None lived. No roots in any case. 161a May 19 Twigs 15 cm. long, 19 Prepared bed of lime- Mav 29. 5 started, but leaves not removed. stone soil. Planted
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