RM2B02AAY–Jain cosmology is the description of the shape and functioning of the physical and metaphysical Universe (loka) and its constituents (such as living, matter, space, time etc.) according to Jainism, which includes the canonical Jain texts, commentaries and the writings of the Jain philosopher-monks. Of all the dvipa (islands) Jambudvipa is very significant because it is in the center of the whole universe. Jambudwip is surrounded by a very high and broad wall. The wall is supposed to be made from precious gold, diamonds and such other jewels. Even the grill work is done by gold and diamonds. T
RM2B02AAX–Jain cosmology is the description of the shape and functioning of the physical and metaphysical Universe (loka) and its constituents (such as living, matter, space, time etc.) according to Jainism, which includes the canonical Jain texts, commentaries and the writings of the Jain philosopher-monks. Of all the dvipa (islands) Jambudvipa is very significant because it is in the center of the whole universe. Jambudwip is surrounded by a very high and broad wall. The wall is supposed to be made from precious gold, diamonds and such other jewels. Even the grill work is done by gold and diamonds. T
RM2B02Y2G–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English.
RM2B02Y2H–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English.
RM2B02Y29–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English.
RM2B02Y2C–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English.
RM2B02Y28–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English.
RM2B01A76–China: Three Manichaean priests. Mural from Gaochang, Turfan, Xinjiang, 8th-9th century. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 AD) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
RM2B01A74–China: Three Manichaean priests. Mural from Gaochang, Turfan, Xinjiang, 8th-9th century. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 AD) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
RM2B034TN–Naraka (Sanskrit; Pali: Niraya) is a term in Buddhist cosmology usually referred to in English as 'hell'. The Naraka of Buddhism is closely related to Diyu, the hell of Chinese mythology. A Naraka differs from the hell of Christianity in two respects: firstly, beings are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment and punishment; secondly, the length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long.
RM2B02Y2P–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English. In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (also, yin-yang or yin yang) describes how apparently opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other as t
RM2B02Y2J–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English. In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (also, yin-yang or yin yang) describes how apparently opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other as t
RM2B02Y2N–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English. In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (also, yin-yang or yin yang) describes how apparently opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other as t
RM2B02Y2K–The bagua are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either 'broken' or 'unbroken'', representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as 'trigrams' in English. In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (also, yin-yang or yin yang) describes how apparently opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other as t
RM2B034T8–Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Through an ongoing process which takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light from which it came. Its beliefs can be seen as a
RM2B02F3W–Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Through an ongoing process which takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light from which it came. Its beliefs can be seen as a
RM2B026C3–Dok so faa are elaborate temple roof decorations that usually represent the universe and Mount Meru. Mount Meru (Sanskrit: मेरु), also called Sumeru i.e. the 'Excellent Meru' and Mahameru i.e. 'Great Meru' (Japanese: 須弥山 Shumi-sen), is a sacred mountain in Hindu, Jain as well as Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes. It is also the abode of Lord Brahma and the Demi-Gods (Dev). Wat Nong Sikhounmuang (Sikhunmuang) was originally built in 1729. It was burnt down in 1774, but the bronze Buddha statue that can still be fou
RM2B026C5–Dok so faa are elaborate temple roof decorations that usually represent the universe and Mount Meru. Mount Meru (Sanskrit: मेरु), also called Sumeru i.e. the 'Excellent Meru' and Mahameru i.e. 'Great Meru' (Japanese: 須弥山 Shumi-sen), is a sacred mountain in Hindu, Jain as well as Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes. It is also the abode of Lord Brahma and the Demi-Gods (Dev). Wat Nong Sikhounmuang (Sikhunmuang) was originally built in 1729. It was burnt down in 1774, but the bronze Buddha statue that can still be fou
RM2B026C4–Dok so faa are elaborate temple roof decorations that usually represent the universe and Mount Meru. Mount Meru (Sanskrit: मेरु), also called Sumeru i.e. the 'Excellent Meru' and Mahameru i.e. 'Great Meru' (Japanese: 須弥山 Shumi-sen), is a sacred mountain in Hindu, Jain as well as Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes. It is also the abode of Lord Brahma and the Demi-Gods (Dev). Wat Nong Sikhounmuang (Sikhunmuang) was originally built in 1729. It was burnt down in 1774, but the bronze Buddha statue that can still be fou
RM2B02AAN–The Manusya-loka map represents the world according to the cosmological traditions of Jainism, an ancient religion of India. Human couples are seen in pavilions at different levels, with rivers and world-girdling oceans (blue rings) separating them. The central continent - Jambudvipa, the island of the rose apple tree - has rivers and six mountains represented by rows with triangles, together with Mount Meru at centre represented by a yellow circle.
RM2B00NC4–Central Asia: Manichaean script. Hymn in Parthian. F. W. K. Müller (1904). Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
RM2B00NC5–China: Manichaean text. Turkish written in Manichaean. Dunhuang. Sir Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943). Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
RM2B00NC6–Central Asia: Manichaean script. Letter written in Sogdian. 9th-13th century, Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves, Turpan, Xinjiang. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
RM2B00ME6–China: Detail, Illuminated Manichaean manuscript with musicians from Gaochang, Turfan Oasis, Xinjiang. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Its beliefs can be seen as a synthesis of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
RM2B00MF1–China: Illuminated Manichaean manuscript with musicians from Gaochang, Turfan Oasis, Xinjiang. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Its beliefs can be seen as a synthesis of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
RM2B00MEY–China: Illuminated Manichaean manuscript with musicians from Gaochang, Turfan Oasis, Xinjiang. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Its beliefs can be seen as a synthesis of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
RM2B011FX–Thailand: A view of the temple and pavilions constructed for the cremation ceremony of two princes during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910) in Bangkok. Situated in front of the Grand Palace in central Bangkok, this 60m temple was originally constructed for the cremation of King Mongkut (r. 1851—68) who died of malaria after a trip to Prachuap Khiri Khan province to witness a total solar eclipse. Known as Mount Meru, after the sacred mountain in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology, to symbolise the king's divinity, the temple was decorated in gold and mirror glass.
RM2B011FP–Thailand: The temple and pavilions constructed for the cremation ceremony of King Mongkut (Rama IV) in Bangkok in 1868. Situated in front of the Grand Palace in central Bangkok, this 60m temple was constructed for the cremation of King Mongkut (r. 1851—68) who died of malaria after a trip to Prachuap Khiri Khan province to witness a total solar eclipse. Known as Mount Meru, after the sacred mountain in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology, to symbolise the king's divinity, the temple was decorated in gold and mirror glass, and surrounded by eight spired chedis marking the eight points on the compass.
RM2B00TTX–Laos: Flag of the Kingdom of Laos (1952-1975). From 1952 until the fall of the royal government in 1975 the country had a red flag, with a white three-headed elephant (the god Erawan) in the middle. On top of the elephant is a nine-folded umbrella, while the elephant itself stands on a five-level pedestal. The white elephant is a common royal symbol in Southeast Asia, the three heads referred to the three former kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak which made up the country. The nine-folded umbrella is also a royal symbol, originating from Mt. Meru in the Buddhist cosmology.
RM2B018JK–China: Shao Yong (1011-1077), Song Dynasty philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian who influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Woodblock print from 'Images of Ancient People in History', c. 1498. Shao Yong, also named Shao Kangjie and courtesy name Yaofu, was a member of a group of thinkers who gathered in Luoyang toward the last three decades of the 11th century. This group had two primary objectives. One of these was to draw parallels between their own streams of thought and that of Confucianism as understood by Mencius.
RM2B018JJ–China: Shao Yong (1011-1077), Song Dynasty philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian who influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Illustration from 'Wan Hsiao Tang' by Shangguan Zhou (c. 1665-1750), c. 1743. Shao Yong, also named Shao Kangjie and courtesy name Yaofu, was a member of a group of thinkers who gathered in Luoyang toward the last three decades of the 11th century. This group had two primary objectives. One of these was to draw parallels between their own streams of thought and that of Confucianism as understood by Mencius.
RM2B0186J–China: 'God admonishing Adam and Eve'. Fragment of an illustrated Manichaean text, Xinjiang, c. 8th-9th century. Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (c. 216–276 CE) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism taught an elaborate cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness.
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