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. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. Bacteria and Fungi 261 however, and get their food either from organic matter or from living plants. The plant body is always made up of filaments like those of the algae. In the higher forms, like the mushrooms, the filaments are massed together into a com- pact, solid structure. The yeasts and molds, and most of the mushrooms, are saprophytes; the smuts, rusts, and some of the mildews are parasites upon the higher plants, and they cause serious losses to the farmer and gardener. A Stock Photo

RMRDWNGR–. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. Bacteria and Fungi 261 however, and get their food either from organic matter or from living plants. The plant body is always made up of filaments like those of the algae. In the higher forms, like the mushrooms, the filaments are massed together into a com- pact, solid structure. The yeasts and molds, and most of the mushrooms, are saprophytes; the smuts, rusts, and some of the mildews are parasites upon the higher plants, and they cause serious losses to the farmer and gardener. A

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 130 PHYCOMYCETES. wet season is very favourable to it. The mycelium is non- septate and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the host, nourished by button-like haustoria sunk into the host-cells. The antheridium comes into contact with the oogonium by a fertilization tube, which, however, remains closed. The oospores hibernate in leaves and fruit. Frevention} Ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, eau celeste, Stock Photo

RMPG42X0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 130 PHYCOMYCETES. wet season is very favourable to it. The mycelium is non- septate and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the host, nourished by button-like haustoria sunk into the host-cells. The antheridium comes into contact with the oogonium by a fertilization tube, which, however, remains closed. The oospores hibernate in leaves and fruit. Frevention} Ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, eau celeste,

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RMRDC127–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 257.—Bxobasidium vaccinii. The basidial layer is shown developing from the intercelUilar myceliiim of the shoots. (After Woronin.). Fig. 258.—Exobasidium vaccinii, Germinating basidiospores. The septate spores have given off germ-tubes which penetrate into the cowberry leaves, either by stomata or through the epidermis. The lowest spore is forming conidia. (After Woronin.) This Eosobasidium is very common on th

RMPG42YM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 38 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. men other substances make their appearance in the lignified walls, chiefly tinctorial phlobaphenes. The walls of the wood-elements are, however, not lignified to the same extent. The primary layer of the wall is, as a rule, lignified most and contains but little cellulose. In con- sequence, on treatment with lignin-solvents, it becomes first dissolved while the secondary and

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RMRDDWWN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 38 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. men other substances make their appearance in the lignified walls, chiefly tinctorial phlobaphenes. The walls of the wood-elements are, however, not lignified to the same extent. The primary layer of the wall is, as a rule, lignified most and contains but little cellulose. In con- sequence, on treatment with lignin-solvents, it becomes first dissolved while the secondary and

RMPG4BJ1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat

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RMRDD7YN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur

RMPG4B7K–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur

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RMRDDWK1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 130 PHYCOMYCETES. wet season is very favourable to it. The mycelium is non- septate and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the host, nourished by button-like haustoria sunk into the host-cells. The antheridium comes into contact with the oogonium by a fertilization tube, which, however, remains closed. The oospores hibernate in leaves and fruit. Frevention} Ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, eau celeste,

RMPG4B0D–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CRONARTICM. 383 and curl up. unknown. In some districts very common. Aecidial stage Gymnosporangium.^ Teleutospores bicellular and furnished with stalks which have gelatinous walls, so that the spores come to form part of a gelatinous mass.^ The first-formed teleutospores are thick-. Fig. 21G.—Gymnosporangiuvi clavaiiaeformc. 1, S, 3, Stages in dbvelopment of the spore-cushions. U, 5, 6, Isolated spores (enlarged);

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RMRDC1MJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat

RMPG4BE1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SCLEROTINIA. 259 cowberry shoots, the stomata being always avoided. In less than three weeks conidia are produced. The mode in which the germ-tubes attack the host-plant is very remarkable. Woronin says: " The germ-tubes developed from the ascospores grow inwards towards the vascular bundles of the host-plant and enter them; then they continue to develop, but now in the opposite direction from the interior of .

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RMRDD89W–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 260 ASCOMYCETES. larger and four smaller spores, the latter appearing to be rudi- mentary and incapable of germination. ScL baccarum Sehroet.^ (Britain).^ The sclerotium disease of the bilberry (Voce. Myrtillus). This varies from the other species in having round conidia incapable of germinating in v?ater, in having more robust apotbecial beakers, and in lacking rhizoids. The spores are similar in number and arrange

RMPG0R6Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 118 PHYCOMYCETES. first leaflets. The disease is spread during summer by conidia, or swarming cells produced from sporangia. The passage through winter is effected by means of oospores, resulting from fertiliza- tion of an ovum in the oogonium by a fertilization-tube from an aritheridium. The intercellular mycelium is at first nonseptate, later septate, and forms small haustoria. Seedlings of other plants, besides t

. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. 166 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANl-S. [SECTION 17. the plant itself or its essential organs, that they have to be elaborately described in separate books and made subjects of special study. 50i. Nevertheless, it may be well to try to give some general idea of what Algae and Lichens and J?ungi are. Linnseus had them all under the orders of Algffi and Fungi. Afterwards the Lichens were separated; but 545 646 647. of late i Stock Photo

RMRDTX40–. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. 166 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANl-S. [SECTION 17. the plant itself or its essential organs, that they have to be elaborately described in separate books and made subjects of special study. 50i. Nevertheless, it may be well to try to give some general idea of what Algae and Lichens and J?ungi are. Linnseus had them all under the orders of Algffi and Fungi. Afterwards the Lichens were separated; but 545 646 647. of late i

RMPG4BNR–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 212 ASCOMYCETES. abjointed (Fig. 103); in the interior of the spots are produced tiny conidia (Zeptostroma laricinum), incapable of germination.. Fig. 101.—Tuft of larch needles, the greater number of which are more or less attacked by SphaereUa laricina. (After R. Hartig.) The rod-shaped conidia infect particularly the lower needles of the crown, and three weeks thereafter new conidial cushions. Please note that th

RMRDDWP2–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 118 PHYCOMYCETES. first leaflets. The disease is spread during summer by conidia, or swarming cells produced from sporangia. The passage through winter is effected by means of oospores, resulting from fertiliza- tion of an ovum in the oogonium by a fertilization-tube from an aritheridium. The intercellular mycelium is at first nonseptate, later septate, and forms small haustoria. Seedlings of other plants, besides t

RMPG3TXF–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 476 FUNGI IMPERFECTI. of the shoots, aud either rupture the epidermis or grow out from the leaf-scar cushions (Fig. 297). The couidia are abjointed from filamentous conidiophores inside the pycnidia, and emerge as tendril-like structures. They are two-celled, small, cylindrical, and pointed at both ends. Germination takes place easily in water, and the disease spreads rapidly over the young developing shoots during

RMRDED3J–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CRONARTICM. 383 and curl up. unknown. In some districts very common. Aecidial stage Gymnosporangium.^ Teleutospores bicellular and furnished with stalks which have gelatinous walls, so that the spores come to form part of a gelatinous mass.^ The first-formed teleutospores are thick-. Fig. 21G.—Gymnosporangiuvi clavaiiaeformc. 1, S, 3, Stages in dbvelopment of the spore-cushions. U, 5, 6, Isolated spores (enlarged);

RMPG4319–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 10 THE PARASITIC FUNGI. others, like Podosphaera castagnei, they take the form of broadened closely-clinging hyphae with haustoria. Frank describes a swell- ing of the germ-tube of Fuskladium tremulae just before the infecting hypha pierces the' cell-walls of its host. A similar- phenomenon can be observed in Polystigma rubrum, in Gnomonia erythrostoma, and in the germinating aecidiospores of Melampsora Goeppertiana

RMRDCXT7–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 514 FUNGI IMPERFECTI. sugar beet and beet-root. It is easily recognized by the numerous sharply defined spots produced on the leaves. The conidia are very long and pluriseptate. In the United States this is one of the most serious of beet diseases.-' As preventive treatment, great care should be taken to destroy aU infected material. A long rotation should also prove a good remedy.. Fig. 314.—Ccrcospora acti-ina. 2,

RMPG4A35–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 460 BASIDIOMYCETES. cleared forest-land where the fungus sporophores are numerous on dead stools or roots. Agaricus (Pholiota) adiposus Fr.' (Britain and U.S. America). This is a conspicuous bright yellow or honey-yellow toadstool, with a glistening slimy cap which, as well as the stalk, is beset with concentric darker scales (Fig. 289). The scales and delicate annulus become indistinct or disappear on old sporophor

RMRDED33–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 388 UREDINEAE. The anatomical changes induced in diseased plants of Junipei^s communis by G. davariaeforme were investigated by Woemle under my direction. His results were these: in vigorous branches, increased growth took place in the wood, bast, and rind: in weakly and poorly-grown branches, the wood increased less in proportion to the bast and rind. The most marked increase took place in the bast, and to an almos

RMPG40HB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 514 FUNGI IMPERFECTI. sugar beet and beet-root. It is easily recognized by the numerous sharply defined spots produced on the leaves. The conidia are very long and pluriseptate. In the United States this is one of the most serious of beet diseases.-' As preventive treatment, great care should be taken to destroy aU infected material. A long rotation should also prove a good remedy.. Fig. 314.—Ccrcospora acti-ina. 2,

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 172 PHYLUM II. CHLOROPHYCEAE sites (Family Synchytriaceae) in the tissues of other algae, or even land plants, and are known as Gall-fungi. ORDER COENOBIALES 238. The cells or coenocytes in these plants are aggre- gated into colonies, the most common of which are the pretty species of Scenedesmus, in which four spindle-shaped cells lie side by side. Less common is the very regular plate-colony of Pedias- trum with usually a dozen or more regularly arranged coenocytes. Re- „ „„ „ , lated to these is the Water Net tlG. 66.—Scenedesmus, dfot'^on™" *"& Stock Photo

RMRDWC78–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 172 PHYLUM II. CHLOROPHYCEAE sites (Family Synchytriaceae) in the tissues of other algae, or even land plants, and are known as Gall-fungi. ORDER COENOBIALES 238. The cells or coenocytes in these plants are aggre- gated into colonies, the most common of which are the pretty species of Scenedesmus, in which four spindle-shaped cells lie side by side. Less common is the very regular plate-colony of Pedias- trum with usually a dozen or more regularly arranged coenocytes. Re- „ „„ „ , lated to these is the Water Net tlG. 66.—Scenedesmus, dfot'^on™" *"&

RMPG0R6N–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PHYTOPHTHORA. 119 Another parasite of conifer seedlings—Fusoma parasitictmi— which somewhat resembles Phytophtlwra, is figured and described amongst the " Fungi imperfecti." Phytophthora infestans, De Bary.^ This parasite was first observed in Europe in 1845, and has since then become. Fig. so. Fig. 29.—Celhilav tissue from diseased cotyledon of Beech. The starch-grains have been absorbed from the cell-pro

RMRDDWNT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PHYTOPHTHORA. 119 Another parasite of conifer seedlings—Fusoma parasitictmi— which somewhat resembles Phytophtlwra, is figured and described amongst the " Fungi imperfecti." Phytophthora infestans, De Bary.^ This parasite was first observed in Europe in 1845, and has since then become. Fig. so. Fig. 29.—Celhilav tissue from diseased cotyledon of Beech. The starch-grains have been absorbed from the cell-pro

RMPG4BDX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 260 ASCOMYCETES. larger and four smaller spores, the latter appearing to be rudi- mentary and incapable of germination. ScL baccarum Sehroet.^ (Britain).^ The sclerotium disease of the bilberry (Voce. Myrtillus). This varies from the other species in having round conidia incapable of germinating in v?ater, in having more robust apotbecial beakers, and in lacking rhizoids. The spores are similar in number and arrange

RMRDCY6M–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 460 BASIDIOMYCETES. cleared forest-land where the fungus sporophores are numerous on dead stools or roots. Agaricus (Pholiota) adiposus Fr.' (Britain and U.S. America). This is a conspicuous bright yellow or honey-yellow toadstool, with a glistening slimy cap which, as well as the stalk, is beset with concentric darker scales (Fig. 289). The scales and delicate annulus become indistinct or disappear on old sporophor

RMPG4AYF–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 388 UREDINEAE. The anatomical changes induced in diseased plants of Junipei^s communis by G. davariaeforme were investigated by Woemle under my direction. His results were these: in vigorous branches, increased growth took place in the wood, bast, and rind: in weakly and poorly-grown branches, the wood increased less in proportion to the bast and rind. The most marked increase took place in the bast, and to an almos

. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. THE FUNGUS BODY. 31 from a single cell, and is comparable to the thread-like body of the filamentous algae. There is, naturally, a great variety in the hyphje of differ- ent species of fungi. Some are relatively large ; others very small; some of even diameter and caliber, others irregular and with unequally thickened walls ; some very thin-walled, others very thick-walled. Between these extremes is to be found a complete gradation. They grow in length at the apex only. In many kinds partitions are formed at more Stock Photo

RMRDHBW7–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. THE FUNGUS BODY. 31 from a single cell, and is comparable to the thread-like body of the filamentous algae. There is, naturally, a great variety in the hyphje of differ- ent species of fungi. Some are relatively large ; others very small; some of even diameter and caliber, others irregular and with unequally thickened walls ; some very thin-walled, others very thick-walled. Between these extremes is to be found a complete gradation. They grow in length at the apex only. In many kinds partitions are formed at more

RMPG42GH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. TRICHOSPHAERIA. 197 asci, the latter with eight four-celled light-grey spores, which germinate directly and distribute the fungus over new host- plants. I found this same fungus on Tsuga ca'oadensis^ at Baden- Baden, and on spruces in several parts of the Bavarian forests.^ It, however, rarely attacks spruces, although they often occur in the same forest with iirs. One of the cases of infection referred to above was

RMRDDX0G–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 10 THE PARASITIC FUNGI. others, like Podosphaera castagnei, they take the form of broadened closely-clinging hyphae with haustoria. Frank describes a swell- ing of the germ-tube of Fuskladium tremulae just before the infecting hypha pierces the' cell-walls of its host. A similar- phenomenon can be observed in Polystigma rubrum, in Gnomonia erythrostoma, and in the germinating aecidiospores of Melampsora Goeppertiana

RMPG42WD–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 134 PHYCOMYCETES. and branched conidiophores with light-brown conidia arise from their underside. Numerous oospores may be found in the leaves. Kirchner ^ observed the disease on leaves of four-year-old plants, yet without injurious effects. The follovnng are other British or American species: Peronospora ficariae, Tul. On Ranunculus, Myosunis, etc. P. corydalis, De By. On Corydalis and Dicentra. P. violae, De By. O

RMRDC1XB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 212 ASCOMYCETES. abjointed (Fig. 103); in the interior of the spots are produced tiny conidia (Zeptostroma laricinum), incapable of germination.. Fig. 101.—Tuft of larch needles, the greater number of which are more or less attacked by SphaereUa laricina. (After R. Hartig.) The rod-shaped conidia infect particularly the lower needles of the crown, and three weeks thereafter new conidial cushions. Please note that th

RMPG4B87–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 167.âTitletia tHtici. A, Two spores germinated in moist air; a short promycelium is developed, and bears a crown of conidia (sporidia), several of which have fused in pairs. Fushion of conidia, germination, and development of a secondary conldiura, C, are also shown. B, Two spores germinated in water with promycelia which elongate till the water surface is reached, where they form sporidia; the â r, ,,.Â« â¢-,,

RMRDD8AD–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SCLEROTINIA. 259 cowberry shoots, the stomata being always avoided. In less than three weeks conidia are produced. The mode in which the germ-tubes attack the host-plant is very remarkable. Woronin says: " The germ-tubes developed from the ascospores grow inwards towards the vascular bundles of the host-plant and enter them; then they continue to develop, but now in the opposite direction from the interior of .

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 44 MYCOLOGY from a green alga like Vaucheria. With our present knowledge, it is impossible to name any one existing alga as the progenitor of a definite fungous form, but we are safe in assuming in a general way that certain phyla of fungi have been derived from certain phyla of algae, by the loss of chlorophyll and in the loss of an independent existence. Another view, which is open to argument, is that certain of the prototrophic. jJJuIl^ Fig. 13.—Development of Mucor mucedo. a, b, c, Stock Photo

RMPG45B7–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 44 MYCOLOGY from a green alga like Vaucheria. With our present knowledge, it is impossible to name any one existing alga as the progenitor of a definite fungous form, but we are safe in assuming in a general way that certain phyla of fungi have been derived from certain phyla of algae, by the loss of chlorophyll and in the loss of an independent existence. Another view, which is open to argument, is that certain of the prototrophic. jJJuIl^ Fig. 13.—Development of Mucor mucedo. a, b, c,

RMRDCY4T–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 476 FUNGI IMPERFECTI. of the shoots, aud either rupture the epidermis or grow out from the leaf-scar cushions (Fig. 297). The couidia are abjointed from filamentous conidiophores inside the pycnidia, and emerge as tendril-like structures. They are two-celled, small, cylindrical, and pointed at both ends. Germination takes place easily in water, and the disease spreads rapidly over the young developing shoots during

RMPG4BK6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fio. 112.—Section of stroma of j4^/aospora. a, Boundary of stroma formed of dark brown fungus - m ycelium; b, sclerenchyma-strand of the cortex ; c, conidial cushion ; d, union of necks of two perithecia. (After Hartig.). Fig. 113.—a, Conidia; b, asco- spore of Aglaospoi-u taleola ( X ^). (After Hartig.) superficially abjointed from the stromata; while embedded in it are groups of perithecia with necks which join to

RMRDC2HD–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 134 PHYCOMYCETES. and branched conidiophores with light-brown conidia arise from their underside. Numerous oospores may be found in the leaves. Kirchner ^ observed the disease on leaves of four-year-old plants, yet without injurious effects. The follovnng are other British or American species: Peronospora ficariae, Tul. On Ranunculus, Myosunis, etc. P. corydalis, De By. On Corydalis and Dicentra. P. violae, De By. O

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s Stock Photo$

RMPG4BHM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s

RMRDC1M8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s

RMPG4BGN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 242 ASCOMYCETES. Schizothjnrium. The roundish or oblong apothecia dehisce by lobes. The club- shaped asci contain oblong, hyaline, two-celled spores. Sch. ptarmicae Desm. (Britain). This occurs as a parasite on Hying green leaves and stems of Achillea Ptarmica. The apothecia form little black points, which on rupturing break. Fio. 127.—Schizothyrium ptarmicae on Achillea Pta^-niica. (v, Tubeuf del.) up the epidermis

RMRDC1JY–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 242 ASCOMYCETES. Schizothjnrium. The roundish or oblong apothecia dehisce by lobes. The club- shaped asci contain oblong, hyaline, two-celled spores. Sch. ptarmicae Desm. (Britain). This occurs as a parasite on Hying green leaves and stems of Achillea Ptarmica. The apothecia form little black points, which on rupturing break. Fio. 127.—Schizothyrium ptarmicae on Achillea Pta^-niica. (v, Tubeuf del.) up the epidermis

RMPG4AY4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 389 fissure-like pores in place of bordered pits. The wood-elements in cross-section are no longer round but polygonal; the bast becomes very irregular, parenchyma grows rapidly, bast fibres remain thin-walled and have no longer a straight course. The mycelium fills the bast and rind, forming masses in the inter- cellular spaces; it is easiest found in the tangential section. On the fall of the club

RMRDEG6K–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 44 MYCOLOGY from a green alga like Vaucheria. With our present knowledge, it is impossible to name any one existing alga as the progenitor of a definite fungous form, but we are safe in assuming in a general way that certain phyla of fungi have been derived from certain phyla of algae, by the loss of chlorophyll and in the loss of an independent existence. Another view, which is open to argument, is that certain of the prototrophic. jJJuIl^ Fig. 13.—Development of Mucor mucedo. a, b, c,

RMPG4BJD–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 116.âH7/poderma strobicota on Pinus Strobus. Ascus containing eight ascospores â with gelatinous coats; paraphyses with clavate ends. (After v. Tubeuf.) Fig. 117.âHypoderma strobicoia. Isolated ascospores: with and without a gelatinous coat, and one- or two-celled. (After v. Tubeuf.) some species, but have a delicate stalk in others. The spores, eight in each ascus, are never long and thread-like, but always mu

RMRDC220–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. TRICHOSPHAERIA. 197 asci, the latter with eight four-celled light-grey spores, which germinate directly and distribute the fungus over new host- plants. I found this same fungus on Tsuga ca'oadensis^ at Baden- Baden, and on spruces in several parts of the Bavarian forests.^ It, however, rarely attacks spruces, although they often occur in the same forest with iirs. One of the cases of infection referred to above was

RMPG4B9Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 288 USTILAGINEAE. Ust. perennans Eostr.^ This smut or dust-brand occurs frequently in the flowers of Arrhenatherum elatms (Fig. 157). The mycelium perennates in the rhizome. An UstUago nearly allied to the preceding one occurs also on Festuca pratensis, Lolium peren/ne, and other grasses. The Smut of Barley. There are really two species of UstUago found on barley, Fig. 15S.—i^siiiajo pereKmow. Spore-oulture jj-f Jmr

. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THE GREAT GROUPS OF ALGvE 21 upon the return of favorable conditions. These may be regarded as resting cells. So notable is the fact of repro- duction by fission that Cyanophyceae are often separated from the other groups of Algae and spoken of as " Fission Algae," which put in technical form becomes Schizophyces. In this particular, and in several others mentioned above, they resemble the " Fission Fungi " (Schizomycetes), com- monly called "bacteria," so closely that they are often associated with them in a common group c Stock Photo

RMRDWB9X–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THE GREAT GROUPS OF ALGvE 21 upon the return of favorable conditions. These may be regarded as resting cells. So notable is the fact of repro- duction by fission that Cyanophyceae are often separated from the other groups of Algae and spoken of as " Fission Algae," which put in technical form becomes Schizophyces. In this particular, and in several others mentioned above, they resemble the " Fission Fungi " (Schizomycetes), com- monly called "bacteria," so closely that they are often associated with them in a common group c

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 402 UREDINEAE. G. Ellisii Berk. On Chamaecyparis thyoides. The aecidial stage on Pyrus Mains and P. arhutifolia. On red cedar {Junipencs virginiana): G. macropus Lk. The aecidia and pycnidia occur on Pyrus Malus, P. coronaria, P. arhutifolia, Cratct^us tomentosa, C. Bouglasii, and Amelanchier canadensis; they are known as. Pig. 237.—Spores of Gym. hiseptaium. (After Woenile.) Fig. 23S.—Spores of Gym. Elliiii. (After Stock Photo$

RMPG4ATH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 402 UREDINEAE. G. Ellisii Berk. On Chamaecyparis thyoides. The aecidial stage on Pyrus Mains and P. arhutifolia. On red cedar {Junipencs virginiana): G. macropus Lk. The aecidia and pycnidia occur on Pyrus Malus, P. coronaria, P. arhutifolia, Cratct^us tomentosa, C. Bouglasii, and Amelanchier canadensis; they are known as. Pig. 237.—Spores of Gym. hiseptaium. (After Woenile.) Fig. 23S.—Spores of Gym. Elliiii. (After

RMRDC1PJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fio. 112.—Section of stroma of j4^/aospora. a, Boundary of stroma formed of dark brown fungus - m ycelium; b, sclerenchyma-strand of the cortex ; c, conidial cushion ; d, union of necks of two perithecia. (After Hartig.). Fig. 113.—a, Conidia; b, asco- spore of Aglaospoi-u taleola ( X ^). (After Hartig.) superficially abjointed from the stromata; while embedded in it are groups of perithecia with necks which join to

RMPG4B81–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 312 USTILAGINEAE. germination produce a thread-like promyeelium bearing apical conidia, which conjugate in pairs before emerging from the host-tissues. The following species form conidia on the host-plant: Entyloma serotinum Schroet. occurs on leaves of Symphytum tuberosum, S. officincdis, and Borago officinalis. E. canescens Schroet. On Myosotis (Britain). E. fuscum Schroet. On Papaver Rhoeas and /'. Argemone. E. b

RMRDD80F–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 167.âTitletia tHtici. A, Two spores germinated in moist air; a short promycelium is developed, and bears a crown of conidia (sporidia), several of which have fused in pairs. Fushion of conidia, germination, and development of a secondary conldiura, C, are also shown. B, Two spores germinated in water with promycelia which elongate till the water surface is reached, where they form sporidia; the â r, ,,.Â« â¢-,,

RMPG4B14–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 209.—Chrysomyxa rhodcdendrl. Twig of Rhododendron hirsvXum with sori of nredo- Fig. 210.—Chrysotnyxa rhododendri on Rho- spores on the lower epidermis, causing dis- ttodendron fein-ugincv.m. Uredospore-sori in coloured spots on the upper, (v. Tubeuf September as elongated white stripes on the del.) stem below the leaves, (v. Tubeuf deL) The uredospores are yellow and ovoid, with granular protuber- ances on thei

RMRDED2T–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 389 fissure-like pores in place of bordered pits. The wood-elements in cross-section are no longer round but polygonal; the bast becomes very irregular, parenchyma grows rapidly, bast fibres remain thin-walled and have no longer a straight course. The mycelium fills the bast and rind, forming masses in the inter- cellular spaces; it is easiest found in the tangential section. On the fall of the club

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ENTYLOMA. 313 Still to mention are : E. Ellissi Halst., known as "white smut."^ It inhabits spinach {Spinacia oleracea), discolouring the leaves. E. ossifragi Eostr. on Narthedum osdfragwm in Denmark. E. catenulatum Bostr. on Aira caespitosa in Denmark. Fig. 169.—Entylonia Aic}iers<mii. Germin- ated spore with septate promycelium; one promycelial branch remains rudimentary, the other (to left) has produ Stock Photo$

RMPG4B7T–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ENTYLOMA. 313 Still to mention are : E. Ellissi Halst., known as "white smut."^ It inhabits spinach {Spinacia oleracea), discolouring the leaves. E. ossifragi Eostr. on Narthedum osdfragwm in Denmark. E. catenulatum Bostr. on Aira caespitosa in Denmark. Fig. 169.—Entylonia Aic}iers<mii. Germin- ated spore with septate promycelium; one promycelial branch remains rudimentary, the other (to left) has produ

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 402 UREDINEAE. G. Ellisii Berk. On Chamaecyparis thyoides. The aecidial stage on Pyrus Mains and P. arhutifolia. On red cedar {Junipencs virginiana): G. macropus Lk. The aecidia and pycnidia occur on Pyrus Malus, P. coronaria, P. arhutifolia, Cratct^us tomentosa, C. Bouglasii, and Amelanchier canadensis; they are known as. Pig. 237.—Spores of Gym. hiseptaium. (After Woenile.) Fig. 23S.—Spores of Gym. Elliiii. (After Stock Photo$

RMRDED17–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 402 UREDINEAE. G. Ellisii Berk. On Chamaecyparis thyoides. The aecidial stage on Pyrus Mains and P. arhutifolia. On red cedar {Junipencs virginiana): G. macropus Lk. The aecidia and pycnidia occur on Pyrus Malus, P. coronaria, P. arhutifolia, Cratct^us tomentosa, C. Bouglasii, and Amelanchier canadensis; they are known as. Pig. 237.—Spores of Gym. hiseptaium. (After Woenile.) Fig. 23S.—Spores of Gym. Elliiii. (After

RMPG42WH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMOPARA. 131 PI. vibumi, Peck. On Viburnum (U.S. America). PI. densa (Eabh.). On Scrophularineae (Britain). PI. ribicola (Schroet.). On Ribes ruhrum (U.S. America). PI. epilobii (Eabh.). On Epilobium palustre, and S. parvifolium. PI. obducens (Schroet.). On cotyledons of Impatiem (U.S. America). PI. geranii (Peck.). On Geraniums in America. PI. Halstedii, Berl. and de Toni. On Silphium, Rudheckia, Helianthus, and

RMRDD809–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 312 USTILAGINEAE. germination produce a thread-like promyeelium bearing apical conidia, which conjugate in pairs before emerging from the host-tissues. The following species form conidia on the host-plant: Entyloma serotinum Schroet. occurs on leaves of Symphytum tuberosum, S. officincdis, and Borago officinalis. E. canescens Schroet. On Myosotis (Britain). E. fuscum Schroet. On Papaver Rhoeas and /'. Argemone. E. b

RMRDC1N4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 116.âH7/poderma strobicota on Pinus Strobus. Ascus containing eight ascospores â with gelatinous coats; paraphyses with clavate ends. (After v. Tubeuf.) Fig. 117.âHypoderma strobicoia. Isolated ascospores: with and without a gelatinous coat, and one- or two-celled. (After v. Tubeuf.) some species, but have a delicate stalk in others. The spores, eight in each ascus, are never long and thread-like, but always mu

RMRDD839–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 288 USTILAGINEAE. Ust. perennans Eostr.^ This smut or dust-brand occurs frequently in the flowers of Arrhenatherum elatms (Fig. 157). The mycelium perennates in the rhizome. An UstUago nearly allied to the preceding one occurs also on Festuca pratensis, Lolium peren/ne, and other grasses. The Smut of Barley. There are really two species of UstUago found on barley, Fig. 15S.—i^siiiajo pereKmow. Spore-oulture jj-f Jmr

RMRDC195–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 209.—Chrysomyxa rhodcdendrl. Twig of Rhododendron hirsvXum with sori of nredo- Fig. 210.—Chrysotnyxa rhododendri on Rho- spores on the lower epidermis, causing dis- ttodendron fein-ugincv.m. Uredospore-sori in coloured spots on the upper, (v. Tubeuf September as elongated white stripes on the del.) stem below the leaves, (v. Tubeuf deL) The uredospores are yellow and ovoid, with granular protuber- ances on thei

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ENTYLOMA. 313 Still to mention are : E. Ellissi Halst., known as "white smut."^ It inhabits spinach {Spinacia oleracea), discolouring the leaves. E. ossifragi Eostr. on Narthedum osdfragwm in Denmark. E. catenulatum Bostr. on Aira caespitosa in Denmark. Fig. 169.—Entylonia Aic}iers<mii. Germin- ated spore with septate promycelium; one promycelial branch remains rudimentary, the other (to left) has produ Stock Photo$

RMRDD7YW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ENTYLOMA. 313 Still to mention are : E. Ellissi Halst., known as "white smut."^ It inhabits spinach {Spinacia oleracea), discolouring the leaves. E. ossifragi Eostr. on Narthedum osdfragwm in Denmark. E. catenulatum Bostr. on Aira caespitosa in Denmark. Fig. 169.—Entylonia Aic}iers<mii. Germin- ated spore with septate promycelium; one promycelial branch remains rudimentary, the other (to left) has produ

RMRDDWJK–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMOPARA. 131 PI. vibumi, Peck. On Viburnum (U.S. America). PI. densa (Eabh.). On Scrophularineae (Britain). PI. ribicola (Schroet.). On Ribes ruhrum (U.S. America). PI. epilobii (Eabh.). On Epilobium palustre, and S. parvifolium. PI. obducens (Schroet.). On cotyledons of Impatiem (U.S. America). PI. geranii (Peck.). On Geraniums in America. PI. Halstedii, Berl. and de Toni. On Silphium, Rudheckia, Helianthus, and

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