RFBXR020–Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix officially surrenders his sword and himself to Julius Caesar.
RFC3ECBD–The Rubicon is a river in northeast Italy. In 49 B.C., Julius Caesar is said to have said 'The die is cast!' as he crossed it.
RFB66BKD–Assassination of Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C., the Ides of March.
RFD43544–On March 15, 44 B.C., the Ides of March, Brutus, Cassius, and several other conspirators assassinated Julius Caesar.
RFCX90N5–The years is 49 B.C. and Julius Caesar looks down at the Rubicon River and contemplating what action he should take.
RF2CFJX61–The caption for this early 1900s illustration reads: Suicide of Brutus (42 B.C.). Caesar’s death did not, as Brutus had expected, restore the republic. instead, it rent the world with civil war. Brutus himself was finally defeated at Philippi by the friends of Caesar under Marc Antony. Finding himself deserted and about to be taken prisoner, Brutus threw himself upon his own sword. Antony, looking at the dead body, said, “This was the noblest Roman of them all!”
RFB4BGME–Armed Gallic Warrior
RFD4354R–Brutus, who had been a main conspirator against Julius Caesar, sits after the Battle of Philippi before he commits suicide.
RFD1MN0A–Brutus, who had been a main conspirator against Julius Caesar, sits after the Battle of Philippi before he commits suicide.
RF2D8E5YH–This 1876 photo shows a relief of Marcus Aurelius passing along the Via Sacra with Temple of Julius Caesar and Arch of Fabius in the background. The relief is housed in the Conservatori Palace. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors, and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire.
RF2EA37J4–This illustration of Julius Caesar and his wife Calpurnia dates to 1902. Itshows them on the Ides of March. Julius Caesar, one of the best known military commanders in world history, was born around 102 B.C. Returning to Rome after conquering much of the Mediterranean world, he became sole ruler, taking on dictatorial powers, but his control was short-lived, as his enemies and even some followers resented his autocratic rule and conspired to assassinate him. They did so on the Ides of March (March 15 in 44 B.C.). It was said his wife Calpurnia advised him not to meet with Senators that day.
RF2GBEK7G–The caption on this 1903 image reads: “Cleopatra before Julius Caesar from painting by Gerome.” It appeared in the book History of Egypt by French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero. Aware that Caesar's diplomatic intervention could help her regain the throne. The year was about 48 B.C. From her brother Ptolemy XIII, Cleopatra hatched a scheme to sneak herself into the palace at Alexandria where Julius Caesar was at the time preparing for a conference to bring the warring siblings to an agreement. She wanted an audience with Caesar. She persuaded her servant Apollodoros to wrap her in a carpet (or, a
RF2AK73T6–This illustration dates to the early 1900s and shows the Flight of Pompey from Pharsalia. On August 9, 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (also known as 'Pompey the Great'). Pompey had the backing of a majority of the senators, of whom many were optimates, and his army significantly outnumbered the veteran Caesarian legions. Caesar, in a much weaker position than Pompey, found himself isolated in a hostile country with only 22,000 men and short of provisions. Pompey wan
RFD16FXM–Romans told of Julius Caesar being on a boat when a storm arose and that Caesar calmed their fears.
RF2HPYG46–This 1912 image shows Cleopatra on a barge on the Nile River. Cleopatra VII (69-30 B.C.), the daughter of Ptolemy XI, of Egypt. She married her brother Ptolemy XII and began to rule Egypt with him when she was 17. She later aligned her self with Julius Caesar against her brother. Following Caesar's death, she aligned herself with Mark Antony. Following Antony's death, she is said to have killed herself, as legend has it, by the bite of an asp.
RF2HPYG44–The caption for this 1912 image reads' 'Cleopatra in all her splendor - prisoners of war being brought before Cleopatra, who is seated in her chariot.' Cleopatra VII (69-30 B.C.), the daughter of Ptolemy XI, of Egypt. She married her brother Ptolemy XII and began to rule Egypt with him when she was 17. She later aligned her self with Julius Caesar against her brother. Following Caesar's death, she aligned herself with Mark Antony. Following Antony's death, she is said to have killed herself, as legend has it, by the bite of an asp.
RF2CE26YN–Caesar Landing in Britain. Julius Caesar carried Roman arms into wild regions where they had never penetrated before. The first historical notice we have of Britain is that in which Caesar himself tells of his invasion there in 55 B.C. The savage tribes rushed down to the shore to meet his soldiers, and charged even out into the water with spears and clubs, or coming barehanded, seized rocks and hurled them at the invaders. The desperate though unorganized resistance which he everywhere met prevented Caesar from making any lasting conquest of the brave islanders.
RFB33CDN–Julius Caesar
RF2C17CJK–Gaius Julius Caesar, known simply as Julius Caesar, was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He died on the Ides of March in 44 B.C. This statue of Caesar is housed in Rome’s Capitoline Museum and dates to the first century B.C. It is in the Greek Hellenistic style.
RF2X28FM9–The early 1900s caption reads: 'DRUID WORSHIP OF ANCIENT GAUL.—The religion of Gaul—that is, of ancient France—was Druidism, a strange and mysterious creed of which little is now known. The Druids or priests kept themselves secluded from the common people, living in deep groves and only appearing at intervals, vaguely and in the distance. They offered up human sacrifices, slaying their victims on broad flat stones, and encouraged people to die by preaching the immortality of the soul.'
RF2CFJX87–The caption for this early 1900s illustration reads: Antony Offering to Crown Caesar. On the religious feast of Lupercal, one month before his death, Caesar was seated before all the people upon his ivory throne, in his robe as chief officer of the republic. Antony, just come from engaging in a religious contest and hence half stripped, stepped before Caesar and offered to place a crown upon his head. Caesar wanted it perhaps, but he put it away in a half-hearted fashion. The people, seeing he refused it, cheered. So he persisted in his refusal, saying, “I am no king, but Caesar.” The year for
RFGA6PJF–This 1970 photo shows the curia, or Roman Senate House, in the Roman Forum in Rome, Italy. It dates to the time of Julius Caesar and was built the year of his assassination - 44 B.C. Because of the murder, construction was interrupted. It was completed under Caesar's successor - Augustus— in 29 B.C. Located here, under the corrugated metal roofing to the left in front of the curia, is the Lapis Niger, an ancient shrine that was believed to date back to the time when kings ruled Rome (the Republic started in 509 B.C.).
RF2EA0M7N–Apotheosis of Germanicus This cameo with Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.) about 4 inches square is one of treasure of French Cabinet des Antiques believed to have been brought from Constantinople in 11th century by Cardinal Humbert who gave it to monastery of Saint-Evre near Toulouse. Germanicus is crowned by a Victory figure and with him is an eagle, symbol of power for ancient Romans. He holds the lituus in one hand and a cornucopia in the other. Germanicus Julius Caesar was a popular and prominent general of the Roman Empire, known for his campaigns in Germania. The son of Nero Claudius Dru
RFAY0DHR–Vercingetorix Before Caesar
RF2DB2G17–Map Roman Britain. The Province of Britain (Britannia) was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD. It comprised almost the whole of England and Wales and, for a short period, southern Scotland.
RF2GMGF2N–This ancient Egyptian relief from Dendera shows Cleopatra. The original is in the Louvre in Paris. Dendera (or Dendarah) has been an agricultural town on the west bank of the Nile. It was the capital of the sixth province of pharaonic Upper Egypt and was dedicated to the sky and fertility goddess Hathor (often depicted as a cow bearing the sun disk between her horns, especially when shown nursing the king and she could also appear as a woman with the head of a cow). Her temple is one of the best preserved in Egypt. The present building dates to the Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BC) and was complete
RFB4BA0B–Gallic Warrior
RFB4C5RC–A Romanized Gaul and a Gallic Warrior
RFB4C06R–Druid Priest
RFB4FNX8–German Man and Woman
RF2CFJX5R–The Sea-Fight at Actium (31 B.C.). This was the greatest naval battle of ancient history. In it, Augustus, the first of the Roman emperors, defeated his rival, Marc Antony, for the empire of the world. The fight itself was terrific. The ships of Antony and Cleopatra were of the Eastern build, huge and slow-moving, covered with towers and great engines of war. The vessels of Augustus were much smaller, swifter, and more numerous. They darted in and out among their adversaries, and swept away the great, cumbrous rows of oars The huge hulks remained helpless but unconquerable; until Antony fled a
RF2J0KFGF–The caption for this 1906 illustration reads: “Last Feast of Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra, being defeated by Julius Caesar’s nephew Octavius (later Augustus) , fled to Egypt. Cleopatra tried to rouse the Egyptians in her defense, but her cause was hopeless. Nevertheless, she kept up appearances to the last, continuing her extravagant feasts and festivities upon the Nile, and endeavoring to entertain the gloomy and despairing Antony. It was not until Octavius actually entered the Nile with his warships that Cleopatra abandoned her pleasures. Then she and Antony slew themselves.” Cleopatra an
RF2AF0RRY–This map of Rome shows the city during the period of the emperors: from the first emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.) to Trajan (98-117 A.D.). The legend is as follows: I. Tabularium; II. Templum D. Vespasian; III. Templum Castor; IV. Templum Saturnus; V. Basilica Iulia; VI. Templum Castor; VII. Templum & Atrium of Vesta; VIII. Templum Iulius Caesar; IX. Templum of the Sacred City & Romulus; X. Templum D. Antonius; XI. Basilica Aemilia; XII. Curia; XIII. Arcus Titus; XIV. Forum of Augustus; XV. Forum of Caesar; XVI. Forum of Nerva; XVII. Forum of Vespasian; XVII. Forum of Trajan. Note: The d
RFC5JJDR–Gaius Marius (157–86 B.C.) was a Roman general and statesman—played a key role in the change from Roman Republic to Empire.
RF2HPYG57–This 1912 images shows Cleopatra dropping a pearl into a golblet of wine. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, told of Cleopatra betting Marc Antony that she could host the most expensive dinner in history. To impress Antony and the Roman Empire he represented with the extent of Egypt’s wealth., she crushed one large pearl from a pair of earrings and dissolved it in a goblet of wine (or vinegar), before gulping it down (the subject of this illustration.) Cleopatra VII (69-30 B.C.), the daughter of Ptolemy XI, of Egypt. She married her brother Ptolemy XII and began to rule
RME4JCTT–This 1891 illustration shows the Tiber River and the Palace of the Caesars at top left on the Palatine Hill.
RF2D8E5XP–Map with Plan of Ancient Rome. This plan from 1876 shows: Augustan Regions of City: I. Porta Capena, II. Caelimontana, III. Isis et Serapis, IV. Via Sacra, V. Esquilina, VI. Alta Semita, VII. Via Lata, VIII. Forum Romanum, IX. Circus Flaminius, X. Palatium, XI. Circus Maximus, XII. Piscina Publica, XIII. Aventinus, XIV. Transtiberina
RFATM97N–Cleopatra
RFAY0FPK–Pompey Urged to Be Dictator
RFB4C42B–Druid in Judge's Costume
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