Queen mother Stock Photos and Images
RM2B010WX–Nigeria: Bronze Head of an Edo queen mother, Kingdom of Benin, 16th-18th centuries. The Benin Empire (1440–1897) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the modern-day country called Benin (and formerly called Dahomey).
RM2B0146F–China: Xiwangmu, The Queen Mother of the West. Mural, c. 18th-19th century. Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of the West, is a goddess in Chinese religion. Though she is most often connected to Daoism, her existence and worship predates organised Daoism, with information tracing back to oracle bone inscriptions form the 15th century BCE. She is believed to be the dispenser of longevity, prosperity and eternal bliss. As the ancestor of Female Immortals, Xiwangmu lives in the Kunlun Mountains. All women who have attained immortality are under her rule.
RM2B0146H–China: Xiwangmu, The Queen Mother of the West. Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) mural. Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of the West, is a goddess in Chinese religion. Though she is most often connected to Daoism, her existence and worship predates organised Daoism, with information tracing back to oracle bone inscriptions form the 15th century BCE. She is believed to be the dispenser of longevity, prosperity and eternal bliss. As the ancestor of Female Immortals, Xiwangmu lives in the Kunlun Mountains. All women who have attained immortality are under her rule.
RM2B0146K–China: Xiwangmu, The Queen Mother of the West. Jin Dynasty (265-420 CE) mural. Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of the West, is a goddess in Chinese religion. Though she is most often connected to Daoism, her existence and worship predates organised Daoism, with information tracing back to oracle bone inscriptions form the 15th century BCE. She is believed to be the dispenser of longevity, prosperity and eternal bliss. As the ancestor of Female Immortals, Xiwangmu lives in the Kunlun Mountains. All women who have attained immortality are under her rule.
RM2B0146J–China: Xiwangmu, The Queen Mother of the West. Illustration, c. 18th-19th century. Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of the West, is a goddess in Chinese religion. Though she is most often connected to Daoism, her existence and worship predates organised Daoism, with information tracing back to oracle bone inscriptions form the 15th century BCE. She is believed to be the dispenser of longevity, prosperity and eternal bliss. As the ancestor of Female Immortals, Xiwangmu lives in the Kunlun Mountains. All women who have attained immortality are under her rule.
RM2B0146E–China: Xiwangmu, The Queen Mother of the West. In this hanging scroll painting the Queen Mother of the West celebrates her birthday, c. 19th century. Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of the West, is a goddess in Chinese religion. Though she is most often connected to Daoism, her existence and worship predates organised Daoism, with information tracing back to oracle bone inscriptions form the 15th century BCE. She is believed to be the dispenser of longevity, prosperity and eternal bliss. Xiwangmu lives in the Kunlun Mountains, and all women who have attained immortality are under her rule.
RM2B010X1–Nigeria: Ivory pendant mask of a queen mother, Benin Kingdom, mid-16th century. The Benin Empire (1440–1897) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the modern-day country called Benin (and formerly called Dahomey).
RM2B010X0–Nigeria: Ivory pendant mask of a queen mother, Benin Kingdom, mid-16th century. The Benin Empire (1440–1897) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the modern-day country called Benin (and formerly called Dahomey).
RM2B00R4J–Cambodia: Queen Mother Norodom Monineath Sihanouk, in this picture, c. 1965. Queen Mother Norodom Monineath Sihanouk was born on June 18, 1936, in Saigon, Vietnam. She is the wife of H.M. King Father Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia whom she married in April 1952. She was born Paule-Monique Izzi and is sometimes referred to as Queen Monique.
RM2B00YB1–Nigeria: An ivory pendant mask depicting the iyoba (queen mother) Idia (16th century), Benin Empire, 16th century. Idia was the mother of Esigie (r. 1504-1550), the Oba (king) of the Benin Empire. She played a critical part in the rise and reign of her son, being described as a great warrior who fought tirelessly before and during her son's rule. The Kingdom of Benin, also called the Edo Kingdom and the Benin Empire, was a kingdom in West Africa in what is now southern Nigeria; it is not to be confused with the modern nation of Benin. The Kingdom of Benin's capital was Edo.
RM2B010WP–Nigeria: Bronze head of an Edo queen mother, Benin Kingdom, 16th-18th centuries. The Benin Empire (1440–1897) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the modern-day country called Benin (and formerly called Dahomey).
RM2B019DG–Cambodia: King Sihanouk (31 October 1922 - 15 October 2012) and Princess Monique (now Queen Mother Norodom Monineath) embracing fondly, c. 1958. Queen Mother Norodom Monineath was born on June 18, 1936, in Saigon, Vietnam. She was the wife of HM King Father Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia whom she married in April 1952. She was born Paule-Monique Izzi and is sometimes referred to as Queen Monique. Her father, Jean-François Izzi, was a French banker of Corsican, French and Italian descent. Her mother, Pomme Peang, was from Phnom Penh.
RM2B013NJ–Thailand: Queen Sirikit (12th August 1932 - ), consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand, c. 1970s. Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat, born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara on August 12, 1932), is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent of Thailand (the first Queen Regent was Queen Saovabha Bongsri of Siam, later Queen Sri Patcharindra, the queen mother). She suffered a stroke on 21 July 2012, and has not been seen in public since.
RM2B00N3N–Thailand: Queen Sirikit during a parade in New York City, July 1960. Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat (‘Her Majesty Queen Regent Sirikit’), born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara on August 12, 1932, is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent of Thailand (the first Queen Regent was Queen Saovabha Bongsri of Siam, later Queen Sri Patcharindra, the queen mother). As the consort of the king who currently is the world's longest reigning head of state, she is also the world's longest serving consort of a monarch.
RM2B013NM–Thailand: Queen Sirikit (12th August 1932 - ), consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand. Oil on canvas painting, c. 1950s-1960s. Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat, born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara on August 12, 1932), is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent of Thailand (the first Queen Regent was Queen Saovabha Bongsri of Siam, later Queen Sri Patcharindra, the queen mother). She suffered a stroke on 21 July 2012, and has not been seen in public since.
RM2B013NK–Thailand: Queen Sirikit (12th August 1932 - ), consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand. Oil on canvas painting, c. 1950s-1960s. Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat, born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara on August 12, 1932), is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent of Thailand (the first Queen Regent was Queen Saovabha Bongsri of Siam, later Queen Sri Patcharindra, the queen mother). She suffered a stroke on 21 July 2012, and has not been seen in public since.
RM2B00XP1–Egypt: Queen Nefertari together with her husband Pharaoh Thutmose IV (18th Dynasty r. 1401-1391 BCE). Nefertari was a queen of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, the first Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose IV. Her origins are unknown, it is likely that she was a commoner. On several depictions she and Queen Mother Tiaa are depicted as goddesses accompanying Thutmose. It is not known whether any children were born to Nefertari.
RM2B036AW–Malaysia / China: Carving of the goddess Xiwangmu (Huo Ling Shengmu), Queen Mother of the West, depicting her role in the 16th Century Ming Dynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi ('Investiture of the Gods'). From Ping Sien Si Temple, Pasir Panjang Laut. Photo by Anandajoti (CC BY 2.0). Xiwangmu, also known by many other local names and titles, is a major goddess in Chinese folk religion and mythology. Associated with eternal bliss, longevity and prosperity, worship of Xiwangmu may date back all the way to the 15th century BCE, though she is mainly associated with Taoism.
RM2B02EH8–Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat, literally: ‘Her Majesty Queen Regent Sirikit’; born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara on August 12, 1932, is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent of Thailand (the first Queen Regent was Queen Saovabha Bongsri of Siam, later Queen Sri Patcharindra, the queen mother). As the consort of the king who currently is the world's longest reigning head of state, she is also the world's longest serving consort of a monarch.
RM2B00XNY–India: Portrait of Maharani Jind Kaur (1817-1863). Oil on canvas painting by George Richmond (1809-1896), 1863. Maharani Jind Kaur (1817-1863), also popularly known as Rani Jindan. She was the youngest wife of Maharajah Ranjit Singh and the mother of the last Sikh Emperor, Maharajah Duleep Singh. In 1845 she became Regent of Punjab for Duleep Singh, the Queen Mother (or Mai) of the last Sikh sovereign of the Punjab. She was renowned for her great beauty and personal charm along with her strength of will and opposition to British imperialism in India.
RM2B03AC2–Khamsum Yulley Namgyal Choeten, also known as Nyizergang Choeten and Punakha Zangdopelri, is a chorten (stupa) in the Yepaisa Valley, a thirty minute uphill walk from the footbridge at Yepaisa Village. The chorten was built in 2004 by the Queen Mother, Ashi Tshering Yandon Wangchuck.
RM2B03738–China: Carving of Princess Long Ji (Longji), depicting her role in the 16th Century Ming Dynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi ('Investiture of the Gods'). From Ping Sien Si Temple, Pasir Panjang Laut. Photo by Anandajoti (CC BY 2.0). Princess Long Ji, sometimes written as Longji, was a character from the classic Ming Dynasty novel 'Fengshen Yanyi'. Princess Longji was the daughter of the exiled Jade Emperor and the Queen Mother of the West, Xiwang Mu. She was a celestial being who was able to control the water and rain, and was armed with twin dragon swords.
RM2B03A9D–The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India. There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
RM2B03A9G–The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India. There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
RM2B03A9F–The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India. There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
RM2B03A9C–The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India. There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
RM2B00TE3–Thailand: Sketch of Queen Debsirindra, the second wife of King Mongkut. Drawing by Etienne-Gabrial Bocourt (1821-1913), 19th century. In this drawing, Queen Debsirindra sports the fashionable hairstyle of the Siamese court, shaved at the sides and with a circle around the tuft. In Siam, a lady’s hair was often likened to an open lotus flower. Somdet Phra Debsirindra Boroma Rajini (17 July 1834—9 September 1861) was the second consort of King Mongkut (Rama IV), and mother of the future King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
RM2B012Y0–China: Lady Chen Erniang, mother of the 1st Ming Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398). The Hongwu Emperor, personal name Zhu Yuanzhang and temple name Taizu, was the founder and first emperor (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty of China. His era name, Hongwu, means 'vastly martial'. In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu became a leader of an army that conquered China, ending the Yuan Dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Mongolian steppes. With his seizure of the Yuan capital (present-day Beijing), he declared himself emperor.
RM2B01KD3–Thailand: A statue of HRH Princess Srinagarindra (21 October 1900 - 18 July 1995), the Princess Mother, grandmother of the present king, Somdet Phra Srinakarin 95 Public Park (named for the Princess Mother), Trang Town, Trang Province, southern Thailand. Srinagarindra (Si Nakharinthra, née Sangwan Talapat) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and was a member of the House of Mahidol, which is descended from the Chakri Dynasty. She was the mother of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).
RM2B01KD2–Thailand: A statue of HRH Princess Srinagarindra (21 October 1900 - 18 July 1995), the Princess Mother, grandmother of the present king, Somdet Phra Srinakarin 95 Public Park (named for the Princess Mother), Trang Town, Trang Province, southern Thailand. Srinagarindra (Si Nakharinthra, née Sangwan Talapat) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and was a member of the House of Mahidol, which is descended from the Chakri Dynasty. She was the mother of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).
RM2B01KD6–Thailand: A statue of HRH Princess Srinagarindra (21 October 1900 - 18 July 1995), the Princess Mother, grandmother of the present king, Somdet Phra Srinakarin 95 Public Park (named for the Princess Mother), Trang Town, Trang Province, southern Thailand. Srinagarindra (Si Nakharinthra, née Sangwan Talapat) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and was a member of the House of Mahidol, which is descended from the Chakri Dynasty. She was the mother of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).
RM2B02XWK–In Hinduism Indrani (queen of Indra) is the goddess of wrath and jealousy, and a daughter of Puloman, an Asura who was killed by Indrani's future husband, Indra. She is one of the seven Matrikas (mother goddesses). She is described as a beauty and in particular as having beautiful eyes. She is associated with lions and elephants. With Indra, she is the mother of Jayanta, Jayanti, Midhusa, Nilambara, Rbhus, Rsabha and Chitragupta. In Hindu epics, she is also described as 'The Endless Beauty'.
RM2B0148K–China: Empress Dowager Zhaoxian (902 - 17 July 961), mother of the first two Song emperors Taizu and Taizong. Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Du, formally known as Zhaoxian, was an empress dowager of the Song Dynasty. She was the wife of general Zhao Hongyin and mother of the first two Song emperors Taizu and Taizong. Emperor Taizong claimed legitimacy to the throne through her apparent will, allegedly sealed in a golden shelf at her death, though many historians believe he fabricated this.
RM2B0148F–China: Empress Dowager Zhaoxian (902 - 17 July 961), mother of the first two Song emperors Taizu and Taizong. Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Du, formally known as Zhaoxian, was an empress dowager of the Song Dynasty. She was the wife of general Zhao Hongyin and mother of the first two Song emperors Taizu and Taizong. Emperor Taizong claimed legitimacy to the throne through her apparent will, allegedly sealed in a golden shelf at her death, though many historians believe he fabricated this.
RM2GA5K02–China: Empress Dowager Zhaoxian (902 - 17 July 961), mother of the first two Song emperors Taizu and Taizong. Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Du, formally known as Zhaoxian, was an empress dowager of the Song Dynasty. She was the wife of general Zhao Hongyin and mother of the first two Song emperors Taizu and Taizong. Emperor Taizong claimed legitimacy to the throne through her apparent will, allegedly sealed in a golden shelf at her death, though many historians believe he fabricated this.
RM2B00N03–Thailand: Mom Sangwal Mahidol na Ayudhya with her children, Princess Galyani Vadhana, Princes Ananda Mahidol, and Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej. Srinagarindra (née Sangvan Talapat; 21 October 1900 – 18 July 1995) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and was a member of House of Mahidol, which is descended from Chakri Dynasty, originated by Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, son of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). She was the mother of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII), and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). Her given name was Sangwal.
RM2B025TB–Sisavang Phoulivong (or Sisavangvong) (14 July 1885 - 29 October 1959), was King of Luang Phrabang and later the Kingdom of Laos from 28 April 1904 until his death on 20 October 1959. His father was king Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
RM2B025TT–Sisavang Phoulivong (or Sisavangvong) (14 July 1885 - 29 October 1959), was King of Luang Phrabang and later the Kingdom of Laos from 28 April 1904 until his death on 20 October 1959. His father was king Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
RM2B00WTC–Laos: Two of HM Sisavang Vong’s many children take a ride on horses with servants in attendance, photographed in 1919. Sisavang Phoulivong (1885 - 1959) was the king of Luang Prabang and later the Kingdom of Laos. His father was king Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
RM2B01E5J–Laos: Statue of King Sisavang Vong (14 July 1885 - 29 October 1959) in Vientiane. Sisavang Phoulivong (or Sisavangvong) was King of Luang Phrabang and later the Kingdom of Laos from 28 April 1904 until his death on 20 October 1959. His father was king Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
RM2B01R01–Laos: A Socialist realist-style statue of King Sisavang Vong (14 July 1885 - 29 October 1959) in Vientiane. The statue was a gift from the Soviet Union. Sisavang Phoulivong (or Sisavangvong) was King of Luang Prabang and later the Kingdom of Laos from 28 April 1904 until his death on 20 October 1959. His father was King Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
RM2B00WD6–Laos: King Sisavang Vong (or Sisavangvong) (1885-1959) on a 100 kip bank note from 1957. Sisavang Phoulivong (or Sisavangvong) (14 July 1885 - 29 October 1959), was King of Luang Phrabang and later the Kingdom of Laos from 28 April 1904 until his death on 20 October 1959. His father was King Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
RM2B00WD5–Laos: King Sisavang Vong (or Sisavangvong) (1885-1959) of the Kingdom of Laos. Detail from a 100 kip banknote from 1957. Sisavang Phoulivong (or Sisavangvong) (14 July 1885 - 29 October 1959), was King of Luang Phrabang and later the Kingdom of Laos from 28 April 1904 until his death on 20 October 1959. His father was King Zakarine and his mother was Queen Thongsy. He was educated at Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Saigon, and at l'École Coloniale in Paris. He was known as a 'playboy' king with up to 50 children by as many as 15 wives.
![Radama II (September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 [assumed dead]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from French and British designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and Christian persecution, Radama II permitted reli Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2B029X8/radama-ii-september-23-1829-may-12-1863-assumed-dead-was-the-son-and-heir-of-queen-ranavalona-i-and-ruled-from-1861-to-1863-over-the-kingdom-of-madagascar-which-controlled-virtually-the-entire-island-radamas-rule-although-brief-was-a-pivotal-period-in-the-history-of-the-kingdom-of-madagascar-under-the-unyielding-and-often-harsh-33-year-rule-of-his-mother-queen-ranavalona-i-madagascar-had-successfully-preserved-its-cultural-and-political-independence-from-french-and-british-designs-rejecting-the-queens-policy-of-isolationism-and-christian-persecution-radama-ii-permitted-reli-2B029X8.jpg "Radama II (September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 [assumed dead]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from French and British designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and Christian persecution, Radama II permitted reli Stock Photo")
RM2B029X8–Radama II (September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 [assumed dead]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from French and British designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and Christian persecution, Radama II permitted reli
RM2B02K52–Tran Le Xuan (born April 15, 1924 in Hanoi, Vietnam), popularly known as Madame Nhu but more properly Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, was considered the First Lady of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963. She was the wife of Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother and chief adviser to President Ngo Dinh Diem. As Diem was a lifelong bachelor, and because the Nhus lived in the Independence Palace, she was considered to be the First Lady. Diem often appointed relatives to high positions, so her father became the ambassador to the United States while her mother, a former beauty queen, was South Vietnam's observer at the United Na
RM2B02K51–Tran Le Xuan (born April 15, 1924 in Hanoi, Vietnam), popularly known as Madame Nhu but more properly Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, was considered the First Lady of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963. She was the wife of Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother and chief adviser to President Ngo Dinh Diem. As Diem was a lifelong bachelor, and because the Nhus lived in the Independence Palace, she was considered to be the First Lady. Diem often appointed relatives to high positions, so her father became the ambassador to the United States while her mother, a former beauty queen, was South Vietnam's observer at the United Na
RM2B02K54–Tran Le Xuan (born April 15, 1924 in Hanoi, Vietnam), popularly known as Madame Nhu but more properly Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, was considered the First Lady of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963. She was the wife of Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother and chief adviser to President Ngo Dinh Diem. As Diem was a lifelong bachelor, and because the Nhus lived in the Independence Palace, she was considered to be the First Lady. Diem often appointed relatives to high positions, so her father became the ambassador to the United States while her mother, a former beauty queen, was South Vietnam's observer at the United Na
RM2B02323–Norodom Sihanouk (born 31 October 1922) was the King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 until his retirement and voluntary abdication on 7 October 2004 in favour of his son, the current King Norodom Sihamoni. Following his abdication he was known as The King-Father of Cambodia, a position in which he retained many of his former responsibilities as constitutional monarch. He died of a heart attack in Beijing, China, on October 15, 2012.
RM2B014G6–Vietnam: Tu Cung (1890-1980), mother of Bao Dai, the last emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty. Tu Cung, also known as Doan Huy, was Emperor Khai Dinh's second wife. She bore him one child, Bao Dai, the last emperor of Vietnam. She held various ranks over the years, rising from a favoured consort to become Empress Dowager in 1933.
RM2B01600–China: Empress Xiao Zhuang (March 28, 1613 - January 27, 1688), Grand Empress Dowager and descendant of Genghis Khan's family. Hanging scroll painting, 17th century. The Empress Xiaozhuang, born Borjigit Bumbutai and honoured for most of her life by the title 'Grand Empress Dowager', was the concubine and consort of Emperor Huang Taiji, the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor and the grandmother of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing Dynasty. She wielded significant influence over the imperial court during the rule of her son and grandson, and was known for her wisdom and political ability.
RM2B015YT–China: Empress Xiao Zhuang (March 28, 1613 - January 27, 1688), Grand Empress Dowager and descendant of Genghis Khan's family. Hanging scroll painting, 17th century. The Empress Xiaozhuang, born Borjigit Bumbutai and honoured for most of her life by the title 'Grand Empress Dowager', was the concubine and consort of Emperor Huang Taiji, the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor and the grandmother of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing Dynasty. She wielded significant influence over the imperial court during the rule of her son and grandson, and was known for her wisdom and political ability.
RM2B01601–China: Empress Xiao Zhuang (March 28, 1613 - January 27, 1688), Grand Empress Dowager and descendant of Genghis Khan's family. Hanging scroll painting, 17th century. The Empress Xiaozhuang, born Borjigit Bumbutai and honoured for most of her life by the title 'Grand Empress Dowager', was the concubine and consort of Emperor Huang Taiji, the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor and the grandmother of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing Dynasty. She wielded significant influence over the imperial court during the rule of her son and grandson, and was known for her wisdom and political ability.
RM2B011YP–China: Empress Xiao Zhuangwen (1613-1688), Grand Empress Dowager at the Qing Court and descendant of Genghis Khan's family. Hanging scroll painting, late 17th century. The Empress Xiaozhuang (March 28, 1613 - January 27, 1688), known for the majority of her life under the title 'Grand Empress Dowager', was the concubine of Emperor Huang Taiji, the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor and the grandmother of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing Dynasty in China. She wielded significant influence over the Qing court during the rule of her son and grandson.
RM2B0148Y–China: Empress Xiang (1047-1102), consort of Emperor Shenzong, 6th ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.1067-1085). Hanging scroll painting, c. 1067-1102. Empress Xiang, also known as Qisheng, was consort to Empress Shenzong. She had only one child, a daughter, but was the legal mother to future Emperors Zhezong and Huizong. She became Empress Dowager when Emperor Zhezong ascended to the throne. She acted as regent and co-ruler to Emperor Huizong for a time, and was active within palace affairs.
RM2GFTT3W–China: Empress Xiang (1047-1102), consort of Emperor Shenzong, 6th ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.1067-1085). Hanging scroll painting, c. 1067-1102. Empress Xiang, also known as Qisheng, was consort to Empress Shenzong. She had only one child, a daughter, but was the legal mother to future Emperors Zhezong and Huizong. She became Empress Dowager when Emperor Zhezong ascended to the throne. She acted as regent and co-ruler to Emperor Huizong for a time, and was active within palace affairs.
RM2B02RHW–Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no legitimate, surviving children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influ
RM2B02RJ1–Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no legitimate, surviving children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influ
RM2B02RJ3–Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no legitimate, surviving children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influ
RM2B0130F–China: Empress Xiao Cheng Jing (1471-1541), consort of the 10th Ming Emperor Hongzhi (r. 1487-1505). Hanging scroll painting, 15th-17th century. Empress Dowager Zhang (1471-1541), formally Empress Xiaochengjing, was the consort of the Hongzhi Emperor and mother of the Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505-1521) of the Ming Dynasty. Her husband Hongzhi was the only emperor in Chinese history to have been monogamous, having no concubines and being solely dedicated to her. She was said to have been vain, demanding and materialistic, and handed out limitless favours to her own family members.
RM2B0160E–China: Seal of Empress Xiao Hui Zhang (5 November 1641 - 7 January 1718) second consort of the Shunzhi Emperor. Late 17th century. Empress Xiaohuizhang, born Alatan Qiqige, was originally of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan. When Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted in 1653, Xiaohuizhang she was promoted to Consort. One year later she officially became Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, she was honoured as Dowager Empress Renxian, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor.
RM2B012D1–Japan: Empress Meisho (1624-1696) 109th imperial ruler of Japan. Portrait, 1894. Empress Meisho (January 9, 1624 - December 4, 1696), personal name Okiko, was the 109th imperial ruler of Japan. She was the second daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo and her mother was Tokugawa Masako, daughter of the second Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada. Meisho became empress following the abdication of her emperor-father. Meisho's reign spanned from 1629 to 1643. The years of her reign correspond with the development and growth of the Tokugawa shogunate under the leadership of Tokugawa Iemitsu.
RM2B012BX–Japan: Empress Gensho (683-748), 44th imperial ruler of Japan. Portrait, 1894. Empress Gensho (683-748), 44th imperial ruler of Japan. The daughter of Empress Gemmei, Gensho's reign spanned the years 715 through to 724. Under her reign, the Nihonshoki, the first Japanese history book, was completed in 720. Organisation of the law system was continued, and the taxation system, which had been introduced by Empress Jito in the late 7th century, was reformed to promote agricultural production. Gensho also encouraged the arts, letters and science, continuing the works of her mother.
RM2B0160C–China: Empress Xiao Hui Zhang (5 November 1641 - 7 January 1718) second consort of the Shunzhi Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, late 17th century. Empress Xiaohuizhang, born Alatan Qiqige, was originally of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan. When Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted in 1653, Xiaohuizhang she was promoted to Consort. One year later she officially became Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, she was honoured as Dowager Empress Renxian, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor.
RM2B01609–China: Empress Xiao Hui Zhang (5 November 1641 - 7 January 1718) second consort of the Shunzhi Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, late 17th century. Empress Xiaohuizhang, born Alatan Qiqige, was originally of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan. When Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted in 1653, Xiaohuizhang she was promoted to Consort. One year later she officially became Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, she was honoured as Dowager Empress Renxian, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor.
RM2B0160B–China: Empress Xiao Hui Zhang (5 November 1641 - 7 January 1718) second consort of the Shunzhi Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, late 17th century. Empress Xiaohuizhang, born Alatan Qiqige, was originally of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan. When Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted in 1653, Xiaohuizhang she was promoted to Consort. One year later she officially became Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, she was honoured as Dowager Empress Renxian, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor.
RM2B0160F–China: Empress Xiao Hui Zhang (5 November 1641 - 7 January 1718) second consort of the Shunzhi Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, late 17th century. Empress Xiaohuizhang, born Alatan Qiqige, was originally of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan. When Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted in 1653, Xiaohuizhang she was promoted to Consort. One year later she officially became Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, she was honoured as Dowager Empress Renxian, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor.
RM2B01617–China: Empress Xiao Sheng Xian (12 January 1692 - 2 March 1777) consort of the Yongzheng Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, 18th century. Empress Xiaoshengxian was the consort of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty, and mother to Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor. She hailed from the Niohuru Clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, and so was known as Lady Niohuru. She was granted the title of Consort Xi in 1723, and then Noble Consort Xi in 1730. When her son became emperor, she was honoured as 'Empress Dowager Chongqing', and became a trusted advisor to the Qianlong Emperor.
RM2B0131F–China: Empress Xiao Jing (February 27 1565 - October 18 1611), consort of the 14th Ming Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620). Hanging scroll painting, 16th-17th century. Empress Dowager Wang (1565-1611), formally Empress Xiaojing but primarily known as Consort Gong, was the mother of the Taichang Emperor. Initially a maid of Dowager Empress Xiaoding, she caught the eye of the Wanli Emperor. The emperor ignored her when she became pregnant however, and it was only at the Empress Dowager's behest that he relented and married her. Her grandson, the Tianqi Emperor, promoted her to Empress Dowager.
RM2B01493–China: Empress Zheng (1079-1130), consort of Emperor Huizong, 8th ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.1100-1126). Hanging scroll painting, c. 1100-1130. Empress Zheng, also known as Xiansu, was consort to Emperor Huizong. She served as a lady-in-waiting to Empress Xiang, Huizong's mother, and was presented to him as a wedding gift by the Empress. When Empress Wang passed away in 1110, Zheng was appointed as Emperor Huizong's new empress, an elevation that was controversial due to her humble origins. She was captured with her husband by the Jurchen during the Jingkang Incident and sent into exile.
RM2GFTT71–China: Empress Zheng (1079-1130), consort of Emperor Huizong, 8th ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.1100-1126). Hanging scroll painting, c. 1100-1130. Empress Zheng, also known as Xiansu, was consort to Emperor Huizong. She served as a lady-in-waiting to Empress Xiang, Huizong's mother, and was presented to him as a wedding gift by the Empress. When Empress Wang passed away in 1110, Zheng was appointed as Emperor Huizong's new empress, an elevation that was controversial due to her humble origins. She was captured with her husband by the Jurchen during the Jingkang Incident and sent into exile.
RM2B0168B–China: Empress Xiao Jing Cheng (19 June 1812 - 21 August 1855), fourth consort of the Daoguang Emperor. Handscroll painting, c. 1830-1855. Empress Xiaojingcheng was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor, mother of Prince Yixin, also known as Prince Gong, and foster mother of Prince Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor. Hailing from the Khorchin Mongol Plain Blue Banner Borjigit clan, Lady Borjigit became 'Concubine Jing' in 1826, before being elevated to 'Consort Jing' the next year. She was given the title of 'Empress Dowager Kangci' eight days before her death, due to the machinations of her son Yixin.
RM2B012XX–China: Empress Xiao Ci Gao (1332-1382), consort of the 1st Ming Emperor, c. 14th-17th century. Empress Xiaocigao (1332-1382), also known as Empress Ma, was the consort of the 1st Ming Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) and mother of the 3rd Ming Emperor Yongle (r. 1402-1424). From a poor background, she married the future emperor while he was but an officer in the Red Turban Army, accompanying him on campaigns and managing his affairs. When her husband became emperor, Xiaocigao acted as Hongwu's political advisor and secretary, and held a great deal of influence during his reign.
RM2B0168C–China: Empress Xiao Jing Cheng (19 June 1812 - 21 August 1855), fourth consort of the Daoguang Emperor. Handscroll painting, c. 1830-1855. Empress Xiaojingcheng was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor, mother of Prince Yixin, also known as Prince Gong, and foster mother of Prince Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor. Hailing from the Khorchin Mongol Plain Blue Banner Borjigit clan, Lady Borjigit became 'Concubine Jing' in 1826, before being elevated to 'Consort Jing' the next year. She was given the title of 'Empress Dowager Kangci' eight days before her death, due to the machinations of her son Yixin.
RM2B01683–China: The future Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 - 2 September 1820) with his mother, Empress Xiao Yi Chun (23 October 1727 - 28 February 1775). Handscroll painting by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), c. 1760s. Empress Xiaoyichun came from the Han Chinese Wei clan, which was later renamed to the Manchu Weigiya clan. Lady Wei was elevated to 'Concubine Ling' in 1745, before becoming 'Consort Ling' in 1749. When Empress Nara died, the Qianlong Emperor did not name a successor, but Lady Wei became the highest ranking consort and was placed in charge of the imperial harem.
RM2B012YW–China: Empress Xiao Gong Zhang (1403 - 4 September 1462), consort of the 5th Ming Emperor Xuande (r. 1425-1435). Hanging scroll painting, 15th-17th century. Empress Sun (1403-1462), formally Empress Xiaogongzhang, was consort of the Xuande Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. She became Empress Dowager when Xuande sudddenly died in 1435, and her son became the Yingzong Emperor. She vied with her mother-in-law, Empress Dowager Zhang, for influence but was initially sidelined. Her son led a disastrous campaign that saw hundreds of thousands of Ming soldiers killed and himself captured by the Mongols.
RM2B0168N–China: Empress Xiao Jing Cheng (19 June 1812 - 21 August 1855), fourth consort of the Daoguang Emperor, with Prince Yixin. Handscroll painting, c. 1830-1855. Empress Xiaojingcheng was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor, mother of Prince Yixin, also known as Prince Gong, and foster mother of Prince Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor. Hailing from the Khorchin Mongol Plain Blue Banner Borjigit clan, Lady Borjigit became 'Concubine Jing' in 1826, before being elevated to 'Consort Jing' the next year. She was given the title of 'Empress Dowager Kangci' eight days before her death, due to Yixin's efforts.
RM2B0168K–China: Empress Xiao Jing Cheng (19 June 1812 - 21 August 1855), fourth consort of the Daoguang Emperor, with Prince Yixin. Handscroll painting, c. 1830-1855. Empress Xiaojingcheng was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor, mother of Prince Yixin, also known as Prince Gong, and foster mother of Prince Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor. Hailing from the Khorchin Mongol Plain Blue Banner Borjigit clan, Lady Borjigit became 'Concubine Jing' in 1826, before being elevated to 'Consort Jing' the next year. She was given the title of 'Empress Dowager Kangci' eight days before her death, due to Yixin's efforts.
RM2B01616–China: Empress Xiao Gong Ren (28 April 1660 - 25 June 1723) fourth consort of the Kangxi Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, 18th century. Empress Xiaogongren was an Imperial Consort of the Kangxi Emperor and mother of the Yongzheng Emperor. She came from the Uya clan, of the Manchu yellow banner corps. In 1678 Uya gave birth to the Kangxi Emperor's fourth surviving son Yin Zhen, the future Yongzheng Emperor. In 1682 she was granted the title of Imperial Consort De. When her son Yinzhen succeeded to the throne in 1722, she received the title of 'Empress Dowager Renshou'. She passed away in 1723
RM2B01613–China: Empress Xiao Gong Ren (28 April 1660 - 25 June 1723) fourth consort of the Kangxi Emperor. Hanging scroll painting, 18th century. Empress Xiaogongren was an Imperial Consort of the Kangxi Emperor and mother of the Yongzheng Emperor. She came from the Uya clan, of the Manchu yellow banner corps. In 1678 Uya gave birth to the Kangxi Emperor's fourth surviving son Yin Zhen, the future Yongzheng Emperor. In 1682 she was granted the title of Imperial Consort De. When her son Yinzhen succeeded to the throne in 1722, she received the title of 'Empress Dowager Renshou'. She passed away in 1723
RM2B0145M–China: Houtu Huangdi, the 'Emperor of the Earth'. Fourth of the Four Heavenly Ministers (Siyu) of Daoism. Hanging scroll painting, 20th century. Houtu or Houtushen (Goddess Queen of the Earth), also known as Houtu Niangniang, Dimu and Dimu Niangniang (Lady Mother Earth) is the Imperial Goddess of the Earth and is in charge of births, land, rivers, and mountains. In Daoist ritual, as well as the Three Pure Ones, the Four Heavenly Ministers are also worshipped. Each of the Four Heavenly Ministers has their own divine birthday, and many Daoists go to temples to burn incense on these days.
RM2B0145R–China: Houtu Huangdi, the 'Emperor of the Earth'. Fourth of the Four Heavenly Ministers (Siyu) of Daoism. Hanging scroll painting, 19th century. Houtu or Houtushen (Goddess Queen of the Earth), also known as Houtu Niangniang, Dimu and Dimu Niangniang (Lady Mother Earth) is the Imperial Goddess of the Earth and is in charge of births, land, rivers, and mountains. In Daoist ritual, as well as the Three Pure Ones, the Four Heavenly Ministers are also worshipped. Each of the Four Heavenly Ministers has their own divine birthday, and many Daoists go to temples to burn incense on these days.
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