Paraphyses Black and White Stock Photos & Images - Page 2

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 76 MORPHOLOGY Black fungi. —This (Pyrenomycetes proper) is an exceedingly large and varied group, characterized by a flask-shaped ascocarp opening at the top (perithecium) and lined by the hymenial layer of asci and hair- like paraphyses (fig. 184). It includes parasites on various parts of plants, especially cortex and leaves; and also saprophytes on decaying wood, etc., often forming black spots, knots, etc., resembling charred places and suggesting both the technical and common names. The peri- thecia arise either singly on th Stock Photo

RMRDYG07–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 76 MORPHOLOGY Black fungi. —This (Pyrenomycetes proper) is an exceedingly large and varied group, characterized by a flask-shaped ascocarp opening at the top (perithecium) and lined by the hymenial layer of asci and hair- like paraphyses (fig. 184). It includes parasites on various parts of plants, especially cortex and leaves; and also saprophytes on decaying wood, etc., often forming black spots, knots, etc., resembling charred places and suggesting both the technical and common names. The peri- thecia arise either singly on th

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 342 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Wall slightly colored 16. Cionothriz. Telia with a peridium Telia half projecting above the host surface. .• 17. Dietelia. Telia sunken in the tissue of the host 18. EndophyUum, p. 353. Teliospores 2-celled Peridium present 19. Pucciniosita. Peridium none 20. Didymopsora. Melampsora Castaigne (p. 340) 0. Pycnia half spherical. 1. .^cia of caeoma-type, no peridium or paraphyses. II. Urediniospores solitary, membrane colorless. III. Teliospores 1-celled, rarely more, in flat irregularly limited Stock Photo

RMPG462K–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 342 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Wall slightly colored 16. Cionothriz. Telia with a peridium Telia half projecting above the host surface. .• 17. Dietelia. Telia sunken in the tissue of the host 18. EndophyUum, p. 353. Teliospores 2-celled Peridium present 19. Pucciniosita. Peridium none 20. Didymopsora. Melampsora Castaigne (p. 340) 0. Pycnia half spherical. 1. .^cia of caeoma-type, no peridium or paraphyses. II. Urediniospores solitary, membrane colorless. III. Teliospores 1-celled, rarely more, in flat irregularly limited

. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 2CX) MOSSES AND FERNS the female plant is still but a few millimetres in height. In this case there is no doubt that the apical cell forms an archegoniuni directly, but not necessarily the first one, which arises usually from one of the last-formed segments. The elongation of the axis of the female branch is but slight, even in the later stages. ,P. Fig. 104.—Longitudinal section through the apex of a male plant of F. hygrometrico, X300; L, leaf; ^, antheridia; p, paraphyses. and the plant rem Stock Photo

RMRDF2Y8–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 2CX) MOSSES AND FERNS the female plant is still but a few millimetres in height. In this case there is no doubt that the apical cell forms an archegoniuni directly, but not necessarily the first one, which arises usually from one of the last-formed segments. The elongation of the axis of the female branch is but slight, even in the later stages. ,P. Fig. 104.—Longitudinal section through the apex of a male plant of F. hygrometrico, X300; L, leaf; ^, antheridia; p, paraphyses. and the plant rem

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 MYCOLOGY Other without paraphyses, so that they form a velvety layer on the surface of the host plant. Eight ascospores are generally found, as in the genus Exoascus, but in Taphrina (Taphria) the number may be increased considerably by budding, so that the whole ascus will be. Fig. 42.—Exoascus and Taphrina. A—F, Exoascus pruni, A. Appearance on diseased twig; B, cross-section of diseased fruit; C. mycelium in tissues of host; D, young asci; E, mature ascus with spores; F, germinat Stock Photo

RMPG455P–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 MYCOLOGY Other without paraphyses, so that they form a velvety layer on the surface of the host plant. Eight ascospores are generally found, as in the genus Exoascus, but in Taphrina (Taphria) the number may be increased considerably by budding, so that the whole ascus will be. Fig. 42.—Exoascus and Taphrina. A—F, Exoascus pruni, A. Appearance on diseased twig; B, cross-section of diseased fruit; C. mycelium in tissues of host; D, young asci; E, mature ascus with spores; F, germinat

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. THALLOPHYTES 73 ing filaments (ascogenous hyphae), whose ultimate branches form asci. This fertilized oogonium giving rise to ascogenous hyphae is usually called an ascogonium. From hyphae beneath the ascogonium branching filaments arise that produce the colored paraphyses, and still other sterile hyphae give rise to the ascocarp (fig. 178). Usually several ascogonia are involved in a single ascocarp.. Fig. 177. — Pyronema: oogo- nium with its conjugating tube (or trichogyne); antheridium curved around the trichogyne (hence in se Stock Photo

RMRDYG1F–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. THALLOPHYTES 73 ing filaments (ascogenous hyphae), whose ultimate branches form asci. This fertilized oogonium giving rise to ascogenous hyphae is usually called an ascogonium. From hyphae beneath the ascogonium branching filaments arise that produce the colored paraphyses, and still other sterile hyphae give rise to the ascocarp (fig. 178). Usually several ascogonia are involved in a single ascocarp.. Fig. 177. — Pyronema: oogo- nium with its conjugating tube (or trichogyne); antheridium curved around the trichogyne (hence in se

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 19.—Amanitopsis vagineta. Relations of spores to the fruit-body. A, Transverse section through two gills, h, basidia projecting, the arrows show spore parts (sporabola), Magn. 15; B, vertical section of hymenium and subhymenium, c paraphyses, a-c, basidia stages, Magn. 370; C, isolated basidium with two basidios- pores; D, discharged spore; E, basidium, Mayer, mo. (After Buller, 1909:165.)j sporabola (Fig. 19). There are two distinct types of fruit bodies as to spore production and Stock Photo

RMPG459B–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 19.—Amanitopsis vagineta. Relations of spores to the fruit-body. A, Transverse section through two gills, h, basidia projecting, the arrows show spore parts (sporabola), Magn. 15; B, vertical section of hymenium and subhymenium, c paraphyses, a-c, basidia stages, Magn. 370; C, isolated basidium with two basidios- pores; D, discharged spore; E, basidium, Mayer, mo. (After Buller, 1909:165.)j sporabola (Fig. 19). There are two distinct types of fruit bodies as to spore production and

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 52. PORINA OLIVACEA A. L. Sm. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thallue and perithecja. c. Vertical section of thallua. d. Vertical section of perithecium. e. Asour and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Bota Stock Photo

RMRDJDDT–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 52. PORINA OLIVACEA A. L. Sm. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thallue and perithecja. c. Vertical section of thallua. d. Vertical section of perithecium. e. Asour and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Bota

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 229 Acanthostigma de Notarjs (p. 226) Perithecia free, globose or ovate, very small; walls leathery, black, beset with stiff bristles, ostiole short; asci usually cylindric, rarely ovate, 8-spored; spores spindle-shaped, multicellular by cross walls, hyaline; paraphyses few or none. There are some thirty species, mostly saprophytes. A. parasiticum (Hart.) Sacc.'*'"''* Perithecia globose, minute, with rigid divergent hairs, 0.1-0.25 mm. in diameter; asci 50 n long, early disappearing; spores Stock Photo

RMPG4G6P–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 229 Acanthostigma de Notarjs (p. 226) Perithecia free, globose or ovate, very small; walls leathery, black, beset with stiff bristles, ostiole short; asci usually cylindric, rarely ovate, 8-spored; spores spindle-shaped, multicellular by cross walls, hyaline; paraphyses few or none. There are some thirty species, mostly saprophytes. A. parasiticum (Hart.) Sacc.'*'"''* Perithecia globose, minute, with rigid divergent hairs, 0.1-0.25 mm. in diameter; asci 50 n long, early disappearing; spores

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 99.—Cucurbitaria Idburni. A, Stroma with pycnidia containing minute unicellular conidia. B, One of the large smooth pycnidia. (After v. Tubeuf.) The mature perithecia have a peridium consisting of a loose pseudoparenchyma with a rough warty exterior and a pore set in a distinct depression (Fig. 100.) The paraphyses are long, strong threads, often branched, and between them arise the long cylindrical asci with r Stock Photo

RMRDC1XT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 99.—Cucurbitaria Idburni. A, Stroma with pycnidia containing minute unicellular conidia. B, One of the large smooth pycnidia. (After v. Tubeuf.) The mature perithecia have a peridium consisting of a loose pseudoparenchyma with a rough warty exterior and a pore set in a distinct depression (Fig. 100.) The paraphyses are long, strong threads, often branched, and between them arise the long cylindrical asci with r

. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. ASCOBOLUS. 167 have observed, do not project beyond the surface of the disc at maturity; the large-celled parenchymatous excipulum also agrees with Ascoholus. In the early stage, while the spores. Ascdbolus harbatus, Mass. & Crossl. Fig. 1, group of fungi, nat. size; —Figs. 2, 3, entire fungus and section; x 75;—Fig. 4, cells of ex- cipulum ;—Fig. 5, ascus with spores and paraphyses;—Fig. 6, spores in various stages of development;—Fig. 7, marginal hairs;—Figs. 4-7 X 500. are yet hyaline, the fungus would pass for a species Stock Photo

RMPG3H43–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. ASCOBOLUS. 167 have observed, do not project beyond the surface of the disc at maturity; the large-celled parenchymatous excipulum also agrees with Ascoholus. In the early stage, while the spores. Ascdbolus harbatus, Mass. & Crossl. Fig. 1, group of fungi, nat. size; —Figs. 2, 3, entire fungus and section; x 75;—Fig. 4, cells of ex- cipulum ;—Fig. 5, ascus with spores and paraphyses;—Fig. 6, spores in various stages of development;—Fig. 7, marginal hairs;—Figs. 4-7 X 500. are yet hyaline, the fungus would pass for a species

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 232 MYCOLOGY the primary ones. The gills may be free from the stipe, adnexed, or even decurrent. A section of a mature gill shows the following disposition of the hyphal layers. The central part of the gill consists of paraUel, down- ward directed hyphae, that form the trama. Running out obliquely from the trama are shorter ceUs which constitute the subhymenium. The basidia, together with their accompanying paraphyses and cysti- dia, form a paHsade-Uke layer (the hymenium) whose cells s Stock Photo

RMRDE26N–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 232 MYCOLOGY the primary ones. The gills may be free from the stipe, adnexed, or even decurrent. A section of a mature gill shows the following disposition of the hyphal layers. The central part of the gill consists of paraUel, down- ward directed hyphae, that form the trama. Running out obliquely from the trama are shorter ceUs which constitute the subhymenium. The basidia, together with their accompanying paraphyses and cysti- dia, form a paHsade-Uke layer (the hymenium) whose cells s

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 357 thickened, bluntly conical, closely echinulate, brown, 20-35 x 12-16 fx, mixed with numerous capitate brownish paraphyses. III. Telia pulverulent, dark-brown, almost black. Spores con- sisting of two spherical cells, flattened at their point of union, the lower cell often being smaller and paler. Epispore uniformly. Fig. 258.âT. puuctata, urediniospores. After Holway. thick, chestnut-brown, thickly studded with short stout spines. Spores 30-45 x 17-25 m- Pedicels short, colorless. Heteroeciou Stock Photo

RMPG461Y–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 357 thickened, bluntly conical, closely echinulate, brown, 20-35 x 12-16 fx, mixed with numerous capitate brownish paraphyses. III. Telia pulverulent, dark-brown, almost black. Spores con- sisting of two spherical cells, flattened at their point of union, the lower cell often being smaller and paler. Epispore uniformly. Fig. 258.âT. puuctata, urediniospores. After Holway. thick, chestnut-brown, thickly studded with short stout spines. Spores 30-45 x 17-25 m- Pedicels short, colorless. Heteroeciou

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 70. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc.; u,. fusion in a vegetative hypha; b. migration of nucleus from one vegetative cell to another; both x iioo. The cells which contain fusion nuclei now give rise to ascogenous hyphae, while, from the rest, the paraphyses and cells of the outer sheath arise. The asci are very large, and their nuclei particularly clear. The number of chromosomes in the nuclei of the ascogenous hyphae, and in the first and second divisions in the ascus and in the prophase of the third is sixteen (figs. 71, 72). In the thi Stock Photo

RMRDTNY8–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 70. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc.; u,. fusion in a vegetative hypha; b. migration of nucleus from one vegetative cell to another; both x iioo. The cells which contain fusion nuclei now give rise to ascogenous hyphae, while, from the rest, the paraphyses and cells of the outer sheath arise. The asci are very large, and their nuclei particularly clear. The number of chromosomes in the nuclei of the ascogenous hyphae, and in the first and second divisions in the ascus and in the prophase of the third is sixteen (figs. 71, 72). In the thi

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 152 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. Fig. 107.—Cenangium, habit sketch, asci and paraphyses. After Tulasne. Conidia (= Brunchorstia destuens Erikss.) in pyc- nidia which are partially embedded in the host, the smaller simple, the larger compound, 1-2 mm. in diam.; spores 30-40 x 3 n, tapering-rounded at each end, 2 to 5-septate. A second conidial phase (=Dothichiza ferruginosa Sacc.) has simple spores. C. vitesia occurs in conidial form as Fuckelia on Ribes. In many Dermatea Fries (p. 151) A genus of over sixty species some of Stock Photo

RMPG4GKN–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 152 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. Fig. 107.—Cenangium, habit sketch, asci and paraphyses. After Tulasne. Conidia (= Brunchorstia destuens Erikss.) in pyc- nidia which are partially embedded in the host, the smaller simple, the larger compound, 1-2 mm. in diam.; spores 30-40 x 3 n, tapering-rounded at each end, 2 to 5-septate. A second conidial phase (=Dothichiza ferruginosa Sacc.) has simple spores. C. vitesia occurs in conidial form as Fuckelia on Ribes. In many Dermatea Fries (p. 151) A genus of over sixty species some of

$. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (2T6) m (lifters except that the spores—agreeing in their dimensions with t'l^ larger ones just cited—arc in twos; suggesting a comparison with Verr. (fcminella, Nyl. {Pi/rcnoc. p. 40) from Mexico. Paraphyses well oxhibite<l in most of these plants, but not always (as compare Koerb. Parcrg. p. 330, with Massalougo and Nylauder) and the habit of the species, owing to the colour of the thalline film, and the mostly small apothecia, seems a little alien to that of the present cluster. An Alabama lic Stock Photo$

RMRJ1AHF–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (2T6) m (lifters except that the spores—agreeing in their dimensions with t'l^ larger ones just cited—arc in twos; suggesting a comparison with Verr. (fcminella, Nyl. {Pi/rcnoc. p. 40) from Mexico. Paraphyses well oxhibite<l in most of these plants, but not always (as compare Koerb. Parcrg. p. 330, with Massalougo and Nylauder) and the habit of the species, owing to the colour of the thalline film, and the mostly small apothecia, seems a little alien to that of the present cluster. An Alabama lic

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 382 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Spores mostly round or ovate, echinulate, with three or four germ pores, yellow, 20-30 x 17-24 /i. III. Telia small, oval, or linear, black, covered by epidermis, surrounded by a thick bed of brown paraphyses. Spores ob- long or elongate, cimeiform, slightly constricted, the lower cell generally attenuated, apex thickened, truncate or often obliquely conical. Spores smooth, brown, variable in size^ 40-60 x 15-20 /*â¢ Pedicels short. Hetercecious; 0 and I on Boraginacese. II and III on rye. Th Stock Photo

RMPG4600–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 382 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Spores mostly round or ovate, echinulate, with three or four germ pores, yellow, 20-30 x 17-24 /i. III. Telia small, oval, or linear, black, covered by epidermis, surrounded by a thick bed of brown paraphyses. Spores ob- long or elongate, cimeiform, slightly constricted, the lower cell generally attenuated, apex thickened, truncate or often obliquely conical. Spores smooth, brown, variable in size^ 40-60 x 15-20 /*â¢ Pedicels short. Hetercecious; 0 and I on Boraginacese. II and III on rye. Th

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 4. Mitrula laricina Mass.; development and ejection of biseriate spores, x 600.. Fig. 5. Sepultaria coronaria Mass.; uni- seriate spores; ascus opening by a lid; branched, septate, clavate paraphyses; X 600. isolated asci lying in water are suddenly exposed to the action of glycerine or alcohol, and is clearly due to alterations of tension affecting a number of asci at about the same stage of development cation has puffed once or a After the fructifi- few times a rest of some hours during which. Please note that these images are extr Stock Photo

RMRDX1W6–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 4. Mitrula laricina Mass.; development and ejection of biseriate spores, x 600.. Fig. 5. Sepultaria coronaria Mass.; uni- seriate spores; ascus opening by a lid; branched, septate, clavate paraphyses; X 600. isolated asci lying in water are suddenly exposed to the action of glycerine or alcohol, and is clearly due to alterations of tension affecting a number of asci at about the same stage of development cation has puffed once or a After the fructifi- few times a rest of some hours during which. Please note that these images are extr

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PI.ANT DISEASE 283 Key to Genera of Melogrammataces Spores 1-celled Spores roundish ellipsoid, asci long fusi- ^onn. 1. Gibelia. Spores ellipsoid or ovate, asci clavate.... 2. Botryosphseria, p. 283. Spores 2 or more-celled Spores with cross walls only Spores 2-celled Spores hyaline Paraphyses present 3. Endothia. Paraphyses absent 4. Mynnaeciella. Spores brown 5. Myrmsecium. Spores more than 2-celled, ellipsoid to filiform Spores hyaline many-celled 6. Sillia. Spores hyaline 3-celled 7. Melanops, p. 284. Spor Stock Photo

RMPG468X–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PI.ANT DISEASE 283 Key to Genera of Melogrammataces Spores 1-celled Spores roundish ellipsoid, asci long fusi- ^onn. 1. Gibelia. Spores ellipsoid or ovate, asci clavate.... 2. Botryosphseria, p. 283. Spores 2 or more-celled Spores with cross walls only Spores 2-celled Spores hyaline Paraphyses present 3. Endothia. Paraphyses absent 4. Mynnaeciella. Spores brown 5. Myrmsecium. Spores more than 2-celled, ellipsoid to filiform Spores hyaline many-celled 6. Sillia. Spores hyaline 3-celled 7. Melanops, p. 284. Spor

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X50 .^.' /'V/".^ , ^ - X 700 X 700 LFX'IDEA (EULECIDEA) PARASEMA Ach. a. Plant on Ijark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. (•. Vectlca) seotion of thallus. d. Vertical sectioD of apothecia. r. Asous and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Stock Photo

RMRDJ201–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X50 .^.' /'V/".^ , ^ - X 700 X 700 LFX'IDEA (EULECIDEA) PARASEMA Ach. a. Plant on Ijark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. (•. Vectlca) seotion of thallus. d. Vertical sectioD of apothecia. r. Asous and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British

. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. iL^SSEEA, 403 Agreeing with Humaria in size, habit, and structure of the ascophore, but differing in the septate spores. Masseea quisquilarum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2017. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then expanding and becoming concave or plane, fleshy, glabrous, clear yellow, 2-3 mm. across; excipulum paren-. Masieea quiequUarum, Sacc.—Fig. 1, nat. size;—Fig. 2, ascophorcB, • slightly X ;—Fig. 3, sectibns of same, slightly x ;—Fig. 4, portion of excipulum x 400;—Fig. 5, asci and paraphyses, x 4 Stock Photo

RMPG3H2F–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. iL^SSEEA, 403 Agreeing with Humaria in size, habit, and structure of the ascophore, but differing in the septate spores. Masseea quisquilarum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2017. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then expanding and becoming concave or plane, fleshy, glabrous, clear yellow, 2-3 mm. across; excipulum paren-. Masieea quiequUarum, Sacc.—Fig. 1, nat. size;—Fig. 2, ascophorcB, • slightly X ;—Fig. 3, sectibns of same, slightly x ;—Fig. 4, portion of excipulum x 400;—Fig. 5, asci and paraphyses, x 4

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Pig. Otidea aurantia Mass.; apotheci, nat. size. Fig. S'Z. Lachnea stercorea (Pers.) Gill.; ascocarp in longitudinal section showing young asci and para- physes, x 160. a. sheath; b. paraphyses; c. ascus; <a. ascogenous hyphae; e. oogonium ;f. stalk of archicarp. wall of the cup (fig. 52). The lower part of the cup is filled by the hypo- thecium, a tangle of hyphae, some vegetative, some ascogenous. These give rise to the sub-hymenial layer where the paraphyses have their origin and where the young asci are developed. The asci and para Stock Photo

RMRDTP39–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Pig. Otidea aurantia Mass.; apotheci, nat. size. Fig. S'Z. Lachnea stercorea (Pers.) Gill.; ascocarp in longitudinal section showing young asci and para- physes, x 160. a. sheath; b. paraphyses; c. ascus; <a. ascogenous hyphae; e. oogonium ;f. stalk of archicarp. wall of the cup (fig. 52). The lower part of the cup is filled by the hypo- thecium, a tangle of hyphae, some vegetative, some ascogenous. These give rise to the sub-hymenial layer where the paraphyses have their origin and where the young asci are developed. The asci and para

. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. NEOTTIELLA. 371 margin composed of hyaline, septate, cylindrical, thin-walled hyphae that are sometimes hranched, 80-100 x 6-7 /x, the hyphae are often arranged in little bundles; excipulum parenchymatous, cells elongated in the direction from base. Neottiella polytricM. Fig. 1, small specimens, natural size;âPig. 2, specimen, x 5; Fig. 3, section of portion of excipulum, x 400;âFig. 4, aacus â with spores and paraphyses, x 400;âFig. 5, spores in various stages of development, x 800. to margin ; cortical cells irregularly polj- Stock Photo

RMPG3H32–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. NEOTTIELLA. 371 margin composed of hyaline, septate, cylindrical, thin-walled hyphae that are sometimes hranched, 80-100 x 6-7 /x, the hyphae are often arranged in little bundles; excipulum parenchymatous, cells elongated in the direction from base. Neottiella polytricM. Fig. 1, small specimens, natural size;âPig. 2, specimen, x 5; Fig. 3, section of portion of excipulum, x 400;âFig. 4, aacus â with spores and paraphyses, x 400;âFig. 5, spores in various stages of development, x 800. to margin ; cortical cells irregularly polj-

. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. Fig. 210. — Russula rubra. Portion of the hymenium. sh. sub-hymenial layer; 6, basidia; s, sterigmata; sp, spores; p, paraphyses; c, a cystici (x 540).. Fig. 211. — Fomea fomentariua; sporophore showing pores. After Atkinson.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stevens, Frank Lincoln, 1871-1934; Hall, John Galentine, 1870-. New York : Macmillan Stock Photo

RMRDEG29–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. Fig. 210. — Russula rubra. Portion of the hymenium. sh. sub-hymenial layer; 6, basidia; s, sterigmata; sp, spores; p, paraphyses; c, a cystici (x 540).. Fig. 211. — Fomea fomentariua; sporophore showing pores. After Atkinson.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stevens, Frank Lincoln, 1871-1934; Hall, John Galentine, 1870-. New York : Macmillan

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 107.—Cenangium, habit sketch, asci and paraphyses. After Tulasne. Conidia (= Brunchorstia destuens Erikss.) in pyc- nidia which are partially embedded in the host, the smaller simple, the larger compound, 1-2 mm. in diam.; spores 30-40 x 3 n, tapering-rounded at each end, 2 to 5-septate. A second conidial phase (=Dothichiza ferruginosa Sacc.) has simple spores. C. vitesia occurs in conidial form as Fuckelia on Ribes. In many Dermatea Fries (p. 151) A genus of over sixty species some of them parasitic species conidia in pycnidi Stock Photo

RMPG4GKK–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 107.—Cenangium, habit sketch, asci and paraphyses. After Tulasne. Conidia (= Brunchorstia destuens Erikss.) in pyc- nidia which are partially embedded in the host, the smaller simple, the larger compound, 1-2 mm. in diam.; spores 30-40 x 3 n, tapering-rounded at each end, 2 to 5-septate. A second conidial phase (=Dothichiza ferruginosa Sacc.) has simple spores. C. vitesia occurs in conidial form as Fuckelia on Ribes. In many Dermatea Fries (p. 151) A genus of over sixty species some of them parasitic species conidia in pycnidi

. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 405 which is remarkable for its hispid apothecia, occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. Pyxine requires a warm temperature.. Fig. 85. a. Ozocladium Leprieurii, Mont., from above and below witli asci. Magnified. Communicated by Dr. Montagne. b. Section of apothecium of Oyrophora cj/Undrica, Moug. and Nest., No. 69. c. Ditto of Umhilicaria pustulata, with asci and paraphyses.* Moug. and Nest., No. 60. All more or less magnified. 5. CoccocARPEi, Mont. Disc expanded, orbicular, springing immediately from the medullary Stock Photo

RMRE3M79–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 405 which is remarkable for its hispid apothecia, occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. Pyxine requires a warm temperature.. Fig. 85. a. Ozocladium Leprieurii, Mont., from above and below witli asci. Magnified. Communicated by Dr. Montagne. b. Section of apothecium of Oyrophora cj/Undrica, Moug. and Nest., No. 69. c. Ditto of Umhilicaria pustulata, with asci and paraphyses.* Moug. and Nest., No. 60. All more or less magnified. 5. CoccocARPEi, Mont. Disc expanded, orbicular, springing immediately from the medullary

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 164 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Spores brown, elongate, 4 to 8-celled 9- Hysterium. Spores elongate, muriform 10. Hysterographium, p. 164. Ascoma boat or band-shaped, not sessile Spores spindle-formed, brown, many- celled Spores 4 to 8-celled; asci 8-spored. 11. Mytilidimn. Spores many-celled; asci 4-spored. 12. Ostreion. Spores filamentose, hyaline or yellow 13. Lophium. Ascoma stellate 14. Actidium. Hysterographium Corda Asci clavate, 8-spored; spores muriform, dark colored when mature; paraphyses branched forming an epit Stock Photo

RMPG4GJH–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 164 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Spores brown, elongate, 4 to 8-celled 9- Hysterium. Spores elongate, muriform 10. Hysterographium, p. 164. Ascoma boat or band-shaped, not sessile Spores spindle-formed, brown, many- celled Spores 4 to 8-celled; asci 8-spored. 11. Mytilidimn. Spores many-celled; asci 4-spored. 12. Ostreion. Spores filamentose, hyaline or yellow 13. Lophium. Ascoma stellate 14. Actidium. Hysterographium Corda Asci clavate, 8-spored; spores muriform, dark colored when mature; paraphyses branched forming an epit

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 32. XSOO CHIODECTON ALBIDUM Leight, a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of tballus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Stock Photo

RMRDJDX6–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 32. XSOO CHIODECTON ALBIDUM Leight, a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of tballus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 258 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE L tritici (Gar.) Pass "^ (=Pleospora tritici). On wheat.^'* Perithecia innate, globose, black, papillate; asci clavate, short- stipitate, 8-spored; paraphyses filiform, 48-50 x 15-16 n; spores 2-seriate, round, fusoid, 3-septate, constricted, pale, 18-19 x 4.2- 5.5. L. herpotrichoides d. Not."'* parasitizes rye causing the stalks to break at the nodes;. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - colora Stock Photo

RMPG46CT–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 258 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE L tritici (Gar.) Pass "^ (=Pleospora tritici). On wheat.^'* Perithecia innate, globose, black, papillate; asci clavate, short- stipitate, 8-spored; paraphyses filiform, 48-50 x 15-16 n; spores 2-seriate, round, fusoid, 3-septate, constricted, pale, 18-19 x 4.2- 5.5. L. herpotrichoides d. Not."'* parasitizes rye causing the stalks to break at the nodes;. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - colora

. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 196 ALG^ near the margin of the ' frond,' sometimes (Rhodymenia bifida, Ktz.) im- bedded in the thallus, and then often grouped into sort (Nitophyllum, Grev.) ; or, in the CoraUinaceae, enclosed in special conceptacles. In other genera (Phyllophora, Grev., &c.) they are developed in nematheceSy wart-like elevations of the surface, where they are accompanied by barren hyphse or paraphyses. In others again they are borne on metamorphosed pod-like branches known as sfichids, as in Dasya (Ag.), Plocamium (Lmx.), &c. Only in the Porphyraceae a Stock Photo

RMRE3DAW–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 196 ALG^ near the margin of the ' frond,' sometimes (Rhodymenia bifida, Ktz.) im- bedded in the thallus, and then often grouped into sort (Nitophyllum, Grev.) ; or, in the CoraUinaceae, enclosed in special conceptacles. In other genera (Phyllophora, Grev., &c.) they are developed in nematheceSy wart-like elevations of the surface, where they are accompanied by barren hyphse or paraphyses. In others again they are borne on metamorphosed pod-like branches known as sfichids, as in Dasya (Ag.), Plocamium (Lmx.), &c. Only in the Porphyraceae a

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 159. spreading the fungus during the summer though they have not yet actually been observed to germinate or to cause infection. Apothecia radiately arranged on the stroma which is about 0.5-1.5 cm. across; asci 120-130 X 9-10 ix; spores large, 65-80 Tt 1.5-3 m; paraphyses numerous, in- curved or hooked. Conidia (=Melasmia acerina Lev.) preceding the asci, producing numerous small, hyaline, 1-celled spores in an extended hy- menial layer. On various species of Fig. maple, apparently consist- ing o Stock Photo

RMPG4GJY–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 159. spreading the fungus during the summer though they have not yet actually been observed to germinate or to cause infection. Apothecia radiately arranged on the stroma which is about 0.5-1.5 cm. across; asci 120-130 X 9-10 ix; spores large, 65-80 Tt 1.5-3 m; paraphyses numerous, in- curved or hooked. Conidia (=Melasmia acerina Lev.) preceding the asci, producing numerous small, hyaline, 1-celled spores in an extended hy- menial layer. On various species of Fig. maple, apparently consist- ing o

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 129 Figs. 128, 129. — Fucus: 128, an antheridial conceptacle; 129, an oogonial conceptacle. — After Thuhet. Figs. 130, 131. — Fucus: 130, the oval antheridia borne on a branching paraphysis; 131, the laterally biciliate sperms. —- After Thuret. arise from the cells bounding them. The antheridia are borne as lateral branches of these paraphyses and are produced in great profusion (figs. 130, 131). They are oval cells that produce numerous small laterally biciliate sperms. The oogonium is a large, globular, stalked cell and commonl Stock Photo

RMRDYG51–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 129 Figs. 128, 129. — Fucus: 128, an antheridial conceptacle; 129, an oogonial conceptacle. — After Thuhet. Figs. 130, 131. — Fucus: 130, the oval antheridia borne on a branching paraphysis; 131, the laterally biciliate sperms. —- After Thuret. arise from the cells bounding them. The antheridia are borne as lateral branches of these paraphyses and are produced in great profusion (figs. 130, 131). They are oval cells that produce numerous small laterally biciliate sperms. The oogonium is a large, globular, stalked cell and commonl

. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. NEOTTIELLA. 373 curved pedicel, 8-spored; spores irregularly biseriate, fusi- form, often very slightly inequilateral, hyaline, continuous, 2-4-guttulate, 28-32 x 6-8 jj. ; paraphyses filiform, septate, apex clavate and containing ora,nge granules. Peziza coraUina, Cooke, Grrev., vol. iii. fig. 83; Cke., Mycogr., p. 19, fig. 30; Phil., Brit. Disc, p. 102. Ascoholus coceineus, Crouan, in Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., exs., n. 1864. Humaria coccinea, Sacc, Syll., viii. n. 456. Leucoloma coccinea, Fckl., Symb. Myc, p. 318.. /- Neottiella Stock Photo

RMPG3H2R–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. NEOTTIELLA. 373 curved pedicel, 8-spored; spores irregularly biseriate, fusi- form, often very slightly inequilateral, hyaline, continuous, 2-4-guttulate, 28-32 x 6-8 jj. ; paraphyses filiform, septate, apex clavate and containing ora,nge granules. Peziza coraUina, Cooke, Grrev., vol. iii. fig. 83; Cke., Mycogr., p. 19, fig. 30; Phil., Brit. Disc, p. 102. Ascoholus coceineus, Crouan, in Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., exs., n. 1864. Humaria coccinea, Sacc, Syll., viii. n. 456. Leucoloma coccinea, Fckl., Symb. Myc, p. 318.. /- Neottiella

. An introduction to the study of seaweeds. Algae. PH^BOPHYOE^ 75 LAMINARUCEiE General Characters.—As in the Splachnidiacea;, the only known reproductive organs are zoosjDores formed within unilocular sporangia. These occur. Fig. 12.—Alaria esculenta, much redueert. a and &, tufts nf hairs from young frond, c, cryiitostoma of Saccorliiza bulhoaa. a,b,c, much magnified. together with non-septate paraphyses, not within conceptacles, but in sori. Except in the case of Chorda, where the sorus covers the whole surface of. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that Stock Photo

RMRDXP3D–. An introduction to the study of seaweeds. Algae. PH^BOPHYOE^ 75 LAMINARUCEiE General Characters.—As in the Splachnidiacea;, the only known reproductive organs are zoosjDores formed within unilocular sporangia. These occur. Fig. 12.—Alaria esculenta, much redueert. a and &, tufts nf hairs from young frond, c, cryiitostoma of Saccorliiza bulhoaa. a,b,c, much magnified. together with non-septate paraphyses, not within conceptacles, but in sori. Except in the case of Chorda, where the sorus covers the whole surface of. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that

. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. 324 FUNGUS-FLOKA. DESMAZIEEELLA. Libert (emended). Eeeeptacle sessile, becoming orbicular, da,rk-coioured, externally tomentose, margin setulose; bymenium minutely velvety due to the projecting black-pointed tips of the paraphyses; asci elongated, cylindrical, 8-spored; spores. Degmazierella acicola, Lib.;—Fig. 1, fungus on pino leaves, x 2;— I'ig. 2, surface view of asoophore, x ;—Fig. 3, section of same, x ;— Fig. i, branching byphae from base of aecopbore, x 400;—Fig. 5, free pores, X 400;—Fig. 6, asci and two clusters of th Stock Photo

RMPG3H33–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. 324 FUNGUS-FLOKA. DESMAZIEEELLA. Libert (emended). Eeeeptacle sessile, becoming orbicular, da,rk-coioured, externally tomentose, margin setulose; bymenium minutely velvety due to the projecting black-pointed tips of the paraphyses; asci elongated, cylindrical, 8-spored; spores. Degmazierella acicola, Lib.;—Fig. 1, fungus on pino leaves, x 2;— I'ig. 2, surface view of asoophore, x ;—Fig. 3, section of same, x ;— Fig. i, branching byphae from base of aecopbore, x 400;—Fig. 5, free pores, X 400;—Fig. 6, asci and two clusters of th

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 51. ill! MIGROTHELIA MICULA Flot. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thallus and peritheoia. c. Vertical section of thaUus. d. Vertical section of peritheoia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. .Spores. Sf^i^fMvb^Vx. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History Stock Photo

RMRDJDE9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 51. ill! MIGROTHELIA MICULA Flot. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thallus and peritheoia. c. Vertical section of thaUus. d. Vertical section of peritheoia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. .Spores. Sf^i^fMvb^Vx. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 146 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE orange-red with a pale margin; asci 109 x 8-9.5 fi; spores 19-20 x 6.5-8.5 |i, hyaline. Hymenoscypha Fries (p. 136) This genus of over two hundred species is mainly saprophjrtic, one species only in its conidial stage being parasitic. Ascoma sessile or short-stipitate, usually smooth; asci cylindric to globoid, 8-spored; spores elliptic, blunt to pointed, hyaline; paraphyses filamentose, apically enlarged, hyaline. H. tumulenta P. & D." in its conidial stage as Endoconidium, affects Stock Photo

RMPG4GMF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 146 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE orange-red with a pale margin; asci 109 x 8-9.5 fi; spores 19-20 x 6.5-8.5 |i, hyaline. Hymenoscypha Fries (p. 136) This genus of over two hundred species is mainly saprophjrtic, one species only in its conidial stage being parasitic. Ascoma sessile or short-stipitate, usually smooth; asci cylindric to globoid, 8-spored; spores elliptic, blunt to pointed, hyaline; paraphyses filamentose, apically enlarged, hyaline. H. tumulenta P. & D." in its conidial stage as Endoconidium, affects

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 38 V. X 4l'(» NORMANDINA PULCHRLLA Croiub. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of tballus and peritbecia. r. Vertical section of thallns. d. Vertical section of peritheciimi. e. Ascus and paraphyses /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Stock Photo

RMRDJDPK–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 38 V. X 4l'(» NORMANDINA PULCHRLLA Croiub. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of tballus and peritbecia. r. Vertical section of thallns. d. Vertical section of peritheciimi. e. Ascus and paraphyses /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History).

. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. >406 FUNGUS-FLOEA. On whitewashed walls and on mortar. ' , Distinguished by the minute, almost blood-red aecophore, large elliptical spores, and habitat. Specimen collected at Pen-y-Gwryd, by Broome, and now in Herb. Berk., Kew, accepted as typical. Humaria rutilans. Sacc, Syll. viii., n. 518; Eehm, Krypt.-riora, Disc, p. 960; figs. 1-4, p. 918.. â Sumaria rutilans, Saco.âFig. 1, group of fungi, natural size;âFig. 2, sections, natural size;âFig. 3, section of excipulutn;âFig. i, asous with spores and paraphyses;âFig. 5, free Stock Photo

RMPG3H29–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. >406 FUNGUS-FLOEA. On whitewashed walls and on mortar. ' , Distinguished by the minute, almost blood-red aecophore, large elliptical spores, and habitat. Specimen collected at Pen-y-Gwryd, by Broome, and now in Herb. Berk., Kew, accepted as typical. Humaria rutilans. Sacc, Syll. viii., n. 518; Eehm, Krypt.-riora, Disc, p. 960; figs. 1-4, p. 918.. â Sumaria rutilans, Saco.âFig. 1, group of fungi, natural size;âFig. 2, sections, natural size;âFig. 3, section of excipulutn;âFig. i, asous with spores and paraphyses;âFig. 5, free

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 492 IICHENACBI. [PERTOSAEIA. Soc Cherb. iii. p. 180.—Thallus continuous, verrucoso-unequal, or smoothist, very rarely hypopLlceodal. Apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid; spores l-4r)se, 6-8n8e, large, ellipsoid or oblong, colourless, rarely blackish, with a thick or thickish epispore; paraphyses lax or coherent, variously branched and arcuate; hymenial gelatine, but chiefly the thecse, deep-lilac with iodine. Spermogones with acicular, straight spermatia. A n Stock Photo

RMRE0KEA–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 492 IICHENACBI. [PERTOSAEIA. Soc Cherb. iii. p. 180.—Thallus continuous, verrucoso-unequal, or smoothist, very rarely hypopLlceodal. Apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid; spores l-4r)se, 6-8n8e, large, ellipsoid or oblong, colourless, rarely blackish, with a thick or thickish epispore; paraphyses lax or coherent, variously branched and arcuate; hymenial gelatine, but chiefly the thecse, deep-lilac with iodine. Spermogones with acicular, straight spermatia. A n

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 128 MYCOLOGY. Fig. 41.—9, Vegetative hyphae giving rise to storage cell; 10, paraphyses grow- ing out from storage cells; 11—14, fusion of nuclei in storage cell; 15. 16, nucleus with two nucleoli in storage cell; 17, large storage cell with single very large nucleus; 18, storage cell with very irregularly shaped nucleus; 19, storage cell containing one large and two small nuclei; 20, an irregularly shaped storage cell; 21, 22, tip of as- cogenous hypha with two nuclei; 23, two nuclei i Stock Photo

RMPG455W–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 128 MYCOLOGY. Fig. 41.—9, Vegetative hyphae giving rise to storage cell; 10, paraphyses grow- ing out from storage cells; 11—14, fusion of nuclei in storage cell; 15. 16, nucleus with two nucleoli in storage cell; 17, large storage cell with single very large nucleus; 18, storage cell with very irregularly shaped nucleus; 19, storage cell containing one large and two small nuclei; 20, an irregularly shaped storage cell; 21, 22, tip of as- cogenous hypha with two nuclei; 23, two nuclei i

. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Upper concave surface of plant. Ascospores in various S % stages of development. A Paraphyses. Mycelium of fungus. ^T-^v:^, , Sterile tissue. 10.—Y.S. Thallus of " Marchantia polymorpha. ". Wall of gi gemmiB cup. Gemm:u in various stages of development. Thallus. Root-hairs (rhizoids.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne &amp Stock Photo

RMRDE80C–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Upper concave surface of plant. Ascospores in various S % stages of development. A Paraphyses. Mycelium of fungus. ^T-^v:^, , Sterile tissue. 10.—Y.S. Thallus of " Marchantia polymorpha. ". Wall of gi gemmiB cup. Gemm:u in various stages of development. Thallus. Root-hairs (rhizoids.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne &amp

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 277 globose, with a short, conical ostiole, walls black, carbonous to leathery; asci cylindric, 8-spored; spores elliptic, continuous, brown, imappendaged; paraphyses usually present. Over one hundred species, chiefly sapro- phytes. A. sullae Montem. occurs as the cause of a leaf spot on sulla.^** Fig. 206.—a. des- A. bohiensis (Hmp.) Speg. is on cacao; Z^g,I'^^ut^^S; A. destruens Sh. on cranberry; spores; 11, germi- Dating spore. After A. coffese Desm. on coffee.™* ^^ Shear. Valsaceae (p. 223) S Stock Photo

RMPG46A0–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 277 globose, with a short, conical ostiole, walls black, carbonous to leathery; asci cylindric, 8-spored; spores elliptic, continuous, brown, imappendaged; paraphyses usually present. Over one hundred species, chiefly sapro- phytes. A. sullae Montem. occurs as the cause of a leaf spot on sulla.^** Fig. 206.—a. des- A. bohiensis (Hmp.) Speg. is on cacao; Z^g,I'^^ut^^S; A. destruens Sh. on cranberry; spores; 11, germi- Dating spore. After A. coffese Desm. on coffee.™* ^^ Shear. Valsaceae (p. 223) S

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 431 produced in short chains and measure 24-28 x 18-21 fj, (Fig. 210,b). The uredesori occur on the under surface of the leaf. They are somewhat lighter colored than the casoma and are constantly inclosed by paraphyses. Individual spores are about the same in size and form, however, as the previous type (Fig. 210, c). In the same sori with the latter may be produced also the teleutospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images tha Stock Photo

RMRDJ5PM–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 431 produced in short chains and measure 24-28 x 18-21 fj, (Fig. 210,b). The uredesori occur on the under surface of the leaf. They are somewhat lighter colored than the casoma and are constantly inclosed by paraphyses. Individual spores are about the same in size and form, however, as the previous type (Fig. 210, c). In the same sori with the latter may be produced also the teleutospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images tha

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 162 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Ascocarps scattered on the leaf, shining black, up to 1 mm. long; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores nearly as long as the ascus, 90-120 X 1.5 M- Conidia cylindric, hyaline, continuous, 6-8 x 1 /t. L. brachysporum Rost. Perithecia epiphyllous; asci cylindric, short- stalked, apex rounded, 120 x 20-25 p., 8- spored; paraphyses bacillar, apex curved; spores oblong, l-rowed, hyaline, 28-30 x 9-10 /x. It is common on pine leaves.^ Several other species are parasitic upon various conifers, among them: Stock Photo

RMPG4GJT–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 162 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Ascocarps scattered on the leaf, shining black, up to 1 mm. long; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores nearly as long as the ascus, 90-120 X 1.5 M- Conidia cylindric, hyaline, continuous, 6-8 x 1 /t. L. brachysporum Rost. Perithecia epiphyllous; asci cylindric, short- stalked, apex rounded, 120 x 20-25 p., 8- spored; paraphyses bacillar, apex curved; spores oblong, l-rowed, hyaline, 28-30 x 9-10 /x. It is common on pine leaves.^ Several other species are parasitic upon various conifers, among them:

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 104.—P. trifolii. Ascus and paraph- yses; germinating spores. After Ches- ter. spores hyaline, 10-14 fi long; paraphyses numerous, filiform. A Phyllosticta thought to be its conidial stage has been reported.*' On dead spots in leaves of alfalfa and black medick. P. trifolii (Bernh.) Fcl. This is closely related to, perhaps identical with, the last species. Sporonema (Sphaeronaema) phacidioides Desm. is supposed to be its conidial form. This co- nidial stage has not however, been observed on alfalfa. Ascocarps mostly epiphyl- l Stock Photo

RMRDE6EW–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 104.—P. trifolii. Ascus and paraph- yses; germinating spores. After Ches- ter. spores hyaline, 10-14 fi long; paraphyses numerous, filiform. A Phyllosticta thought to be its conidial stage has been reported.*' On dead spots in leaves of alfalfa and black medick. P. trifolii (Bernh.) Fcl. This is closely related to, perhaps identical with, the last species. Sporonema (Sphaeronaema) phacidioides Desm. is supposed to be its conidial form. This co- nidial stage has not however, been observed on alfalfa. Ascocarps mostly epiphyl- l

RMRDD7NE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. FiG. 194.—PhrftgniidiiiTn sttbcwticium on a Rose leaf. The black spots are teleutospore-patches on the uuder- surface of the leaf. (v. Tubeuf deL) Fig. 193.— Tfipkragmium ulmai-iac on Spiraea Ulmai-ia. Germinating teleuto- spore, with promycelia and ^poridia. (After Tulasne.) teleutospores are produced in loose patches. The aecidial patches have no covering, but are surrounded by club-shaped paraphyses. The genus fr

. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 88 produce 30 apothecia, and the same sclerotia which had produced apothecia one year might very well produce new ones the succeeding autumn. The sclerotia are very much like the sclerotia belonging to Sclero- tinia trifoliorum, and Rostrup considers both fungi to cause equal. Fig. 8. Mitrula sclerotiorum. a, sclerotium with 5 ascomata^. b, 2 ascomata-^- <:. section of fungus^. d, asci and paraphyses ^. c, ascus —. From R02a. damage. They are often found on the same host-plants, the sclerotia, however, found on Lotus alwa Stock Photo

RMRE393J–. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 88 produce 30 apothecia, and the same sclerotia which had produced apothecia one year might very well produce new ones the succeeding autumn. The sclerotia are very much like the sclerotia belonging to Sclero- tinia trifoliorum, and Rostrup considers both fungi to cause equal. Fig. 8. Mitrula sclerotiorum. a, sclerotium with 5 ascomata^. b, 2 ascomata-^- <:. section of fungus^. d, asci and paraphyses ^. c, ascus —. From R02a. damage. They are often found on the same host-plants, the sclerotia, however, found on Lotus alwa

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 41. W.ti-' X 600 VERRUCARIA PAPILLOSA Aoh. a. Whole plant, h. Portion of thallus and peritbeoia. c Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of peritheoium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). D Stock Photo

RMRDJDN5–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 41. W.ti-' X 600 VERRUCARIA PAPILLOSA Aoh. a. Whole plant, h. Portion of thallus and peritbeoia. c Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of peritheoium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). D

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 148 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. Fig. 104.—P. trifolii. Ascus and paraph- yses; germinating spores. After Ches- ter. spores hyaline, 10-14 fi long; paraphyses numerous, filiform. A Phyllosticta thought to be its conidial stage has been reported.*' On dead spots in leaves of alfalfa and black medick. P. trifolii (Bernh.) Fcl. This is closely related to, perhaps identical with, the last species. Sporonema (Sphaeronaema) phacidioides Desm. is supposed to be its conidial form. This co- nidial stage has not however, been observe Stock Photo

RMRDE6F9–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 148 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. Fig. 104.—P. trifolii. Ascus and paraph- yses; germinating spores. After Ches- ter. spores hyaline, 10-14 fi long; paraphyses numerous, filiform. A Phyllosticta thought to be its conidial stage has been reported.*' On dead spots in leaves of alfalfa and black medick. P. trifolii (Bernh.) Fcl. This is closely related to, perhaps identical with, the last species. Sporonema (Sphaeronaema) phacidioides Desm. is supposed to be its conidial form. This co- nidial stage has not however, been observe

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 125 these prized as table delicacies, and the Laboulbeniales, an order rich in species which are all parasitic upon insects. Protodiscales (p. 123) The 4-8 to many-spored asci form a flat palisade-like hymenium which arises directly from the mycelium; paraphyses none; spores, one-celled, elliptical or round. Key to Families of Protodiscales Parasitic 1. Exoascaceas, p. 125. Saprophytic 2. Ascocorticiaces. Of these families the second contains only one genus and two species found in bark. The firs Stock Photo

RMRDE6M1–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 125 these prized as table delicacies, and the Laboulbeniales, an order rich in species which are all parasitic upon insects. Protodiscales (p. 123) The 4-8 to many-spored asci form a flat palisade-like hymenium which arises directly from the mycelium; paraphyses none; spores, one-celled, elliptical or round. Key to Families of Protodiscales Parasitic 1. Exoascaceas, p. 125. Saprophytic 2. Ascocorticiaces. Of these families the second contains only one genus and two species found in bark. The firs

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 55. ANTHRACOTHKCITTM HIBERNICUM A. L. Sm. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thallus and perithecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of perithecia. c. Aseus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). De Stock Photo

RMRDJDCP–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 55. ANTHRACOTHKCITTM HIBERNICUM A. L. Sm. a. Whole plant, b. Portion of thallus and perithecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of perithecia. c. Aseus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). De

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. the size and form of tie spore-fruit. Some of the filaments of the spore-fruit become enlarged into sacs in which spores are developed (Fig. 88), while the others make up the sterile. Fio. 87. Fig. 87.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, sliowing position of the spore-sacs. Fig. 88.—a few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza convexula), in various stages of development, a, youngest, to/, oldest. The slender filaments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. or protective tissue. The spore-sacs grow so that all reac Stock Photo

RMRDJGXY–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. the size and form of tie spore-fruit. Some of the filaments of the spore-fruit become enlarged into sacs in which spores are developed (Fig. 88), while the others make up the sterile. Fio. 87. Fig. 87.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, sliowing position of the spore-sacs. Fig. 88.—a few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza convexula), in various stages of development, a, youngest, to/, oldest. The slender filaments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. or protective tissue. The spore-sacs grow so that all reac

. A manual of botany. Botany. , Leaf of Sphagnum. A. Sur- face view. E. Section. Fig. 874.. ^nt. Fig. 874. Apes of fertile shoot of Moss (Polytrichum) bearing antheridia, ant, and paraphyses, par. I. Leaves of the shoot. leaves; the innermost of them at any rate growing up in a sort of perichffitial fashion round the base of the capsule as it begins T 2. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Green, J. Reynolds (Jo Stock Photo

RMRE1M2P–. A manual of botany. Botany. , Leaf of Sphagnum. A. Sur- face view. E. Section. Fig. 874.. ^nt. Fig. 874. Apes of fertile shoot of Moss (Polytrichum) bearing antheridia, ant, and paraphyses, par. I. Leaves of the shoot. leaves; the innermost of them at any rate growing up in a sort of perichffitial fashion round the base of the capsule as it begins T 2. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Green, J. Reynolds (Jo

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 330 OCHROPSORA ^cidiospores. ^cidia scattered pretty regularly over the lower surface of the leaves, not very crowded, shortly cylindrical, white, with torn revolute margin; spores irregularly oblong, colourless, thin- walled, very delicately verruculose, 18—30 X 15—21 /J.. [ Uredospores. Sori hypophyllous, small, roundish, scattered, not more than A mm. diam.; spore-mass grey- ish or yellowish-white, suiTounded by a circle of paraphyses, which form a kind of peridium, but their upper ends, when mature, are fre Stock Photo

RMRE2G7P–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 330 OCHROPSORA ^cidiospores. ^cidia scattered pretty regularly over the lower surface of the leaves, not very crowded, shortly cylindrical, white, with torn revolute margin; spores irregularly oblong, colourless, thin- walled, very delicately verruculose, 18—30 X 15—21 /J.. [ Uredospores. Sori hypophyllous, small, roundish, scattered, not more than A mm. diam.; spore-mass grey- ish or yellowish-white, suiTounded by a circle of paraphyses, which form a kind of peridium, but their upper ends, when mature, are fre

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 256 PUCCINIA with three or four inconspicuous germ-pores; paraphyses very few or wanting. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, sometimes arranged in circles round the uredo-sori, rarely scattered, occasionally con-. Fig. 195. P. Lolii. jEcidia on leaves of E. catharticus ; Teleutospores, a, on Lolium, b, on Arrhenatherum. fluent, oblong or linear, ^—1 mm. long, nearly always covered by the epidermis, black; spores as in P. coronata, but very irregular; mesospores also occur. iEcidia on Rhamnus catharticus, May and Stock Photo

RMRE3772–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 256 PUCCINIA with three or four inconspicuous germ-pores; paraphyses very few or wanting. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, sometimes arranged in circles round the uredo-sori, rarely scattered, occasionally con-. Fig. 195. P. Lolii. jEcidia on leaves of E. catharticus ; Teleutospores, a, on Lolium, b, on Arrhenatherum. fluent, oblong or linear, ^—1 mm. long, nearly always covered by the epidermis, black; spores as in P. coronata, but very irregular; mesospores also occur. iEcidia on Rhamnus catharticus, May and

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 358 MELAMPSORIDIUM MELAMFSORIDIUM Klebahn. Heteroecious. ;' ' Teleutospores one-celled, with brownish membrane, united into flat waxy crusts, but each little group starts almost always directly beneath a stoma. Uredo-sori surrounded by a hemi- spherical peridium which opens by an apical pore, often begin- ning beneath a stoma; uredospores abstricted singly, more or less smooth at one end, with indistinct germ-pores, not mixed with capitate paraphyses. iEcidia with a well-developed inflated peridium. Spermogones Stock Photo

RMRE2G2G–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 358 MELAMPSORIDIUM MELAMFSORIDIUM Klebahn. Heteroecious. ;' ' Teleutospores one-celled, with brownish membrane, united into flat waxy crusts, but each little group starts almost always directly beneath a stoma. Uredo-sori surrounded by a hemi- spherical peridium which opens by an apical pore, often begin- ning beneath a stoma; uredospores abstricted singly, more or less smooth at one end, with indistinct germ-pores, not mixed with capitate paraphyses. iEcidia with a well-developed inflated peridium. Spermogones

. Lichens. Lichens. 158 REPRODUCTION frequently septate, especially towards the apex, and mostly slender, varying in width from 1-4/"-, though Hue describes paraphyses in Aspicilia atroviolacea as 8-I2/X thick. They may be thread-like throughout their length, or they may widen towards the tips which are not infrequently coloured. Small apical cells are often abstricted and lie loose on the epithecium, giving at times a pruinose or powdered character to the disc. In some genera there is a profuse branching of the paraphyses to form a dense protective epithecium over the surface of the hyme Stock Photo

RMRDX3GA–. Lichens. Lichens. 158 REPRODUCTION frequently septate, especially towards the apex, and mostly slender, varying in width from 1-4/"-, though Hue describes paraphyses in Aspicilia atroviolacea as 8-I2/X thick. They may be thread-like throughout their length, or they may widen towards the tips which are not infrequently coloured. Small apical cells are often abstricted and lie loose on the epithecium, giving at times a pruinose or powdered character to the disc. In some genera there is a profuse branching of the paraphyses to form a dense protective epithecium over the surface of the hyme

RMRDC25Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 185 Nectria. Perithecia yellow or red in colour, and generally produced in close tufts on stromata of the same colour. The asci con- tain eight bicellular spores and few or no paraphyses. Conidia â of various kinds and shapes are also produced. Nectrina cinnabarina Fr.^ (Britain and U.S. America). The -bright-red, button-shaped conidial cushions of this fungus may. Please note that these images are extracte

. The essentials of botany. Botany. CABPOPHJTA. 185 ceeding beauty, but their structure and their mode of life are in some respects very wonderful. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many. Fig. 106. Fig. 107. Fig. 106.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, showing posi- tion of the spore-sacs. FlQ. 107.—A few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza oonvexula). In vari- ous stages of development, a, youngest, to /, oldest. The slender fila- ments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. regions upon the ground. They are for the most Stock Photo

RMRDYBW0–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CABPOPHJTA. 185 ceeding beauty, but their structure and their mode of life are in some respects very wonderful. They abound almost everywhere—on tree-trunks, rocks, old roofs, and in many. Fig. 106. Fig. 107. Fig. 106.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, showing posi- tion of the spore-sacs. FlQ. 107.—A few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza oonvexula). In vari- ous stages of development, a, youngest, to /, oldest. The slender fila- ments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. regions upon the ground. They are for the most

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 266 PUCCINIA on A. flexuosa have no paraphyses, as those on A. caespitosa, have, but otherwise they are almost identical and are undoubt- edly P. dispersa (sens. lat.). I find similar spores on A. caes- pitosa round Birmingham, and have a specimen on the same host sent by the late H. T. Soppitt from Saltaire; this latter is the plant referred to in a note to P. Baryi (Plowr. Ured. p. 192)—both these have abundant paraphyses with the uredo- spores. Herr H. Sydow informs me that he considers the presence or absen Stock Photo

RMRE1WP6–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 266 PUCCINIA on A. flexuosa have no paraphyses, as those on A. caespitosa, have, but otherwise they are almost identical and are undoubt- edly P. dispersa (sens. lat.). I find similar spores on A. caes- pitosa round Birmingham, and have a specimen on the same host sent by the late H. T. Soppitt from Saltaire; this latter is the plant referred to in a note to P. Baryi (Plowr. Ured. p. 192)—both these have abundant paraphyses with the uredo- spores. Herr H. Sydow informs me that he considers the presence or absen

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. the size and form of tLe spore-fruit. Some of the filaments of the spore-fruit become enlarged into sacs in which spores are developed (Fig. 88), while the others make up the sterile. Fio- 87. Fig. 88. Fia. 87.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, showing position o( the spore-sacs. Fig. 88.—a few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza oonvexula). in various stages of development, a, youngest, to/, oldest. The slender filaments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. or protective tissue. The epore-sacs grow so that Stock Photo

RMRDWBRC–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. the size and form of tLe spore-fruit. Some of the filaments of the spore-fruit become enlarged into sacs in which spores are developed (Fig. 88), while the others make up the sterile. Fio- 87. Fig. 88. Fia. 87.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, showing position o( the spore-sacs. Fig. 88.—a few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza oonvexula). in various stages of development, a, youngest, to/, oldest. The slender filaments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. or protective tissue. The epore-sacs grow so that

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LICHINA.] LICHINEI. 31 Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193. Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile; gonimia elongate - seriately moniliform, suboonnate. Apothecia small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or tMckish; spores 8n8e, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata. The pri Stock Photo

RMRE1GE9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LICHINA.] LICHINEI. 31 Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193. Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile; gonimia elongate - seriately moniliform, suboonnate. Apothecia small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or tMckish; spores 8n8e, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata. The pri

. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 'Wms. Fig. 335.—Iceland moss. A small part of the apothccium and thallus shown in Fig. 334, magnified 400 diameters; showing the spore-saes or asci (a), the paraphyses (p), the compact laj-er of mycelium (s) from which they arise, the algas (Pleurococcus) known as "gonidia" (g). the cottony mycelium (m), and the compact protective rind (r, r'). (Luerssen.) Fig. 336, I.—Beard-lichen (Usnea barbata, Beard-lichen Family, Ustrcacece). Natural size. Granules often appearing on the surface are soredia. (Baillon.) Stock Photo

RMRE0TCG–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 'Wms. Fig. 335.—Iceland moss. A small part of the apothccium and thallus shown in Fig. 334, magnified 400 diameters; showing the spore-saes or asci (a), the paraphyses (p), the compact laj-er of mycelium (s) from which they arise, the algas (Pleurococcus) known as "gonidia" (g). the cottony mycelium (m), and the compact protective rind (r, r'). (Luerssen.) Fig. 336, I.—Beard-lichen (Usnea barbata, Beard-lichen Family, Ustrcacece). Natural size. Granules often appearing on the surface are soredia. (Baillon.)

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PYRENIBIFM.] PYEENIDEI. 81 Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. too Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337; Mora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus maculate, radiately appresaod; cortical layer distinct; gonimic granules monilitormly coherent. Apothecia pyrenoid; spores 4nge, septate, brown; paraphyses scarcely any. Spermo- gones unknown. A singular tribe, holding amongst the Collemacei au analogous place to the Pyi-modei amongst the Lichenacei. In this respect the family very appropriat Stock Photo

RMRE1GC9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PYRENIBIFM.] PYEENIDEI. 81 Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. too Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337; Mora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus maculate, radiately appresaod; cortical layer distinct; gonimic granules monilitormly coherent. Apothecia pyrenoid; spores 4nge, septate, brown; paraphyses scarcely any. Spermo- gones unknown. A singular tribe, holding amongst the Collemacei au analogous place to the Pyi-modei amongst the Lichenacei. In this respect the family very appropriat

$. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. THE MUSHROOM DIMSION 503. Fig. 331.—Field Muslu'oum. .1. vriiical section through part of cap ill) at right angles to gills {I), .^lightly enlarged. B, cross-section through a gill, showing the mass of hyphiB (0 continuous with that of the cap, the spore-bearing layer or hymeniuni (hy), and the layer (sh) from which it developes. C, a part of B (*;"), showing the development of dust-spores (s'-s"") upon the tip of projections from swollen hj-pha- tips or basidia, and other swollen tips (paraphyses, q) Stock Photo$

RMRE0TDF–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. THE MUSHROOM DIMSION 503. Fig. 331.—Field Muslu'oum. .1. vriiical section through part of cap ill) at right angles to gills {I), .^lightly enlarged. B, cross-section through a gill, showing the mass of hyphiB (0 continuous with that of the cap, the spore-bearing layer or hymeniuni (hy), and the layer (sh) from which it developes. C, a part of B (*;"), showing the development of dust-spores (s'-s"") upon the tip of projections from swollen hj-pha- tips or basidia, and other swollen tips (paraphyses, q)

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 16. XfiOO BOMBYLIOSPORA PACHYCARPA Massal. a a (> a. Plant on moss. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section 0 0 0 of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c, Ascus with spore and paraphyses.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Na Stock Photo

RMRDJE8Y–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 16. XfiOO BOMBYLIOSPORA PACHYCARPA Massal. a a (> a. Plant on moss. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section 0 0 0 of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c, Ascus with spore and paraphyses.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Na

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. *--.<• X HO. X (KlO X I2(»i'' PYKENULA NITIDA Ach. a Whole plant, b. Portion ol thallus and perithecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of peritheoium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History Stock Photo

RMRDJDD4–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. *--.<• X HO. X (KlO X I2(»i'' PYKENULA NITIDA Ach. a Whole plant, b. Portion ol thallus and perithecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of peritheoium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 00 BPHEBACEI. [etjopsis. Tribe II. PYRENOPSEI, Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 192 (c/n Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus effuse, thinly granulose or subsquamulose, rarely sub- fruticulose, witbin rubricose; gonimia tunicated, single or several in gelatino-ceUular, nodulose and variously arranged syngonimia; medullary filaments wanting. Apotheeia small or minute, lecano- rine or pyrenocarpous, paraphyses jointed or simple ; spores Snse, very rar Stock Photo

RMRE1GEK–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 00 BPHEBACEI. [etjopsis. Tribe II. PYRENOPSEI, Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 192 (c/n Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus effuse, thinly granulose or subsquamulose, rarely sub- fruticulose, witbin rubricose; gonimia tunicated, single or several in gelatino-ceUular, nodulose and variously arranged syngonimia; medullary filaments wanting. Apotheeia small or minute, lecano- rine or pyrenocarpous, paraphyses jointed or simple ; spores Snse, very rar

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 207 shown in Fig. 80, b. The asci are club-shaped and bear eight hyaline ovoidal spores. The paraphyses are simple or branched, sometimes once-septate and slightly club-shaped. This fungus shows in pure culture certain growth characteristics which seem to differentiate it somewhat sharply from other species of Glceosporium. In the first place it grows slowly upon nutrient agar, several months being required to produce a colony of several millimeters in extent. The hypha Stock Photo

RMRDJFCY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 207 shown in Fig. 80, b. The asci are club-shaped and bear eight hyaline ovoidal spores. The paraphyses are simple or branched, sometimes once-septate and slightly club-shaped. This fungus shows in pure culture certain growth characteristics which seem to differentiate it somewhat sharply from other species of Glceosporium. In the first place it grows slowly upon nutrient agar, several months being required to produce a colony of several millimeters in extent. The hypha

. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 343. Fig. 485. — Fruiting recep- tacle of a moss (Phascum cus- pidatum), bearing both anther- idia, an, and archegonia, ar, at the bifurcated apex; b, leaves ; p, paraphyses. axes, or of lateral branches (Figs. 485, 486), but as a rule only one archegonium is fertilized, so the mature sporo- gonia are solitary. The plants may be either dioecious or monoecious, as in Fig. 485; and in w ^f the latter case, the reproductive organs may be borne on the same, or on di Stock Photo

RMRE2HWG–. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 343. Fig. 485. — Fruiting recep- tacle of a moss (Phascum cus- pidatum), bearing both anther- idia, an, and archegonia, ar, at the bifurcated apex; b, leaves ; p, paraphyses. axes, or of lateral branches (Figs. 485, 486), but as a rule only one archegonium is fertilized, so the mature sporo- gonia are solitary. The plants may be either dioecious or monoecious, as in Fig. 485; and in w ^f the latter case, the reproductive organs may be borne on the same, or on di

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 500. X 500 ^^3 W^ X 1200 GYALECTA GUPULAEIS Schfer. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apotheciuna. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hist Stock Photo

RMRDJ22B–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 500. X 500 ^^3 W^ X 1200 GYALECTA GUPULAEIS Schfer. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apotheciuna. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hist

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 159 shield-shaped, unappendaged, black, membranous to carbonous formed of radiating chains of cells. The asci are four- to eight-spored, short and associated with paraphyses. Two fungi which attack the coffee plant are the most important pathogenic spedes of the family:. Fig. 55.—A—D, Nectria cinnubarina. A, Stroma of conidia and fruit-bodies of fungus; B, stroma in section; C ascus; D, mycelium "with conidiospores; £. F, Nectria ditissima; F, conidia laye Stock Photo

RMRDEFK9–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 159 shield-shaped, unappendaged, black, membranous to carbonous formed of radiating chains of cells. The asci are four- to eight-spored, short and associated with paraphyses. Two fungi which attack the coffee plant are the most important pathogenic spedes of the family:. Fig. 55.—A—D, Nectria cinnubarina. A, Stroma of conidia and fruit-bodies of fungus; B, stroma in section; C ascus; D, mycelium "with conidiospores; £. F, Nectria ditissima; F, conidia laye

. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. â¢. Fig. 184 âCoralHna riihens L. a, branch with three cystocarps and a male conceptacle ; con- ceptacles of Melobesia Thureti Born, are attached to the upper part of the branch (x 20) ; ^, longi- tudinal section through a male conceptacle deprived of its calcareous incrustation (x 160) ; c. pol- linoids ( x 40b). (After Bornet.) become the carpospores, spring from the base â of the cavity, and are accompanied by paraphyses. The male conceptacles are of similar structure ; the pollinoids (fig. 182, i) possess one or two short appen- dages. The n Stock Photo

RMRE3D93–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. â¢. Fig. 184 âCoralHna riihens L. a, branch with three cystocarps and a male conceptacle ; con- ceptacles of Melobesia Thureti Born, are attached to the upper part of the branch (x 20) ; ^, longi- tudinal section through a male conceptacle deprived of its calcareous incrustation (x 160) ; c. pol- linoids ( x 40b). (After Bornet.) become the carpospores, spring from the base â of the cavity, and are accompanied by paraphyses. The male conceptacles are of similar structure ; the pollinoids (fig. 182, i) possess one or two short appen- dages. The n

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic, Stock Photo

RMRDE6JE–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic,

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 274 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Fig. 203.—G. tubifor- mis, peiithecia. After Winter. apically thickened and opening by a pore; spore elliptic, 1-celled, hyaline; paraphyses none. This genus of some twenty-five species contains G. tubiformis (Tode) Sacc. which is said to be the ascigerous stage of Lepto- thyrium alneum Sacc. growing on Alder. Two other species, G. fimbriata and G. coiyli are found on hornbeam and hazel respectively. Gnomonia Cesati & de Notaris (p. 264) Perithecia covered, or eriunpent, submembranous, gl Stock Photo

RMRDDAWB–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 274 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Fig. 203.—G. tubifor- mis, peiithecia. After Winter. apically thickened and opening by a pore; spore elliptic, 1-celled, hyaline; paraphyses none. This genus of some twenty-five species contains G. tubiformis (Tode) Sacc. which is said to be the ascigerous stage of Lepto- thyrium alneum Sacc. growing on Alder. Two other species, G. fimbriata and G. coiyli are found on hornbeam and hazel respectively. Gnomonia Cesati & de Notaris (p. 264) Perithecia covered, or eriunpent, submembranous, gl

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 288 TEIPHEAGMIUM Spermogmes. On the leaves and petioles, circinate, flat, yellowish. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds—primary, i.e. ceeomata, amphigenous, large, expanded, bright-orange, mostly on the veins and petioles where they cause distortion, without para- physes; secon&rt/, hypophyllous, small, round, scattered, orange, surrounded by paraphyses; spores brilliant-orange, ellipsoid to obovate, verrucose, 25—28 x 18—21/i, without evident germ- pores.. Fig. 218. T. Ulmariae. Normal teleiitospore; a and 6, Stock Photo

RMRE372D–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 288 TEIPHEAGMIUM Spermogmes. On the leaves and petioles, circinate, flat, yellowish. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds—primary, i.e. ceeomata, amphigenous, large, expanded, bright-orange, mostly on the veins and petioles where they cause distortion, without para- physes; secon&rt/, hypophyllous, small, round, scattered, orange, surrounded by paraphyses; spores brilliant-orange, ellipsoid to obovate, verrucose, 25—28 x 18—21/i, without evident germ- pores.. Fig. 218. T. Ulmariae. Normal teleiitospore; a and 6,

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 282 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Calosphseria. Tulasne (p. 281) Perithecia astromate, free or on the inner bark, scattered or clustered, ostiole more or less elongate; asci clavate, fasciculate; spores small, cylindric, curved, hyaline, continuous; paraphyses longer than the asci, stout lanceolate, evanescent. About thirty-five species chiefly saprophytes. C. princeps Tul. Perithecia on the inner bark in orbicular or elliptic groups, gen- erally densely crowded, globose, smooth and shining, necks long. Fig. 210.—Crypto- spor Stock Photo

RMRDDARM–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 282 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Calosphseria. Tulasne (p. 281) Perithecia astromate, free or on the inner bark, scattered or clustered, ostiole more or less elongate; asci clavate, fasciculate; spores small, cylindric, curved, hyaline, continuous; paraphyses longer than the asci, stout lanceolate, evanescent. About thirty-five species chiefly saprophytes. C. princeps Tul. Perithecia on the inner bark in orbicular or elliptic groups, gen- erally densely crowded, globose, smooth and shining, necks long. Fig. 210.—Crypto- spor

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 1 â 'â ' "I"**.?**!* FlO. 109. FIG. UO. Fio. 109.âGreen plants (gonidia) dissected from different Lichens, showing attachment of the parasitic illaments; several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fio. no.âa vertical section of a common Lichen (Physoia stellaris) through a fruit-disk, showing spore-sacs at th, intermingled with slender filaments (paraphyses), t; gonidia (species of Protococcus) at 0, g'; cm, the interlacing branching filaments, hecomlug harder and denser at cc and 7i. Much magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted fr Stock Photo

RMRDYBTC–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 1 â 'â ' "I"**.?**!* FlO. 109. FIG. UO. Fio. 109.âGreen plants (gonidia) dissected from different Lichens, showing attachment of the parasitic illaments; several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fio. no.âa vertical section of a common Lichen (Physoia stellaris) through a fruit-disk, showing spore-sacs at th, intermingled with slender filaments (paraphyses), t; gonidia (species of Protococcus) at 0, g'; cm, the interlacing branching filaments, hecomlug harder and denser at cc and 7i. Much magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted fr

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 302 XENODOCHUS. Spermogones. Epiphyllous, in little groups. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds, primary epiphyllous, sur- rounding the spermogones, secon- dary hypophyllous, scattered, small, round, punctiform, orange, sur- rounded byafewclavate paraphyses; spores spherical to obovate, finely echinulate, reddish-orange, 20— 23 X 14—20 fi. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyl- lous, similar, but bright-brown; spores cylindrical, fusiform or cla- vate, of 2—7 (mostly five) cells, often curved, thickened at the apex like many Stock Photo

RMRE370B–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 302 XENODOCHUS. Spermogones. Epiphyllous, in little groups. Uredospores. Sori of two kinds, primary epiphyllous, sur- rounding the spermogones, secon- dary hypophyllous, scattered, small, round, punctiform, orange, sur- rounded byafewclavate paraphyses; spores spherical to obovate, finely echinulate, reddish-orange, 20— 23 X 14—20 fi. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyl- lous, similar, but bright-brown; spores cylindrical, fusiform or cla- vate, of 2—7 (mostly five) cells, often curved, thickened at the apex like many

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. TAKICELLAKIA..] LEOANO-tECIBEFJ. 511. 63. VARICELLARIA Nyl. Mem. Soo. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 117 ; Lich. Scand. p. 182.—Thallus thinly orusta- ceous, pulveraoeous or subleprarioid. Apottecia variolarioid or sorediiform (in convex verrucse), pale, carneo- punctate or suffused; thecse ventri- cose, monospored; spores very large, 1-septate, colourless ; paraphyses scanty, subdisorete, slender, variously arcuate. Spermogones not yet seen. Among other characters w Stock Photo

RMRE0KE6–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. TAKICELLAKIA..] LEOANO-tECIBEFJ. 511. 63. VARICELLARIA Nyl. Mem. Soo. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 117 ; Lich. Scand. p. 182.—Thallus thinly orusta- ceous, pulveraoeous or subleprarioid. Apottecia variolarioid or sorediiform (in convex verrucse), pale, carneo- punctate or suffused; thecse ventri- cose, monospored; spores very large, 1-septate, colourless ; paraphyses scanty, subdisorete, slender, variously arcuate. Spermogones not yet seen. Among other characters w

RMRDC1N4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 116.âH7/poderma strobicota on Pinus Strobus. Ascus containing eight ascospores â with gelatinous coats; paraphyses with clavate ends. (After v. Tubeuf.) Fig. 117.âHypoderma strobicoia. Isolated ascospores: with and without a gelatinous coat, and one- or two-celled. (After v. Tubeuf.) some species, but have a delicate stalk in others. The spores, eight in each ascus, are never long and thread-like, but always mu

. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 290 the other species of Melampsora, occurring on Populus,.on the basis of its morphological character. The uredosori are surrounded by a circle of large whitish paraphyses. The teleutosori are placed like small brown crusts on the under-side of the leaves. Populus alba &â alba X fremula, common. 1367. Melampsora cylindrica (Strauss) Rostrup (77 b ^" 5.02 a ^^^). Its uredosori occur in great numbers on the lower side of the lea- ves of Populus, the uredospores are lengthened, almost cylindrical, and their membrane i Stock Photo

RMRE38Y9–. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 290 the other species of Melampsora, occurring on Populus,.on the basis of its morphological character. The uredosori are surrounded by a circle of large whitish paraphyses. The teleutosori are placed like small brown crusts on the under-side of the leaves. Populus alba &â alba X fremula, common. 1367. Melampsora cylindrica (Strauss) Rostrup (77 b ^" 5.02 a ^^^). Its uredosori occur in great numbers on the lower side of the lea- ves of Populus, the uredospores are lengthened, almost cylindrical, and their membrane i

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. f" ^i FIG. 89. Lecauora subfiitca. Median section through a young apothecium, swollen up in ammonia, somewhat diagranunatically represented; h h hymenium, e excipulum from which spring the paraphyses represented by strokes run, ning vertically towards h. sh ascogenous hyphae givmg rise to the asci, r lind, 9n medullary layer of the thallus which forms a rim round the excipulum. The round bodies are the algal cells contained m the thallus. Magn. 190 tunes. This is Stock Photo

RMRDCT1H–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. f" ^i FIG. 89. Lecauora subfiitca. Median section through a young apothecium, swollen up in ammonia, somewhat diagranunatically represented; h h hymenium, e excipulum from which spring the paraphyses represented by strokes run, ning vertically towards h. sh ascogenous hyphae givmg rise to the asci, r lind, 9n medullary layer of the thallus which forms a rim round the excipulum. The round bodies are the algal cells contained m the thallus. Magn. 190 tunes. This is

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 228 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Trichosphaeria Fuckel (p. 226) Perithecia usually free, globose, woody or carbonous, hairy, ostiole flat or papillate; asci-cylindric, 8-spored; spores 1 to 2-celled, hyaline; paraphyses present. There are some forty species, mainly saprophytes. T. sacchari Mass.^"- ^^ Perithecia broadly ovate, dark-brown, beset with brown hairs; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 1-celled; the conidial forms are various. Fig. 162.—^Trichosphseria. E, habit sketch; G, conidial stage. After Lindau, Winter and Bre Stock Photo

RMRDDBEF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 228 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Trichosphaeria Fuckel (p. 226) Perithecia usually free, globose, woody or carbonous, hairy, ostiole flat or papillate; asci-cylindric, 8-spored; spores 1 to 2-celled, hyaline; paraphyses present. There are some forty species, mainly saprophytes. T. sacchari Mass.^"- ^^ Perithecia broadly ovate, dark-brown, beset with brown hairs; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 1-celled; the conidial forms are various. Fig. 162.—^Trichosphseria. E, habit sketch; G, conidial stage. After Lindau, Winter and Bre

RMRDC1YP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 96.—Gibbera vaccinii. Isolated ascns with, eight spores; isolated hair from the outside of a perithecium. (v. Tubeuf del.) Fig. 95.—Gibbera vaccinii on Cowberry. The perithecia form black patches on the living leafy branch, as well as the dead brown one. (v. Tubeuf del.). ^-^ Fig. 97.—Gibbera vaccinii. Cross-section of Cowberry showing^ a patch of perithecia in section; the hairy perithecia contain paraphyses a

. A manual of botany. Botany. Fig. 796. Fig. 795 Pig. 797.. Fig. 794. Vertical section of a female conceptacle of Fncus vesicttloms con- taining oogonia and paraphyses. After Thuret. Fig, 795. Antheridia, a, a, on tlie branched hairs of the male conceptacle. After Thuret. Fig. 796. Oogonium with the oospheres fully separated, and disengaging themselves from their coverings. After Thuret, Fig. 797. An oosphere without a cellulose coat being fertilised by antherozoids so as to form an oospore. These cavities contain only paraphyses, vrhich are of greater length than those in the fertile concepta Stock Photo

RMRE0N7G–. A manual of botany. Botany. Fig. 796. Fig. 795 Pig. 797.. Fig. 794. Vertical section of a female conceptacle of Fncus vesicttloms con- taining oogonia and paraphyses. After Thuret. Fig, 795. Antheridia, a, a, on tlie branched hairs of the male conceptacle. After Thuret. Fig. 796. Oogonium with the oospheres fully separated, and disengaging themselves from their coverings. After Thuret, Fig. 797. An oosphere without a cellulose coat being fertilised by antherozoids so as to form an oospore. These cavities contain only paraphyses, vrhich are of greater length than those in the fertile concepta

. A manual of botany. Botany. MOEPHOLOGY OF BEPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 229 contains no differentiated oosphere. It is a unioelMar or multi- cellular structure known as a procarp (fig. 498), and consists Fig. 493.. Fig. 496. ^ (V-^^ Fig. 493. Vertical section of a female conceptacle of Fitcus vesiculostis contairuug oogonia and paraphyses. After Thnret. Fig. 494. Antheridia, a, a, on the branched hairs of the male conceptacle. After Thnret. Fig. 495. Oogonium with the oospheres fnlly differen- tiated and disengaging themselves from their coverings. After Thnret. Fig, 496. An oosphere surrounded by a n Stock Photo

RMRE1JY0–. A manual of botany. Botany. MOEPHOLOGY OF BEPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 229 contains no differentiated oosphere. It is a unioelMar or multi- cellular structure known as a procarp (fig. 498), and consists Fig. 493.. Fig. 496. ^ (V-^^ Fig. 493. Vertical section of a female conceptacle of Fitcus vesiculostis contairuug oogonia and paraphyses. After Thnret. Fig. 494. Antheridia, a, a, on the branched hairs of the male conceptacle. After Thnret. Fig. 495. Oogonium with the oospheres fnlly differen- tiated and disengaging themselves from their coverings. After Thnret. Fig, 496. An oosphere surrounded by a n

. Manual of the mosses of North America [microform]. Mosses; Mousses. Webera.] BKVACE.E. 001 the lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter; the upper c^rad- ually longer, strict, oblong and linear-lanceolate, subcarinatc, retlexed on the borders, all scarcely decurrent, more or less ser- rate at the apex, witli a purplish costa enlarged at the base only: male plants generally siMi})le, mixed with the fertile ones, more slender; antlieridia axillary, numerous, mixed with nume- rous slightly clavate paraphyses : capsule inclined or j)endent, oval-obUmg, incurved at the collum, somewhat turgid; te Stock Photo

RMRJ1WRY–. Manual of the mosses of North America [microform]. Mosses; Mousses. Webera.] BKVACE.E. 001 the lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter; the upper c^rad- ually longer, strict, oblong and linear-lanceolate, subcarinatc, retlexed on the borders, all scarcely decurrent, more or less ser- rate at the apex, witli a purplish costa enlarged at the base only: male plants generally siMi})le, mixed with the fertile ones, more slender; antlieridia axillary, numerous, mixed with nume- rous slightly clavate paraphyses : capsule inclined or j)endent, oval-obUmg, incurved at the collum, somewhat turgid; te

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 232 THE ASCO-LICHENS size, forms of Morchella occasionally reaching the height of a foot and some species of Gyromitra weigh over a pound. 86. The Asco-lichens.—^A second line of departure from the Pezizales includes a large group of plants known as the lichen. The great majority of these forms show strong evidence of rela-. FiG. 141. Common forms of the Helvellales: A, the morel, Morchella, surface view at left and in section at right. The asci and paraphyses form a hymenium over the honeycomb surface. B, Leolia, a small gelatinous form of a light, Stock Photo

RMRDWG2E–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 232 THE ASCO-LICHENS size, forms of Morchella occasionally reaching the height of a foot and some species of Gyromitra weigh over a pound. 86. The Asco-lichens.—^A second line of departure from the Pezizales includes a large group of plants known as the lichen. The great majority of these forms show strong evidence of rela-. FiG. 141. Common forms of the Helvellales: A, the morel, Morchella, surface view at left and in section at right. The asci and paraphyses form a hymenium over the honeycomb surface. B, Leolia, a small gelatinous form of a light,

. Hawaiian Fungi. Fungi. 64 Bernice P. Bishop Museum—Bulletin 227P>, black, margin brown; hyphae brown, 10M thick, ceils of the epidermis only sparsely filled with mycelium. Asci 8-spored, spatulate, 25-30 X 100/*, paraphyses numerous, filiform, equalling the asci; no epithecium; spores inordinate, black, 1-septate, 14 X 32-35 M, strongly constricted at the septum, and separating there. The two ends of the spores obtuse, and much darker than the median region. Differs from A. palowanense Syd. by having larger perithecia differently arranged, and larger asci and spores. (See PI. vi, a, b; fi Stock Photo

RMRPY26N–. Hawaiian Fungi. Fungi. 64 Bernice P. Bishop Museum—Bulletin 227P>, black, margin brown; hyphae brown, 10M thick, ceils of the epidermis only sparsely filled with mycelium. Asci 8-spored, spatulate, 25-30 X 100/*, paraphyses numerous, filiform, equalling the asci; no epithecium; spores inordinate, black, 1-septate, 14 X 32-35 M, strongly constricted at the septum, and separating there. The two ends of the spores obtuse, and much darker than the median region. Differs from A. palowanense Syd. by having larger perithecia differently arranged, and larger asci and spores. (See PI. vi, a, b; fi

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 340 MELAMPSOKA pores; paraphyses capitate with a slender pedicel, thickened (up to 8 /li) above, 50—70 x 18—25 ix. Teleuto spores. Sori hypophyllous, covered by the epidermis, small, about mm. diam., but united into groups bounded by the veins, brown with a tinge of bluish-grey; spots brown on the upper surface; spores irregularly pris- matic, rounded at both ends, 25—40 X 7—13 yu.; epispore thin, clear-brown, scarcely thickened above, with a barely perceptible apical germ-pore. Cseomata on Euonymus europaeus Stock Photo

RMRE2G5C–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 340 MELAMPSOKA pores; paraphyses capitate with a slender pedicel, thickened (up to 8 /li) above, 50—70 x 18—25 ix. Teleuto spores. Sori hypophyllous, covered by the epidermis, small, about mm. diam., but united into groups bounded by the veins, brown with a tinge of bluish-grey; spots brown on the upper surface; spores irregularly pris- matic, rounded at both ends, 25—40 X 7—13 yu.; epispore thin, clear-brown, scarcely thickened above, with a barely perceptible apical germ-pore. Cseomata on Euonymus europaeus

RMRDEG3F–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 19.—Amanitopsis vagineta. Relations of spores to the fruit-body. A, Transverse section through two gills, h, basidia projecting, the arrows show spore parts (sporabola), Magn. 15; B, vertical section of hymenium and subhymenium, c paraphyses, a-c, basidia stages, Magn. 370; C, isolated basidium with two basidios- pores; D, discharged spore; E, basidium, Mayer, mo. (After Buller, 1909:165.)j sporabola (Fig. 19). There are two distinct types of fruit bodies as to spore production and

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 272 PUCCINIA uEcidiospores. J^cidia hypophyllous in small clusters on yellowish spots, or on the petioles or stems forming elongated groups, cup-shaped, with a cut white margin; spores densely and finely verruculose, yellowish, 15—25/i. Uredospores. Sori amphigenous, scattered, rarely confluent, elliptical or oblong, 1—2 mm. long, pulverulent, pale yellowish- brown ; spores mostly ovate or ellipsoid, delicately echinulate, pale brownish-yellow, 20—35 x 12—20/x; germ-pores indis- tinct ; paraphyses numerous, cla Stock Photo

RMRE1WNP–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 272 PUCCINIA uEcidiospores. J^cidia hypophyllous in small clusters on yellowish spots, or on the petioles or stems forming elongated groups, cup-shaped, with a cut white margin; spores densely and finely verruculose, yellowish, 15—25/i. Uredospores. Sori amphigenous, scattered, rarely confluent, elliptical or oblong, 1—2 mm. long, pulverulent, pale yellowish- brown ; spores mostly ovate or ellipsoid, delicately echinulate, pale brownish-yellow, 20—35 x 12—20/x; germ-pores indis- tinct ; paraphyses numerous, cla

$. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EMBRYOPHYTA—BRYOPHYTA c 309. Fig. 116. A. Lichen—Iceland Moss {Ceiraris islandica). p. Paraphyses. a. Asci. b. Ascospores. s.^ Subhymenial layer, g. Gonidia or alga. h. Plyphae. r. "Cortical" portion. B. Lichen. iSynalissa symphorea) sending its hyphae into an alga Gloeocapsa. C. Archegon- ium of fern {Poiypodium vulgare) with egg cell. b. Antheridium with sperm cells, c. Single- coiled sperm cell. D. Liverwort {Marchantia Stock Photo$

RMRDYDKX–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EMBRYOPHYTA—BRYOPHYTA c 309. Fig. 116. A. Lichen—Iceland Moss {Ceiraris islandica). p. Paraphyses. a. Asci. b. Ascospores. s.^ Subhymenial layer, g. Gonidia or alga. h. Plyphae. r. "Cortical" portion. B. Lichen. iSynalissa symphorea) sending its hyphae into an alga Gloeocapsa. C. Archegon- ium of fern {Poiypodium vulgare) with egg cell. b. Antheridium with sperm cells, c. Single- coiled sperm cell. D. Liverwort {Marchantia

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. STEJJOCTBE.] CALIOIEI. 97 22. STENOCYBE Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84, ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 196.—Thallus macular, thin, usually obsolete, or probably none proper. Apothecia stipitate, scattered, black, the eapitulum turbinato-clavate; paraphyses slender, short; sporal mass none ; spores oblongo-fusiform, normally 3-septate, dark-brown or blackish; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish with iodine. Spermogones not rightly known. Distinguished from Calic Stock Photo

RMRE1GBP–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. STEJJOCTBE.] CALIOIEI. 97 22. STENOCYBE Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84, ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 196.—Thallus macular, thin, usually obsolete, or probably none proper. Apothecia stipitate, scattered, black, the eapitulum turbinato-clavate; paraphyses slender, short; sporal mass none ; spores oblongo-fusiform, normally 3-septate, dark-brown or blackish; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish with iodine. Spermogones not rightly known. Distinguished from Calic

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 126 UEOMYCES Teleutospores, Sori generally hypophyllous, similar to the uredo-sori but more often confluent, always covered by the epidermis, compact, shining, black; spores ovate- oblong, occasionally ellipsoid or pyri- form, rounded above, rarely truncate, often slightly thickened (up to 4 //,), Fig. 77. U.Dactylidis. Te- smooth, yellow-brown, darker only leutospores and the aocom- along the summit, 18â30 X 14â panying paraphyses. r./ â¢ i i j..- ^ j â i 20 /x; epispore 1-| yu. thick; pedicels brownish, per Stock Photo

RMRE381K–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 126 UEOMYCES Teleutospores, Sori generally hypophyllous, similar to the uredo-sori but more often confluent, always covered by the epidermis, compact, shining, black; spores ovate- oblong, occasionally ellipsoid or pyri- form, rounded above, rarely truncate, often slightly thickened (up to 4 //,), Fig. 77. U.Dactylidis. Te- smooth, yellow-brown, darker only leutospores and the aocom- along the summit, 18â30 X 14â panying paraphyses. r./ â¢ i i j..- ^ j â i 20 /x; epispore 1-| yu. thick; pedicels brownish, per

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 456 IICHENACEI. [lECASOEA. curved, 0,045-50 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses slen- der, not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thecse deep-blue with iodine.âCromb. Journ. Bet. 1870, p. 28; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 231, ed. 3, p. 223. Presenting much of the habit of the preceding species; this differs in the thinner, more leprose thallus, the colour of the apothecia, the re- actions of the epithecium and hymenial gelatine, as also in bei Stock Photo

RMRE0KEN–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 456 IICHENACEI. [lECASOEA. curved, 0,045-50 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses slen- der, not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thecse deep-blue with iodine.âCromb. Journ. Bet. 1870, p. 28; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 231, ed. 3, p. 223. Presenting much of the habit of the preceding species; this differs in the thinner, more leprose thallus, the colour of the apothecia, the re- actions of the epithecium and hymenial gelatine, as also in bei

. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. MELAMPSORA 355 -28 X 10—18 fi;. Fig. 265. M. Hypericorum. a, teleutospores, under the epidermis; 6, soidiospore, without paraphyses. On H. Androsaemum. chains, ellipsoid to polygonal or subclavate, 18 epispore colourless, about 2 /a thick, rather densely verruculose, with no perceptible germ-pores; no para- physes. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, subepidermal, small, roundish, red- dish-brown, then dark-brown; spores prismatic, more or less rounded above, pale-brown, 28—40 x 10—17/a; epi- spore thickened (up Stock Photo

RMRE2G32–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. MELAMPSORA 355 -28 X 10—18 fi;. Fig. 265. M. Hypericorum. a, teleutospores, under the epidermis; 6, soidiospore, without paraphyses. On H. Androsaemum. chains, ellipsoid to polygonal or subclavate, 18 epispore colourless, about 2 /a thick, rather densely verruculose, with no perceptible germ-pores; no para- physes. Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, subepidermal, small, roundish, red- dish-brown, then dark-brown; spores prismatic, more or less rounded above, pale-brown, 28—40 x 10—17/a; epi- spore thickened (up

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 114 LlCnENACEI [filopiioeus. authors among the Stereocmdei or the Cludoniei. On account of the peculiar texture of the apothecia Nvlauder lias established for it a sepa- rate tribe, distinguished bv the character of the paraphyses. 28. PILOPHORUS Fr. fil. Comm. Ster. (1S57) p. 40 ; Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Eug. (lS4S) p. 46 (ut sec- tic Stereocaidi). Pilo- plioron Nvl. Syn. i. p. 2l'S.âThallus at the base (when pre- sent) granulose or somewhat pulveru- lent, bear Stock Photo

RMRE1G72–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 114 LlCnENACEI [filopiioeus. authors among the Stereocmdei or the Cludoniei. On account of the peculiar texture of the apothecia Nvlauder lias established for it a sepa- rate tribe, distinguished bv the character of the paraphyses. 28. PILOPHORUS Fr. fil. Comm. Ster. (1S57) p. 40 ; Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Eug. (lS4S) p. 46 (ut sec- tic Stereocaidi). Pilo- plioron Nvl. Syn. i. p. 2l'S.âThallus at the base (when pre- sent) granulose or somewhat pulveru- lent, bear

RMRE1R3J–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 232 THE ASCO-LICHENS size, forms of Morchella occasionally reaching the height of a foot and some species of Gyromitra weigh over a pound. 86. The Asco-lichens.âA second line of departure from the Pezizales includes a large group of plants known as the lichen. The great majority of these forms show strong evidence of rela-. â â¢^^ Fig. 141. Common forms of the Helvellales: A, the morel, Morchella, surface view at left and in section at right. The asci and paraphyses form a hymenium over the honeycomb surface. B, Leotia, a small gelatinous form of a l

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