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The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. i6.—Voluntary muscular tissue. These lines are called strict, and the appearance iscalled striation. ^. The Involuntary Muscles.—Invohmtary mus-cles are made up of fiattish bands of long, narrowfibers, tapering at each end, somewhat of the shapeof an oat, but more slender. Each fiber has a nu-cleus in its middle, and they are al Stock Photo

RM2AJ81R3–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. i6.—Voluntary muscular tissue. These lines are called strict, and the appearance iscalled striation. ^. The Involuntary Muscles.—Invohmtary mus-cles are made up of fiattish bands of long, narrowfibers, tapering at each end, somewhat of the shapeof an oat, but more slender. Each fiber has a nu-cleus in its middle, and they are al

RM2AJ7YJP–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 24.—Vertical section of the head and neck. At the base of the tongueIS seen the epiglottis, and below this the larynx. Between the larynxand the bodies of the vertebrae lies the oesophagus. shape has often been compared to that of the air.bag of a bag-pipe, which it much resembles (Fig.25). It has two openings, one at the lower

RM2AJ7Y5N–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ?) T ?/ Fig. 25.—Outside of the stomach, front view, showing the muscular coat. extremity, and the cardiac opening near the mid-dle.^ The stomach extends toward the left forabout three inches beyond the cardiac orifice, andis larger in this part than in any other. This por-tion is called the great pouch of the organ (Fig. 26).Each or

RM2AJ845E–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . h, are holes, out ofwhich pass nerves supplying themuscles and other organs of thebody, and into which pass theblood-vessels that nourish thespinal cord, 20. The Spine. — The back-bone, being composed of so manypieces, is very movable. Thepower of motion varies, however,in different parts. It is greatestin the neck, and least in that

RM2AJ7RK4–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . to about -^-^ of an inch.At about this point the cartilagerings disappear, but the tubes stilldivide until the smallest are only -^of an inch in diameter. At the veryends of the smallest tubes, there isan enlargement about -^ of an inchin diameter, called a pulmonary lobule(Fig. 37). It constitutes a small cav-ity, into which dip lit

RM2AJ7RFJ–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . cases,for some person to take hold of the tip of thetongue with a towel to prevent its slipping from thegrasp, and draw it forward so as to leave the pas-sage to the lungs clear.^ As soon as the person begins to* breathe he canswallow, and five grains of carbonate of ammoniashould be given him in a quarter of a tumbler of * In all ca

RM2AJ7NXB–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . - the. /

RM2AJ8113–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ach other. Only oneof them is directly under the control of the will, andevery one can do more toward preventing dyspep-sia and other disorders of the digestive organs, bypaying some attention to the proper and completemastication of his food than in almost any otherway. If we examine the mouth, with reference toits uses in masticati

RM2AJ7ECF–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . colors with ease, but can pick out themost delicate shades of any particular color withunfailing accuracy, others are unable to discrimi-nate, for example, between red and green. Suchpersons are called color-blind, and can not see anydifference between the fruit and the leaves of acherry-tree, excepting by the shape. 385. Near-Sight

RM2AJ83W2–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . fuse the force of a blow. The protection affordedby the shape and structure of the outside por-tion of the skull is very great, and it is a well-known fact in surgery that a blow upon the topof the head, without breaking the bone on whichit falls, may break the bones at the base of theskull, immediately opposite the spot of the blow,

RM2AJ861K–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . FiG. 2.—Epithelium from the mouth. Fig. 3.—Liver-cells. buminous matter, which has by some been calledprotoplasmjf sometimes surrounded by a thin mem- * Scrape gently the surface of the tongue, and put the fluid thusobtained under the microscope. Plenty of cells will then be seen,similar in appearance to those shown in Fig. 1. Pro

RM2AJ7G77–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . n the tongue, but ithas been found, by careful experiments, that wecan perceive the flavor of substances also with thesoft palate and a small portion of the throat. Thetongue is a muscular organ of great mobility, and issupplied with three nerves from the brain. One of * An easy way to satisfy ones self of the deceptive nature of our

RM2AJ7HX9–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . 220 ORGANS OF CO-ORDINATION. human being it is so plentifully supplied with blood-vessels that, if its removal should be attempted, theperson would die of haemorrhage. This has beenthe invariable result of experiments on the higherkinds of animals, as the dog or horse. But there isno doubt that, if the cerebrum could be removedwithou

RM2AJ871W–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . 0032108575. General Plan of the Circulation. AUTHORIZED PHYSIOLOGY SERIES, No. J. THE OUTLINES OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND. HYGIENE V BEING AN EDITION OFTHE ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE REVISED TO CONFORM TO THE LEGISLATION MAKING THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM A MANDATORY STUDY IN

RM2AJ7FAR–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e isas hidden and mysterious and impalpable as the na-ture of our consciousness. Let us now examine thestructure of the organ which perceives this strangestimulus and enables it to affect our brain. 373. Situation of the Eye.—The eye is situatedin a cavity called the orbit, surrounded by bone ex-cepting in front, and padded all about

RM2AJ7NK0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . dip downfrom the neck, passing tothe arm through the arm-pit. As soon as the arteryenters the arm it is calledthe brachial, and it con-tinues its course down theinside of the limb to theelbow, where it comes infront (Fig! 47). Here itdivides in two, the radialand ulnar, which passdown, one on each side ofthe arm, to the hand, whereth

RM2AJ7JEG–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . effect what-ever is produced. There are no convulsive move-ments of the muscles, and no indication of sensa-tion. This seems to show that, in the fibers of theanterior root, the nervous impulse is transmittedfrom within outward, and gives rise to the phe-nomena of motion, while they have nothing to dowith sensation. 274. Division of

RM2AJ80F0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . escribed) and endswith the large intestine, and is nearly thirty feet inlength. It does not properly assume the form of atube until the beginning of the cesophagus, or gullet,and at one point, namely, at the lower extremity ofthe oesophagus, there is a considerable enlargement,which has the appearance of a bag or pouch, and iscalled

RM2AJ7J8M–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . rades on the march while fast asleep. CHAPTER IV. THE LRAIX. 281. The Brain.—The brain and the cerebrum areoften spoken of as if they were convertible terms.But this is not correct. The brain includes all thatpart of the nervous system which lies within the cav-ity of the skull. This great mass of nervous matteris made up of several

RM2AJ7XA7–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e nitrogenousmatters which may have passed the pylorus undi-gested, and changes the starch into sugar. In fact,it seems to be the chief agent in completing the actof digestion, which has begun in the stomach. 131. The Liver. — The liver (Fig. 29) is a verylarge organ, the largest and heaviest in the body,weighing in a healthy adult f

RM2AJ8234–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ere are two kinds of muscles in the body,called voluntary and involinitary, which differ verymuch in their structure and functions. The volun-tary muscles, as the name implies, are under the con-trol of the will; while the involuntary muscles arenot only beyond our control, but act as a rule with-out our knowledge or consciousness. 3

RM2AJ7GF0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . enderedunable to perform its duty in the organism, death isthe result. 324. Structure of the Skin.—The skin is com-posed essentially of two layers, one called the cuticleor epidermis, and the other the cutis or derma (Fig.62).^ The former is the outside layer, and the lat-ter the inside. The epidermis consists of small, flat-tened, d

RM2AJ85N0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ll look precisely alike, except- simplest form of living matter, and makes up the only part of all ani-mal and vegetable bodies which shows signs of life. 8 IN TROD UCTION. ing that the dead one is motionless. A living cell,minute as it is, frequently possesses the power ofindependent motion, or at least is able to changeits form (Fi

RM2AJ7TFC–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 34.—Human blood-corpuscles (highly magnified). From a photograph. *•? The blood-corpuscles of the camel tribe are also oval, but smallerthan those of birds. 114 ORGANS OF REPAIR. WHITE Fig. 35.. Blood-corpuscles of thefrog. from that of man, as is sometimes necessary intrials for murder. 147. The White Blood-CorpuscleSo—The bloo

RM2AJ807P–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 22.—The alimentar> canal. brane very soft and delicate in texture, and con-tinually moistened by its secretions. This is calledmucous membrane, and in one form or another itlines all those internal parts of the body, whichcommunicate with the external air. It is made up largely of fibrous tissue, consistingof fine threads, in

RM2AJ7R78–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Auricles and Ventricles.—Each side ofthe heart is divided into two cavities, making fourin the whole organ. These cavities are called the THE HEART. 149 auricles and ventricles. The ventricles constitute thegreater part of the heart, and it is in their walls thatthe greatest muscular power is located. The auri-cles are smaller caviti

RM2AJ7WEH–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . estine, and all the lac-teals from the villi graduallyunite to form a vessel called thethoracic duct, about as large as agoose-quill, which passes upclose to the spine, and emptiesinto a large vein very near theheart.^ 139. The Portal Vein.—Theblood-vessels which absorb the food from the intes-tines are veins, and they unite with the

RM2AJ7E63–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . headtoward the eyes. 388. The Tears.—In order to keep the corneaperfectly smooth and transparent, and to preservethe softness of the mucous membrane lining the in-terior of the lids, which continually sweep over thecornea, and if rough would irritate and ruin it, aspecial fluid is provided, called the tears, which arecontinually secr

RM2AJ7K9M–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Nerves toright arm. Nerves tofront ofright leg. Nerves toback ofright leg. Fig. 53.—Brain and spinal cord, with the thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. in these organs. The brain is a very complex or^gan, being composed of several different ganglia,each of which has its own peculiar functions. Indescribing the nervous system it will b

RM2AJ7PT1–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Ftg. 43.—Illustrating the action of the valves in the right side of the heart:. 154 ORGANS OF REPAIR. too far back. In other words, to fulfill their object,these cords must be able to become longer or short-. FiG. 44.—Illustrating the action of the valves in the right side of the heart. er according to circumstances. This is effected

RM2AJ7YYN–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . rwithout friction. If it were not for some provisionof this sort, the movements of the stomach and in-testines during digestion would be painful, or atleast disagreeable, while, as things now are, we areentirely unconscious of any movement at all. 95. Swallowing.—After mastication is completedthe tongue passes the mass of food backwa

RM2AJ7RT8–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . pwardjust above the forward end of the glottis, is a stiffpiece of cartilage, shaped like a leaf with a roundedend. This is called the epiglottis, and probablyperforms two functions, viz., that of protecting theglottis from food or other substances during theact of swallowing, and that of directing the columnof expired air up toward

RM2AJ8678–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. I.—Fibrous tissue. 6 INTRODUCTION. constituting almost the entire mass of some parts,as the tendons or sinews, for instance. The word fiber is also used of certain portions of muscularand nervous tissue, in a different sense from the onegiven above. These differences will be explainedhereafter. 4. The Cell.—The cell is the most

RM2AJ7GRM–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . pper jaw, and supplies the cheek,the upper lip, and the outside of the nose; whilethe third comes out at a point near the front of thelower jaw, and supplies the chin and lower lip, be-sides having sent branches to the teeth and tongue,before emerging fromthe jawbone. Thesenerves are the greatnerves of sensation ofthe face, and are g

RM2AJ82N9–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . 26. The Limbs.—More than one half of thebones in the body are found iu the Innbs. Out of twohundred bones, they contain one hundred and twen-ty-six, and these are so constructed and so arrangedas to afford a great variety of movement. The up- THE JOINTS. 25 per and lower limbs are what is called Jiomologotisin their parts—i. e., each

RM2AJ7XK7–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 27.—Junction of the smalland large intestines, and theappendix vermiformis. Thelarge intestine / here called theLLeciiin) is cut away so as toshow the internal openings. 98 ORGANS OF REPAIR. slow passage of the food from the stomach throughthe small intestine to the large one, it is mingledwith various fluids which complete the

RM2AJ7M1K–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ocesses of organic life, and is called the sympa-thetic system. The name of the former indicates thefact that it comprises the cerebrum, or brain, and thespinal cord, with the nerves proceeding from them ;and the name of the latter suggests one of the prin-cipal characteristics of that portion of the nervoussystem, viz., that of indu

RM2AJ7HDR–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e skull. It consists of two halves, called hcnii-spkcrcs, the dividing fissure running from the frontof the head to the back; but the halves are not en-tirely separated. On their under side, a bridge ormass of white fibers runs from one to the other, andserves as a means of nervous communication be-tween them. The cere-brum is compos

$The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ation which followsthe injury involves theparts about the joint,and sometimes the jointitself, which maybe leftstiff and almost useless Fig. is.—Fractured humerus, showing fqj- g^ lon^ time aftcr-how the muscles pull the ends of the , ^^^i • • broken bone out of place. Ward. This IS particu- larly the case with frac-tures near the wr Stock Photo$

RM2AJ82G1–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ation which followsthe injury involves theparts about the joint,and sometimes the jointitself, which maybe leftstiff and almost useless Fig. is.—Fractured humerus, showing fqj- g^ lon^ time aftcr-how the muscles pull the ends of the , ^^^i • • broken bone out of place. Ward. This IS particu- larly the case with frac-tures near the wr

RM2AJ7X1X–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . he organs containedin the abdomen, and also lines the abdominal walls.This smooth, satiny membrane is called the peri-tonaeum, and it renders the movements of the ab-dominal organs possible without discomfort to therest of the organism. Now, the intestine being, ashas been shown, a long, narrow circular tube, orcanal, and the periton

RM2AJ86H5–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . teless(specific gravity, 1.502). It is used by physiciansto induce sleep. CHAPTER IL MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY. 2. Minute Structure of the Body.—The body,when its parts are examined with the microscope, isfound to be made up mainly of cells, fibers, Tind fluids.The cell is considered to be the original elementout of which every ot

RM2AJ84XC–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . , through which the blood cir-culates, and the smallest of these tubes are con-nected at one end with exceedingly minute cavi-ties in the bone, in each of which lies a little cell,which does the work of nourishing, repairing, and enlarging the bone(Fig. 7). Thus wesee that, even in sohard and firm a tis-sue as bone, whathas been said

RM2AJ80T8–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . he ridge of bonerunning backward from the lower border of theeye toward the ear, and below to the horizontalportion of the jaw. The muscle is nearly square inshape, and, as is easily seen, acts at a great mechan-ical advantage. As a matter of interest connectedwith this muscle, it may be stated that it is the mus-cle generally referr

RM2AJ7WM3–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ig. 32). In thevery center of the wholeis an open space, whichis the commencement ofa lacteal. 138. The LactealVessels. — The lactcalsare only a part of a sys- FiG. 3i.-Section of the mucous mem- ^^^ ^£ yesscls Called thebrane of the small intestine, show- ing two villi, and several secreting lympJiaticS,Q^^X,^^ tubes or f

RM2AJ7MWH–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . oulder to the elbow in the arm, and from thegroin to the space behind the knee in the lower ex=tremity. Somewhere in this course, then, the ves-sel must be compressed against the bone beneath ;for below the elbow and knee the artery divides,and the branches are so sit-uated that they can not becompressed. The brachialand femoral arte

RM2AJ7EYA–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . protectthe parts within. The cornea in front answers thesame purpose, and is transparent, in order to allowthe passage of hght. Thechoroid coat serves as anest for the blood-ves-sels which nourish theretina, and also, by itsdark color, prevents therays of light, which haveonce passed through theretina, from passing backagain, and so

RM2AJ7PBG–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e blood to the heart.While the arteries, as a rule, run deep in the body,out of the reach of^injury, the veins are largely nearthe surface, and the whole exterior of the body ismore or less streaked by the blue lines which indi-cate their course. Now, during the contraction ofa muscle, it not only shortens but becomes broaderand thic

RM2AJ7H2Y–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ^ not the case. As a rule, some nerves areentirely nerves of sensa-tion, and others entirelynerves of motion, andthe two functions arenot united in a singletrunk. These nervesare arranged in pairs,like the spinal nerves,one going to one sideof the head or face andthe other to the other. The two most im-portant nerves of theface are t

RM2AJ7T5G–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 36) is atube about four and a half inches long and an inchwide, which divides at its lower extremitv into twosmaller tubes called broncJii^ one of which goes toeach lung. It is mainly fibrous in its structure,and it is kept open to its full extent by a numberof rings of cartilage, placed at a short distanceapart through its whol

RM2AJ852C–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ieties of bone are composedentirely of the spongy (or cancel-lous) tissue, with a thin layer ofhard, compact tissue on the sur-face. i6. The Periosteum and theMinute Structure of Bone.—Allthe bones are covered with avery tough, strong, fibrous m.em-brane, called tho, periosteum, ex-cepting at the parts which enterinto the formation o

RM2AJ7JT0–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . from its source, passes through a small gan-glion of gray matter. These two roots, anteriorand posterior, approach each other and unite in asingle cord just before leaving the spinal canal.This cord, therefore, contains fibers from both por-tions of the spinal cord, and, after running a shortdistance, it again divides into two nervou

RM2AJ7G1H–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ^ the specialsensation of smell. The nerve is distributed to theupper third of the nasal passages, and the rest ofthe interior of the nose is supplied by nerves ofordinary sensation (Fig. 64). The amount of any substance required to affectthe sense of smell is inconceivably minute. There. Fig. 64.—The interior of the left nasal passa

RM2AJ7XTC–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . always begins near the stomach, andextends slowly along the whole length of the intes-tine, gradually emptying it of its contents. In this * The outer membrane of the in-testine of animals, when separated fromthe rest, is used for sausage-casings,and, when properly prepared, alsomakes what is called gold-beaters skin,f The beginning

RM2AJ7R1E–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . o pre-vent it, the valves would not only be pressed back- THE HEART, 153 ward toward the auricle when the ventricle con^tracted, so as to meet at their edges and close theopening, but, on account of their flexibility, theirborders would be bent still farther back, so as toopen into the auricle, and allow a reflux of bloodinto that ca

RM2AJ83H9–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. II.—General outlines of the skull, sliowing the sutures. interruptions at the sutures tend to deaden theshock of a blow. 23. The Frontal Sinuses.—In the front of the skull there are twocavities in the sub-stance of the boneitself. These aresituated just abovethe eye-brows, andare called Xh^ fron-tal siniLscs (Fig. 12).The layer

RM2AJ84EB–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . it is called, is not complete before thetwenty-fifth year of life, and therefore no personcan be called really grown up until that time. 19. The Vertebrse.—The foundation, so to speak,of the body—that portion of the skeleton to whichthe remainder is attached, and from which it isbuilt up—is the spine, or backbone (Fig. 9). Thisis com

RM2AJ7TTR–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 33.—Human blood-corpuscles,including two white ones.. Fig. 34.—Human blood-corpuscles (highly magnified). From a photograph. *•? The blood-corpuscles of the camel tribe are also oval, but smallerthan those of birds. 114 ORGANS OF REPAIR. WHITE Fig. 35.

RM2AJ7N56–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . t of Haemorrhage.—Whenthe haemorrhage has thus been temporarily arrested,the pressure must in some way be kept up untilthere is no danger of a fresh burst on its removal.Natures method of permanently arrestmg bleeding-is this: It has been before stated that blood willcoagulate not only outside the vessels, but insidethemx, if its fre

RM2AJ7FK4–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . ut impressions are produced upon it by means ofmotion in the atmosphere which surrounds us.This is the sense of hearing. Every movement ofevery form of matter gives rise to waves or vibra-tions in the air, which lies in contact with the mov-ing substance. These atmospheric waves are re-ceived, and the impression made by them is trans

RM2AJ837B–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . artilage allows motion inevery direction. Now the shape of the ribs is sopeculiar, being a sort of double curve, that whenthey are raised at the sides, the ends which join thebreastbone are pushed forward, and of course carrythe breastbone with them„ So it is evident that atevery inspiration the diameter of the chest increasesfrom fr

RM2AJ7MDN–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . an artery with a handkerchiefand stick. HEMORRHAGE. 187 wide and three long, to keep the knot from bruisingthe flesh when the handkerchief is tightened (Fig.50). The handkerchief should be loosely tied in the. Fig. 50.—Direct compression of a wound by means of what surgeons calla graduated compress, made of pads of cloth, folded in d

RM2AJ7KFY–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . FiG. 51.—Xene-fibers. 192 ORGANS OF CO-ORDINATION. parent material, which, after death, appears to co-agulate and becomes whitish and slightly granular.This is called the myelin, or, by others, the whitesubstance of Schwann, from the man who first de-scribed it. In the center of the whole runs a slen-der thread of transparent, very f

RM2AJ7DT3–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools .

RM2AJ7P6M–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . Fig. 45.—Diagrams illustrating the action of the valves in the veins. numerous in the lower extremities, for here theforce of gravity acts in opposition to the current ofblood, and would seriously interfere with the circu-lation if there were no special provision with refer-ence to it. Thus, when blood has been forced out of a por-ti

RM2AJ81A8–The outlines of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene Being an edition of The essentials of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, rev to conform to the legislation making the effects of alcohol and other narcotics upon the human system a mandatory study in public schools . e change, and if purefluid albumen be injected directly into the blood, itwill be thrown out of the body by the kidneys un-altered. To prepare the various foods for use inthe body, we are provided with a complicated seriesof organs, called the digestive apparatus, in whichthe food is ground fine and mingled with variousjuices until i

. A treatise on anatomy, physiology and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies and families. light mainly effected ? 930. When we viewobjects at a distance, what kind of lens is required ? Has the eye thepower of adapting itself to different distances ? How is it effected ? A PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORGANS OF VISION. 409 Gljservatinn. It is well known that a separate imaf^e isformed on cicli eye, and, if,they are not in the same direc-tion, the objects will appear double. This is proved bypressing one eye, so that tlie rays of light cannot enter it inthe same direction as they do in the other; c Stock Photo

RM2AFRP51–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies and families. light mainly effected ? 930. When we viewobjects at a distance, what kind of lens is required ? Has the eye thepower of adapting itself to different distances ? How is it effected ? A PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORGANS OF VISION. 409 Gljservatinn. It is well known that a separate imaf^e isformed on cicli eye, and, if,they are not in the same direc-tion, the objects will appear double. This is proved bypressing one eye, so that tlie rays of light cannot enter it inthe same direction as they do in the other; c

. A treatise on anatomy, physiology and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies and families. ack. This compressible cushion of car-tilage also serves the important purpose of diffusing anidiminishing the shock in walking, running, or leaping, anJtends to protect the delicate texture of the brain. 86. How are the ribs united to the sternum ? 87. Describe the spinalcolumn. 88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is the spinalcord placed? 80. What is placed bctwopn each vertebra? What isits UM ? ?Up ANArO.MY OF THE BONES. 37 90. Another provision for the protection of the brain,which be Stock Photo

RM2AFW2MF–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies and families. ack. This compressible cushion of car-tilage also serves the important purpose of diffusing anidiminishing the shock in walking, running, or leaping, anJtends to protect the delicate texture of the brain. 86. How are the ribs united to the sternum ? 87. Describe the spinalcolumn. 88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is the spinalcord placed? 80. What is placed bctwopn each vertebra? What isits UM ? ?Up ANArO.MY OF THE BONES. 37 90. Another provision for the protection of the brain,which be

. Preventive medicine and hygiene. acticallythe best place is at somecentral station, where itmay be done scientifically under official surveillance. Methods of Pasteueization.—There are three well-known methodsby which milk may be pasteurized: (1) the flash method; (2) theholding method; (3) in the bottle. The fiash method consists of heating the milk momentarily to atemperature of about 178° F. (81° C.) and chilling at once. This methodis sometimes incorrectly called commercial pasteurization. It does notgive uniform results, is not entirely reliable, and does not meet withthe approval of th Stock Photo

RM2AFJEMY–. Preventive medicine and hygiene. acticallythe best place is at somecentral station, where itmay be done scientifically under official surveillance. Methods of Pasteueization.—There are three well-known methodsby which milk may be pasteurized: (1) the flash method; (2) theholding method; (3) in the bottle. The fiash method consists of heating the milk momentarily to atemperature of about 178° F. (81° C.) and chilling at once. This methodis sometimes incorrectly called commercial pasteurization. It does notgive uniform results, is not entirely reliable, and does not meet withthe approval of th

Text-book of hygiene; a comprehensive treatise on the principles and practice of preventive medicine from an American stand-point . t to the conclusion that not only does the numberof near-sighted pupils increase as the higher classes are reached,but the degree of myopia increases likewise. Thus, a pupilwho may have only a moderate degree of myopia on enteringthe school will have myopia in a higher degree as he advancesin his classes. Erismann found, on re-examining tlie samepupils annually, that in six years 13.14 per cent, of those ex-amined had developed myopia from emmetropia, while in 24. Stock Photo

RM2AKBPFX–Text-book of hygiene; a comprehensive treatise on the principles and practice of preventive medicine from an American stand-point . t to the conclusion that not only does the numberof near-sighted pupils increase as the higher classes are reached,but the degree of myopia increases likewise. Thus, a pupilwho may have only a moderate degree of myopia on enteringthe school will have myopia in a higher degree as he advancesin his classes. Erismann found, on re-examining tlie samepupils annually, that in six years 13.14 per cent, of those ex-amined had developed myopia from emmetropia, while in 24.

. Preventive medicine and hygiene. direct ancestry of the germ cells ineach individual. The cells which make up thebodily structure may be regarded as the resultof so many offshoots which come to an end atthe death of the organism and have no progenyof their own. The minute study of the germ cells taken inconnection with modern experimental work onthe methods by which inheritance takes placeshows a strong tendency to confirm Weismannsviews, so far as the inheritance of distinct anddefinite characters is concerned. Wilson ^ has expressed Weismanns theory asfollows: It is a reversal of the true Stock Photo

RM2AFJPJE–. Preventive medicine and hygiene. direct ancestry of the germ cells ineach individual. The cells which make up thebodily structure may be regarded as the resultof so many offshoots which come to an end atthe death of the organism and have no progenyof their own. The minute study of the germ cells taken inconnection with modern experimental work onthe methods by which inheritance takes placeshows a strong tendency to confirm Weismannsviews, so far as the inheritance of distinct anddefinite characters is concerned. Wilson ^ has expressed Weismanns theory asfollows: It is a reversal of the true

The cost of living : as modified by sanitary science . try, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, assistedby Louise Harding Williams. $1.50 net. Pamphletseparately, $1.00 net. The Cost of Shelter. 12mo. vi +136 pages. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.00. ** Cost of Living Series. 1. Cost of Living. 2. Cost of Food. 3. Cost ofShelter. 4. Cost of Cleanness. 12mo. Cloth. 4vols, in a box. $4.00. Published by WHITCOMB & BARROWS Huntington Chambers The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning. By Ellen H. Richards and S. Maria Elliott. 158 pages. Cloth. $1.00.Food Materials and their Adulterations. 183 pages. Cloth Stock Photo

RM2AN50P6–The cost of living : as modified by sanitary science . try, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, assistedby Louise Harding Williams. $1.50 net. Pamphletseparately, $1.00 net. The Cost of Shelter. 12mo. vi +136 pages. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.00. ** Cost of Living Series. 1. Cost of Living. 2. Cost of Food. 3. Cost ofShelter. 4. Cost of Cleanness. 12mo. Cloth. 4vols, in a box. $4.00. Published by WHITCOMB & BARROWS Huntington Chambers The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning. By Ellen H. Richards and S. Maria Elliott. 158 pages. Cloth. $1.00.Food Materials and their Adulterations. 183 pages. Cloth

. Personal hygiene and home nursing : a practical text for girls and women for home and school use. all bones,called the vertebra. Each one is separated from the next by smalldisks of soft, compressible cartilage or gristle, and they are heldtogether by strong ligaments and muscles. All together theyform the spinal column, which stiffens and supports the body. Inthe middle of this column of bones is a canal through which runsthe spinal cord, thoroughly protected by the walls of the vertebrae.From the spinal cord, through little openings in the vertebrae,nerves go out to all parts of the body. Stock Photo

RM2AFK886–. Personal hygiene and home nursing : a practical text for girls and women for home and school use. all bones,called the vertebra. Each one is separated from the next by smalldisks of soft, compressible cartilage or gristle, and they are heldtogether by strong ligaments and muscles. All together theyform the spinal column, which stiffens and supports the body. Inthe middle of this column of bones is a canal through which runsthe spinal cord, thoroughly protected by the walls of the vertebrae.From the spinal cord, through little openings in the vertebrae,nerves go out to all parts of the body.

. The health guide : aiming at a higher science of life and the life-forces, giving nature's simple and beautiful laws of cure, the science of magnetic manipulation, bathing, electricity, food, sleep, exercise, marriage, and the treatment for one hundred diseases : thus, constituting a home doctor far superior to drugs. Let the states of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection, and a happy<lcr will prevail throughout heaven and earth, and all things will be nourished;d flourish.—Confucius. NEW YORK:PUBLISHED BY E. D. BABBITT, D.M.,437 Fourth Avenue, near 30TH St.-ice $1. Sent post-paid Stock Photo

RM2AG05NH–. The health guide : aiming at a higher science of life and the life-forces, giving nature's simple and beautiful laws of cure, the science of magnetic manipulation, bathing, electricity, food, sleep, exercise, marriage, and the treatment for one hundred diseases : thus, constituting a home doctor far superior to drugs. Let the states of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection, and a happy<lcr will prevail throughout heaven and earth, and all things will be nourished;d flourish.—Confucius. NEW YORK:PUBLISHED BY E. D. BABBITT, D.M.,437 Fourth Avenue, near 30TH St.-ice $1. Sent post-paid

. A treatise on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies, and families. tive of serious and permanent evil. The bandy1 or bow legs are thus produced. What effect has moderate, regular labor upon the growing youth:131. What remark respecting the kind and amount of labor ? At what ageare the bones best fitted for labor ? 132. What effect has long-continuedexertions or positions on the bones of a child ? What is said of the requi-sitions of some teachers, who have the famed quiet schools ? 133. Whyshould not the child be induced to stand or walk, either naturally or art Stock Photo

RM2AG9J8F–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies, and families. tive of serious and permanent evil. The bandy1 or bow legs are thus produced. What effect has moderate, regular labor upon the growing youth:131. What remark respecting the kind and amount of labor ? At what ageare the bones best fitted for labor ? 132. What effect has long-continuedexertions or positions on the bones of a child ? What is said of the requi-sitions of some teachers, who have the famed quiet schools ? 133. Whyshould not the child be induced to stand or walk, either naturally or art

. Personal hygiene and home nursing : a practical text for girls and women for home and school use. io6 Personal Hygiene and Home Nursing. correctly and smoothly done,the sheet should form a di-agonal fold at the corner ofthe mattress. Stock Photo

RM2AFK407–. Personal hygiene and home nursing : a practical text for girls and women for home and school use. io6 Personal Hygiene and Home Nursing. correctly and smoothly done,the sheet should form a di-agonal fold at the corner ofthe mattress.

The physiology and hygiene of the house in which we live . thebrain proper. For instance, we start off to walk. We areconscious of willing that our leg machinery should propel usforward, but once having started it we leave the rest of thework to the ganglionic and spinal nervous system, withoutgiving any thought to it until it is time for us to will to goin some other direction; then we telegraph to the ganglia tocarry us in that way, or stop, as the case may be, like the con-ductor and the fireman on a train. These ganglia, then, regulateautomatically the pressure of our feet and the proper c Stock Photo

RM2AN3YF3–The physiology and hygiene of the house in which we live . thebrain proper. For instance, we start off to walk. We areconscious of willing that our leg machinery should propel usforward, but once having started it we leave the rest of thework to the ganglionic and spinal nervous system, withoutgiving any thought to it until it is time for us to will to goin some other direction; then we telegraph to the ganglia tocarry us in that way, or stop, as the case may be, like the con-ductor and the fireman on a train. These ganglia, then, regulateautomatically the pressure of our feet and the proper c

The school physiology journal . he head changesits appearance during this time. Explain that thedifference in size here is not so great, becauseas the brain grows it gets more wrinkled andthus takes up less room than if it were spreadout flat. Tell the class that every time thebrain is used these wrinkles grow a little deeper,and it is easier to dothis same thing nexttime ; and that whenwe have done a thingmany times, we callit a habit. Prove tothem that things be-come easier throughrepetition, by askingthem to work someproblem in arithme-tic which they founddifficult last year butwhich is now Stock Photo

RM2AXJYG0–The school physiology journal . he head changesits appearance during this time. Explain that thedifference in size here is not so great, becauseas the brain grows it gets more wrinkled andthus takes up less room than if it were spreadout flat. Tell the class that every time thebrain is used these wrinkles grow a little deeper,and it is easier to dothis same thing nexttime ; and that whenwe have done a thingmany times, we callit a habit. Prove tothem that things be-come easier throughrepetition, by askingthem to work someproblem in arithme-tic which they founddifficult last year butwhich is now

Hygiene, dental and general . In either case an increase in the movement of the air wouldmake it seem colder or cooler because moving air continuallychanges the aerial blanket and increases heat transfer andevaporation. Odors.—We have said that disagreeable odors are injuriousto health in having a definite effect upon the appetite. They VENTILATION, HEATING AND LIGHTING 327 probably also irritate or depress the nervous system. To besure the olfactory nerve soon becomes tired and insensible toa given odor but the depressing effect no doubt continues. The nose can always detect a new odor or a d Stock Photo

RM2AN70P9–Hygiene, dental and general . In either case an increase in the movement of the air wouldmake it seem colder or cooler because moving air continuallychanges the aerial blanket and increases heat transfer andevaporation. Odors.—We have said that disagreeable odors are injuriousto health in having a definite effect upon the appetite. They VENTILATION, HEATING AND LIGHTING 327 probably also irritate or depress the nervous system. To besure the olfactory nerve soon becomes tired and insensible toa given odor but the depressing effect no doubt continues. The nose can always detect a new odor or a d

An academic physiology and hygiene .. . from which spring two EXPLANATION. This is an accurate drawing of one of the bones ofthe spine, at the neck.a is the body of the bone. b, the spinous process, or handle, which gives thename of spine to the whole column. c, c, the transverse processes, to which the musclesadhere, producing motion. d, d, round holes, through the arms of the bone,for safely lodging an artery, which carries blood tothe brain. e, e, the upper, and f, f, the under, surfaces, whichmake a joint with the blocks above and below it. g, the hole through which the spinal marrow, or p Stock Photo

RM2ANA35C–An academic physiology and hygiene .. . from which spring two EXPLANATION. This is an accurate drawing of one of the bones ofthe spine, at the neck.a is the body of the bone. b, the spinous process, or handle, which gives thename of spine to the whole column. c, c, the transverse processes, to which the musclesadhere, producing motion. d, d, round holes, through the arms of the bone,for safely lodging an artery, which carries blood tothe brain. e, e, the upper, and f, f, the under, surfaces, whichmake a joint with the blocks above and below it. g, the hole through which the spinal marrow, or p

. Preventive medicine and hygiene. matter in the pits and then deposit it and feed upon the food prepared for the soldiers atthe mess tents. In some instances, where lime had recently been sprinkledover the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime wereseen walking over the food. Vaughan subsequently stated that he con-sidered that about 15 per cent, of the cases of typhoid in the camps werecaused by fly transmission. Alice Hamilton ^ isolated typhoid bacilli from 5 out of 18 house flies captured in Chicago inthe privies and fence neara sick room. It has beenshown experime Stock Photo

RM2AFK18A–. Preventive medicine and hygiene. matter in the pits and then deposit it and feed upon the food prepared for the soldiers atthe mess tents. In some instances, where lime had recently been sprinkledover the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime wereseen walking over the food. Vaughan subsequently stated that he con-sidered that about 15 per cent, of the cases of typhoid in the camps werecaused by fly transmission. Alice Hamilton ^ isolated typhoid bacilli from 5 out of 18 house flies captured in Chicago inthe privies and fence neara sick room. It has beenshown experime

The German nature-cure, and how to practise it . emove congestions, withheadache, giddiness, nervous weakness, and inflammation ofbrain, lungs, and womb. Either knee, leg, arm, or hand bathcan be employed at a time. BATHS. 35 The Alternate Arm Bath.—The arms are held for twominutes in warm water (loo to 104 deg.), and one minute incold (62 deg.). This, repeated three times, is useful inrheumatism, gout, paralysis, etc. EYE BATH. The eyes must be constantly opened and shut, or kept open,in tepid water for some minutes three times daily; afterwardswashed with cold water. This application must be Stock Photo

RM2AX251H–The German nature-cure, and how to practise it . emove congestions, withheadache, giddiness, nervous weakness, and inflammation ofbrain, lungs, and womb. Either knee, leg, arm, or hand bathcan be employed at a time. BATHS. 35 The Alternate Arm Bath.—The arms are held for twominutes in warm water (loo to 104 deg.), and one minute incold (62 deg.). This, repeated three times, is useful inrheumatism, gout, paralysis, etc. EYE BATH. The eyes must be constantly opened and shut, or kept open,in tepid water for some minutes three times daily; afterwardswashed with cold water. This application must be

Life and death .. . earts,and joyous voices, and happy faces; and these will notonly take away from the bitterness of death, but theywill animate and nerve the soul in its onward flight tothe upward regions of eternity. The good that we dohere will not only live with us, and accompany us to theportals of the grave, but it will there plume the wingsof the spirit, and convey us in hope and in faith to theregions of the blessed. His is the desirable fate, who,as the things of this world fade upon his mortal vision,feels the happy consciousness of having contributed tothe utmost of his ability to Stock Photo

RM2ANEMCG–Life and death .. . earts,and joyous voices, and happy faces; and these will notonly take away from the bitterness of death, but theywill animate and nerve the soul in its onward flight tothe upward regions of eternity. The good that we dohere will not only live with us, and accompany us to theportals of the grave, but it will there plume the wingsof the spirit, and convey us in hope and in faith to theregions of the blessed. His is the desirable fate, who,as the things of this world fade upon his mortal vision,feels the happy consciousness of having contributed tothe utmost of his ability to

. Personal hygiene and home nursing : a practical text for girls and women for home and school use. y forfar or near vision, becoming flattened when distant objects arelooked at and rounded out for seeing objects close at hand. Themuscles which regulate the form of the lens are so dehcate and fineas to be named the ciliary, or hairlike, muscles. In addition to the changes that take place within the eye forclear vision, the eye as a whole must be turned in its socket towardthe objects we wish to examine. These movements are broughtabout by external muscles, six of which are attached to each eye Stock Photo

RM2AFK98F–. Personal hygiene and home nursing : a practical text for girls and women for home and school use. y forfar or near vision, becoming flattened when distant objects arelooked at and rounded out for seeing objects close at hand. Themuscles which regulate the form of the lens are so dehcate and fineas to be named the ciliary, or hairlike, muscles. In addition to the changes that take place within the eye forclear vision, the eye as a whole must be turned in its socket towardthe objects we wish to examine. These movements are broughtabout by external muscles, six of which are attached to each eye

. A treatise on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies, and families. 5. How may the circulation and sensibility be restored ? 716. Whattreatment should be adopted when a person is benumbed with cold ? Whattreatment should be adopted when warmth begins to be restored ? Whatis said of chilblains ? 322 ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. CHAPTER XXXY. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN. 717. The hairs are appendages of the skin, and, likethe cuticle, they are a product of secretion. They have noblood-vessels or nerves, and, consequently, no vitality. Thehairs take their origin fro Stock Photo

RM2AG8P0F–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies, and families. 5. How may the circulation and sensibility be restored ? 716. Whattreatment should be adopted when a person is benumbed with cold ? Whattreatment should be adopted when warmth begins to be restored ? Whatis said of chilblains ? 322 ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. CHAPTER XXXY. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN. 717. The hairs are appendages of the skin, and, likethe cuticle, they are a product of secretion. They have noblood-vessels or nerves, and, consequently, no vitality. Thehairs take their origin fro

The school physiology journal . 60RNAL 2^. #^§|^^ PUBLISHED AT BOSTON, MASS.Mary H. hunt, Editor. VOL. VIII No. 9. MAY, 1899. Blaisdells Physiologies The following books fully meet the requirements of the new State lawsrelating to the study of the nature and effect of alcohol and narcoticson the human system. CHILDS BOOK OF HEALTH. FOR INTRODUCTION, 30 CENTS. HOW TO KEEP WELL. FOR INTRODUCTION, 45 CENTS. Our Bodies, and How We Live. FOR INTRODUCTION, 65 CENTS. They fill the bill better than any other books published. For the pastten years they have been favorite text-books in the lower grades Stock Photo

RM2AXHX2X–The school physiology journal . 60RNAL 2^. #^§|^^ PUBLISHED AT BOSTON, MASS.Mary H. hunt, Editor. VOL. VIII No. 9. MAY, 1899. Blaisdells Physiologies The following books fully meet the requirements of the new State lawsrelating to the study of the nature and effect of alcohol and narcoticson the human system. CHILDS BOOK OF HEALTH. FOR INTRODUCTION, 30 CENTS. HOW TO KEEP WELL. FOR INTRODUCTION, 45 CENTS. Our Bodies, and How We Live. FOR INTRODUCTION, 65 CENTS. They fill the bill better than any other books published. For the pastten years they have been favorite text-books in the lower grades

A manual of practical hygiene for students, physicians, and health officers . rriJidc proof ;i;^;iiii.s(, hipliotiiciictioii by :i <l(;ll((;t,iiij^ |):irlitioii williiti IIk; (^IiiiimIxt, wliicli ix-rinits tlif;]);issii|j^(M)r !iir ;iJ)OV(; llic water ami (lirows l)a<k a dIiiiik; of wut<;rKiillicMciiL to iiiaiiitaiii ;i .seal over llircc iiiclirS in »l<|)tli, wliicli n-HiHtrt(svaporation for a loii^ time and cainiol, l»; destroyed by e,a[)ilhiry at-lra<d.ioii. Wlien allae.lied to lixtnres with larj^e outlets and (juiek (Hh-eliari^Cj it is also sell-eleansin^, even wiicii aslics Stock Photo

RM2AKCHC9–A manual of practical hygiene for students, physicians, and health officers . rriJidc proof ;i;^;iiii.s(, hipliotiiciictioii by :i <l(;ll((;t,iiij^ |):irlitioii williiti IIk; (^IiiiimIxt, wliicli ix-rinits tlif;]);issii|j^(M)r !iir ;iJ)OV(; llic water ami (lirows l)a<k a dIiiiik; of wut<;rKiillicMciiL to iiiaiiitaiii ;i .seal over llircc iiiclirS in »l<|)tli, wliicli n-HiHtrt(svaporation for a loii^ time and cainiol, l»; destroyed by e,a[)ilhiry at-lra<d.ioii. Wlien allae.lied to lixtnres with larj^e outlets and (juiek (Hh-eliari^Cj it is also sell-eleansin^, even wiicii aslics

. Preventive medicine and hygiene. Fig. 35.—The Little House Fly {Homalomyiacanicularis 6). (Hewitt.) FLIES 253 bacteria on flies are comparatively small, while later the numbers arevery large. The places where flies live also determine largely the num-ber of bacteria they carry. The average of the 415 flies was about oneand one-quarter million bacteria. The method of the experiment wasto introduce the flies into a sterile bottle and pour into the bottle aknown quantity of sterilized water, then shake the bottle to wash thebacteria from the body of the fly. The numbers, therefore, only repre-s Stock Photo

RM2AFK04Y–. Preventive medicine and hygiene. Fig. 35.—The Little House Fly {Homalomyiacanicularis 6). (Hewitt.) FLIES 253 bacteria on flies are comparatively small, while later the numbers arevery large. The places where flies live also determine largely the num-ber of bacteria they carry. The average of the 415 flies was about oneand one-quarter million bacteria. The method of the experiment wasto introduce the flies into a sterile bottle and pour into the bottle aknown quantity of sterilized water, then shake the bottle to wash thebacteria from the body of the fly. The numbers, therefore, only repre-s

The school physiology journal . hloroformand ether,and that itcould in nosense be looked upon as a true food, like starch or fat. They therefore concluded that it could not be considered a food.— C. R. Drysdale, M.D., London. Alcohol undergoes no digestive or molecularchange in the stomach, but is rapidly absorbedand mixed with the blood. While in the bloodit does not furnish any material for eithergrowth or repair of any of the organized tis-sues, and consequently does not act as a directtissue food.—N. S. Davis, M.D., LL.D., Chi-cago. One tablespoonful of whiskey reduces diges-tive activity Stock Photo

RM2AXJ01H–The school physiology journal . hloroformand ether,and that itcould in nosense be looked upon as a true food, like starch or fat. They therefore concluded that it could not be considered a food.— C. R. Drysdale, M.D., London. Alcohol undergoes no digestive or molecularchange in the stomach, but is rapidly absorbedand mixed with the blood. While in the bloodit does not furnish any material for eithergrowth or repair of any of the organized tis-sues, and consequently does not act as a directtissue food.—N. S. Davis, M.D., LL.D., Chi-cago. One tablespoonful of whiskey reduces diges-tive activity

How to keep well : a text-book of health for use in the lower grades of schools with special reference to the effects of alcholic drinks, tobacco and other narcotics on the bodily life . nd round atthe shoulders, we use this joint. A boy uses this jointwhen he turns a grindstone, or swings a bat in playingbase-ball. The round head of the thigh-bone, as you already know, fits into the cup-likesocket of the hip-bone,thus giving the legs greatfreedom of motion. Allthese joints are liable tobe put out of their place.This often happens to theshoulder-joint, and occa-sionally to the hip-joint.Those Stock Photo

RM2AJ73PW–How to keep well : a text-book of health for use in the lower grades of schools with special reference to the effects of alcholic drinks, tobacco and other narcotics on the bodily life . nd round atthe shoulders, we use this joint. A boy uses this jointwhen he turns a grindstone, or swings a bat in playingbase-ball. The round head of the thigh-bone, as you already know, fits into the cup-likesocket of the hip-bone,thus giving the legs greatfreedom of motion. Allthese joints are liable tobe put out of their place.This often happens to theshoulder-joint, and occa-sionally to the hip-joint.Those

RM2AJ728G–How to keep well : a text-book of health for use in the lower grades of schools with special reference to the effects of alcholic drinks, tobacco and other narcotics on the bodily life . Fig. 18. — Showing Principal Muscles of the Front of the Body. 34 HOW TO KEEP WELL Now, let us see how this power in our muscles enablesus to move. Let us notice what happens when webend the arm, as boys do to try their muscle. Youwill understand that all similar actions — such as clos-ing the hand, opening the mouth, lifting the leg, and soon — are done practically in the same way. Stretchout your right arm,

A manual of practical hygiene for students, physicians, and health officers . by meansof a bayonet catch. In the illustration, the plug is off the scat. The principal objection to this form of waste-valve is that the outletis situated at a considerable distance from the outlet of the bowl, andthe entire surface between these two points is certain to become foul.Furthermore, small bits of lint and hair are likely to be deposited nearthe seat and cause it to leak so rapidly that the bowl cannot hold waterfor any length of time. A better form is shown in Fig. 90. Herethe standpipe overflow has it Stock Photo

RM2AKCA83–A manual of practical hygiene for students, physicians, and health officers . by meansof a bayonet catch. In the illustration, the plug is off the scat. The principal objection to this form of waste-valve is that the outletis situated at a considerable distance from the outlet of the bowl, andthe entire surface between these two points is certain to become foul.Furthermore, small bits of lint and hair are likely to be deposited nearthe seat and cause it to leak so rapidly that the bowl cannot hold waterfor any length of time. A better form is shown in Fig. 90. Herethe standpipe overflow has it

The Journal of hygiene . disease which mighteasily escape detection for long periods in localities where an efficientsystem of inquiry into the cause of deaths is not in operation. (j) The incidence of the human plague has been almost entirelyconfined to certain insanitary districts of the city. Source of infection. A reference to the annexed map of South India (Map I), and Chartindicates that, as the Hon. Mr F. Bowes, C.C.S., C.M.G., Chairmanof the Plague Committee, has pointed out in his report for 1914,there can be no reasonable doubt that the infection was broughtfrom Negapatam, where a se Stock Photo

RM2AKG8TW–The Journal of hygiene . disease which mighteasily escape detection for long periods in localities where an efficientsystem of inquiry into the cause of deaths is not in operation. (j) The incidence of the human plague has been almost entirelyconfined to certain insanitary districts of the city. Source of infection. A reference to the annexed map of South India (Map I), and Chartindicates that, as the Hon. Mr F. Bowes, C.C.S., C.M.G., Chairmanof the Plague Committee, has pointed out in his report for 1914,there can be no reasonable doubt that the infection was broughtfrom Negapatam, where a se

The physiology and hygiene of the house in which we live . Diagram op ttie Large Vessels of the Heart and Lungs (from Wilson). 1. .Ascending aorta. 2. Transverse portion of the arch. 3. Thoracic or descending aorta. 4. Arterla innominata. 5. Right common carotid. 6. External and internal carotids. 7. Right subclavian artery. 8. Axillary artery. 9. Brachial artery. 10. Right pneumosastrlc nerve. 11. Left common carotid. 12. Left subclavian artery. 13. Pulmonary artery. 14. Left pulmonary artery. 15. Right pulmonary artery. 16. Trachea. 17. Right bronchus. 18. Left bronchus. 19. 19. Pulmonary ve Stock Photo

RM2AN43FA–The physiology and hygiene of the house in which we live . Diagram op ttie Large Vessels of the Heart and Lungs (from Wilson). 1. .Ascending aorta. 2. Transverse portion of the arch. 3. Thoracic or descending aorta. 4. Arterla innominata. 5. Right common carotid. 6. External and internal carotids. 7. Right subclavian artery. 8. Axillary artery. 9. Brachial artery. 10. Right pneumosastrlc nerve. 11. Left common carotid. 12. Left subclavian artery. 13. Pulmonary artery. 14. Left pulmonary artery. 15. Right pulmonary artery. 16. Trachea. 17. Right bronchus. 18. Left bronchus. 19. 19. Pulmonary ve

An academic physiology and hygiene .. . l and opposesfurther backward flow. When a vein is thus pressedupon, several little knot-like swellings make their appear-ance at different points in its length, and these are the * 1 Huxley. THE BLOOD AND ITS CIRCULATION. 97 dilations of the walls above a valve which resists the back-ward pressure. In the veins of the extremities the valvesare especially numerous, since the weight of the columns of venous blood would tend to interfere with the onwardcirculation but for this provision. Each valve serves tocheck the slightest tendency toward a backward fl Stock Photo

RM2AN94P6–An academic physiology and hygiene .. . l and opposesfurther backward flow. When a vein is thus pressedupon, several little knot-like swellings make their appear-ance at different points in its length, and these are the * 1 Huxley. THE BLOOD AND ITS CIRCULATION. 97 dilations of the walls above a valve which resists the back-ward pressure. In the veins of the extremities the valvesare especially numerous, since the weight of the columns of venous blood would tend to interfere with the onwardcirculation but for this provision. Each valve serves tocheck the slightest tendency toward a backward fl

. The eclectic guide to health; or, Physiology and hygiene ... ey areall fastened firmly to thevertebrae behind. In front,the seven upper, calledthe true ribs, are joinedby cartilages to the ster-num. The next three areunited by cartilages to thetrue ribs. The lowest twohave no front attachment.By this arrangement, thechest is more yielding inits lower portion than inthe upper region. 17. The pelvis is composed of large bones, that forma stout, basin-like frame. This frame bears the weight ofthe parts above, and sup- 2 ports the trunk upon thelower extremities. 18. The Bones of theUpper Extrem Stock Photo

RM2AGAFPD–. The eclectic guide to health; or, Physiology and hygiene ... ey areall fastened firmly to thevertebrae behind. In front,the seven upper, calledthe true ribs, are joinedby cartilages to the ster-num. The next three areunited by cartilages to thetrue ribs. The lowest twohave no front attachment.By this arrangement, thechest is more yielding inits lower portion than inthe upper region. 17. The pelvis is composed of large bones, that forma stout, basin-like frame. This frame bears the weight ofthe parts above, and sup- 2 ports the trunk upon thelower extremities. 18. The Bones of theUpper Extrem

The physiology and hygiene of the house in which we live . eights of the substances leaving the body exactlyequal the weight of all the ingesta, or substances, includingair, taken into the body. At last there comes a time whengerminal matter is unable to fully repair the losses of thebody, and then follow laxity of fiber, watery blood, andpallor of the lace. We all do fade as a leaf, and fromexactly the same cause—namely, failing protoplasmic activity;which finally by the wisdom of its Creator brings us to thetime when the keepers of the house; shall tremble, and the 24 Physiology and Hygiene. Stock Photo

RM2AN4B95–The physiology and hygiene of the house in which we live . eights of the substances leaving the body exactlyequal the weight of all the ingesta, or substances, includingair, taken into the body. At last there comes a time whengerminal matter is unable to fully repair the losses of thebody, and then follow laxity of fiber, watery blood, andpallor of the lace. We all do fade as a leaf, and fromexactly the same cause—namely, failing protoplasmic activity;which finally by the wisdom of its Creator brings us to thetime when the keepers of the house; shall tremble, and the 24 Physiology and Hygiene.

A manual of hygiene and sanitation . Ciidells trap. (Gerhard. Bowers trap. CGerhard.) ration of the former. Leakage or capillary action, thelatter caused by accumulations of hair, thread, etc. in thetrap, may likewise lower the water so that sewer-gas maypass through from the soil-pipe. 376 THE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE. Lastly, the seal of a trap may be broken by siphonage,either by a strong rush of water through it from its ownfixture, or by a rush down the soil-pipe from a fixturehigher up, and this is especially liable to occur if the trapbe some distance from the soil-pipe, or if the Stock Photo

RM2AJDX7K–A manual of hygiene and sanitation . Ciidells trap. (Gerhard. Bowers trap. CGerhard.) ration of the former. Leakage or capillary action, thelatter caused by accumulations of hair, thread, etc. in thetrap, may likewise lower the water so that sewer-gas maypass through from the soil-pipe. 376 THE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE. Lastly, the seal of a trap may be broken by siphonage,either by a strong rush of water through it from its ownfixture, or by a rush down the soil-pipe from a fixturehigher up, and this is especially liable to occur if the trapbe some distance from the soil-pipe, or if the

$A manual of practical hygiene for students, physicians, and health officers . ureof nnderelolhin^ and stoeUinj^H. (-olton in very durable and hard, liaHlow liy<rn)se()|)i(Mty and lii;i,li lieiit condn^idvify, doris not hhrink inwasliinjr, ;ind is j)arliciilariy ndaptifd as a material for outer ^rarmentHfor hot weatli(;r. Linen.—fjinon is a fal»ri<! wovcmi from Hk; Koil silky fiber obtainedfrom th(! outer cov(!riu{r of the .stalks of r flax plant {Llnuiii UHiOitm-simuiii), wliieli are allowed to rot until the proper sta^;e of deeompohitionis attained, when lliey are beaten and (larded. Stock Photo$

RM2AKBH8H–A manual of practical hygiene for students, physicians, and health officers . ureof nnderelolhin^ and stoeUinj^H. (-olton in very durable and hard, liaHlow liy<rn)se()|)i(Mty and lii;i,li lieiit condn^idvify, doris not hhrink inwasliinjr, ;ind is j)arliciilariy ndaptifd as a material for outer ^rarmentHfor hot weatli(;r. Linen.—fjinon is a fal»ri<! wovcmi from Hk; Koil silky fiber obtainedfrom th(! outer cov(!riu{r of the .stalks of r flax plant {Llnuiii UHiOitm-simuiii), wliieli are allowed to rot until the proper sta^;e of deeompohitionis attained, when lliey are beaten and (larded.

$Elementary anatomy, physiology and hygiene for higher grammar grades . F ^6 pro- jections of the mucous membrane of thesmall intestine. In the third one from theright and second from left notice the centrallacteal (i). The intestinal glands ate shownat {h). The heavy hlack lines are blood ulesvessels. [Fiersol.] HOW THE FOOD IS USED IN THE BODY 199 2. HOW DIGESTED FOOD IS BUILT UP INTO LIVINGTISSUE IN THE BODY In the previous lesson we traced the absorbed foodstuffs directly into the blood of the portal vein or indi-rectly into the veins by way of the lacteals and thethoracic duct, so that Stock Photo$

RM2AM88CB–Elementary anatomy, physiology and hygiene for higher grammar grades . F ^6 pro- jections of the mucous membrane of thesmall intestine. In the third one from theright and second from left notice the centrallacteal (i). The intestinal glands ate shownat {h). The heavy hlack lines are blood ulesvessels. [Fiersol.] HOW THE FOOD IS USED IN THE BODY 199 2. HOW DIGESTED FOOD IS BUILT UP INTO LIVINGTISSUE IN THE BODY In the previous lesson we traced the absorbed foodstuffs directly into the blood of the portal vein or indi-rectly into the veins by way of the lacteals and thethoracic duct, so that

. A treatise on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies, and families. y. Through the pulmonary vein the red blood is returned to the heart. 492. As the impure blood is passing in the minute vesselsover the air-cells, the oxygen passes through the thin coats ofthe air-cells and blood-vessels, and unites with the blood. Atthe same time, the carbonic acid and water leave the blood,and pass through the coats of the blood-vessels and air-cells,and mix with the air in the cells. These are thrown out of thesystem every time we breathe. This interchange of productsproduces Stock Photo

RM2AG8Y6J–. A treatise on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : designed for colleges, academies, and families. y. Through the pulmonary vein the red blood is returned to the heart. 492. As the impure blood is passing in the minute vesselsover the air-cells, the oxygen passes through the thin coats ofthe air-cells and blood-vessels, and unites with the blood. Atthe same time, the carbonic acid and water leave the blood,and pass through the coats of the blood-vessels and air-cells,and mix with the air in the cells. These are thrown out of thesystem every time we breathe. This interchange of productsproduces

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