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Cold cathode Stock Photos and Images
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters M-P Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-m-p-image437574855.htmlRF2GBW75B–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters M-P
Perspective view of Cold cathode lamp CCL screen panels at Zounohana park, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Panels are illuminated in the night. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/perspective-view-of-cold-cathode-lamp-ccl-screen-panels-at-zounohana-park-yokohama-kanagawa-japan-panels-are-illuminated-in-the-night-image327628043.htmlRF2A10MWF–Perspective view of Cold cathode lamp CCL screen panels at Zounohana park, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Panels are illuminated in the night.
Long exposure photograph of handheld light sources being moved in front of the camera. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-long-exposure-photograph-of-handheld-light-sources-being-moved-in-54183014.htmlRMD446YJ–Long exposure photograph of handheld light sources being moved in front of the camera.
Crookes X-ray tube Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/crookes-x-ray-tube-image544612845.htmlRF2PJ176N–Crookes X-ray tube
(5 Feb. 1971) --- A close-up view of the Suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE), foreground, and cold cathode ion gauge (CCIG), smaller object in background, components of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), which was deployed on the moon by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their first extravehicular activity (EVA) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/5-feb-1971-a-close-up-view-of-the-suprathermal-ion-detector-experiment-side-foreground-and-cold-cathode-ion-gauge-ccig-smaller-object-in-background-components-of-the-apollo-lunar-surface-experiments-package-alsep-which-was-deployed-on-the-moon-by-the-apollo-14-astronauts-during-their-first-extravehicular-activity-eva-image439758493.htmlRM2GFCMCD–(5 Feb. 1971) --- A close-up view of the Suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE), foreground, and cold cathode ion gauge (CCIG), smaller object in background, components of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), which was deployed on the moon by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their first extravehicular activity (EVA)
Neon street artist workshop downtown Palma de Majorca, Spain Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-neon-street-artist-workshop-downtown-palma-de-majorca-spain-73601734.htmlRME7MRNA–Neon street artist workshop downtown Palma de Majorca, Spain
compact UV - ultraviolet CCFL - Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp on white surface Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/compact-uv-ultraviolet-ccfl-cold-cathode-fluorescent-lamp-on-white-surface-image457580206.htmlRF2HGCG66–compact UV - ultraviolet CCFL - Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp on white surface
Easy cash in neon lights - red and blue - Easy money - become a Bitcoin investor, taking the opportunity to be rich gambling or investing Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/easy-cash-in-neon-lights-red-and-blue-easy-money-become-a-bitcoin-investor-taking-the-opportunity-to-be-rich-gambling-or-investing-image557182564.htmlRM2RADT18–Easy cash in neon lights - red and blue - Easy money - become a Bitcoin investor, taking the opportunity to be rich gambling or investing
(5 Feb. 1971) --- A close-up view of the Suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE), foreground, and cold cathode ion gauge (CCIG), smaller object in background, components of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), which was deployed on the moon by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their first extravehicular activity (EVA). Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/5-feb-1971-a-close-up-view-of-the-suprathermal-ion-detector-experiment-side-foreground-and-cold-cathode-ion-gauge-ccig-smaller-object-in-background-components-of-the-apollo-lunar-surface-experiments-package-alsep-which-was-deployed-on-the-moon-by-the-apollo-14-astronauts-during-their-first-extravehicular-activity-eva-image443111035.htmlRM2GMWCJ3–(5 Feb. 1971) --- A close-up view of the Suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE), foreground, and cold cathode ion gauge (CCIG), smaller object in background, components of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), which was deployed on the moon by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their first extravehicular activity (EVA).
LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. Stock Vectorhttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-leds-have-allowed-new-displays-and-sensors-to-be-developed-while-their-135199602.htmlRFHRXTD6–LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology.
Vintage illustration explaining the uses of Roentgen (aka Röntgen or R Rays) in Crooke's Tube, shadowgraphs & Skioscope. The Roentgen is a measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays. The Crookes tube or Crookes–Hittorf tube led to the discovery of cathode rays. Eine Vintage-Illustration, die die Verwendung von Röntgen (auch bekannt als Röntgen oder R Rays) in Crooke's Tube, Schattendiagrammen und dem Skioskop erklärt. Der Röntgen ist ein Maß für die Exposition von Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen. Die Crookes-Röhre oder Crookes-Hittorf-Röhre führte zur Entdeckung von Kathodenstrahlen Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/vintage-illustration-explaining-the-uses-of-roentgen-aka-rntgen-or-r-rays-in-crookes-tube-shadowgraphs-skioscope-the-roentgen-is-a-measurement-for-the-exposure-of-x-rays-and-gamma-rays-the-crookes-tube-or-crookeshittorf-tube-led-to-the-discovery-of-cathode-rays-eine-vintage-illustration-die-die-verwendung-von-rntgen-auch-bekannt-als-rntgen-oder-r-rays-in-crookes-tube-schattendiagrammen-und-dem-skioskop-erklrt-der-rntgen-ist-ein-ma-fr-die-exposition-von-rntgen-und-gammastrahlen-die-crookes-rhre-oder-crookes-hittorf-rhre-fhrte-zur-entdeckung-von-kathodenstrahlen-image479251976.htmlRM2JRKPP0–Vintage illustration explaining the uses of Roentgen (aka Röntgen or R Rays) in Crooke's Tube, shadowgraphs & Skioscope. The Roentgen is a measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays. The Crookes tube or Crookes–Hittorf tube led to the discovery of cathode rays. Eine Vintage-Illustration, die die Verwendung von Röntgen (auch bekannt als Röntgen oder R Rays) in Crooke's Tube, Schattendiagrammen und dem Skioskop erklärt. Der Röntgen ist ein Maß für die Exposition von Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen. Die Crookes-Röhre oder Crookes-Hittorf-Röhre führte zur Entdeckung von Kathodenstrahlen
Cathode Cold Engineering Symbol, Vector symbol design. Engineering Symbols. Stock Vectorhttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cathode-cold-engineering-symbol-vector-symbol-design-engineering-symbols-image504799716.htmlRF2M97H58–Cathode Cold Engineering Symbol, Vector symbol design. Engineering Symbols.
Internal composition LED Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/internal-composition-led-image227467218.htmlRFR620N6–Internal composition LED
Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-cold-cathode-gauge-experiment-169321392.htmlRMKRD74G–Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
Someone had fun throwing out their old Television in Berlin, Germany. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/someone-had-fun-throwing-out-their-old-television-in-berlin-germany-image237309007.htmlRMRP2A1K–Someone had fun throwing out their old Television in Berlin, Germany.
Old cathode ray tube (CRT) television (TV) fly tipped in winter snow. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-old-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-tv-fly-tipped-in-winter-snow-26935342.htmlRMBFR08E–Old cathode ray tube (CRT) television (TV) fly tipped in winter snow.
ATM CASH Neon Sign Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/atm-cash-neon-sign-image3642457.htmlRFA50M5A–ATM CASH Neon Sign
Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/warsaw-poland-22nd-dec-2023-a-vintage-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-model-illuminated-with-christmas-lighting-is-seen-playing-soviet-era-cartoons-in-warsaw-poland-on-22-december-2023-objects-and-designs-from-the-time-of-the-polish-peoples-republic-prl-have-been-chose-as-this-years-theme-for-christmas-lighting-decoratoins-in-the-city-photo-by-jaap-arrienssipa-usa-credit-sipa-usaalamy-live-news-image590660655.htmlRM2W8XWKB–Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News
Neon Arrow Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/neon-arrow-image3402838.htmlRFA26M57–Neon Arrow
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters Q-T Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-q-t-image437574926.htmlRF2GBW77X–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters Q-T
Neon Open Sign Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/neon-open-sign-image3402831.htmlRFA26M50–Neon Open Sign
Advertisement for tinplate can in Steglitz, Berlin, Germany - 3rd June 2021. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/advertisement-for-tinplate-can-in-steglitz-berlin-germany-3rd-june-2021-image430866858.htmlRM2G0YK22–Advertisement for tinplate can in Steglitz, Berlin, Germany - 3rd June 2021.
Crookes X-ray tube Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/crookes-x-ray-tube-image544612847.htmlRF2PJ176R–Crookes X-ray tube
. Elements of radio telephony . Fig. 20.—Cold cathode rectifier and electrolytic condenser. exactly similar to those shown for use with hot-cathode rec-tifiers with the vacuum tubes replaced by the proper mmiberof cells connected in series. The filament circuit is of coursenot needed. Obviously either single- or double-wave rec-tification may be obtained by the proper connection. VACUUM TUBE OSCILLATORS ■ 4L Proper operation is indicated by a series of star-like sparksat the surface of the aluminum electrode and care should betaken to provide sufficient capacity so that the electrolytedoes not Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-radio-telephony-fig-20cold-cathode-rectifier-and-electrolytic-condenser-exactly-similar-to-those-shown-for-use-with-hot-cathode-rec-tifiers-with-the-vacuum-tubes-replaced-by-the-proper-mmiberof-cells-connected-in-series-the-filament-circuit-is-of-coursenot-needed-obviously-either-single-or-double-wave-rec-tification-may-be-obtained-by-the-proper-connection-vacuum-tube-oscillators-4l-proper-operation-is-indicated-by-a-series-of-star-like-sparksat-the-surface-of-the-aluminum-electrode-and-care-should-betaken-to-provide-sufficient-capacity-so-that-the-electrolytedoes-not-image376014563.htmlRM2CRMXBF–. Elements of radio telephony . Fig. 20.—Cold cathode rectifier and electrolytic condenser. exactly similar to those shown for use with hot-cathode rec-tifiers with the vacuum tubes replaced by the proper mmiberof cells connected in series. The filament circuit is of coursenot needed. Obviously either single- or double-wave rec-tification may be obtained by the proper connection. VACUUM TUBE OSCILLATORS ■ 4L Proper operation is indicated by a series of star-like sparksat the surface of the aluminum electrode and care should betaken to provide sufficient capacity so that the electrolytedoes not
Neon street artist workshop downtown Palma de Majorca, Spain Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-neon-street-artist-workshop-downtown-palma-de-majorca-spain-73601730.htmlRME7MRN6–Neon street artist workshop downtown Palma de Majorca, Spain
compact UV - ultraviolet CCFL - Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp on white surface Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/compact-uv-ultraviolet-ccfl-cold-cathode-fluorescent-lamp-on-white-surface-image457662924.htmlRF2HGG9MC–compact UV - ultraviolet CCFL - Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp on white surface
Love - baby it lights my fire, neon on a red background Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/love-baby-it-lights-my-fire-neon-on-a-red-background-image557182565.htmlRM2RADT19–Love - baby it lights my fire, neon on a red background
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Figure 38.5 The magnitude of the output of 'neon' or cold cathode stimulators is of the order of 10 V, sufficient for excised preparations but of little use where there is much by-passing of stimulating current by surrounding structures. More powerful outputs can be had from thyratrons^, but there seems to be an increasing tendency among research workers to demand stimulating pulses of rectangular waveform; the repetition rate, duration and amplitude all to be variable. To do this it is usual to employ hard valves. An early hard-valve stimulator Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-figure-385-the-magnitude-of-the-output-of-neon-or-cold-cathode-stimulators-is-of-the-order-of-10-v-sufficient-for-excised-preparations-but-of-little-use-where-there-is-much-by-passing-of-stimulating-current-by-surrounding-structures-more-powerful-outputs-can-be-had-from-thyratrons-but-there-seems-to-be-an-increasing-tendency-among-research-workers-to-demand-stimulating-pulses-of-rectangular-waveform-the-repetition-rate-duration-and-amplitude-all-to-be-variable-to-do-this-it-is-usual-to-employ-hard-valves-an-early-hard-valve-stimulator-image178412458.htmlRMMA7AWE–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Figure 38.5 The magnitude of the output of 'neon' or cold cathode stimulators is of the order of 10 V, sufficient for excised preparations but of little use where there is much by-passing of stimulating current by surrounding structures. More powerful outputs can be had from thyratrons^, but there seems to be an increasing tendency among research workers to demand stimulating pulses of rectangular waveform; the repetition rate, duration and amplitude all to be variable. To do this it is usual to employ hard valves. An early hard-valve stimulator
Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 COLD CATHODE DIODE Another version of the circuit is in Figure 7.9b, for switching pulses of the same polarity. The glow is switched on by making the anode temporarily extra positive, increasing the anode-cathode potential difference as before, but is switched off by making the cathode temporarily extra positive, thus reducing the anode-cathode potential. Alternatively, of course, the circuit may be switched 'on' by negative pulses at the cathode and 'off' by negative Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronicappara00dona-year-1958-cold-cathode-diode-another-version-of-the-circuit-is-in-figure-79b-for-switching-pulses-of-the-same-polarity-the-glow-is-switched-on-by-making-the-anode-temporarily-extra-positive-increasing-the-anode-cathode-potential-difference-as-before-but-is-switched-off-by-making-the-cathode-temporarily-extra-positive-thus-reducing-the-anode-cathode-potential-alternatively-of-course-the-circuit-may-be-switched-on-by-negative-pulses-at-the-cathode-and-off-by-negative-image240837530.htmlRMRYR2MA–Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 COLD CATHODE DIODE Another version of the circuit is in Figure 7.9b, for switching pulses of the same polarity. The glow is switched on by making the anode temporarily extra positive, increasing the anode-cathode potential difference as before, but is switched off by making the cathode temporarily extra positive, thus reducing the anode-cathode potential. Alternatively, of course, the circuit may be switched 'on' by negative pulses at the cathode and 'off' by negative
Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/warsaw-poland-22nd-dec-2023-a-vintage-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-model-illuminated-with-christmas-lighting-is-seen-playing-soviet-era-cartoons-in-warsaw-poland-on-22-december-2023-objects-and-designs-from-the-time-of-the-polish-peoples-republic-prl-have-been-chose-as-this-years-theme-for-christmas-lighting-decoratoins-in-the-city-photo-by-jaap-arrienssipa-usa-credit-sipa-usaalamy-live-news-image590660646.htmlRM2W8XWK2–Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters E-H Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-e-h-image437574763.htmlRF2GBW723–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters E-H
Neon Open Sign Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/neon-open-sign-image6074355.htmlRFA30FY4–Neon Open Sign
Advertisement for tinplate can in Steglitz, Berlin, Germany - 3rd June 2021. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/advertisement-for-tinplate-can-in-steglitz-berlin-germany-3rd-june-2021-image430866938.htmlRM2G0YK4X–Advertisement for tinplate can in Steglitz, Berlin, Germany - 3rd June 2021.
Neon Check Loans Sign Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/neon-check-loans-sign-image3402843.htmlRFA26M5C–Neon Check Loans Sign
. The Bell System technical journal . elays operated releasethe group restore (gr) and all busy (ab) relays restoring control ofthe idle indicating lamps at all originating switchboards to the associatedtrunks. Timing is obtained by means of cold cathode gas tubes in com-bination with resistance-capacitance circuits. The control gap of thegas tube (terminals 1 and 4) is connected across the capacitor which isnormally short circuited thru 510 ohms. To start timing, the gt-relay remove the short circuit around the capacitor and connects groundthru the tf- relay in series with the capacitor and t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-bell-system-technical-journal-elays-operated-releasethe-group-restore-gr-and-all-busy-ab-relays-restoring-control-ofthe-idle-indicating-lamps-at-all-originating-switchboards-to-the-associatedtrunks-timing-is-obtained-by-means-of-cold-cathode-gas-tubes-in-com-bination-with-resistance-capacitance-circuits-the-control-gap-of-thegas-tube-terminals-1-and-4-is-connected-across-the-capacitor-which-isnormally-short-circuited-thru-510-ohms-to-start-timing-the-gt-relay-remove-the-short-circuit-around-the-capacitor-and-connects-groundthru-the-tf-relay-in-series-with-the-capacitor-and-t-image376123612.htmlRM2CRWWE4–. The Bell System technical journal . elays operated releasethe group restore (gr) and all busy (ab) relays restoring control ofthe idle indicating lamps at all originating switchboards to the associatedtrunks. Timing is obtained by means of cold cathode gas tubes in com-bination with resistance-capacitance circuits. The control gap of thegas tube (terminals 1 and 4) is connected across the capacitor which isnormally short circuited thru 510 ohms. To start timing, the gt-relay remove the short circuit around the capacitor and connects groundthru the tf- relay in series with the capacitor and t
Rusty neon sign - EAT - Vintage Restaurant Sign from rural United States USA Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/rusty-neon-sign-eat-vintage-restaurant-sign-from-rural-united-states-usa-image553175815.htmlRM2R3Y9B3–Rusty neon sign - EAT - Vintage Restaurant Sign from rural United States USA
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . -300VO- -vvv^-'-^Tnmr^-i- 0-40mA 1,250il 20H 5W Figure 37.3 hundreds of ohms. It is not possible to be more precise than this because individual tubes vary appreciably in their abihty to maintain a near-constant potential difference over a wide range of current. Cold-cathode-diode- stabilized power packs are therefore suitable for applications where the load is rather constant, such as precision oscillators, differential amplifiers, etc. 3-7kft ? 85V^ 7-5mA Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-300vo-vvv-tnmr-i-0-40ma-1250il-20h-5w-figure-373-hundreds-of-ohms-it-is-not-possible-to-be-more-precise-than-this-because-individual-tubes-vary-appreciably-in-their-abihty-to-maintain-a-near-constant-potential-difference-over-a-wide-range-of-current-cold-cathode-diode-stabilized-power-packs-are-therefore-suitable-for-applications-where-the-load-is-rather-constant-such-as-precision-oscillators-differential-amplifiers-etc-3-7kft-85v-7-5ma-image178412486.htmlRMMA7AXE–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . -300VO- -vvv^-'-^Tnmr^-i- 0-40mA 1,250il 20H 5W Figure 37.3 hundreds of ohms. It is not possible to be more precise than this because individual tubes vary appreciably in their abihty to maintain a near-constant potential difference over a wide range of current. Cold-cathode-diode- stabilized power packs are therefore suitable for applications where the load is rather constant, such as precision oscillators, differential amplifiers, etc. 3-7kft ? 85V^ 7-5mA
Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 INTERSTAGE COUPLING is also effective within the limitations already outlined. As it works best when Vi anode potential is low it is particularly suited to the coupling of low-level amplifier stages. 'Neon lamp' coupling This makes use of the ability of a cold cathode diode to maintain across itself a rather constant potential difference; clearly as the potential at A in Figure 9.4 fluctuates the current in the ballast resistor R^, fluctuates also and HT+ HT+ HT- Fi Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronicappara00dona-year-1958-interstage-coupling-is-also-effective-within-the-limitations-already-outlined-as-it-works-best-when-vi-anode-potential-is-low-it-is-particularly-suited-to-the-coupling-of-low-level-amplifier-stages-neon-lamp-coupling-this-makes-use-of-the-ability-of-a-cold-cathode-diode-to-maintain-across-itself-a-rather-constant-potential-difference-clearly-as-the-potential-at-a-in-figure-94-fluctuates-the-current-in-the-ballast-resistor-r-fluctuates-also-and-ht-ht-ht-fi-image240861603.htmlRMRYT5C3–Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 INTERSTAGE COUPLING is also effective within the limitations already outlined. As it works best when Vi anode potential is low it is particularly suited to the coupling of low-level amplifier stages. 'Neon lamp' coupling This makes use of the ability of a cold cathode diode to maintain across itself a rather constant potential difference; clearly as the potential at A in Figure 9.4 fluctuates the current in the ballast resistor R^, fluctuates also and HT+ HT+ HT- Fi
Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/warsaw-poland-22nd-dec-2023-a-vintage-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-model-illuminated-with-christmas-lighting-is-seen-playing-soviet-era-cartoons-in-warsaw-poland-on-22-december-2023-objects-and-designs-from-the-time-of-the-polish-peoples-republic-prl-have-been-chose-as-this-years-theme-for-christmas-lighting-decoratoins-in-the-city-photo-by-jaap-arrienssipa-usa-credit-sipa-usaalamy-live-news-image590660660.htmlRM2W8XWKG–Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters A-D Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-a-d-image437574746.htmlRF2GBW71E–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters A-D
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. The Bell System technical journal . Fig. 1—Cold-cathode gas tubes—pentode, diode and octode. of such a system. System operation is described in this paper after amore detailed discussion of the components mentioned above. COMPONENTS Cold cathode tubes, usually diode or triode types, have found wide-spread application in the past but the gas tubes used in the ECASSsystem were developed to have special characteristics for switching use.The three types of cold cathode gas tubes used were: a diode, a screengrid pentode and a multi-purpose octode. Fig. 1 shows a photograph ofeach type and Fig. 2 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-bell-system-technical-journal-fig-1cold-cathode-gas-tubespentode-diode-and-octode-of-such-a-system-system-operation-is-described-in-this-paper-after-amore-detailed-discussion-of-the-components-mentioned-above-components-cold-cathode-tubes-usually-diode-or-triode-types-have-found-wide-spread-application-in-the-past-but-the-gas-tubes-used-in-the-ecasssystem-were-developed-to-have-special-characteristics-for-switching-usethe-three-types-of-cold-cathode-gas-tubes-used-were-a-diode-a-screengrid-pentode-and-a-multi-purpose-octode-fig-1-shows-a-photograph-ofeach-type-and-fig-2-image376097804.htmlRM2CRTMGC–. The Bell System technical journal . Fig. 1—Cold-cathode gas tubes—pentode, diode and octode. of such a system. System operation is described in this paper after amore detailed discussion of the components mentioned above. COMPONENTS Cold cathode tubes, usually diode or triode types, have found wide-spread application in the past but the gas tubes used in the ECASSsystem were developed to have special characteristics for switching use.The three types of cold cathode gas tubes used were: a diode, a screengrid pentode and a multi-purpose octode. Fig. 1 shows a photograph ofeach type and Fig. 2
Neon Hotel Sign Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/neon-hotel-sign-image3402826.htmlRFA26M4B–Neon Hotel Sign
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. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Figure 38.4 A drawback of the simple neon stimulator is that the time constant, and to some extent the amplitude, of the output depends on the charging capaci- tor in use; that is, frequency and shock waveform are not completely independent. If this is undesirable recourse may be had to two cold-cathode valves, one to generate the repetitive frequency and one to fashion the shock. The circuit of Figure 38.4, devised by the author, gives shocks of from zero to 10 V amplitude at any repetition frequency between 1 and 100 per second. The circuit as Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-figure-384-a-drawback-of-the-simple-neon-stimulator-is-that-the-time-constant-and-to-some-extent-the-amplitude-of-the-output-depends-on-the-charging-capaci-tor-in-use-that-is-frequency-and-shock-waveform-are-not-completely-independent-if-this-is-undesirable-recourse-may-be-had-to-two-cold-cathode-valves-one-to-generate-the-repetitive-frequency-and-one-to-fashion-the-shock-the-circuit-of-figure-384-devised-by-the-author-gives-shocks-of-from-zero-to-10-v-amplitude-at-any-repetition-frequency-between-1-and-100-per-second-the-circuit-as-image178412464.htmlRMMA7AWM–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Figure 38.4 A drawback of the simple neon stimulator is that the time constant, and to some extent the amplitude, of the output depends on the charging capaci- tor in use; that is, frequency and shock waveform are not completely independent. If this is undesirable recourse may be had to two cold-cathode valves, one to generate the repetitive frequency and one to fashion the shock. The circuit of Figure 38.4, devised by the author, gives shocks of from zero to 10 V amplitude at any repetition frequency between 1 and 100 per second. The circuit as
Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 COLD CATHODE DIODE resistance, which is 70 V/1 mA = 70 kQ. Referring to Figure 7.4, it is clear that the goodness of the stabihzation depends on the attenuation of incre- ments in V^, that is, on R being much larger than 200 ohms. There is, however, a catch here. Suppose we choose a tube current of 1 mA as lying nicely in the centre of the makers' recommended range, and suppose Fj = 100 V. A 250-fold reduction in fluctuations of K,^ sounds attractive, so let us aim for Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronicappara00dona-year-1958-cold-cathode-diode-resistance-which-is-70-v1-ma-=-70-kq-referring-to-figure-74-it-is-clear-that-the-goodness-of-the-stabihzation-depends-on-the-attenuation-of-incre-ments-in-v-that-is-on-r-being-much-larger-than-200-ohms-there-is-however-a-catch-here-suppose-we-choose-a-tube-current-of-1-ma-as-lying-nicely-in-the-centre-of-the-makers-recommended-range-and-suppose-fj-=-100-v-a-250-fold-reduction-in-fluctuations-of-k-sounds-attractive-so-let-us-aim-for-image240859283.htmlRMRYT2D7–Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 COLD CATHODE DIODE resistance, which is 70 V/1 mA = 70 kQ. Referring to Figure 7.4, it is clear that the goodness of the stabihzation depends on the attenuation of incre- ments in V^, that is, on R being much larger than 200 ohms. There is, however, a catch here. Suppose we choose a tube current of 1 mA as lying nicely in the centre of the makers' recommended range, and suppose Fj = 100 V. A 250-fold reduction in fluctuations of K,^ sounds attractive, so let us aim for
Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/warsaw-poland-22nd-dec-2023-a-vintage-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-model-illuminated-with-christmas-lighting-is-seen-playing-soviet-era-cartoons-in-warsaw-poland-on-22-december-2023-objects-and-designs-from-the-time-of-the-polish-peoples-republic-prl-have-been-chose-as-this-years-theme-for-christmas-lighting-decoratoins-in-the-city-photo-by-jaap-arrienssipa-usa-credit-sipa-usaalamy-live-news-image590660662.htmlRM2W8XWKJ–Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters X-Z Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-x-z-image437575009.htmlRF2GBW7AW–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters X-Z
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. The Bell System technical journal . ^. Fig. 1—Cold-cathode gas tubes—pentode, diode and octode. of such a system. System operation is described in this paper after amore detailed discussion of the components mentioned above. COMPONENTS Cold cathode tubes, usually diode or triode types, have found wide-spread application in the past but the gas tubes used in the ECASSsystem were developed to have special characteristics for switching use.The three types of cold cathode gas tubes used were: a diode, a screengrid pentode and a multi-purpose octode. Fig. 1 shows a photograph ofeach type and Fig. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-bell-system-technical-journal-fig-1cold-cathode-gas-tubespentode-diode-and-octode-of-such-a-system-system-operation-is-described-in-this-paper-after-amore-detailed-discussion-of-the-components-mentioned-above-components-cold-cathode-tubes-usually-diode-or-triode-types-have-found-wide-spread-application-in-the-past-but-the-gas-tubes-used-in-the-ecasssystem-were-developed-to-have-special-characteristics-for-switching-usethe-three-types-of-cold-cathode-gas-tubes-used-were-a-diode-a-screengrid-pentode-and-a-multi-purpose-octode-fig-1-shows-a-photograph-ofeach-type-and-fig-image376097811.htmlRM2CRTMGK–. The Bell System technical journal . ^. Fig. 1—Cold-cathode gas tubes—pentode, diode and octode. of such a system. System operation is described in this paper after amore detailed discussion of the components mentioned above. COMPONENTS Cold cathode tubes, usually diode or triode types, have found wide-spread application in the past but the gas tubes used in the ECASSsystem were developed to have special characteristics for switching use.The three types of cold cathode gas tubes used were: a diode, a screengrid pentode and a multi-purpose octode. Fig. 1 shows a photograph ofeach type and Fig.
Neon sign at The Rolling Scones cafe, at Gods own Junkyard, Unit 12, Ravenswood Industrial Estate, Shernhall St, Walthamstow, London E17 9HQ Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/neon-sign-at-the-rolling-scones-cafe-at-gods-own-junkyard-unit-12-ravenswood-industrial-estate-shernhall-st-walthamstow-london-e17-9hq-image553175805.htmlRM2R3Y9AN–Neon sign at The Rolling Scones cafe, at Gods own Junkyard, Unit 12, Ravenswood Industrial Estate, Shernhall St, Walthamstow, London E17 9HQ
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Neutral Phase Figure 37.2 Mains input calibrated. If financial stringency dictates the use of simple power packs in instrument applications, then the output impedance should be kept as low as possible by using a low resistance choke, and rectifiers rated for a rather higher current than necessary. The extremely low forward resistance of germanium and silicon junction rectifiers would also be a help here, but as yet they are not very cheap. Cold-cathode-diode-stabilized HT supplies The design of cold-cathode-diode circuits has been discussed in P Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-neutral-phase-figure-372-mains-input-calibrated-if-financial-stringency-dictates-the-use-of-simple-power-packs-in-instrument-applications-then-the-output-impedance-should-be-kept-as-low-as-possible-by-using-a-low-resistance-choke-and-rectifiers-rated-for-a-rather-higher-current-than-necessary-the-extremely-low-forward-resistance-of-germanium-and-silicon-junction-rectifiers-would-also-be-a-help-here-but-as-yet-they-are-not-very-cheap-cold-cathode-diode-stabilized-ht-supplies-the-design-of-cold-cathode-diode-circuits-has-been-discussed-in-p-image178412490.htmlRMMA7AXJ–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Neutral Phase Figure 37.2 Mains input calibrated. If financial stringency dictates the use of simple power packs in instrument applications, then the output impedance should be kept as low as possible by using a low resistance choke, and rectifiers rated for a rather higher current than necessary. The extremely low forward resistance of germanium and silicon junction rectifiers would also be a help here, but as yet they are not very cheap. Cold-cathode-diode-stabilized HT supplies The design of cold-cathode-diode circuits has been discussed in P
Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 COLD CATHODE DIODE Suppose we wish to design a stabilizer to supply 210 V at 0-70 mA. Then the load resistance which corresponds to maximum current is 210 V/70mA = 3,000 ohms. Suppose a string of stabilizers have been chosen which will strike at 255 V. Then 2 K, - F, = 510 - 210 = 300 V, and IR^ must be greater than this. Since Rj^ = 3,000 ohms, / must be 100 mA or greater. Let it be 10 per cent over the critical value, i.e. 110 mA, for safety. Taking 110 mA 2-3 ki2 51 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronicappara00dona-year-1958-cold-cathode-diode-suppose-we-wish-to-design-a-stabilizer-to-supply-210-v-at-0-70-ma-then-the-load-resistance-which-corresponds-to-maximum-current-is-210-v70ma-=-3000-ohms-suppose-a-string-of-stabilizers-have-been-chosen-which-will-strike-at-255-v-then-2-k-f-=-510-210-=-300-v-and-ir-must-be-greater-than-this-since-rj-=-3000-ohms-must-be-100-ma-or-greater-let-it-be-10-per-cent-over-the-critical-value-ie-110-ma-for-safety-taking-110-ma-2-3-ki2-51-image240837231.htmlRMRYR29K–Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 COLD CATHODE DIODE Suppose we wish to design a stabilizer to supply 210 V at 0-70 mA. Then the load resistance which corresponds to maximum current is 210 V/70mA = 3,000 ohms. Suppose a string of stabilizers have been chosen which will strike at 255 V. Then 2 K, - F, = 510 - 210 = 300 V, and IR^ must be greater than this. Since Rj^ = 3,000 ohms, / must be 100 mA or greater. Let it be 10 per cent over the critical value, i.e. 110 mA, for safety. Taking 110 mA 2-3 ki2 51
Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/warsaw-poland-22nd-dec-2023-a-vintage-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-model-illuminated-with-christmas-lighting-is-seen-playing-soviet-era-cartoons-in-warsaw-poland-on-22-december-2023-objects-and-designs-from-the-time-of-the-polish-peoples-republic-prl-have-been-chose-as-this-years-theme-for-christmas-lighting-decoratoins-in-the-city-photo-by-jaap-arrienssipa-usa-credit-sipa-usaalamy-live-news-image590660475.htmlRM2W8XWCY–Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News
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![. The Bell System technical journal . Fig. 13 — Pulse stretcher and channel detector circuit,. i Fig. 14 — Administration unit. Three eo-ax leads entering under shelf bringi]A, B and F pidses from translator. Cable leading to plug with bail-handle resting;on shelf serves to connect writing amplifier output to magnetic heads in translatori|Bottom cable connects to 60-cycle source which supplies all power, 740 MAGNETIC DRUM TRANSLATOR FOR TOLL SWITCHING OFFICES 741 former designed for the audio frequency range, and a cold-cathode gastube. The starter-anode of the gas tube has a dc bias of about Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2CRW1GF/the-bell-system-technical-journal-fig-13-pulse-stretcher-and-channel-detector-circuit-i-fig-14-administration-unit-three-eo-ax-leads-entering-under-shelf-bringi-a-b-and-f-pidses-from-translator-cable-leading-to-plug-with-bail-handle-restingon-shelf-serves-to-connect-writing-amplifier-output-to-magnetic-heads-in-translatoribottom-cable-connects-to-60-cycle-source-which-supplies-all-power-740-magnetic-drum-translator-for-toll-switching-offices-741-former-designed-for-the-audio-frequency-range-and-a-cold-cathode-gastube-the-starter-anode-of-the-gas-tube-has-a-dc-bias-of-about-2CRW1GF.jpg ". The Bell System technical journal . Fig. 13 — Pulse stretcher and channel detector circuit,. i Fig. 14 — Administration unit. Three eo-ax leads entering under shelf bringi]A, B and F pidses from translator. Cable leading to plug with bail-handle resting;on shelf serves to connect writing amplifier output to magnetic heads in translatori|Bottom cable connects to 60-cycle source which supplies all power, 740 MAGNETIC DRUM TRANSLATOR FOR TOLL SWITCHING OFFICES 741 former designed for the audio frequency range, and a cold-cathode gastube. The starter-anode of the gas tube has a dc bias of about Stock Photo")
. The Bell System technical journal . Fig. 13 — Pulse stretcher and channel detector circuit,. i Fig. 14 — Administration unit. Three eo-ax leads entering under shelf bringi]A, B and F pidses from translator. Cable leading to plug with bail-handle resting;on shelf serves to connect writing amplifier output to magnetic heads in translatori|Bottom cable connects to 60-cycle source which supplies all power, 740 MAGNETIC DRUM TRANSLATOR FOR TOLL SWITCHING OFFICES 741 former designed for the audio frequency range, and a cold-cathode gastube. The starter-anode of the gas tube has a dc bias of about Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-bell-system-technical-journal-fig-13-pulse-stretcher-and-channel-detector-circuit-i-fig-14-administration-unit-three-eo-ax-leads-entering-under-shelf-bringi-a-b-and-f-pidses-from-translator-cable-leading-to-plug-with-bail-handle-restingon-shelf-serves-to-connect-writing-amplifier-output-to-magnetic-heads-in-translatoribottom-cable-connects-to-60-cycle-source-which-supplies-all-power-740-magnetic-drum-translator-for-toll-switching-offices-741-former-designed-for-the-audio-frequency-range-and-a-cold-cathode-gastube-the-starter-anode-of-the-gas-tube-has-a-dc-bias-of-about-image376104863.htmlRM2CRW1GF–. The Bell System technical journal . Fig. 13 — Pulse stretcher and channel detector circuit,. i Fig. 14 — Administration unit. Three eo-ax leads entering under shelf bringi]A, B and F pidses from translator. Cable leading to plug with bail-handle resting;on shelf serves to connect writing amplifier output to magnetic heads in translatori|Bottom cable connects to 60-cycle source which supplies all power, 740 MAGNETIC DRUM TRANSLATOR FOR TOLL SWITCHING OFFICES 741 former designed for the audio frequency range, and a cold-cathode gastube. The starter-anode of the gas tube has a dc bias of about
Jesus statue buddy Christ, with neon light design - Rock and Roll guitar Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/jesus-statue-buddy-christ-with-neon-light-design-rock-and-roll-guitar-image557182566.htmlRM2RADT1A–Jesus statue buddy Christ, with neon light design - Rock and Roll guitar
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . + o Variable forward- stabilized supply out — o 1 * * o — Figure 37.11 impedance to be small at all settings of the output control a value of poten- tiometer is required so low that it bleeds a great deal of current. What we can do, however, is to supply the power via a cathode follower whose grid potential is variable. Since the grid current is negligible the grid may be potentiometrically fed from a component of high resistance, and therefore, since the potentiometer current is low, it may easily be cold-cathode- stabilized. The scheme is show Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-o-variable-forward-stabilized-supply-out-o-1-o-figure-3711-impedance-to-be-small-at-all-settings-of-the-output-control-a-value-of-poten-tiometer-is-required-so-low-that-it-bleeds-a-great-deal-of-current-what-we-can-do-however-is-to-supply-the-power-via-a-cathode-follower-whose-grid-potential-is-variable-since-the-grid-current-is-negligible-the-grid-may-be-potentiometrically-fed-from-a-component-of-high-resistance-and-therefore-since-the-potentiometer-current-is-low-it-may-easily-be-cold-cathode-stabilized-the-scheme-is-show-image178412480.htmlRMMA7AX8–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . + o Variable forward- stabilized supply out — o 1 * * o — Figure 37.11 impedance to be small at all settings of the output control a value of poten- tiometer is required so low that it bleeds a great deal of current. What we can do, however, is to supply the power via a cathode follower whose grid potential is variable. Since the grid current is negligible the grid may be potentiometrically fed from a component of high resistance, and therefore, since the potentiometer current is low, it may easily be cold-cathode- stabilized. The scheme is show
Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 SOFT VALVES rapidly accomplished. If R is large the charging phase may be made inde- finitely slow. If V is made large the charge is made quicker—an effect which may be combated by further increase in R—but, more important, only the Figure 7.11 first part of the exponential is used and this is approximately linear. The output is thus of the 'quasi-triangular' form o{ Figure 7.11. Quasi-triangular waveforms occur frequently in electronics. HOT CATHODE DIODE In the cold Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronicappara00dona-year-1958-soft-valves-rapidly-accomplished-if-r-is-large-the-charging-phase-may-be-made-inde-finitely-slow-if-v-is-made-large-the-charge-is-made-quickeran-effect-which-may-be-combated-by-further-increase-in-rbut-more-important-only-the-figure-711-first-part-of-the-exponential-is-used-and-this-is-approximately-linear-the-output-is-thus-of-the-quasi-triangular-form-o-figure-711-quasi-triangular-waveforms-occur-frequently-in-electronics-hot-cathode-diode-in-the-cold-image240837677.htmlRMRYR2WH–Electronic apparatus for biological research Electronic apparatus for biological research . electronicappara00dona Year: 1958 SOFT VALVES rapidly accomplished. If R is large the charging phase may be made inde- finitely slow. If V is made large the charge is made quicker—an effect which may be combated by further increase in R—but, more important, only the Figure 7.11 first part of the exponential is used and this is approximately linear. The output is thus of the 'quasi-triangular' form o{ Figure 7.11. Quasi-triangular waveforms occur frequently in electronics. HOT CATHODE DIODE In the cold
Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/warsaw-poland-22nd-dec-2023-a-vintage-cathode-ray-tube-crt-television-model-illuminated-with-christmas-lighting-is-seen-playing-soviet-era-cartoons-in-warsaw-poland-on-22-december-2023-objects-and-designs-from-the-time-of-the-polish-peoples-republic-prl-have-been-chose-as-this-years-theme-for-christmas-lighting-decoratoins-in-the-city-photo-by-jaap-arrienssipa-usa-credit-sipa-usaalamy-live-news-image590660583.htmlRM2W8XWGR–Warsaw, Poland. 22nd Dec, 2023. A vintage, cathode ray tube (CRT) television model, illuminated with Christmas lighting is seen playing Soviet era cartoons in Warsaw, Poland on 22 December, 2023. Objects and designs from the time of the Polish People's Republic (PRL) have been chose as this year's theme for Christmas lighting decoratoins in the city. (Photo by Jaap Arriens/Sipa USA) Credit: Sipa USA/Alamy Live News
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - digits 1-3 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-digits-1-3-image437575016.htmlRF2GBW7B4–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - digits 1-3
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. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. COLD CATHODE DIODE Another version of the circuit is in Figure 7.9b, for switching pulses of the same polarity. The glow is switched on by making the anode temporarily extra positive, increasing the anode-cathode potential difference as before, but is switched off by making the cathode temporarily extra positive, thus reducing the anode-cathode potential. Alternatively, of course, the circuit may be switched 'on' by negative pulses at the cathode and 'off' by negative pulses at the anode. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-cold-cathode-diode-another-version-of-the-circuit-is-in-figure-79b-for-switching-pulses-of-the-same-polarity-the-glow-is-switched-on-by-making-the-anode-temporarily-extra-positive-increasing-the-anode-cathode-potential-difference-as-before-but-is-switched-off-by-making-the-cathode-temporarily-extra-positive-thus-reducing-the-anode-cathode-potential-alternatively-of-course-the-circuit-may-be-switched-on-by-negative-pulses-at-the-cathode-and-off-by-negative-pulses-at-the-anode-image231887099.htmlRMRD7AA3–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. COLD CATHODE DIODE Another version of the circuit is in Figure 7.9b, for switching pulses of the same polarity. The glow is switched on by making the anode temporarily extra positive, increasing the anode-cathode potential difference as before, but is switched off by making the cathode temporarily extra positive, thus reducing the anode-cathode potential. Alternatively, of course, the circuit may be switched 'on' by negative pulses at the cathode and 'off' by negative pulses at the anode.
Gods Own Junkyard, neon lighting and advertising museum, Unit 12, Ravenswood Industrial Estate, Shernhall St, London, England, UK, E17 9HQ Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/gods-own-junkyard-neon-lighting-and-advertising-museum-unit-12-ravenswood-industrial-estate-shernhall-st-london-england-uk-e17-9hq-image553175743.htmlRM2R3Y98F–Gods Own Junkyard, neon lighting and advertising museum, Unit 12, Ravenswood Industrial Estate, Shernhall St, London, England, UK, E17 9HQ
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . - o- Figure 32.5 Figure 32.6 and rectifier protection is determined by whether a linear or a logarithmic scale is required. For details of rectifier protection methods Scroggie^ and de Gruchy^ may be consulted. Scroggie also quotes a method for the electrical protection of meters reading voltages above 100 or so, due to T. E. Burnup. A cold cathode diode is connected across the meter and an appropriate fraction of the series resistor, such that the tube strikes just before the applied voltage becomes excessive {Figure 32.6). Use of meter amplifi Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-o-figure-325-figure-326-and-rectifier-protection-is-determined-by-whether-a-linear-or-a-logarithmic-scale-is-required-for-details-of-rectifier-protection-methods-scroggie-and-de-gruchy-may-be-consulted-scroggie-also-quotes-a-method-for-the-electrical-protection-of-meters-reading-voltages-above-100-or-so-due-to-t-e-burnup-a-cold-cathode-diode-is-connected-across-the-meter-and-an-appropriate-fraction-of-the-series-resistor-such-that-the-tube-strikes-just-before-the-applied-voltage-becomes-excessive-figure-326-use-of-meter-amplifi-image178412659.htmlRMMA7B4K–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . - o- Figure 32.5 Figure 32.6 and rectifier protection is determined by whether a linear or a logarithmic scale is required. For details of rectifier protection methods Scroggie^ and de Gruchy^ may be consulted. Scroggie also quotes a method for the electrical protection of meters reading voltages above 100 or so, due to T. E. Burnup. A cold cathode diode is connected across the meter and an appropriate fraction of the series resistor, such that the tube strikes just before the applied voltage becomes excessive {Figure 32.6). Use of meter amplifi
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - digits 4-6 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-digits-4-6-image437575099.htmlRF2GBW7E3–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - digits 4-6
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. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. STIMULATORS the primary of a 1 to 4 step-up transformer. The cold-cathode trigger tetrode has its HT arranged so that the main gap just does not break down, and the 0-01 capacitor C charges to 240 V. Each time a pulse arrives from the oscillator via the trigger electrode, the tube fires and the capacitor discharges via the 10k potentiometer across which the output is developed. The 33k resistor is to limit the discharge current. On the completion of discharge the capacitor rapidly re-charg Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-stimulators-the-primary-of-a-1-to-4-step-up-transformer-the-cold-cathode-trigger-tetrode-has-its-ht-arranged-so-that-the-main-gap-just-does-not-break-down-and-the-0-01-capacitor-c-charges-to-240-v-each-time-a-pulse-arrives-from-the-oscillator-via-the-trigger-electrode-the-tube-fires-and-the-capacitor-discharges-via-the-10k-potentiometer-across-which-the-output-is-developed-the-33k-resistor-is-to-limit-the-discharge-current-on-the-completion-of-discharge-the-capacitor-rapidly-re-charg-image231873380.htmlRMRD6MT4–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. STIMULATORS the primary of a 1 to 4 step-up transformer. The cold-cathode trigger tetrode has its HT arranged so that the main gap just does not break down, and the 0-01 capacitor C charges to 240 V. Each time a pulse arrives from the oscillator via the trigger electrode, the tube fires and the capacitor discharges via the 10k potentiometer across which the output is developed. The 33k resistor is to limit the discharge current. On the completion of discharge the capacitor rapidly re-charg
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Output Shock ampli'tude Figure 38.3 The symbol —x • • • • x— means that the component between the crosses is switchable to any of the values shown oscillator described in Chapter 7. Coarse control of shock frequency is obtained by switching in various capacitors between, say, 0-01 and 1 /^F, and fine control by having part of the charging resistance variable. For the 'neon' lamp a difference diode characteristic is desirable, but in point of fact almost any kind of cold-cathode diode will do. Old voltage stabilizer tubes whose regulating propert Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-output-shock-amplitude-figure-383-the-symbol-x-x-means-that-the-component-between-the-crosses-is-switchable-to-any-of-the-values-shown-oscillator-described-in-chapter-7-coarse-control-of-shock-frequency-is-obtained-by-switching-in-various-capacitors-between-say-0-01-and-1-f-and-fine-control-by-having-part-of-the-charging-resistance-variable-for-the-neon-lamp-a-difference-diode-characteristic-is-desirable-but-in-point-of-fact-almost-any-kind-of-cold-cathode-diode-will-do-old-voltage-stabilizer-tubes-whose-regulating-propert-image178412457.htmlRMMA7AWD–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Output Shock ampli'tude Figure 38.3 The symbol —x • • • • x— means that the component between the crosses is switchable to any of the values shown oscillator described in Chapter 7. Coarse control of shock frequency is obtained by switching in various capacitors between, say, 0-01 and 1 /^F, and fine control by having part of the charging resistance variable. For the 'neon' lamp a difference diode characteristic is desirable, but in point of fact almost any kind of cold-cathode diode will do. Old voltage stabilizer tubes whose regulating propert
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters I-L Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-i-l-image437574849.htmlRF2GBW755–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters I-L
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. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. - o- Figure 32.5 Figure 32.6 and rectifier protection is determined by whether a linear or a logarithmic scale is required. For details of rectifier protection methods Scroggie^ and de Gruchy^ may be consulted. Scroggie also quotes a method for the electrical protection of meters reading voltages above 100 or so, due to T. E. Burnup. A cold cathode diode is connected across the meter and an appropriate fraction of the series resistor, such that the tube strikes just before the applied volt Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-o-figure-325-figure-326-and-rectifier-protection-is-determined-by-whether-a-linear-or-a-logarithmic-scale-is-required-for-details-of-rectifier-protection-methods-scroggie-and-de-gruchy-may-be-consulted-scroggie-also-quotes-a-method-for-the-electrical-protection-of-meters-reading-voltages-above-100-or-so-due-to-t-e-burnup-a-cold-cathode-diode-is-connected-across-the-meter-and-an-appropriate-fraction-of-the-series-resistor-such-that-the-tube-strikes-just-before-the-applied-volt-image231884176.htmlRMRD76HM–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. - o- Figure 32.5 Figure 32.6 and rectifier protection is determined by whether a linear or a logarithmic scale is required. For details of rectifier protection methods Scroggie^ and de Gruchy^ may be consulted. Scroggie also quotes a method for the electrical protection of meters reading voltages above 100 or so, due to T. E. Burnup. A cold cathode diode is connected across the meter and an appropriate fraction of the series resistor, such that the tube strikes just before the applied volt
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . PDA+ (a) (b) Figure 32.21 such as mains transformers. To this end, mumetal screens, which fit closely round the outside of the glass envelope, may usually be obtained from the tube manufacturers. The high permeability of mumetal is destroyed by cold working, so these screens should be subjected to as little mechanical distor- tion as possible when being fitted. In exceptionally bad cases one screen may prove to be insufficient; when this happens it is better to use two thin screens, concentrically arranged, than one thick one^. Magnetic cathode Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-pda-a-b-figure-3221-such-as-mains-transformers-to-this-end-mumetal-screens-which-fit-closely-round-the-outside-of-the-glass-envelope-may-usually-be-obtained-from-the-tube-manufacturers-the-high-permeability-of-mumetal-is-destroyed-by-cold-working-so-these-screens-should-be-subjected-to-as-little-mechanical-distor-tion-as-possible-when-being-fitted-in-exceptionally-bad-cases-one-screen-may-prove-to-be-insufficient-when-this-happens-it-is-better-to-use-two-thin-screens-concentrically-arranged-than-one-thick-one-magnetic-cathode-image178412642.htmlRMMA7B42–. Electronic apparatus for biological research . PDA+ (a) (b) Figure 32.21 such as mains transformers. To this end, mumetal screens, which fit closely round the outside of the glass envelope, may usually be obtained from the tube manufacturers. The high permeability of mumetal is destroyed by cold working, so these screens should be subjected to as little mechanical distor- tion as possible when being fitted. In exceptionally bad cases one screen may prove to be insufficient; when this happens it is better to use two thin screens, concentrically arranged, than one thick one^. Magnetic cathode
3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters U-W Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tube-alphabet-letters-u-w-image437574940.htmlRF2GBW78C–3d rendering of cold cathode tube alphabet - letters U-W
3D rendering of Cold cathode tubes showing 2021 New Year Date on dark background Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/3d-rendering-of-cold-cathode-tubes-showing-2021-new-year-date-on-dark-background-image397842743.htmlRF2E378DB–3D rendering of Cold cathode tubes showing 2021 New Year Date on dark background
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. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. SOFT VALVES rapidly accomplished. If R is large the charging phase may be made inde- finitely slow. If V is made large the charge is made quicker—an effect which may be combated by further increase in R—but, more important, only the Figure 7.11 first part of the exponential is used and this is approximately linear. The output is thus of the 'quasi-triangular' form o{ Figure 7.11. Quasi-triangular waveforms occur frequently in electronics. HOT CATHODE DIODE In the cold cathode diode conduct Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-soft-valves-rapidly-accomplished-if-r-is-large-the-charging-phase-may-be-made-inde-finitely-slow-if-v-is-made-large-the-charge-is-made-quickeran-effect-which-may-be-combated-by-further-increase-in-rbut-more-important-only-the-figure-711-first-part-of-the-exponential-is-used-and-this-is-approximately-linear-the-output-is-thus-of-the-quasi-triangular-form-o-figure-711-quasi-triangular-waveforms-occur-frequently-in-electronics-hot-cathode-diode-in-the-cold-cathode-diode-conduct-image231887097.htmlRMRD7AA1–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. SOFT VALVES rapidly accomplished. If R is large the charging phase may be made inde- finitely slow. If V is made large the charge is made quicker—an effect which may be combated by further increase in R—but, more important, only the Figure 7.11 first part of the exponential is used and this is approximately linear. The output is thus of the 'quasi-triangular' form o{ Figure 7.11. Quasi-triangular waveforms occur frequently in electronics. HOT CATHODE DIODE In the cold cathode diode conduct
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. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. INTERSTAGE COUPLING is also effective within the limitations already outlined. As it works best when Vi anode potential is low it is particularly suited to the coupling of low-level amplifier stages. 'Neon lamp' coupling This makes use of the ability of a cold cathode diode to maintain across itself a rather constant potential difference; clearly as the potential at A in Figure 9.4 fluctuates the current in the ballast resistor R^, fluctuates also and HT+ HT+. HT- Figure 9.4 this current f Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-interstage-coupling-is-also-effective-within-the-limitations-already-outlined-as-it-works-best-when-vi-anode-potential-is-low-it-is-particularly-suited-to-the-coupling-of-low-level-amplifier-stages-neon-lamp-coupling-this-makes-use-of-the-ability-of-a-cold-cathode-diode-to-maintain-across-itself-a-rather-constant-potential-difference-clearly-as-the-potential-at-a-in-figure-94-fluctuates-the-current-in-the-ballast-resistor-r-fluctuates-also-and-ht-ht-ht-figure-94-this-current-f-image231887067.htmlRMRD7A8Y–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. INTERSTAGE COUPLING is also effective within the limitations already outlined. As it works best when Vi anode potential is low it is particularly suited to the coupling of low-level amplifier stages. 'Neon lamp' coupling This makes use of the ability of a cold cathode diode to maintain across itself a rather constant potential difference; clearly as the potential at A in Figure 9.4 fluctuates the current in the ballast resistor R^, fluctuates also and HT+ HT+. HT- Figure 9.4 this current f
. The Composition of sea-water : comparative and descriptive oceanography. Seawater -- Composition. 298 VOLKMANN [CHAP. 13 The pingers in use to date are essentially identical to those first developed and described by Swallow (1955). They consist of a relaxation oscillator timed to discharge a relatively high energy capacitor through a cold cathode trigger tube into a 10-kc magneto-strictive toroid. A pulse length of about 2 msec dura- tion and a pulse rate of a ping about every 2-3 sec has been found optimum for this system. While a longer pulse would permit narrower filtering and increased s Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-composition-of-sea-water-comparative-and-descriptive-oceanography-seawater-composition-298-volkmann-chap-13-the-pingers-in-use-to-date-are-essentially-identical-to-those-first-developed-and-described-by-swallow-1955-they-consist-of-a-relaxation-oscillator-timed-to-discharge-a-relatively-high-energy-capacitor-through-a-cold-cathode-trigger-tube-into-a-10-kc-magneto-strictive-toroid-a-pulse-length-of-about-2-msec-dura-tion-and-a-pulse-rate-of-a-ping-about-every-2-3-sec-has-been-found-optimum-for-this-system-while-a-longer-pulse-would-permit-narrower-filtering-and-increased-s-image232642930.htmlRMREDPC2–. The Composition of sea-water : comparative and descriptive oceanography. Seawater -- Composition. 298 VOLKMANN [CHAP. 13 The pingers in use to date are essentially identical to those first developed and described by Swallow (1955). They consist of a relaxation oscillator timed to discharge a relatively high energy capacitor through a cold cathode trigger tube into a 10-kc magneto-strictive toroid. A pulse length of about 2 msec dura- tion and a pulse rate of a ping about every 2-3 sec has been found optimum for this system. While a longer pulse would permit narrower filtering and increased s
. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. COLD CATHODE DIODE resistance, which is 70 V/1 mA = 70 kQ. Referring to Figure 7.4, it is clear that the goodness of the stabihzation depends on the attenuation of incre- ments in V^, that is, on R being much larger than 200 ohms. There is, however, a catch here. Suppose we choose a tube current of 1 mA as lying nicely in the centre of the makers' recommended range, and suppose Fj = 100 V. A 250-fold reduction in fluctuations of K,^ sounds attractive, so let us aim for this. Then R must be Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-cold-cathode-diode-resistance-which-is-70-v1-ma-=-70-kq-referring-to-figure-74-it-is-clear-that-the-goodness-of-the-stabihzation-depends-on-the-attenuation-of-incre-ments-in-v-that-is-on-r-being-much-larger-than-200-ohms-there-is-however-a-catch-here-suppose-we-choose-a-tube-current-of-1-ma-as-lying-nicely-in-the-centre-of-the-makers-recommended-range-and-suppose-fj-=-100-v-a-250-fold-reduction-in-fluctuations-of-k-sounds-attractive-so-let-us-aim-for-this-then-r-must-be-image231887105.htmlRMRD7AA9–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. COLD CATHODE DIODE resistance, which is 70 V/1 mA = 70 kQ. Referring to Figure 7.4, it is clear that the goodness of the stabihzation depends on the attenuation of incre- ments in V^, that is, on R being much larger than 200 ohms. There is, however, a catch here. Suppose we choose a tube current of 1 mA as lying nicely in the centre of the makers' recommended range, and suppose Fj = 100 V. A 250-fold reduction in fluctuations of K,^ sounds attractive, so let us aim for this. Then R must be
. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. -300VO- -vvv^-'-^Tnmr^-i- 0-40mA 1,250il 20H 5W Figure 37.3 hundreds of ohms. It is not possible to be more precise than this because individual tubes vary appreciably in their abihty to maintain a near-constant potential difference over a wide range of current. Cold-cathode-diode- stabilized power packs are therefore suitable for applications where the load is rather constant, such as precision oscillators, differential amplifiers, etc. 3-7kft ? 85V^ 7-5mA. Mains Figure 37.4 Even greater Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-300vo-vvv-tnmr-i-0-40ma-1250il-20h-5w-figure-373-hundreds-of-ohms-it-is-not-possible-to-be-more-precise-than-this-because-individual-tubes-vary-appreciably-in-their-abihty-to-maintain-a-near-constant-potential-difference-over-a-wide-range-of-current-cold-cathode-diode-stabilized-power-packs-are-therefore-suitable-for-applications-where-the-load-is-rather-constant-such-as-precision-oscillators-differential-amplifiers-etc-3-7kft-85v-7-5ma-mains-figure-374-even-greater-image231873428.htmlRMRD6MWT–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. -300VO- -vvv^-'-^Tnmr^-i- 0-40mA 1,250il 20H 5W Figure 37.3 hundreds of ohms. It is not possible to be more precise than this because individual tubes vary appreciably in their abihty to maintain a near-constant potential difference over a wide range of current. Cold-cathode-diode- stabilized power packs are therefore suitable for applications where the load is rather constant, such as precision oscillators, differential amplifiers, etc. 3-7kft ? 85V^ 7-5mA. Mains Figure 37.4 Even greater
. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. Output Shock ampli'tude Figure 38.3 The symbol —x • • • • x— means that the component between the crosses is switchable to any of the values shown oscillator described in Chapter 7. Coarse control of shock frequency is obtained by switching in various capacitors between, say, 0-01 and 1 /^F, and fine control by having part of the charging resistance variable. For the 'neon' lamp a difference diode characteristic is desirable, but in point of fact almost any kind of cold-cathode diode will Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-output-shock-amplitude-figure-383-the-symbol-x-x-means-that-the-component-between-the-crosses-is-switchable-to-any-of-the-values-shown-oscillator-described-in-chapter-7-coarse-control-of-shock-frequency-is-obtained-by-switching-in-various-capacitors-between-say-0-01-and-1-f-and-fine-control-by-having-part-of-the-charging-resistance-variable-for-the-neon-lamp-a-difference-diode-characteristic-is-desirable-but-in-point-of-fact-almost-any-kind-of-cold-cathode-diode-will-image231873381.htmlRMRD6MT5–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. Output Shock ampli'tude Figure 38.3 The symbol —x • • • • x— means that the component between the crosses is switchable to any of the values shown oscillator described in Chapter 7. Coarse control of shock frequency is obtained by switching in various capacitors between, say, 0-01 and 1 /^F, and fine control by having part of the charging resistance variable. For the 'neon' lamp a difference diode characteristic is desirable, but in point of fact almost any kind of cold-cathode diode will
. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. COLD CATHODE DIODE Suppose we wish to design a stabilizer to supply 210 V at 0-70 mA. Then the load resistance which corresponds to maximum current is 210 V/70mA = 3,000 ohms. Suppose a string of stabilizers have been chosen which will strike at 255 V. Then 2 K, - F, = 510 - 210 = 300 V, and IR^ must be greater than this. Since Rj^ = 3,000 ohms, / must be 100 mA or greater. Let it be 10 per cent over the critical value, i.e. 110 mA, for safety. Taking 110 mA 2-3 ki2 510 volts Unstabilized. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-cold-cathode-diode-suppose-we-wish-to-design-a-stabilizer-to-supply-210-v-at-0-70-ma-then-the-load-resistance-which-corresponds-to-maximum-current-is-210-v70ma-=-3000-ohms-suppose-a-string-of-stabilizers-have-been-chosen-which-will-strike-at-255-v-then-2-k-f-=-510-210-=-300-v-and-ir-must-be-greater-than-this-since-rj-=-3000-ohms-must-be-100-ma-or-greater-let-it-be-10-per-cent-over-the-critical-value-ie-110-ma-for-safety-taking-110-ma-2-3-ki2-510-volts-unstabilized-image231887103.htmlRMRD7AA7–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. COLD CATHODE DIODE Suppose we wish to design a stabilizer to supply 210 V at 0-70 mA. Then the load resistance which corresponds to maximum current is 210 V/70mA = 3,000 ohms. Suppose a string of stabilizers have been chosen which will strike at 255 V. Then 2 K, - F, = 510 - 210 = 300 V, and IR^ must be greater than this. Since Rj^ = 3,000 ohms, / must be 100 mA or greater. Let it be 10 per cent over the critical value, i.e. 110 mA, for safety. Taking 110 mA 2-3 ki2 510 volts Unstabilized.
. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. HT SUPPLIES Figure 37.3, which also provides a negative supply from the same trans- former. The use of cold-cathode regulators will considerably reduce the effect of mains voltage fluctuations on the output, but is not conspicuously effective in reducing the output impedance, which will still be of the order of +300V 0-40 mA W150/30 1//? 150/30 1,250A 5W 350-0-350V 14—I 80mA. -300VO- -vvv^-'-^Tnmr^-i- 0-40mA 1,250il 20H 5W Figure 37.3 hundreds of ohms. It is not possible to be more precise Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/electronic-apparatus-for-biological-research-electronic-apparatus-and-appliances-biology-research-ht-supplies-figure-373-which-also-provides-a-negative-supply-from-the-same-trans-former-the-use-of-cold-cathode-regulators-will-considerably-reduce-the-effect-of-mains-voltage-fluctuations-on-the-output-but-is-not-conspicuously-effective-in-reducing-the-output-impedance-which-will-still-be-of-the-order-of-300v-0-40-ma-w15030-1-15030-1250a-5w-350-0-350v-14i-80ma-300vo-vvv-tnmr-i-0-40ma-1250il-20h-5w-figure-373-hundreds-of-ohms-it-is-not-possible-to-be-more-precise-image231873431.htmlRMRD6MWY–. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. HT SUPPLIES Figure 37.3, which also provides a negative supply from the same trans- former. The use of cold-cathode regulators will considerably reduce the effect of mains voltage fluctuations on the output, but is not conspicuously effective in reducing the output impedance, which will still be of the order of +300V 0-40 mA W150/30 1//? 150/30 1,250A 5W 350-0-350V 14—I 80mA. -300VO- -vvv^-'-^Tnmr^-i- 0-40mA 1,250il 20H 5W Figure 37.3 hundreds of ohms. It is not possible to be more precise
Cathode Rays and Some Analogous Rays . wire v^hen hot * A similar observation has been made by Villaei (Eendiconti deila IL Accademia dei Lincei/vol. 5, May 17, 1896), who has investigated the external electrostatic state of BoNTGEN tubes andGeisslek tnbes by the use of elecfcroscopic powders^ Al^B SOME ANALOGOUS B,AYS. 479 yielded a slightly larger shadow than when cold. But this could not be determinedwith certainty. 5. Attempts to Concentrate Cathode Bays. The concentration of cathode rays by the use of concave cathodes to focus the beamdates from the classic researches of Crookes.^^ In the Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cathode-rays-and-some-analogous-rays-wire-vhen-hot-a-similar-observation-has-been-made-by-villaei-eendiconti-deila-il-accademia-dei-linceivol-5-may-17-1896-who-has-investigated-the-external-electrostatic-state-of-bontgen-tubes-andgeisslek-tnbes-by-the-use-of-elecfcroscopic-powders-alb-some-analogous-bays-479-yielded-a-slightly-larger-shadow-than-when-cold-but-this-could-not-be-determinedwith-certainty-5-attempts-to-concentrate-cathode-bays-the-concentration-of-cathode-rays-by-the-use-of-concave-cathodes-to-focus-the-beamdates-from-the-classic-researches-of-crookes-in-the-image338385814.htmlRM2AJEPFJ–Cathode Rays and Some Analogous Rays . wire v^hen hot * A similar observation has been made by Villaei (Eendiconti deila IL Accademia dei Lincei/vol. 5, May 17, 1896), who has investigated the external electrostatic state of BoNTGEN tubes andGeisslek tnbes by the use of elecfcroscopic powders^ Al^B SOME ANALOGOUS B,AYS. 479 yielded a slightly larger shadow than when cold. But this could not be determinedwith certainty. 5. Attempts to Concentrate Cathode Bays. The concentration of cathode rays by the use of concave cathodes to focus the beamdates from the classic researches of Crookes.^^ In the
. Bulletin. , while the side creceives the deposit as a whole. The part marked a being subjectedto such action as occurs upon any anode, is liable to be attacked by Figure 34.—Arrangement forcompound electrodes, a, An-ode ( + ) ; ft, neutral part(o) ; c, cathode ( —) ; C, c2.compound pervious elec-trodes ; e, simple perviousanode; e3, simple perviouscathode. 136 ELECTE0DEP0SITI0N OF COLD AND SILVER. the solution unless made of some substance insoluble in the elec-trolyte. In cyanide solutions coke whiskers and excelsior charcoalhave been found sufficiently resistant to act as anodes at any or Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/bulletin-while-the-side-creceives-the-deposit-as-a-whole-the-part-marked-a-being-subjectedto-such-action-as-occurs-upon-any-anode-is-liable-to-be-attacked-by-figure-34arrangement-forcompound-electrodes-a-an-ode-ft-neutral-parto-c-cathode-c-c2compound-pervious-elec-trodes-e-simple-perviousanode-e3-simple-perviouscathode-136-electe0dep0siti0n-of-cold-and-silver-the-solution-unless-made-of-some-substance-insoluble-in-the-elec-trolyte-in-cyanide-solutions-coke-whiskers-and-excelsior-charcoalhave-been-found-sufficiently-resistant-to-act-as-anodes-at-any-or-image337058417.htmlRM2AGA9CH–. Bulletin. , while the side creceives the deposit as a whole. The part marked a being subjectedto such action as occurs upon any anode, is liable to be attacked by Figure 34.—Arrangement forcompound electrodes, a, An-ode ( + ) ; ft, neutral part(o) ; c, cathode ( —) ; C, c2.compound pervious elec-trodes ; e, simple perviousanode; e3, simple perviouscathode. 136 ELECTE0DEP0SITI0N OF COLD AND SILVER. the solution unless made of some substance insoluble in the elec-trolyte. In cyanide solutions coke whiskers and excelsior charcoalhave been found sufficiently resistant to act as anodes at any or
. Radiography and radio-therapeutics . , which favours the maintenance of the vacuum (see Fig. 356). 1 For experiences and experinents with the Coolidge tube, see Proceedings of the BoyalSociety of Medicine for March 1916. 442 RADIO-THERAPEUTICS This tube makes it possible to get closer to the skin surface with the anti-cathode. The tube is fitted with an osmosis regulator. (2) The ordinary water-cooled tube is also very useful. Both of thesetubes may be fitted with a circulating flow of cold water by means of aspecial apparatus. Of the later types of tubes which are made to stand heavy curren Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-which-favours-the-maintenance-of-the-vacuum-see-fig-356-1-for-experiences-and-experinents-with-the-coolidge-tube-see-proceedings-of-the-boyalsociety-of-medicine-for-march-1916-442-radio-therapeutics-this-tube-makes-it-possible-to-get-closer-to-the-skin-surface-with-the-anti-cathode-the-tube-is-fitted-with-an-osmosis-regulator-2-the-ordinary-water-cooled-tube-is-also-very-useful-both-of-thesetubes-may-be-fitted-with-a-circulating-flow-of-cold-water-by-means-of-aspecial-apparatus-of-the-later-types-of-tubes-which-are-made-to-stand-heavy-curren-image376007363.htmlRM2CRMH6B–. Radiography and radio-therapeutics . , which favours the maintenance of the vacuum (see Fig. 356). 1 For experiences and experinents with the Coolidge tube, see Proceedings of the BoyalSociety of Medicine for March 1916. 442 RADIO-THERAPEUTICS This tube makes it possible to get closer to the skin surface with the anti-cathode. The tube is fitted with an osmosis regulator. (2) The ordinary water-cooled tube is also very useful. Both of thesetubes may be fitted with a circulating flow of cold water by means of aspecial apparatus. Of the later types of tubes which are made to stand heavy curren
![. Metallographic etching reagents: I, for copper. Fig. 13.—Results obtained by etching cold-drawn copper with the re-agents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, reducedto 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching reagent used 664 Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards [Voi. i6. Fig. 14.—Results obtained by etching cathode (electrolytic) copper withthe reagents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, re-duced to 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching regeant used L^eiu] Metallographic Etching Reagents for Copper 665 accentuates the p Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2CEGG0G/metallographic-etching-reagents-i-for-copper-fig-13results-obtained-by-etching-cold-drawn-copper-with-the-re-agents-listed-in-table-i-original-magnification-xioo-reducedto-75-the-number-under-each-micrograph-refers-to-the-etching-reagent-used-664-scientific-papers-of-the-bureau-of-standards-voi-i6-fig-14results-obtained-by-etching-cathode-electrolytic-copper-withthe-reagents-listed-in-table-i-original-magnification-xioo-re-duced-to-75-the-number-under-each-micrograph-refers-to-the-etching-regeant-used-leiu-metallographic-etching-reagents-for-copper-665-accentuates-the-p-2CEGG0G.jpg ". Metallographic etching reagents: I, for copper. Fig. 13.—Results obtained by etching cold-drawn copper with the re-agents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, reducedto 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching reagent used 664 Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards [Voi. i6. Fig. 14.—Results obtained by etching cathode (electrolytic) copper withthe reagents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, re-duced to 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching regeant used L^eiu] Metallographic Etching Reagents for Copper 665 accentuates the p Stock Photo")
. Metallographic etching reagents: I, for copper. Fig. 13.—Results obtained by etching cold-drawn copper with the re-agents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, reducedto 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching reagent used 664 Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards [Voi. i6. Fig. 14.—Results obtained by etching cathode (electrolytic) copper withthe reagents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, re-duced to 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching regeant used L^eiu] Metallographic Etching Reagents for Copper 665 accentuates the p Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/metallographic-etching-reagents-i-for-copper-fig-13results-obtained-by-etching-cold-drawn-copper-with-the-re-agents-listed-in-table-i-original-magnification-xioo-reducedto-75-the-number-under-each-micrograph-refers-to-the-etching-reagent-used-664-scientific-papers-of-the-bureau-of-standards-voi-i6-fig-14results-obtained-by-etching-cathode-electrolytic-copper-withthe-reagents-listed-in-table-i-original-magnification-xioo-re-duced-to-75-the-number-under-each-micrograph-refers-to-the-etching-regeant-used-leiu-metallographic-etching-reagents-for-copper-665-accentuates-the-p-image370386704.htmlRM2CEGG0G–. Metallographic etching reagents: I, for copper. Fig. 13.—Results obtained by etching cold-drawn copper with the re-agents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, reducedto 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching reagent used 664 Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards [Voi. i6. Fig. 14.—Results obtained by etching cathode (electrolytic) copper withthe reagents listed in Table i. Original magnification, Xioo, re-duced to 75 The number under each micrograph refers to the etching regeant used L^eiu] Metallographic Etching Reagents for Copper 665 accentuates the p
. Biophysical science. Biophysics. 4 : 4/ The Conduction of Impulses by Nerves 79 without sparking or breakdown of any sort. Thus, it is not too surprising that the neuron membrane can withstand field strengths at which dry air breaks down. When the axon is stimulated, its surface potential changes in a characteristic fashion to an action potential or a spike potential. (The latter name arose from the appearance of these impulses on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope.) Axons may be stimulated by any of a wide variety of means. Electrical pulses of various shapes, heat, cold, chemical cha Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/image-license-details/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/biophysical-science-biophysics-4-4-the-conduction-of-impulses-by-nerves-79-without-sparking-or-breakdown-of-any-sort-thus-it-is-not-too-surprising-that-the-neuron-membrane-can-withstand-field-strengths-at-which-dry-air-breaks-down-when-the-axon-is-stimulated-its-surface-potential-changes-in-a-characteristic-fashion-to-an-action-potential-or-a-spike-potential-the-latter-name-arose-from-the-appearance-of-these-impulses-on-the-screen-of-a-cathode-ray-oscilloscope-axons-may-be-stimulated-by-any-of-a-wide-variety-of-means-electrical-pulses-of-various-shapes-heat-cold-chemical-cha-image234602042.htmlRMRHK18A–. Biophysical science. Biophysics. 4 : 4/ The Conduction of Impulses by Nerves 79 without sparking or breakdown of any sort. Thus, it is not too surprising that the neuron membrane can withstand field strengths at which dry air breaks down. When the axon is stimulated, its surface potential changes in a characteristic fashion to an action potential or a spike potential. (The latter name arose from the appearance of these impulses on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope.) Axons may be stimulated by any of a wide variety of means. Electrical pulses of various shapes, heat, cold, chemical cha
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