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RM2AJ81R3–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. i6.—Voluntary muscular tissue. These lines are called strict, and the appearance iscalled striation. ^. The Involuntary Muscles.—Invohmtary mus-cles are made up of fiattish bands of long, narrowfibers, tapering at each end, somewhat of the shapeof an oat, but more slender. Each fiber has a nu-cleus in its middle, and they are al
RM2AJ7YJP–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 24.—Vertical section of the head and neck. At the base of the tongueIS seen the epiglottis, and below this the larynx. Between the larynxand the bodies of the vertebrae lies the oesophagus. shape has often been compared to that of the air.bag of a bag-pipe, which it much resembles (Fig.25). It has two openings, one at the lower
RM2AJ7Y5N–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ?) T ?/ Fig. 25.—Outside of the stomach, front view, showing the muscular coat. extremity, and the cardiac opening near the mid-dle.^ The stomach extends toward the left forabout three inches beyond the cardiac orifice, andis larger in this part than in any other. This por-tion is called the great pouch of the organ (Fig. 26).Each or
RM2AJ845E–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . h, are holes, out ofwhich pass nerves supplying themuscles and other organs of thebody, and into which pass theblood-vessels that nourish thespinal cord, 20. The Spine. — The back-bone, being composed of so manypieces, is very movable. Thepower of motion varies, however,in different parts. It is greatestin the neck, and least in that
RM2AJ7RK4–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . to about -^-^ of an inch.At about this point the cartilagerings disappear, but the tubes stilldivide until the smallest are only -^of an inch in diameter. At the veryends of the smallest tubes, there isan enlargement about -^ of an inchin diameter, called a pulmonary lobule(Fig. 37). It constitutes a small cav-ity, into which dip lit
RM2AJ7RFJ–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . cases,for some person to take hold of the tip of thetongue with a towel to prevent its slipping from thegrasp, and draw it forward so as to leave the pas-sage to the lungs clear.^ As soon as the person begins to* breathe he canswallow, and five grains of carbonate of ammoniashould be given him in a quarter of a tumbler of * In all ca
RM2AJ7NXB–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . - the. /
RM2AJ8113–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ach other. Only oneof them is directly under the control of the will, andevery one can do more toward preventing dyspep-sia and other disorders of the digestive organs, bypaying some attention to the proper and completemastication of his food than in almost any otherway. If we examine the mouth, with reference toits uses in masticati
RM2AJ7ECF–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . colors with ease, but can pick out themost delicate shades of any particular color withunfailing accuracy, others are unable to discrimi-nate, for example, between red and green. Suchpersons are called color-blind, and can not see anydifference between the fruit and the leaves of acherry-tree, excepting by the shape. 385. Near-Sight
RM2AJ83W2–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . fuse the force of a blow. The protection affordedby the shape and structure of the outside por-tion of the skull is very great, and it is a well-known fact in surgery that a blow upon the topof the head, without breaking the bone on whichit falls, may break the bones at the base of theskull, immediately opposite the spot of the blow,
RM2AJ861K–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . FiG. 2.—Epithelium from the mouth. Fig. 3.—Liver-cells. buminous matter, which has by some been calledprotoplasmjf sometimes surrounded by a thin mem- * Scrape gently the surface of the tongue, and put the fluid thusobtained under the microscope. Plenty of cells will then be seen,similar in appearance to those shown in Fig. 1. Pro
RM2AJ7G77–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . n the tongue, but ithas been found, by careful experiments, that wecan perceive the flavor of substances also with thesoft palate and a small portion of the throat. Thetongue is a muscular organ of great mobility, and issupplied with three nerves from the brain. One of * An easy way to satisfy ones self of the deceptive nature of our
RM2AJ7HX9–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . 220 ORGANS OF CO-ORDINATION. human being it is so plentifully supplied with blood-vessels that, if its removal should be attempted, theperson would die of haemorrhage. This has beenthe invariable result of experiments on the higherkinds of animals, as the dog or horse. But there isno doubt that, if the cerebrum could be removedwithou
RM2AJ871W–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . 0032108575. General Plan of the Circulation. AUTHORIZED PHYSIOLOGY SERIES, No. J. THE OUTLINES OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND. HYGIENE V BEING AN EDITION OFTHE ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE REVISED TO CONFORM TO THE LEGISLATION MAKING THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM A MANDATORY STUDY IN
RM2AJ7FAR–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e isas hidden and mysterious and impalpable as the na-ture of our consciousness. Let us now examine thestructure of the organ which perceives this strangestimulus and enables it to affect our brain. 373. Situation of the Eye.—The eye is situatedin a cavity called the orbit, surrounded by bone ex-cepting in front, and padded all about
RM2AJ7NK0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . dip downfrom the neck, passing tothe arm through the arm-pit. As soon as the arteryenters the arm it is calledthe brachial, and it con-tinues its course down theinside of the limb to theelbow, where it comes infront (Fig! 47). Here itdivides in two, the radialand ulnar, which passdown, one on each side ofthe arm, to the hand, whereth
RM2AJ7JEG–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . effect what-ever is produced. There are no convulsive move-ments of the muscles, and no indication of sensa-tion. This seems to show that, in the fibers of theanterior root, the nervous impulse is transmittedfrom within outward, and gives rise to the phe-nomena of motion, while they have nothing to dowith sensation. 274. Division of
RM2AJ80F0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . escribed) and endswith the large intestine, and is nearly thirty feet inlength. It does not properly assume the form of atube until the beginning of the cesophagus, or gullet,and at one point, namely, at the lower extremity ofthe oesophagus, there is a considerable enlargement,which has the appearance of a bag or pouch, and iscalled
RM2AJ7J8M–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . rades on the march while fast asleep. CHAPTER IV. THE LRAIX. 281. The Brain.—The brain and the cerebrum areoften spoken of as if they were convertible terms.But this is not correct. The brain includes all thatpart of the nervous system which lies within the cav-ity of the skull. This great mass of nervous matteris made up of several
RM2AJ7XA7–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e nitrogenousmatters which may have passed the pylorus undi-gested, and changes the starch into sugar. In fact,it seems to be the chief agent in completing the actof digestion, which has begun in the stomach. 131. The Liver. — The liver (Fig. 29) is a verylarge organ, the largest and heaviest in the body,weighing in a healthy adult f
RM2AJ8234–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ere are two kinds of muscles in the body,called voluntary and involinitary, which differ verymuch in their structure and functions. The volun-tary muscles, as the name implies, are under the con-trol of the will; while the involuntary muscles arenot only beyond our control, but act as a rule with-out our knowledge or consciousness. 3
RM2AJ7GF0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . enderedunable to perform its duty in the organism, death isthe result. 324. Structure of the Skin.—The skin is com-posed essentially of two layers, one called the cuticleor epidermis, and the other the cutis or derma (Fig.62).^ The former is the outside layer, and the lat-ter the inside. The epidermis consists of small, flat-tened, d
RM2AJ85N0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ll look precisely alike, except- simplest form of living matter, and makes up the only part of all ani-mal and vegetable bodies which shows signs of life. 8 IN TROD UCTION. ing that the dead one is motionless. A living cell,minute as it is, frequently possesses the power ofindependent motion, or at least is able to changeits form (Fi
RM2AJ7TFC–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 34.—Human blood-corpuscles (highly magnified). From a photograph. *•? The blood-corpuscles of the camel tribe are also oval, but smallerthan those of birds. 114 ORGANS OF REPAIR. WHITE Fig. 35.. Blood-corpuscles of thefrog. from that of man, as is sometimes necessary intrials for murder. 147. The White Blood-CorpuscleSo—The bloo
RM2AJ807P–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 22.—The alimentar> canal. brane very soft and delicate in texture, and con-tinually moistened by its secretions. This is calledmucous membrane, and in one form or another itlines all those internal parts of the body, whichcommunicate with the external air. It is made up largely of fibrous tissue, consistingof fine threads, in
RM2AJ7R78–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Auricles and Ventricles.—Each side ofthe heart is divided into two cavities, making fourin the whole organ. These cavities are called the THE HEART. 149 auricles and ventricles. The ventricles constitute thegreater part of the heart, and it is in their walls thatthe greatest muscular power is located. The auri-cles are smaller caviti
RM2AJ7WEH–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . estine, and all the lac-teals from the villi graduallyunite to form a vessel called thethoracic duct, about as large as agoose-quill, which passes upclose to the spine, and emptiesinto a large vein very near theheart.^ 139. The Portal Vein.—Theblood-vessels which absorb the food from the intes-tines are veins, and they unite with the
RM2AJ7E63–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . headtoward the eyes. 388. The Tears.—In order to keep the corneaperfectly smooth and transparent, and to preservethe softness of the mucous membrane lining the in-terior of the lids, which continually sweep over thecornea, and if rough would irritate and ruin it, aspecial fluid is provided, called the tears, which arecontinually secr
RM2AJ7K9M–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Nerves toright arm. Nerves tofront ofright leg. Nerves toback ofright leg. Fig. 53.—Brain and spinal cord, with the thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. in these organs. The brain is a very complex or^gan, being composed of several different ganglia,each of which has its own peculiar functions. Indescribing the nervous system it will b
RM2AJ7PT1–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Ftg. 43.—Illustrating the action of the valves in the right side of the heart:. 154 ORGANS OF REPAIR. too far back. In other words, to fulfill their object,these cords must be able to become longer or short-. FiG. 44.—Illustrating the action of the valves in the right side of the heart. er according to circumstances. This is effected
RM2AJ7YYN–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . rwithout friction. If it were not for some provisionof this sort, the movements of the stomach and in-testines during digestion would be painful, or atleast disagreeable, while, as things now are, we areentirely unconscious of any movement at all. 95. Swallowing.—After mastication is completedthe tongue passes the mass of food backwa
RM2AJ7RT8–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . pwardjust above the forward end of the glottis, is a stiffpiece of cartilage, shaped like a leaf with a roundedend. This is called the epiglottis, and probablyperforms two functions, viz., that of protecting theglottis from food or other substances during theact of swallowing, and that of directing the columnof expired air up toward
RM2AJ8678–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. I.—Fibrous tissue. 6 INTRODUCTION. constituting almost the entire mass of some parts,as the tendons or sinews, for instance. The word fiber is also used of certain portions of muscularand nervous tissue, in a different sense from the onegiven above. These differences will be explainedhereafter. 4. The Cell.—The cell is the most
RM2AJ7GRM–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . pper jaw, and supplies the cheek,the upper lip, and the outside of the nose; whilethe third comes out at a point near the front of thelower jaw, and supplies the chin and lower lip, be-sides having sent branches to the teeth and tongue,before emerging fromthe jawbone. Thesenerves are the greatnerves of sensation ofthe face, and are g
RM2AJ82N9–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . 26. The Limbs.—More than one half of thebones in the body are found iu the Innbs. Out of twohundred bones, they contain one hundred and twen-ty-six, and these are so constructed and so arrangedas to afford a great variety of movement. The up- THE JOINTS. 25 per and lower limbs are what is called Jiomologotisin their parts—i. e., each
RM2AJ7XK7–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 27.—Junction of the smalland large intestines, and theappendix vermiformis. Thelarge intestine / here called theLLeciiin) is cut away so as toshow the internal openings. 98 ORGANS OF REPAIR. slow passage of the food from the stomach throughthe small intestine to the large one, it is mingledwith various fluids which complete the
RM2AJ7M1K–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ocesses of organic life, and is called the sympa-thetic system. The name of the former indicates thefact that it comprises the cerebrum, or brain, and thespinal cord, with the nerves proceeding from them ;and the name of the latter suggests one of the prin-cipal characteristics of that portion of the nervoussystem, viz., that of indu
RM2AJ7HDR–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e skull. It consists of two halves, called hcnii-spkcrcs, the dividing fissure running from the frontof the head to the back; but the halves are not en-tirely separated. On their under side, a bridge ormass of white fibers runs from one to the other, andserves as a means of nervous communication be-tween them. The cere-brum is compos
RM2AJ82G1–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ation which followsthe injury involves theparts about the joint,and sometimes the jointitself, which maybe leftstiff and almost useless Fig. is.—Fractured humerus, showing fqj- g^ lon^ time aftcr-how the muscles pull the ends of the , ^^^i • • broken bone out of place. Ward. This IS particu- larly the case with frac-tures near the wr
RM2AJ7X1X–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . he organs containedin the abdomen, and also lines the abdominal walls.This smooth, satiny membrane is called the peri-tonaeum, and it renders the movements of the ab-dominal organs possible without discomfort to therest of the organism. Now, the intestine being, ashas been shown, a long, narrow circular tube, orcanal, and the periton
RM2AJ86H5–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . teless(specific gravity, 1.502). It is used by physiciansto induce sleep. CHAPTER IL MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY. 2. Minute Structure of the Body.—The body,when its parts are examined with the microscope, isfound to be made up mainly of cells, fibers, Tind fluids.The cell is considered to be the original elementout of which every ot
RM2AJ84XC–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . , through which the blood cir-culates, and the smallest of these tubes are con-nected at one end with exceedingly minute cavi-ties in the bone, in each of which lies a little cell,which does the work of nourishing, repairing, and enlarging the bone(Fig. 7). Thus wesee that, even in sohard and firm a tis-sue as bone, whathas been said
RM2AJ80T8–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . he ridge of bonerunning backward from the lower border of theeye toward the ear, and below to the horizontalportion of the jaw. The muscle is nearly square inshape, and, as is easily seen, acts at a great mechan-ical advantage. As a matter of interest connectedwith this muscle, it may be stated that it is the mus-cle generally referr
RM2AJ7WM3–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ig. 32). In thevery center of the wholeis an open space, whichis the commencement ofa lacteal. 138. The LactealVessels. — The lactcalsare only a part of a sys- FiG. 3i.-Section of the mucous mem- ^^^ ^£ yesscls Called thebrane of the small intestine, show- ing two villi, and several secreting lympJiaticS,Q^^X,^^ tubes or f
RM2AJ7MWH–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . oulder to the elbow in the arm, and from thegroin to the space behind the knee in the lower ex=tremity. Somewhere in this course, then, the ves-sel must be compressed against the bone beneath ;for below the elbow and knee the artery divides,and the branches are so sit-uated that they can not becompressed. The brachialand femoral arte
RM2AJ7EYA–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . protectthe parts within. The cornea in front answers thesame purpose, and is transparent, in order to allowthe passage of hght. Thechoroid coat serves as anest for the blood-ves-sels which nourish theretina, and also, by itsdark color, prevents therays of light, which haveonce passed through theretina, from passing backagain, and so
RM2AJ7PBG–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e blood to the heart.While the arteries, as a rule, run deep in the body,out of the reach of^injury, the veins are largely nearthe surface, and the whole exterior of the body ismore or less streaked by the blue lines which indi-cate their course. Now, during the contraction ofa muscle, it not only shortens but becomes broaderand thic
RM2AJ7H2Y–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ^ not the case. As a rule, some nerves areentirely nerves of sensa-tion, and others entirelynerves of motion, andthe two functions arenot united in a singletrunk. These nervesare arranged in pairs,like the spinal nerves,one going to one sideof the head or face andthe other to the other. The two most im-portant nerves of theface are t
RM2AJ7T5G–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 36) is atube about four and a half inches long and an inchwide, which divides at its lower extremitv into twosmaller tubes called broncJii^ one of which goes toeach lung. It is mainly fibrous in its structure,and it is kept open to its full extent by a numberof rings of cartilage, placed at a short distanceapart through its whol
RM2AJ852C–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ieties of bone are composedentirely of the spongy (or cancel-lous) tissue, with a thin layer ofhard, compact tissue on the sur-face. i6. The Periosteum and theMinute Structure of Bone.—Allthe bones are covered with avery tough, strong, fibrous m.em-brane, called tho, periosteum, ex-cepting at the parts which enterinto the formation o
RM2AJ7JT0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . from its source, passes through a small gan-glion of gray matter. These two roots, anteriorand posterior, approach each other and unite in asingle cord just before leaving the spinal canal.This cord, therefore, contains fibers from both por-tions of the spinal cord, and, after running a shortdistance, it again divides into two nervou
RM2AJ7G1H–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ^ the specialsensation of smell. The nerve is distributed to theupper third of the nasal passages, and the rest ofthe interior of the nose is supplied by nerves ofordinary sensation (Fig. 64). The amount of any substance required to affectthe sense of smell is inconceivably minute. There. Fig. 64.—The interior of the left nasal passa
RM2AJ7XTC–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . always begins near the stomach, andextends slowly along the whole length of the intes-tine, gradually emptying it of its contents. In this * The outer membrane of the in-testine of animals, when separated fromthe rest, is used for sausage-casings,and, when properly prepared, alsomakes what is called gold-beaters skin,f The beginning
RM2AJ7R1E–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . o pre-vent it, the valves would not only be pressed back- THE HEART, 153 ward toward the auricle when the ventricle con^tracted, so as to meet at their edges and close theopening, but, on account of their flexibility, theirborders would be bent still farther back, so as toopen into the auricle, and allow a reflux of bloodinto that ca
RM2AJ83H9–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. II.—General outlines of the skull, sliowing the sutures. interruptions at the sutures tend to deaden theshock of a blow. 23. The Frontal Sinuses.—In the front of the skull there are twocavities in the sub-stance of the boneitself. These aresituated just abovethe eye-brows, andare called Xh^ fron-tal siniLscs (Fig. 12).The layer
RM2AJ84EB–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . it is called, is not complete before thetwenty-fifth year of life, and therefore no personcan be called really grown up until that time. 19. The Vertebrse.—The foundation, so to speak,of the body—that portion of the skeleton to whichthe remainder is attached, and from which it isbuilt up—is the spine, or backbone (Fig. 9). Thisis com
RM2AJ7TTR–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 33.—Human blood-corpuscles,including two white ones.. Fig. 34.—Human blood-corpuscles (highly magnified). From a photograph. *•? The blood-corpuscles of the camel tribe are also oval, but smallerthan those of birds. 114 ORGANS OF REPAIR. WHITE Fig. 35.
RM2AJ7N56–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . t of Haemorrhage.—Whenthe haemorrhage has thus been temporarily arrested,the pressure must in some way be kept up untilthere is no danger of a fresh burst on its removal.Natures method of permanently arrestmg bleeding-is this: It has been before stated that blood willcoagulate not only outside the vessels, but insidethemx, if its fre
RM2AJ7FK4–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ut impressions are produced upon it by means ofmotion in the atmosphere which surrounds us.This is the sense of hearing. Every movement ofevery form of matter gives rise to waves or vibra-tions in the air, which lies in contact with the mov-ing substance. These atmospheric waves are re-ceived, and the impression made by them is trans
RM2AJ837B–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . artilage allows motion inevery direction. Now the shape of the ribs is sopeculiar, being a sort of double curve, that whenthey are raised at the sides, the ends which join thebreastbone are pushed forward, and of course carrythe breastbone with them„ So it is evident that atevery inspiration the diameter of the chest increasesfrom fr
RM2AJ7MDN–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . an artery with a handkerchiefand stick. HEMORRHAGE. 187 wide and three long, to keep the knot from bruisingthe flesh when the handkerchief is tightened (Fig.50). The handkerchief should be loosely tied in the. Fig. 50.—Direct compression of a wound by means of what surgeons calla graduated compress, made of pads of cloth, folded in d
RM2AJ7KFY–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . FiG. 51.—Xene-fibers. 192 ORGANS OF CO-ORDINATION. parent material, which, after death, appears to co-agulate and becomes whitish and slightly granular.This is called the myelin, or, by others, the whitesubstance of Schwann, from the man who first de-scribed it. In the center of the whole runs a slen-der thread of transparent, very f
RM2AJ7DT3–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools .
RM2AJ7P6M–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 45.—Diagrams illustrating the action of the valves in the veins. numerous in the lower extremities, for here theforce of gravity acts in opposition to the current ofblood, and would seriously interfere with the circu-lation if there were no special provision with refer-ence to it. Thus, when blood has been forced out of a por-ti
RM2AJ81A8–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e change, and if purefluid albumen be injected directly into the blood, itwill be thrown out of the body by the kidneys un-altered. To prepare the various foods for use inthe body, we are provided with a complicated seriesof organs, called the digestive apparatus, in whichthe food is ground fine and mingled with variousjuices until i
RM2AFRP51–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies and families. light mainly effected ? 930. When we viewobjects at a distance, what kind of lens is required ? Has the eye thepower of adapting itself to different distances ? How is it effected ? A PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORGANS OF VISION. 409 Gljservatinn. It is well known that a separate imaf^e isformed on cicli eye, and, if,they are not in the same direc-tion, the objects will appear double. This is proved bypressing one eye, so that tlie rays of light cannot enter it inthe same direction as they do in the other; c
RM2AFW2MF–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies and families. ack. This compressible cushion of car-tilage also serves the important purpose of diffusing anidiminishing the shock in walking, running, or leaping, anJtends to protect the delicate texture of the brain. 86. How are the ribs united to the sternum ? 87. Describe the spinalcolumn. 88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is the spinalcord placed? 80. What is placed bctwopn each vertebra? What isits UM ? ?Up ANArO.MY OF THE BONES. 37 90. Another provision for the protection of the brain,which be
RM2AFJEMY–. Preventive medicine and hygiene. acticallythe best place is at somecentral station, where itmay be done scientifically under official surveillance. Methods of Pasteueization.—There are three well-known methodsby which milk may be pasteurized: (1) the flash method; (2) theholding method; (3) in the bottle. The fiash method consists of heating the milk momentarily to atemperature of about 178° F. (81° C.) and chilling at once. This methodis sometimes incorrectly called commercial pasteurization. It does notgive uniform results, is not entirely reliable, and does not meet withthe approval of th