Protozoa parasites Black and White Stock Photos & Images

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTOZOA 99 differences to take into account, the use of the term spore has been very ambiguous and misleading, and protozoologists have given it up for two other terms, sporozoite and merozoite, now generally adopted. The term sporozoite is used to designate those spores or germs that are Fig. 36. Life cycle of Coccidium schubergi. (After Schaudinn.) .Sporozoites penetrate epithelial cells, and grow into adult intracellular parasites (a). When mature, the nucleus divides re- peatedly (6), and each of its subdivis Stock Photo

RMRDXBT2–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTOZOA 99 differences to take into account, the use of the term spore has been very ambiguous and misleading, and protozoologists have given it up for two other terms, sporozoite and merozoite, now generally adopted. The term sporozoite is used to designate those spores or germs that are Fig. 36. Life cycle of Coccidium schubergi. (After Schaudinn.) .Sporozoites penetrate epithelial cells, and grow into adult intracellular parasites (a). When mature, the nucleus divides re- peatedly (6), and each of its subdivis

. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 30 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOZOA Ciliata and Sporozoa has been based. The simplest type of movement is by means of simple outflowings of the body proto- plasm known as pseudopodia (Fig. 2A). This is the common type of movement in one of the four great classes of Protozoa, the Sarcodina. In the FlageUata the organelles for locomotion are long lashlike outgrowths known as flagella (Fig. 2C), from one to eight or more in nmnber. These originate from a parti- cle of deep-staining material which is called the ble Stock Photo

RMPG2251–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 30 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOZOA Ciliata and Sporozoa has been based. The simplest type of movement is by means of simple outflowings of the body proto- plasm known as pseudopodia (Fig. 2A). This is the common type of movement in one of the four great classes of Protozoa, the Sarcodina. In the FlageUata the organelles for locomotion are long lashlike outgrowths known as flagella (Fig. 2C), from one to eight or more in nmnber. These originate from a parti- cle of deep-staining material which is called the ble

Giardia intestinalis as Closup - 3D Rendering Stock Photo

RF2JGTPXY–Giardia intestinalis as Closup - 3D Rendering

Contour Giardia lamblia protozoan. Vector illustration of a microorganism. Black and white contour illustration. Stock Photo

RF2GEDFBY–Contour Giardia lamblia protozoan. Vector illustration of a microorganism. Black and white contour illustration.

Trematoda Helminth Seamless Pattern - parasitic worms vector background Stock Vector

RF2T68BG2–Trematoda Helminth Seamless Pattern - parasitic worms vector background

Giardia lamblia parasite as Closup - 3D Rendering. High quality Rendering Stock Photo

RF2PR6D8G–Giardia lamblia parasite as Closup - 3D Rendering. High quality Rendering

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 496 Relapsing Fever of the same thing caused by the same parasite, or whether they are different diseases caused by slightly different parasites. If Nuttall be correct, there are no adequate grounds upon which to conclude that the spirochetes are really different species. On this account, and as the differences between the organisms are minute, it scarcely seems well to devote space to the consideration of each, but better to select the oldest and the be Stock Photo

RMRE20K0–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 496 Relapsing Fever of the same thing caused by the same parasite, or whether they are different diseases caused by slightly different parasites. If Nuttall be correct, there are no adequate grounds upon which to conclude that the spirochetes are really different species. On this account, and as the differences between the organisms are minute, it scarcely seems well to devote space to the consideration of each, but better to select the oldest and the be

. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 126 INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Ciliates Balantidium coli. —Although several species of ciliates have been recorded as human parasites, there is only one species, Balantidium coli (Fig. 34A), normally parasitic in hogs, which is common enough to be of any importance. This large ciliate stands next to Endamoeba histolytica among the Protozoa as a. Fig. 34. Balantidium coli; A, free ciliate from intestine; n., nucleus; c. v., contractile vacuoles; f. v., food vacuole; cyt., cytostome. B, cyst, as Stock Photo

RMPG1H4F–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 126 INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Ciliates Balantidium coli. —Although several species of ciliates have been recorded as human parasites, there is only one species, Balantidium coli (Fig. 34A), normally parasitic in hogs, which is common enough to be of any importance. This large ciliate stands next to Endamoeba histolytica among the Protozoa as a. Fig. 34. Balantidium coli; A, free ciliate from intestine; n., nucleus; c. v., contractile vacuoles; f. v., food vacuole; cyt., cytostome. B, cyst, as

Contour Giardia lamblia cyst protozoan. Vector illustration of a microorganism. Black and white contour illustration. Stock Photo

RF2GEDFC2–Contour Giardia lamblia cyst protozoan. Vector illustration of a microorganism. Black and white contour illustration.

Cestodes vector Parasitic Worms outline seamless background - Cestoda concept Pattern Stock Vector

RF2T68HMR–Cestodes vector Parasitic Worms outline seamless background - Cestoda concept Pattern

. Diseases of metabolism and of the blood, animal parasites, toxicology. Constitutional diseases; Metabolism; Blood; Medical parasitology; Poisons. PROTOZOA 505 PROTOZOA We designate as protozoa the primordial animals, those microscopically small but living organisms which, as monocellular elements, singly or in colo- nies, collectively represent the simplest animal type. The substance of the body, sarcode, consists of a contractile, finely granulated protoplasm which is mononuclear or polynuclear. The viscid, hyaline ectosarc is capable of motion by contraction and expansion, or by extension Stock Photo

RMRE475T–. Diseases of metabolism and of the blood, animal parasites, toxicology. Constitutional diseases; Metabolism; Blood; Medical parasitology; Poisons. PROTOZOA 505 PROTOZOA We designate as protozoa the primordial animals, those microscopically small but living organisms which, as monocellular elements, singly or in colo- nies, collectively represent the simplest animal type. The substance of the body, sarcode, consists of a contractile, finely granulated protoplasm which is mononuclear or polynuclear. The viscid, hyaline ectosarc is capable of motion by contraction and expansion, or by extension

. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. PARASITOLOGY. 213 Description.—The protozoa is round or oval in shape and from one-tenth to one-sixth the diameter of a red blood cell. They show amoeboid movement. From one to four are found in a cell. They may also be found free in the serum. Animals Infested.—The sheep. Parts Infested.—The red blood cells. Name of Disease.—Ictero-hematuria.. Fig. 79.—Firoplasma Ovis. Showing the protozoa some in the red blood cells, some free.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have Stock Photo

RMPG2PC6–. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. PARASITOLOGY. 213 Description.—The protozoa is round or oval in shape and from one-tenth to one-sixth the diameter of a red blood cell. They show amoeboid movement. From one to four are found in a cell. They may also be found free in the serum. Animals Infested.—The sheep. Parts Infested.—The red blood cells. Name of Disease.—Ictero-hematuria.. Fig. 79.—Firoplasma Ovis. Showing the protozoa some in the red blood cells, some free.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have

Helminths concept vector Seamless Pattern in thin line style. Parasitic Worms background Stock Vector

RF2T68ARK–Helminths concept vector Seamless Pattern in thin line style. Parasitic Worms background

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. The Human Malarial Parasites 479 face, corresponding to the divisions into which it is to segment, the pigment gathers at the center, and the substance undergoes cleavage resulting in the formation of from six to fourteen, but usually eight, spores. It is to be noticed that it is not until a few hours before segmentation that the parasite becomes as large as the corpuscle, and that the corpuscle is never enlarged nor bleached by the presence of the paras Stock Photo

RMRE20TD–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. The Human Malarial Parasites 479 face, corresponding to the divisions into which it is to segment, the pigment gathers at the center, and the substance undergoes cleavage resulting in the formation of from six to fourteen, but usually eight, spores. It is to be noticed that it is not until a few hours before segmentation that the parasite becomes as large as the corpuscle, and that the corpuscle is never enlarged nor bleached by the presence of the paras

. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. 76 PARASITOI.OGV. tus. The dorsal shield is slightly smaller, aiid is light in color ; the palpi are short. In the male the dorsal shield covers the entire dorsal surface. The free extremity of the leg is provided with two hook- lets and a fan-shaped organ, instead of the globule shaped apparatus, as in the species Annulatus. Condition Produced.—They carry the protozoa pro- ducing fever as Boophilus Annulatus does in the United States. 'H^ERiNrACENTOR Electus I Derma—skin ; kentes's—puncture). Syno/tytns.—Dog ti Stock Photo

RMPG1T8E–. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. 76 PARASITOI.OGV. tus. The dorsal shield is slightly smaller, aiid is light in color ; the palpi are short. In the male the dorsal shield covers the entire dorsal surface. The free extremity of the leg is provided with two hook- lets and a fan-shaped organ, instead of the globule shaped apparatus, as in the species Annulatus. Condition Produced.—They carry the protozoa pro- ducing fever as Boophilus Annulatus does in the United States. 'H^ERiNrACENTOR Electus I Derma—skin ; kentes's—puncture). Syno/tytns.—Dog ti

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Balantidium Diarrhea 6SS abscess of the liver may be caused by balantidia, and has been reported by Manson,* and a case of abscess of the lung caused by the organism by Wino- gradow and Stokvis.f Transmission.—The transmission of the disease can only come about through the encysted form of the parasites. Great numbers are passed in the feces of the infected animals, but except the encysted forms all die very quickly as the fecal matter dries. Unfortunate Stock Photo

RMRE1YRK–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Balantidium Diarrhea 6SS abscess of the liver may be caused by balantidia, and has been reported by Manson,* and a case of abscess of the lung caused by the organism by Wino- gradow and Stokvis.f Transmission.—The transmission of the disease can only come about through the encysted form of the parasites. Great numbers are passed in the feces of the infected animals, but except the encysted forms all die very quickly as the fecal matter dries. Unfortunate

. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 28 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOZOA (sfr. i^trocs.) protozoans and green algffi, makes such a group as the Protista appear both natural and convenient. Structure. — A protozoan, in its simplest form, conforms to the usual definition of a cell — a bit of protoplasm containing a nucleus. S o m e- times theie arc two or more similar nuclei and in the majority of ciUates there are two nuclei whidi dif- fer from each other bot h in form and func- tion, a large " macro- nucleus " which is associated with th Stock Photo

RMPG225H–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 28 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOZOA (sfr. i^trocs.) protozoans and green algffi, makes such a group as the Protista appear both natural and convenient. Structure. — A protozoan, in its simplest form, conforms to the usual definition of a cell — a bit of protoplasm containing a nucleus. S o m e- times theie arc two or more similar nuclei and in the majority of ciUates there are two nuclei whidi dif- fer from each other bot h in form and func- tion, a large " macro- nucleus " which is associated with th

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 522 Relapsing Fever thing caused by the same parasite, or whether they are dififerent diseases caused by slightly different parasites. If Nuttall be correct, there are no adequate grounds upon which to conclude that the spirochetes are really different species. On this account, and as the differences between the organisms are minute, it scarcely seems well to devote space to the consideration of each, but better to select the oldest and the best knownâSp Stock Photo

RMRE1C7D–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 522 Relapsing Fever thing caused by the same parasite, or whether they are dififerent diseases caused by slightly different parasites. If Nuttall be correct, there are no adequate grounds upon which to conclude that the spirochetes are really different species. On this account, and as the differences between the organisms are minute, it scarcely seems well to devote space to the consideration of each, but better to select the oldest and the best knownâSp

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Pathogenesis 487 begin to fly at dusk, the patients should shut themselves in before that time. By thus killing the parasites in the blood, and keeping the mosquitoes from the patients in the meantime, much can be done. But where malarial fever prevails, the mosquitoes are already largely infected, hence the healthy population should also learn to respect the habits of the insects and not expose themselves to their bites, should screen their houses and t Stock Photo

RMRE20NJ–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Pathogenesis 487 begin to fly at dusk, the patients should shut themselves in before that time. By thus killing the parasites in the blood, and keeping the mosquitoes from the patients in the meantime, much can be done. But where malarial fever prevails, the mosquitoes are already largely infected, hence the healthy population should also learn to respect the habits of the insects and not expose themselves to their bites, should screen their houses and t

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 184 PARASITISM While most of the examples cited above are to be found among the clearly defined forms of unquestioned systematic position, quite a variety of endogenous variations have been described in the lesser known parasites. Here, especially in the recently created group of haplosporidia and in the sarcosporidia, the former, including parasites mainly of annelids, Crustacea, and fish, the latter, mainly of mammals, the method of asexual spore formation is much more primitive than in the better-known parasites, and, as in selenidium, all of Stock Photo

RMRDXM36–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 184 PARASITISM While most of the examples cited above are to be found among the clearly defined forms of unquestioned systematic position, quite a variety of endogenous variations have been described in the lesser known parasites. Here, especially in the recently created group of haplosporidia and in the sarcosporidia, the former, including parasites mainly of annelids, Crustacea, and fish, the latter, mainly of mammals, the method of asexual spore formation is much more primitive than in the better-known parasites, and, as in selenidium, all of

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. American Trypanosomiasis 523 the diagnosis, though if they be found the diagnosis is certain. It is usually much better to inoculate i or 2 cc. of the blood of the suspected case into a guinea-pig and then make frequent examina- tions of its blood. Here, again, the common absence of trypanosome forms from the blood complicates matters. If none can at any time be found, the muscles of the guinea-pig must be examined for the dividing forms of the parasites Stock Photo

RMRE20G3–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. American Trypanosomiasis 523 the diagnosis, though if they be found the diagnosis is certain. It is usually much better to inoculate i or 2 cc. of the blood of the suspected case into a guinea-pig and then make frequent examina- tions of its blood. Here, again, the common absence of trypanosome forms from the blood complicates matters. If none can at any time be found, the muscles of the guinea-pig must be examined for the dividing forms of the parasites

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. PROTOZOA I4i between the simplicity of Amoeba and the complexity of Carchesium there is an immense number of animals whose structure is non-cellular.1 These animals are known as Protozoa. Cellular animals are known as Metazoa. Those Protozoa which move by means of pseudopodia are called Rhizopoda, those which move by fiagella are Flagellata, those which move by cilia are Ciliata. Protozoa which, like Monocystis, have no external organs of loco- motion, are parasites, and form numerous spores, are known as Sporozoa. In comparing Amoeba with the frog w Stock Photo

RMRDJ40Y–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. PROTOZOA I4i between the simplicity of Amoeba and the complexity of Carchesium there is an immense number of animals whose structure is non-cellular.1 These animals are known as Protozoa. Cellular animals are known as Metazoa. Those Protozoa which move by means of pseudopodia are called Rhizopoda, those which move by fiagella are Flagellata, those which move by cilia are Ciliata. Protozoa which, like Monocystis, have no external organs of loco- motion, are parasites, and form numerous spores, are known as Sporozoa. In comparing Amoeba with the frog w

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 310 THE PATHOGENIC RHIZOPODA similarly interpret them today. The body ruptures and the spores are liberated, to be carried by the blood into new regions of the skin, where the cytoplasmic cycle is repeated. In vaccinia it is apparent that this vegetative cycle is the only phase of the life history, and this, in the same host at least, is limited in extent. In variola, however, the vegetative cycle is repeated many times, but finally the nucleus becomes infected and the parasites, Fig. 123. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned Stock Photo

RMRDXKJX–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 310 THE PATHOGENIC RHIZOPODA similarly interpret them today. The body ruptures and the spores are liberated, to be carried by the blood into new regions of the skin, where the cytoplasmic cycle is repeated. In vaccinia it is apparent that this vegetative cycle is the only phase of the life history, and this, in the same host at least, is limited in extent. In variola, however, the vegetative cycle is repeated many times, but finally the nucleus becomes infected and the parasites, Fig. 123. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE PATHOGENIC HEMOSPORIDIA 281 also, that the cause of the pernicious type belongs to a different genus from the others. There seems to be little justification for this increase in number of genera, and I am inclined to follow Schaudinn, Craig, and others in grouping all of the malarial parasites under the one generic name of plasmodium. Associated with these different forms of the organism there are three well-marked types of malaria, while some observers, notably Craig and the majority of the Italian authori- FlG. Ill. Temperature variations Stock Photo

RMRDXKWG–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE PATHOGENIC HEMOSPORIDIA 281 also, that the cause of the pernicious type belongs to a different genus from the others. There seems to be little justification for this increase in number of genera, and I am inclined to follow Schaudinn, Craig, and others in grouping all of the malarial parasites under the one generic name of plasmodium. Associated with these different forms of the organism there are three well-marked types of malaria, while some observers, notably Craig and the majority of the Italian authori- FlG. Ill. Temperature variations

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 202 PARASITISM hydrophobia, presumabl}' by the secretion of some toxic substance, causes the destruction of brain and nerve cells, while Cytorydes variolcc produces a like destruction of the generative cells of the skin. A much more subtle action is shown by those parasites which cause hypertrophy or multiplication of the infected cells. The great tumors often found in the cruciferse arising from the root cells owe their origin to some chemical effect produced by the intracellular parasites Plasmodiophora brassicos, and numerous observers have s Stock Photo

RMRDXM21–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 202 PARASITISM hydrophobia, presumabl}' by the secretion of some toxic substance, causes the destruction of brain and nerve cells, while Cytorydes variolcc produces a like destruction of the generative cells of the skin. A much more subtle action is shown by those parasites which cause hypertrophy or multiplication of the infected cells. The great tumors often found in the cruciferse arising from the root cells owe their origin to some chemical effect produced by the intracellular parasites Plasmodiophora brassicos, and numerous observers have s

. The animals and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. Zoology; Physiology. ANIMAL PARASITES AND DEGENERATION 415 lies until the diseased flesh containing it is eaten (without being perfectly cooked), and thus it finds its way into the alimentary canal and thence into the intestine of man. It now continues to develop until it becomes full grown. Many animals are infested by minute parasites belonging to the Protozoa or one-celled animals. The class Sporozoa of the Protozoa is composed almost exclusively of parasitic species living in the blood, liver, ali^ientary canal, Stock Photo

RMRDT338–. The animals and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. Zoology; Physiology. ANIMAL PARASITES AND DEGENERATION 415 lies until the diseased flesh containing it is eaten (without being perfectly cooked), and thus it finds its way into the alimentary canal and thence into the intestine of man. It now continues to develop until it becomes full grown. Many animals are infested by minute parasites belonging to the Protozoa or one-celled animals. The class Sporozoa of the Protozoa is composed almost exclusively of parasitic species living in the blood, liver, ali^ientary canal,

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Fig. 178.- -Plasmodium falciparum. Ookinetes in the stomach of Anopheles (Grassi). mammals, the insect hosts, so far as known, are always mosquitoes. The mosquitoes become infected by biting and sucking the blood of infected animals; the warm-blooded animals become infected by being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and so on, in endless cycles. The parasites differ but little in the details of structure and de- velopment, so that the following description Stock Photo

RMRE4GTJ–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Fig. 178.- -Plasmodium falciparum. Ookinetes in the stomach of Anopheles (Grassi). mammals, the insect hosts, so far as known, are always mosquitoes. The mosquitoes become infected by biting and sucking the blood of infected animals; the warm-blooded animals become infected by being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and so on, in endless cycles. The parasites differ but little in the details of structure and de- velopment, so that the following description

. The Protozoa. Protozoa. 142 THE PROTOZOA bore into the epithelial cells, where they grow (Fig. yy). All forms, apparently, begin life as intra-cellular parasites, where, at first, they do little harm, but as they grow by the absorption of fluids contained within their cell-hosts, the latter are improperly nourished and, unless the parasites leave them, they degenerate and die (Fig. 78). The duration of intra-cellular life varies in different kinds of Spo- rozoa: some are permanently intra-cellular {monophagms forms, so-called Cytosporid'.a,etc.); others are intra-cellular only in the young o Stock Photo

RMRE0985–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. 142 THE PROTOZOA bore into the epithelial cells, where they grow (Fig. yy). All forms, apparently, begin life as intra-cellular parasites, where, at first, they do little harm, but as they grow by the absorption of fluids contained within their cell-hosts, the latter are improperly nourished and, unless the parasites leave them, they degenerate and die (Fig. 78). The duration of intra-cellular life varies in different kinds of Spo- rozoa: some are permanently intra-cellular {monophagms forms, so-called Cytosporid'.a,etc.); others are intra-cellular only in the young o

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 72 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTOZOA which take place in the plant's protoplasm. Animals solve the problem of nutrition by living on plants, or by eating other animals which, either directly'or indirectly, live on plants. Still other types live as parasites upon other animals, some, like the intestinal worms, using freely the foods that are prepared by, and for the use of, the host, while others, like some insects, suck the blood, or, like trichina, invade the cells and tissues, and live at the expense of the living protoplasm. In the gro Stock Photo

RMRDXC00–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 72 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTOZOA which take place in the plant's protoplasm. Animals solve the problem of nutrition by living on plants, or by eating other animals which, either directly'or indirectly, live on plants. Still other types live as parasites upon other animals, some, like the intestinal worms, using freely the foods that are prepared by, and for the use of, the host, while others, like some insects, suck the blood, or, like trichina, invade the cells and tissues, and live at the expense of the living protoplasm. In the gro

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. PHYLUM PROTOZOA 45 tionable nature of the so-called flagella of certain parasites belonging to the genus spirocheta, many of which are said to have flagella. These so-called flagella are apparently variable structures, for in 4^;. Trypanosoma raia?. (After Robertson.) Forms observed in the digestive tract of the leech Pontobdella murlcata. ^-i, mature specimen from blood of skate; B to F, stages in the development of the flagellum from the kinetonucleus, and change in position of the latter in relation to the nucleus. many cases as ^'difPuse fla Stock Photo

RMRDXC1Y–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. PHYLUM PROTOZOA 45 tionable nature of the so-called flagella of certain parasites belonging to the genus spirocheta, many of which are said to have flagella. These so-called flagella are apparently variable structures, for in 4^;. Trypanosoma raia?. (After Robertson.) Forms observed in the digestive tract of the leech Pontobdella murlcata. ^-i, mature specimen from blood of skate; B to F, stages in the development of the flagellum from the kinetonucleus, and change in position of the latter in relation to the nucleus. many cases as ^'difPuse fla

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 240 THE PATHOGENIC FLAGELLATES thelial cells. When such blood is sucked into the digestive tract of a bedbug the cell bodies of leukocytes and macrophages are broken down and their contained parasites liberated. Patton found that the parasites thus introduced into male or female bugs could remain in the mid-gut for at least five days before beginning to develop, although the majority of them are well under process of development by the second or third day. Development of the parasite begins with a well-marked increase in volume, and the cell nuc Stock Photo

RMRDXM0W–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 240 THE PATHOGENIC FLAGELLATES thelial cells. When such blood is sucked into the digestive tract of a bedbug the cell bodies of leukocytes and macrophages are broken down and their contained parasites liberated. Patton found that the parasites thus introduced into male or female bugs could remain in the mid-gut for at least five days before beginning to develop, although the majority of them are well under process of development by the second or third day. Development of the parasite begins with a well-marked increase in volume, and the cell nuc

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Paramecium aurelia in condition of protoplasmic "stability" (extreme left) and resumption of normal "labile" condition as a result of treatment with salts. The inner processes of digestion are entirely unknown in the sapro- phytic forms of protozoa and in the parasitic forms, but there is reason to believe that it is taken up at the point of granule formation in other, holozoic, forms. In parasites like trypanosoma living in blood lymph the nourishment is probably derived from the digested food materials carried by the blood Stock Photo

RMRDXBXD–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Paramecium aurelia in condition of protoplasmic "stability" (extreme left) and resumption of normal "labile" condition as a result of treatment with salts. The inner processes of digestion are entirely unknown in the sapro- phytic forms of protozoa and in the parasitic forms, but there is reason to believe that it is taken up at the point of granule formation in other, holozoic, forms. In parasites like trypanosoma living in blood lymph the nourishment is probably derived from the digested food materials carried by the blood

. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. MICROANALYTICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 429 It will be found that everything which it may be desired to file may be classified under one or the other of the groups above named. In so far as practicable, every article should be listed under its more coramon English name, with exceptions. For example, the various slides of the group bacteria, may be arranged in the alphabetical sequence of the true scientific names. A like classification suggests itself for the groups protozoa and perhaps parasites. A properly ar Stock Photo

RMRE22JP–. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. MICROANALYTICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 429 It will be found that everything which it may be desired to file may be classified under one or the other of the groups above named. In so far as practicable, every article should be listed under its more coramon English name, with exceptions. For example, the various slides of the group bacteria, may be arranged in the alphabetical sequence of the true scientific names. A like classification suggests itself for the groups protozoa and perhaps parasites. A properly ar

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Temperature variations in tertian malarial fever. Fig. no. Temperature variations ia quartan malarial fever. proboscis in his own red blood corpuscles. Malaria was thus the first of the human diseases in which it was proved that a protozoon is the direct cause. Authorities differ as to the number of kinds of these protozoan para- sites responsible for malaria. On the clinical side, also, there seems to be some difficulty in the classification of the fevers due to the dif- ferent kinds of parasites. Grassi and Laveran have reduced the large numbe Stock Photo

RMRDXKWM–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Temperature variations in tertian malarial fever. Fig. no. Temperature variations ia quartan malarial fever. proboscis in his own red blood corpuscles. Malaria was thus the first of the human diseases in which it was proved that a protozoon is the direct cause. Authorities differ as to the number of kinds of these protozoan para- sites responsible for malaria. On the clinical side, also, there seems to be some difficulty in the classification of the fevers due to the dif- ferent kinds of parasites. Grassi and Laveran have reduced the large numbe

RMRE1C9D–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Fig. 177.—Plasmodium falciparum. Ookinetes in the stomach of Anopheles (Grassi). mammals, the insect hosts, so far as known, are always mosquitoes. The mosquitoes become infected by biting and sucking the blood of infected animals; the warm-blooded animals become infected by being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and so on, in endless cycles. The parasites differ but little in the details of structure and de- velopment, so that the following description ma

. The Protozoa. Protozoa. CHAPTER V THE SPOROZOA The Sporozoa are unicellular animal parasites living in the cells, tissues, and cavities of various hosts and, as the name indicates, char- acterized by reproduction through spore-formation. If we except the bacteria, they are the most widely distributed of all parasites, and are found in every class of animals, frequently in Vermes, Arthrop- oda, Mollusca, and Vertebrata, rarely in Protozoa, Ccelenterata, and Echinodermata. They may infest the alimentary tract, and all. Fig. 77- — The vegetative phase in the life-history of a gregarine (schemat Stock Photo

RMRE098A–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. CHAPTER V THE SPOROZOA The Sporozoa are unicellular animal parasites living in the cells, tissues, and cavities of various hosts and, as the name indicates, char- acterized by reproduction through spore-formation. If we except the bacteria, they are the most widely distributed of all parasites, and are found in every class of animals, frequently in Vermes, Arthrop- oda, Mollusca, and Vertebrata, rarely in Protozoa, Ccelenterata, and Echinodermata. They may infest the alimentary tract, and all. Fig. 77- — The vegetative phase in the life-history of a gregarine (schemat

RMRE1C8P–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. The Human Malarial Parasites 507 tuates in the formation of from fifteen to twenty-five small, rounded or ovoid, pale, unpigmented bodies, the merozoits or spores. * These become freed from the pigment and attached to new red corpuscles, in which they are easily recognized as the "tiny-rings" that begin the schizogonic cycle. The gametocytes of the tertian parasite, the "free spheres," as they are sometimes called, are large, rounded

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE GENERA HERPETOMONAS AND CRITHIDIA 235 flagellate type (Fig. 93), arising from a distinct kinetic body, the blepharoplast. The nucleus is not of the diffuse type so characteristic of the bacteria and spirochetes, but is compact and cytologicaljy similar to the nucleus of tissue or of typical protozoa cells, while In primitive mitosis it passes through more or less complicated form changes. All are parasites, and all are apparently typical intestinal forms of definitive insect hosts. Herpetomonas is found chiefly in the stomach Fig. 93. A, B, Stock Photo

RMRDXM10–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE GENERA HERPETOMONAS AND CRITHIDIA 235 flagellate type (Fig. 93), arising from a distinct kinetic body, the blepharoplast. The nucleus is not of the diffuse type so characteristic of the bacteria and spirochetes, but is compact and cytologicaljy similar to the nucleus of tissue or of typical protozoa cells, while In primitive mitosis it passes through more or less complicated form changes. All are parasites, and all are apparently typical intestinal forms of definitive insect hosts. Herpetomonas is found chiefly in the stomach Fig. 93. A, B,

RMRE475F–. Diseases of metabolism and of the blood, animal parasites, toxicology. Constitutional diseases; Metabolism; Blood; Medical parasitology; Poisons. Fig. 30.—Balantidium Minutum. Fig. 31.—Ntctothekus Faba. n, nucleus; cv, contractile vacuole. (After mi.n, micronucleus; ma.m, macronucleus. Schaudinn.) (After Schaudinn.) which follow. Vorticelli, which, according to Lindner, are said to infest man, cannot yet be recognized as parasitic structures. This embraces the principal protozoa which occur in man. We now come to the more highly-organized class, the plathelminthes or fiat-worins. To this gro

. Handbook of medical entomology. Insect pests; Insects as carriers of disease; Medical parasitology. 194 Arthropods as Hosts of Pathogenic Protozoa J^^^^ proof hut. Though they took no quinine and all of their neighbors suffered from malaria, they were absolutely free from the disease. To complete the proof, mosquitoes which had fed in Rome on malarious patients were sent to England and allowed to bite two volunteers, one of them Dr. Manson's own son, who had not been otherwise exposed to the disease. Both of these gentlemen con- tracted typical cases of malaria and the parasites were to be f Stock Photo

RMRE41NF–. Handbook of medical entomology. Insect pests; Insects as carriers of disease; Medical parasitology. 194 Arthropods as Hosts of Pathogenic Protozoa J^^^^ proof hut. Though they took no quinine and all of their neighbors suffered from malaria, they were absolutely free from the disease. To complete the proof, mosquitoes which had fed in Rome on malarious patients were sent to England and allowed to bite two volunteers, one of them Dr. Manson's own son, who had not been otherwise exposed to the disease. Both of these gentlemen con- tracted typical cases of malaria and the parasites were to be f

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 698 Balantidium Coli Manson,* and a case of abscess of the lung caused by the organism byWinogradow andStokvis.f Transmission.—The transmission of the disease can only come about through the encysted form of the parasites. Great numbers are passed in the feces of the infected animals, but except the encysted forms all die very quickly as the fecal matter dries. Unfortunately the further life-history of the encysted forms is unknown. CRAIGIOSIS Ceaigia Ho Stock Photo

RMRE1BW8–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 698 Balantidium Coli Manson,* and a case of abscess of the lung caused by the organism byWinogradow andStokvis.f Transmission.—The transmission of the disease can only come about through the encysted form of the parasites. Great numbers are passed in the feces of the infected animals, but except the encysted forms all die very quickly as the fecal matter dries. Unfortunately the further life-history of the encysted forms is unknown. CRAIGIOSIS Ceaigia Ho

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Herpetomonas donovani, unequal division to form slender flagellated individuals. (After Leishman.) (Rogers), and is probably the same organoid of the cell that Kent ('81) described as the contractile vacuole in his characterization of the genus herpetomonas. This enlarged flagellar vacuole passes to the cell periphery, where it bursts and a small "brush" of pink-staining fibers protrudes from the cell, and these, later, by coalescence, form the definitive flagellum. In other cases the parasites do not undergo division in this manner, b Stock Photo

RMRDXM0N–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Herpetomonas donovani, unequal division to form slender flagellated individuals. (After Leishman.) (Rogers), and is probably the same organoid of the cell that Kent ('81) described as the contractile vacuole in his characterization of the genus herpetomonas. This enlarged flagellar vacuole passes to the cell periphery, where it bursts and a small "brush" of pink-staining fibers protrudes from the cell, and these, later, by coalescence, form the definitive flagellum. In other cases the parasites do not undergo division in this manner, b

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 147 to differ from that of E. colt chiefly in the number of the amcebulae, which both in the free and in the encysted form is only four. Binary fission takes place, and old, degener-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Borradaile, L. A. (Lancelot Alexander), 1872-1945. London : H. Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton Stock Photo

RMRDJ3YA–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 147 to differ from that of E. colt chiefly in the number of the amcebulae, which both in the free and in the encysted form is only four. Binary fission takes place, and old, degener-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Borradaile, L. A. (Lancelot Alexander), 1872-1945. London : H. Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton

. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 17-19. Forests and forestry. 26 (18) FOREST PATHOLOGY. A course considering repre- sentative tree diseases caused by Cryptogamic parasites and saprophytes, and parasitic flowering plants. Pre- ventive and remedial measures for checking their dam- age are discussed. Class and laboratory work are sup- plemented by field exercises. Three hours, second term. Mr. Harris. (19) ZOOLOGY. In this course a general survey is made of the animal kingdom from the Protozoa to the Verte- brata. The classification and distribution of animals both in regard Stock Photo

RMRGA4MB–. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 17-19. Forests and forestry. 26 (18) FOREST PATHOLOGY. A course considering repre- sentative tree diseases caused by Cryptogamic parasites and saprophytes, and parasitic flowering plants. Pre- ventive and remedial measures for checking their dam- age are discussed. Class and laboratory work are sup- plemented by field exercises. Three hours, second term. Mr. Harris. (19) ZOOLOGY. In this course a general survey is made of the animal kingdom from the Protozoa to the Verte- brata. The classification and distribution of animals both in regard

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAM 153 breaks up, setting free the merozoites into the plasma, where each of them proceeds to infect a new corpuscle, into which it bores its way with a pointed end. The time which is required to repeat this cycle of asexual reproduction varies with the species of parasite. Thus of the three kinds (at least) of Plasmodium which infest man, P. vivax sets free a generation of merozoites in forty- eight hours, P. malaria in seventy-two hours, and P. falciparum at irregular intervals. The attacks of fever occur when the corp Stock Photo

RMRDHRM6–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAM 153 breaks up, setting free the merozoites into the plasma, where each of them proceeds to infect a new corpuscle, into which it bores its way with a pointed end. The time which is required to repeat this cycle of asexual reproduction varies with the species of parasite. Thus of the three kinds (at least) of Plasmodium which infest man, P. vivax sets free a generation of merozoites in forty- eight hours, P. malaria in seventy-two hours, and P. falciparum at irregular intervals. The attacks of fever occur when the corp

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Babesia (Piroplasma) canis. (After Christophers.) Different stages in the erythrocyte culture media, and, /, in embryonic salivary cell of tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A number of investigators have attempted to cultivate babesia on artificial culture media, a limited success only being obtained, the chief result being merely the prolongation of life of the parasites in the infected blood kept under proper conditions. In this way Chris- tophers and others obtained various morphological changes in the organisms, but no developmental processes. Stock Photo

RMRDXKX3–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Babesia (Piroplasma) canis. (After Christophers.) Different stages in the erythrocyte culture media, and, /, in embryonic salivary cell of tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A number of investigators have attempted to cultivate babesia on artificial culture media, a limited success only being obtained, the chief result being merely the prolongation of life of the parasites in the infected blood kept under proper conditions. In this way Chris- tophers and others obtained various morphological changes in the organisms, but no developmental processes.

RMRD9TRY–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 30 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOZOA Ciliata and Sporozoa has been based. The simplest type of movement is by means of simple outflowings of the body proto- plasm known as pseudopodia (Fig. 2A). This is the common type of movement in one of the four great classes of Protozoa, the Sarcodina. In the FlageUata the organelles for locomotion are long lashlike outgrowths known as flagella (Fig. 2C), from one to eight or more in nmnber. These originate from a parti- cle of deep-staining material which is called the ble

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 78 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTOZOA plant and animal tissues, dissolved in the water. Other saprophytes live upon the juices in blood or other fluids of the animal body which are similarly taken in by osmosis; these, however, belong to the group of parasites or commensals, the difference between the two being largely one of degree only, a parasite exerting some deleterious effect upon the host, while a saprophyte and a commensal are harmless. In all such cases the protozoa multiply in the region, such as a water supply, or the fluids of Stock Photo

RMRDXBYH–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. 78 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PROTOZOA plant and animal tissues, dissolved in the water. Other saprophytes live upon the juices in blood or other fluids of the animal body which are similarly taken in by osmosis; these, however, belong to the group of parasites or commensals, the difference between the two being largely one of degree only, a parasite exerting some deleterious effect upon the host, while a saprophyte and a commensal are harmless. In all such cases the protozoa multiply in the region, such as a water supply, or the fluids of

. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 98 PROTOZOA 1. Myxosporidiaceae.âNaked parasites in cold-blooded animals. Spore- formation due to an aggi'egation of cytoplasm around a single nucleus to form an archespore, which then produces a complex of cells â 'ithin which two daughter-cells form the spores and accessory nematocysts. ]Ty:i:idium'Bntsch.; Myxohohis Butsch.; Henneguya Thelohna ; Nosema Nageli (= Olugea Th.). 2. AcTiNOMYXiDiACEAE.iâApocyte resolved into a sporange, containing eight secondary sporanges (so-called spores), of ternary symmetry and provided with three polar nematocyst Stock Photo

RMRDKY4T–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 98 PROTOZOA 1. Myxosporidiaceae.âNaked parasites in cold-blooded animals. Spore- formation due to an aggi'egation of cytoplasm around a single nucleus to form an archespore, which then produces a complex of cells â 'ithin which two daughter-cells form the spores and accessory nematocysts. ]Ty:i:idium'Bntsch.; Myxohohis Butsch.; Henneguya Thelohna ; Nosema Nageli (= Olugea Th.). 2. AcTiNOMYXiDiACEAE.iâApocyte resolved into a sporange, containing eight secondary sporanges (so-called spores), of ternary symmetry and provided with three polar nematocyst

RMRE20R8–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. The Human Malarial Parasites 481 appear as irregular, ragged, protoplasmic bodies filled with fine pigment granules. In about forty-five hours they completely fill the enlarged corpuscles, and begin to gather their protoplasm into rounded formations in which the pigment is no longer distributed, but occurs in irregular stripes or gathers together into a rounded clump. In a couple of hours the blood-corpuscle has disappeared and the rounded parasite, larg

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 157 in which the English observer Ross played a great part—has made us less helpless to avert its ravages. The measures which are taken to that end are threefold : (1) the destruc- tion of the mosquito, by such measures as have been Anopheles Culex. FIG. 97.—A comparison of the various stages in the life-history of a mosquito (left) with those of a gnat (right).—From Shipley. Note how the larvae and pupae hang from the surface film of the water (represented by a thin line). The organs by which they are suspended conta Stock Photo

RMRDHRJK–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 157 in which the English observer Ross played a great part—has made us less helpless to avert its ravages. The measures which are taken to that end are threefold : (1) the destruc- tion of the mosquito, by such measures as have been Anopheles Culex. FIG. 97.—A comparison of the various stages in the life-history of a mosquito (left) with those of a gnat (right).—From Shipley. Note how the larvae and pupae hang from the surface film of the water (represented by a thin line). The organs by which they are suspended conta

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Cultivation 753 Morphology.—The trichophyton parasites form deUcate mycelia composed of somewhat slender septate hypha. They can best be observed by extracting one of the hairs, including its root, from the diseased area, or if the affection be upon a hairless part of the body, by scraping off some of the epiderm, and mounting the material between a slide and cover in a drop of caustic potash solution (20 per cent.). Under these circumstances the spores Stock Photo

RMRE452X–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Cultivation 753 Morphology.—The trichophyton parasites form deUcate mycelia composed of somewhat slender septate hypha. They can best be observed by extracting one of the hairs, including its root, from the diseased area, or if the affection be upon a hairless part of the body, by scraping off some of the epiderm, and mounting the material between a slide and cover in a drop of caustic potash solution (20 per cent.). Under these circumstances the spores

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 155 It is known as the sporont on account of its further history, which is as follows. Through its thin cyst-wall the parasite continues to absorb nutriment, and grows in size, bulging out the wall of the stomach into the body cavity so as to form a kind of blister. As it grows, its nucleus multiplies by binary fission and cyto- plasm becomes concentrated round each nucleus to form a body known as a sporoblast. Now the nucleus of each sporoblast divides repeatedly and the surface of the body grows out into slender pro Stock Photo

RMRDHRJY–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 155 It is known as the sporont on account of its further history, which is as follows. Through its thin cyst-wall the parasite continues to absorb nutriment, and grows in size, bulging out the wall of the stomach into the body cavity so as to form a kind of blister. As it grows, its nucleus multiplies by binary fission and cyto- plasm becomes concentrated round each nucleus to form a body known as a sporoblast. Now the nucleus of each sporoblast divides repeatedly and the surface of the body grows out into slender pro

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Diagnosis of Malarial Fever 503 staining .is given in detail in the section of this work dealing with "The Staining of Protozoa," q.v. 3. Ross's Method of Finding the Parasites When Present in Small Numbers.—In case the number of parasites in the blood is very small, so that they would be scattered sparingly over a large area of the ordinary blood spread, Ross* has suggested a modification of the technic by which they can be more readily found. Stock Photo

RMRE1C96–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Diagnosis of Malarial Fever 503 staining .is given in detail in the section of this work dealing with "The Staining of Protozoa," q.v. 3. Ross's Method of Finding the Parasites When Present in Small Numbers.—In case the number of parasites in the blood is very small, so that they would be scattered sparingly over a large area of the ordinary blood spread, Ross* has suggested a modification of the technic by which they can be more readily found.

. Goldfish breeds and other aquarium fishes, their care and propagation; a guide to freshwater and marine aquaria, their fauna, flora and management. Aquariums; Goldfish. AILMENTS AND DISEASES Myxosporidia. The freshwater fish-parasites of this order belong to the genera Myxidium, Myxobolus, Henneguya, Nosema and Plistopora. Myxosporid^. These Protozoa, Figs. io2,io2a,io3, 104 and 104A, are entirely parasitic and in the majority of cases live upon fishes. Dr. R. R. Gurly listed 102 hosts, fishes and other aquatic fauna, inhabited by them, either encysted beneath the skin, on the surface of the Stock Photo

RMRDYXM2–. Goldfish breeds and other aquarium fishes, their care and propagation; a guide to freshwater and marine aquaria, their fauna, flora and management. Aquariums; Goldfish. AILMENTS AND DISEASES Myxosporidia. The freshwater fish-parasites of this order belong to the genera Myxidium, Myxobolus, Henneguya, Nosema and Plistopora. Myxosporid^. These Protozoa, Figs. io2,io2a,io3, 104 and 104A, are entirely parasitic and in the majority of cases live upon fishes. Dr. R. R. Gurly listed 102 hosts, fishes and other aquatic fauna, inhabited by them, either encysted beneath the skin, on the surface of the

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE PATHOGENIC HEMOSPORIDIA 287 cause of bird malaria, are not different in essentials from similar phenomena in human parasitic forms. Of great importance in the malaria problem is the fact of latent and recurrent malaria. In many cases, months after the first attack and apparent cure, the victim suffers anew from the parasites, and this without new infection. The matter has been studied carefully by many observers, among others by Craig and by Schaudinn, and it has been found that parasites, even after apparent cure, are stored up in the splee Stock Photo

RMRDXKNE–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE PATHOGENIC HEMOSPORIDIA 287 cause of bird malaria, are not different in essentials from similar phenomena in human parasitic forms. Of great importance in the malaria problem is the fact of latent and recurrent malaria. In many cases, months after the first attack and apparent cure, the victim suffers anew from the parasites, and this without new infection. The matter has been studied carefully by many observers, among others by Craig and by Schaudinn, and it has been found that parasites, even after apparent cure, are stored up in the splee

RMRGA4MW–. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 17-19. Forests and forestry. 26 (18) FOREST PATHOLOGY. A course considering repre- sentative tree diseases caused by Cryptogamic parasites and saprophytes, and parasitic flowering plants. Pre- ventive and remedial measures for checking their dam- age are discussed. Class and laboratory work are sup- plemented by field exercises. Three hours, second term. Mr. Harris. (19) ZOOLOGY. In this course a general survey is made of the animal kingdom from the Protozoa to the Verte- brata. The classification and distribution of animals both in regard

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Cytoryctes variolae in different stages of niuitipiication, outside iarst three figures and outside last two figures of tiie nucleus, (Alter Calkins.). -^^stsaitJ^ Two of the larger cytoplasmic forms of cytoryctes in the epithelium. The two dark bodies in the middle showing reticular structure are the parasites. XIOOO. like nucleophaga, develop in a more definite manner. Chromidial fragments are formed, varying in size and character, while a residual portion of the chromatin, analogous to the residual nucleus of free living rhizopods, remains un Stock Photo

RMRDXKJE–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. Cytoryctes variolae in different stages of niuitipiication, outside iarst three figures and outside last two figures of tiie nucleus, (Alter Calkins.). -^^stsaitJ^ Two of the larger cytoplasmic forms of cytoryctes in the epithelium. The two dark bodies in the middle showing reticular structure are the parasites. XIOOO. like nucleophaga, develop in a more definite manner. Chromidial fragments are formed, varying in size and character, while a residual portion of the chromatin, analogous to the residual nucleus of free living rhizopods, remains un

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 480 Malaria (meroblast), ready to form merozoits, and the gametocytes all exceeding the size of the red blood-corpuscles. It matures in forty- eight hours, but not with mathematic precision. In single infections the greater number of the parasites are of the same age and present the same appearance, but various shapes and ages may be found together. In double infections, with paroxysms every day, para- sites of different ages may be found. The youngest f Stock Photo

RMRE20T2–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 480 Malaria (meroblast), ready to form merozoits, and the gametocytes all exceeding the size of the red blood-corpuscles. It matures in forty- eight hours, but not with mathematic precision. In single infections the greater number of the parasites are of the same age and present the same appearance, but various shapes and ages may be found together. In double infections, with paroxysms every day, para- sites of different ages may be found. The youngest f

. The Protozoa. Protozoa. Fig. 81. —Lympkosporidium truttcE Calkins. A. The young spnrozoite and its development. B. Older forms in the muscle-bundles surround- ing the intestine. C. Still older amoeboid iorm prior to, and during, spore-iormation. above, to be used during the process of spore-formation and encyst- ment. In Sarcosporidiida and other muscle-infesting Sporozoa, growth takes place at the expense of the muscle-cells, although the organisms are not intra-cellular parasites. Thus, Lympkosporidium trutttz begins to grow in the lymph surrounding the intestine. The sporozoite develops i Stock Photo

RMRE0978–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. Fig. 81. —Lympkosporidium truttcE Calkins. A. The young spnrozoite and its development. B. Older forms in the muscle-bundles surround- ing the intestine. C. Still older amoeboid iorm prior to, and during, spore-iormation. above, to be used during the process of spore-formation and encyst- ment. In Sarcosporidiida and other muscle-infesting Sporozoa, growth takes place at the expense of the muscle-cells, although the organisms are not intra-cellular parasites. Thus, Lympkosporidium trutttz begins to grow in the lymph surrounding the intestine. The sporozoite develops i

RMRE0DWJ–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Cultivation 799 Morphology.âThe trichophyton parasites form delicate mycelia composed of somewhat slender septate hypha. They can best be observed by extracting one of the hairs, including its root, from the diseased area, or if the affection be upon a hairless part of the body, by scraping off some of the epiderm, and mounting the material between a slide and cover in a drop of caustic potash solution (20 per cent.). Under these circumstances the spores

$. A manual of zoology. Zoology. ir. SPOROZOA: GREGARINA. 213 Class IV, Sporozoa. Under the name Siiorozoa are united several groups of Protozoa which, while they differ nnich in structure, have much in common m life and development. They are parasites in Metazoa, many of them in the cells themselves, causing their degeneration (Cytospo-. FlG. 154.—Sporozoa. -4, cyst of Ctepsidrma with sporoducts; B^ Clepsidrina, two indi- viduals (after Schneider): C, Eiiut^ria fiilciforinia, from mouse; D, same, falciform enihry{)s: E, Huphtrltiinchus (iujurdinii^ from Litliobius; F, Gregarhia (ligantea, from Stock Photo$

RMRE09WA–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. ir. SPOROZOA: GREGARINA. 213 Class IV, Sporozoa. Under the name Siiorozoa are united several groups of Protozoa which, while they differ nnich in structure, have much in common m life and development. They are parasites in Metazoa, many of them in the cells themselves, causing their degeneration (Cytospo-. FlG. 154.—Sporozoa. -4, cyst of Ctepsidrma with sporoducts; B^ Clepsidrina, two indi- viduals (after Schneider): C, Eiiut^ria fiilciforinia, from mouse; D, same, falciform enihry{)s: E, Huphtrltiinchus (iujurdinii^ from Litliobius; F, Gregarhia (ligantea, from

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OP MAN 145 In this the nucleus, after proceedings in which some of its chromatin is lost, while a large vacuole temporarily appears in the cytoplasm, forms eventually two nuclei while a cyst is being secreted around the body. The two nuclei in the cyst divide into eight. The ordinary Entamoeba die in the feces. So also do the cysts unless the feces dry, but in the latter case they are distributed as dust, and if they thus reach water or human food and are swallowed by a man the cysts germinate in the intestine of the new hos Stock Photo

RMRDJ40N–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OP MAN 145 In this the nucleus, after proceedings in which some of its chromatin is lost, while a large vacuole temporarily appears in the cytoplasm, forms eventually two nuclei while a cyst is being secreted around the body. The two nuclei in the cyst divide into eight. The ordinary Entamoeba die in the feces. So also do the cysts unless the feces dry, but in the latter case they are distributed as dust, and if they thus reach water or human food and are swallowed by a man the cysts germinate in the intestine of the new hos

RMRD9KE2–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 126 INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES Ciliates Balantidium coli. —Although several species of ciliates have been recorded as human parasites, there is only one species, Balantidium coli (Fig. 34A), normally parasitic in hogs, which is common enough to be of any importance. This large ciliate stands next to Endamoeba histolytica among the Protozoa as a. Fig. 34. Balantidium coli; A, free ciliate from intestine; n., nucleus; c. v., contractile vacuoles; f. v., food vacuole; cyt., cytostome. B, cyst, as

. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 159 the hollow side, an undulating membrane, one contractile vacuole in the hinder part of the body, and a remarkable permanent anus, lined with ectoplasm, at the hind end. The related N. faba has been found in the intestine of a man suffering from dysentery, but it is doubtful whether it was the cause of the disease. More numerous and conspicuous than either of these is Opalina ranarum, a flat, oval, pale-straw-coloured ciliate of very large size (i mm. long), uniformly covered with equal cilia, and without mouth, pe Stock Photo

RMRDHRJ3–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE PROTOZOA AS PARASITES OF MAN 159 the hollow side, an undulating membrane, one contractile vacuole in the hinder part of the body, and a remarkable permanent anus, lined with ectoplasm, at the hind end. The related N. faba has been found in the intestine of a man suffering from dysentery, but it is doubtful whether it was the cause of the disease. More numerous and conspicuous than either of these is Opalina ranarum, a flat, oval, pale-straw-coloured ciliate of very large size (i mm. long), uniformly covered with equal cilia, and without mouth, pe

. Parasites and parasitosis of the domestic animals : the zoo?logy and control of the animal parasites and the pathogenesis and treatment of parasitic diseases . Domestic animals. 31-2 PARASITES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS imu'li Kii'iitiM' s|i('cializatinn in some tliaii in othoiy. While a nucleus is not easily deinonstiahle in cci-tain of the Piotozua, most have one or more (listinet nuclei, in this, as in other i-espects, jiossessina; the essential parts of a typical cell, Ameba.—A simple representative of the Protozoa is the Amelia (P^ia;. I(j8,) which may lie found in most any still water, mo Stock Photo

RMRE0H74–. Parasites and parasitosis of the domestic animals : the zoo?logy and control of the animal parasites and the pathogenesis and treatment of parasitic diseases . Domestic animals. 31-2 PARASITES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS imu'li Kii'iitiM' s|i('cializatinn in some tliaii in othoiy. While a nucleus is not easily deinonstiahle in cci-tain of the Piotozua, most have one or more (listinet nuclei, in this, as in other i-espects, jiossessina; the essential parts of a typical cell, Ameba.—A simple representative of the Protozoa is the Amelia (P^ia;. I(j8,) which may lie found in most any still water, mo

RMRDFYTB–. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. PARASITOLOGY. 213 Description.—The protozoa is round or oval in shape and from one-tenth to one-sixth the diameter of a red blood cell. They show amoeboid movement. From one to four are found in a cell. They may also be found free in the serum. Animals Infested.—The sheep. Parts Infested.—The red blood cells. Name of Disease.—Ictero-hematuria.. Fig. 79.—Firoplasma Ovis. Showing the protozoa some in the red blood cells, some free.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE PATHOGENIC HEMOSPORIDIA 271. Hepatozoon perniciosum, Miller, a hemosporidian parasite of the rat. (After Miller.) a to d, de^'elopment of the schizont in the liver cells of the rat; e, free parasites in the blood; /, encysted parasites in lymphocytes; g to k, stages in conjugation of isogametes; I, m, n, growth of the ookinet into sporont; o, sporocyst derived from the ookinet, with sporoblast buds covering the surface; p, section of same; q, older sporoblast with sporozoites; r, a single sporozoite. Stages g to r are formed in the tissues o Stock Photo

RMRDXKXR–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE PATHOGENIC HEMOSPORIDIA 271. Hepatozoon perniciosum, Miller, a hemosporidian parasite of the rat. (After Miller.) a to d, de^'elopment of the schizont in the liver cells of the rat; e, free parasites in the blood; /, encysted parasites in lymphocytes; g to k, stages in conjugation of isogametes; I, m, n, growth of the ookinet into sporont; o, sporocyst derived from the ookinet, with sporoblast buds covering the surface; p, section of same; q, older sporoblast with sporozoites; r, a single sporozoite. Stages g to r are formed in the tissues o

RMRDG030–. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. 76 PARASITOI.OGV. tus. The dorsal shield is slightly smaller, aiid is light in color ; the palpi are short. In the male the dorsal shield covers the entire dorsal surface. The free extremity of the leg is provided with two hook- lets and a fan-shaped organ, instead of the globule shaped apparatus, as in the species Annulatus. Condition Produced.—They carry the protozoa pro- ducing fever as Boophilus Annulatus does in the United States. 'H^ERiNrACENTOR Electus I Derma—skin ; kentes's—puncture). Syno/tytns.—Dog ti

RMRE1C92–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Fig. 180.—A, large capillary tube (a) indicating place to cut; B, manner of draw- ing out the cells and Plasmodia (Bass). There now being no red corpuscles to distract the attention or obscure the vis'on, the stained parasites can quickly be found. 4. Bass's Method of Concentrating the Parasites by Centrifugation.— Bass and Johnsf withdraw 10 cc. of blood from a vein of the forearm and mix it with 0.2 cc. of a solution of 50 grams of sodium citrate and 5

. The Protozoa. Protozoa. D A. rine. Fig. 31. — Internal parasites. [A, B, LEUCKART Amazba coli Losch, a supposed cause of dysentery. C. Megastoma entericum Grassi, a flagellate. D. Balantidium. entozoSn Ehr., a ciliate. C Grassi ; D, Butschli .] B. Monocystis agilis Leuck., a grega- are certain forms which live as parasites (Fig. 31), and which for con- venience may be separated into two groups, the intercellular and the intracellular forms. So far as known these parasites, with few excep- tions, do not produce noxious products like bacterial ptomaines, but whatever damage they may cause is d Stock Photo

RMRE0F1D–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. D A. rine. Fig. 31. — Internal parasites. [A, B, LEUCKART Amazba coli Losch, a supposed cause of dysentery. C. Megastoma entericum Grassi, a flagellate. D. Balantidium. entozoSn Ehr., a ciliate. C Grassi ; D, Butschli .] B. Monocystis agilis Leuck., a grega- are certain forms which live as parasites (Fig. 31), and which for con- venience may be separated into two groups, the intercellular and the intracellular forms. So far as known these parasites, with few excep- tions, do not produce noxious products like bacterial ptomaines, but whatever damage they may cause is d

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 526 Kala-Azar Leishman's, or Jenner's stains) and examined under a high magnifi- cation, it is found that the protoplasm takes a pinkish color and contains two well-defined bright red bodies. The larger of these is ovoid and lies excentrically, its long diameter corresponding to ^ ig; !^ ..^s >**. 4« © •* .v^F c?. Fig. 216.—^Evolution of the parasite of kala-azar: i to 5. Parasites of kala- azar. i Isolated parasites of different forms in the spleen a Stock Photo

RMRE20FX–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 526 Kala-Azar Leishman's, or Jenner's stains) and examined under a high magnifi- cation, it is found that the protoplasm takes a pinkish color and contains two well-defined bright red bodies. The larger of these is ovoid and lies excentrically, its long diameter corresponding to ^ ig; !^ ..^s >**. 4« © •* .v^F c?. Fig. 216.—^Evolution of the parasite of kala-azar: i to 5. Parasites of kala- azar. i Isolated parasites of different forms in the spleen a

RMRE20P4–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. The Human Malarial Parasites 483 but smaller in size. The pigment is gathered toward the center in a little mass, and eight to twenty-five merozoits are formed in a morula or mulberry-like mass similar to those of the tertian para- site. Two or three parasites to the corpuscle are frequent. They are actively ameboid, do not mature simultaneously, and hence 9 Fig. 187.—Parasite of estivo-autumnal fever: a, b, c, Ring-like and cross- like hyaline forms; d,

RMRE1C8G–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. The Human Malarial Parasites 509 there are no regularly occurring paroxysms. The duration of the asexual cycle is from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The gametocytes are striking and characteristic oviod and cres- centic bodies^—crescents—1}4 times the diameter of a red blood- corpuscle in length, and about half the diameter of the corpuscle ©O £' ITo Fig. 1^7.—Parasite of estivo-autumnal fever: a, b, c, Ring-like and cross- like hyaline forms; d, e,

RMRD9TTF–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 28 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOZOA (sfr. i^trocs.) protozoans and green algffi, makes such a group as the Protista appear both natural and convenient. Structure. — A protozoan, in its simplest form, conforms to the usual definition of a cell — a bit of protoplasm containing a nucleus. S o m e- times theie arc two or more similar nuclei and in the majority of ciUates there are two nuclei whidi dif- fer from each other bot h in form and func- tion, a large " macro- nucleus " which is associated with th

. A manual of zoology. Zoology. 210 PROTOZOA. the spiral, forms the broader end of the body, which gradually tapers toward the other end, by wliich the un.iniii] may attach itself by small plasma tlireads. Muscle fibres which run length- wise immediately under the cuticle produce energetic move- ments. Stentor 2)olymorp]iiis* ^yeu attaclied builds a gelatinous case. S. cmruleus* Balantidium coli (fig. 1-49) appears in the large intestine of men ill with diarrlicea; it also occurs in swine without causing sickness. Other parasites of man are B. minu- tuin and Nyctotherus faba. Order III. Peri Stock Photo

RMRE09X5–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. 210 PROTOZOA. the spiral, forms the broader end of the body, which gradually tapers toward the other end, by wliich the un.iniii] may attach itself by small plasma tlireads. Muscle fibres which run length- wise immediately under the cuticle produce energetic move- ments. Stentor 2)olymorp]iiis* ^yeu attaclied builds a gelatinous case. S. cmruleus* Balantidium coli (fig. 1-49) appears in the large intestine of men ill with diarrlicea; it also occurs in swine without causing sickness. Other parasites of man are B. minu- tuin and Nyctotherus faba. Order III. Peri

. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. S64 Kala-Azar Leishman's, or Jenner's stains) and examined under a high magnifi- cation, it is found that the protoplasm takes a pinkish color and contains two well-defined bright red bodies. The larger of these is ovoid and lies excentrically, its long diameter corresponding to (W âº, J.K^'*>i. ..Â«â â >Â¥ -? -^^ 'mi (SÂ» ^JÂ» ^y 4, ^nJr^-^'. Fig. 220.âEvolution of the parasite of kata-azar: i to $. Parasites of kala- azar. i. Isolated parasites o Stock Photo

RMRE1C5R–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. S64 Kala-Azar Leishman's, or Jenner's stains) and examined under a high magnifi- cation, it is found that the protoplasm takes a pinkish color and contains two well-defined bright red bodies. The larger of these is ovoid and lies excentrically, its long diameter corresponding to (W âº, J.K^'*>i. ..Â«â â >Â¥ -? -^^ 'mi (SÂ» ^JÂ» ^y 4, ^nJr^-^'. Fig. 220.âEvolution of the parasite of kata-azar: i to $. Parasites of kala- azar. i. Isolated parasites o

. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. A, Multicilia lacustris, Lauterb. (After Lauterbom.) B, Pyrsonympha vertens, Leidy, with attaching organ. (After Porter.) x, vibrating band in the inner protoplasm. Pig. 115. Flagellated and cihated intestinal parasites. A,B, Megastoma (Lamblia) entericuni, Grassi; C, Balantidiura entozoon, Ehr,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Calkins, Gary N. (Gary Nathan), Stock Photo

RMRDXKN0–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. A, Multicilia lacustris, Lauterb. (After Lauterbom.) B, Pyrsonympha vertens, Leidy, with attaching organ. (After Porter.) x, vibrating band in the inner protoplasm. Pig. 115. Flagellated and cihated intestinal parasites. A,B, Megastoma (Lamblia) entericuni, Grassi; C, Balantidiura entozoon, Ehr,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Calkins, Gary N. (Gary Nathan),

. The practical study of malaria and other blood parasites. Malaria; Mosquitoes; Trypanosoma; Blood. ot(;.i/..v.3<â lM.j. '7 "''â ''^o.j^a.. Fig. 40. Protozoa other than the Malarial Parasite found in Anophelines The following organisms may be found in mosquitoes apart from the various stages of the malarial parasite :â I. Encysted Trematodes, mostly found in the tissues, near the neck ; also free in the stomach.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations Stock Photo

RMRE4421–. The practical study of malaria and other blood parasites. Malaria; Mosquitoes; Trypanosoma; Blood. ot(;.i/..v.3<â lM.j. '7 "''â ''^o.j^a.. Fig. 40. Protozoa other than the Malarial Parasite found in Anophelines The following organisms may be found in mosquitoes apart from the various stages of the malarial parasite :â I. Encysted Trematodes, mostly found in the tissues, near the neck ; also free in the stomach.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations

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