Beneficial insects in the garden Black and White Stock Photos & Images

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 133. RED-NECKED BU- PESTBIS.. Fig:. 133.—GALLS in RASPBERKT OANE.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Treat, Mary, b. 1835. New York, Orange Judd Stock Photo

RMRDR6H1–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 133. RED-NECKED BU- PESTBIS.. Fig:. 133.—GALLS in RASPBERKT OANE.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Treat, Mary, b. 1835. New York, Orange Judd

. The book of the garden. Gardening. ESCULENT-ROOTED PLANTS.—THE TURNIP. 193 seed would only be presenting each brood with a supply of food in about as regular a succession as they themselves are produced. Burning the surface of the land is beneficial where it can be carried into effect, as by that means the chrysalides will be destroyed; and an equally certain way is to trench the ground deep. Indeed, the destruction of insects alone, were no other benefit to arise from trenching, would of itself be a sufficient recompense for the labour incurred. Sowing the surface of the soil with gas-lime Stock Photo

RMPG3F54–. The book of the garden. Gardening. ESCULENT-ROOTED PLANTS.—THE TURNIP. 193 seed would only be presenting each brood with a supply of food in about as regular a succession as they themselves are produced. Burning the surface of the land is beneficial where it can be carried into effect, as by that means the chrysalides will be destroyed; and an equally certain way is to trench the ground deep. Indeed, the destruction of insects alone, were no other benefit to arise from trenching, would of itself be a sufficient recompense for the labour incurred. Sowing the surface of the soil with gas-lime

RMRDGEX8–. The book of the garden. Gardening. ESCULENT-ROOTED PLANTS.—THE TURNIP. 193 seed would only be presenting each brood with a supply of food in about as regular a succession as they themselves are produced. Burning the surface of the land is beneficial where it can be carried into effect, as by that means the chrysalides will be destroyed; and an equally certain way is to trench the ground deep. Indeed, the destruction of insects alone, were no other benefit to arise from trenching, would of itself be a sufficient recompense for the labour incurred. Sowing the surface of the soil with gas-lime

. The book of the garden. Gardening. £AIALL BROWN SCALE. until about 1843, when it was detected and de- scribed by the writer of the entomological articles in the early numbers of the " Gardeners' Chronicle." It is said to be very abundant in plant-houses, and was first discovered on the leaves of aloes and amaryllises. It belongs to the second section above noticed, and is named proteus, from the variety of forms it assumes. In regard to the destruction of the scale insects in general, the late T. A. Knight tried a dressing of lime and flour of sulphur with beneficial effects. The b Stock Photo

RMPG3EFK–. The book of the garden. Gardening. £AIALL BROWN SCALE. until about 1843, when it was detected and de- scribed by the writer of the entomological articles in the early numbers of the " Gardeners' Chronicle." It is said to be very abundant in plant-houses, and was first discovered on the leaves of aloes and amaryllises. It belongs to the second section above noticed, and is named proteus, from the variety of forms it assumes. In regard to the destruction of the scale insects in general, the late T. A. Knight tried a dressing of lime and flour of sulphur with beneficial effects. The b

$. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEK. ^'J' muslin or mosquito netting, are all that are required to make this useful implement. The titmouse is said to eat the larvae, and should therefore be protected and encouraged. [The descriptions of this and the preceding species are condensed from an article by Chas. S. Minot in " Ameri- can Entomologist."] THE SOTTTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. {Pieris Protodice, Boisd.) This species, though scarce in the more Northern States, abounds in many of the Southern States, where Stock Photo$

RMRDR6X7–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEK. ^'J' muslin or mosquito netting, are all that are required to make this useful implement. The titmouse is said to eat the larvae, and should therefore be protected and encouraged. [The descriptions of this and the preceding species are condensed from an article by Chas. S. Minot in " Ameri- can Entomologist."] THE SOTTTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. {Pieris Protodice, Boisd.) This species, though scarce in the more Northern States, abounds in many of the Southern States, where

. Nature study and life. Nature study. BENEFICIAL INSECTS 229 material for an instructive demonstration. In higher grades, something of the same kind may be done by way of testing different specimens, to see if the pupils can distinguish the aroma of the flower from which the honey is made, comparing pure honey with a sample of some adulterated honey that may have found its way into the neighboring stores. The next series of lessons may well be directed to dis- covering the influence of bees on the pollination of flowers and fruits. Select, or raise in the school garden, two similar clumps of Stock Photo

RMPG41PB–. Nature study and life. Nature study. BENEFICIAL INSECTS 229 material for an instructive demonstration. In higher grades, something of the same kind may be done by way of testing different specimens, to see if the pupils can distinguish the aroma of the flower from which the honey is made, comparing pure honey with a sample of some adulterated honey that may have found its way into the neighboring stores. The next series of lessons may well be directed to dis- covering the influence of bees on the pollination of flowers and fruits. Select, or raise in the school garden, two similar clumps of

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDES'. 205 would appear soiled, and be rejected on that account. The use of White Hellebore is so easy and so effective that none of the other applications that have been recom- mended need be noticed. Natural Enemies.—There will be found in the IXth Missouri Report, a very full account of this Saw-fly, which states that it is attacked by several insect enemies, among which are the Placid Soldier Bug, and that there are at least two Ichneumon Flies that infest it. THE NATIVE CUERAJSTT W Stock Photo

RMRDR6HD–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDES'. 205 would appear soiled, and be rejected on that account. The use of White Hellebore is so easy and so effective that none of the other applications that have been recom- mended need be noticed. Natural Enemies.—There will be found in the IXth Missouri Report, a very full account of this Saw-fly, which states that it is attacked by several insect enemies, among which are the Placid Soldier Bug, and that there are at least two Ichneumon Flies that infest it. THE NATIVE CUERAJSTT W

. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. THE GARDEN-WEEVIL 45 nuts, and stored fruits of. Fig. 38.—Larva of garden-weevil. From Curtis' '' Farm Insects.' all the legs is apparently four-jointed, the proper fourth joint being reduced to a minute vestige. Weevils often abound in grain, seeds, but are by no means restricted to such food; they are insects of very varied tastes. It is to be remarked that the name weevil is applied to many small beetles which de- vour stores, irrespective of their structure. Thus Stock Photo

RMPG4AEC–. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. THE GARDEN-WEEVIL 45 nuts, and stored fruits of. Fig. 38.—Larva of garden-weevil. From Curtis' '' Farm Insects.' all the legs is apparently four-jointed, the proper fourth joint being reduced to a minute vestige. Weevils often abound in grain, seeds, but are by no means restricted to such food; they are insects of very varied tastes. It is to be remarked that the name weevil is applied to many small beetles which de- vour stores, irrespective of their structure. Thus

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDEK. 267 Cresson as a species of Trioxys. Aphides, wherever they occur, are readily destroyed by the use of tobacco, applied as smoke or in infusion as already described. What is known to gardeners as the "Blue Louse" is an aphis which sometimes attacks the roots of verbenas, asters, and other flowers in such numbers as to cause their death before the source of the trouble is suspected. When these underground lice attack the roots, a persistent ap- plication of tobacco-water Stock Photo

RMRDR6FP–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDEK. 267 Cresson as a species of Trioxys. Aphides, wherever they occur, are readily destroyed by the use of tobacco, applied as smoke or in infusion as already described. What is known to gardeners as the "Blue Louse" is an aphis which sometimes attacks the roots of verbenas, asters, and other flowers in such numbers as to cause their death before the source of the trouble is suspected. When these underground lice attack the roots, a persistent ap- plication of tobacco-water

. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. Fig. 38.—Larva of garden-weevil. From Curtis' '' Farm Insects.' all the legs is apparently four-jointed, the proper fourth joint being reduced to a minute vestige. Weevils often abound in grain, seeds, but are by no means restricted to such food; they are insects of very varied tastes. It is to be remarked that the name weevil is applied to many small beetles which de- vour stores, irrespective of their structure. Thus the " weevil" that devours ship- biscui Stock Photo

RMPG4AE9–. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. Fig. 38.—Larva of garden-weevil. From Curtis' '' Farm Insects.' all the legs is apparently four-jointed, the proper fourth joint being reduced to a minute vestige. Weevils often abound in grain, seeds, but are by no means restricted to such food; they are insects of very varied tastes. It is to be remarked that the name weevil is applied to many small beetles which de- vour stores, irrespective of their structure. Thus the " weevil" that devours ship- biscui

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAKM AlfD GAEDEN. 309 long; the wing-covers are yellowish, and each usually has two black spots, the posterior one larger than the other. When numerous, it completely defoliates the plants. Paris Green or London Purple may be used when the fruit is off to destroy this insect in the man- ner described under Colorado Potato-beetle. THE STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER. (Anchylopera fragarice, Walsh and Riley.) This insect, like the preceding, has been more trouble- some at the West than at the East. It is the Stock Photo

RMRDR6H4–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAKM AlfD GAEDEN. 309 long; the wing-covers are yellowish, and each usually has two black spots, the posterior one larger than the other. When numerous, it completely defoliates the plants. Paris Green or London Purple may be used when the fruit is off to destroy this insect in the man- ner described under Colorado Potato-beetle. THE STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER. (Anchylopera fragarice, Walsh and Riley.) This insect, like the preceding, has been more trouble- some at the West than at the East. It is the

. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 46 INJURIOUS AND USEFUL INSECTS produce soft, white, footless grubs, with hard brown heads, which feed upon roots from August till the following April. Then they bury themselves deeper in the soil, and turn to pupEe, emerging as beetles about a fortnight later. T^he full- grown beetle is about half-an-inch long, and of the colour of garden mould. The snout is rather short for a weevil, but quite evident. The wing-covers are united, and cannot be extended; there is no Stock Photo

RMPG4AE2–. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 46 INJURIOUS AND USEFUL INSECTS produce soft, white, footless grubs, with hard brown heads, which feed upon roots from August till the following April. Then they bury themselves deeper in the soil, and turn to pupEe, emerging as beetles about a fortnight later. T^he full- grown beetle is about half-an-inch long, and of the colour of garden mould. The snout is rather short for a weevil, but quite evident. The wing-covers are united, and cannot be extended; there is no

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 97 or unfavorable. When full grown, the larvae descend to the ground and hide under leaves or rubbish, or burrow into the soil, where they remain for ten days, then come forth in the perfect or winged form. Two to four broods are perfected during the season, according to the locality and length of the season, the last brood descending into the ground in the perfect or beetle state, and remaining in a dormant condition overwinter,—reappearing as soon as the ground has become sufiBc Stock Photo

RMRDR6PG–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 97 or unfavorable. When full grown, the larvae descend to the ground and hide under leaves or rubbish, or burrow into the soil, where they remain for ten days, then come forth in the perfect or winged form. Two to four broods are perfected during the season, according to the locality and length of the season, the last brood descending into the ground in the perfect or beetle state, and remaining in a dormant condition overwinter,—reappearing as soon as the ground has become sufiBc

. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. WEEDS OF GARDENS AND FIELDS 37 Sunflower Family The Ragweed or Roman Wormwood is a pestiferous plant found in most situations where weeds may grow late in summer. It is nearly always to be seen along paths and highways, in fence corners, and along garden borders, as well as in cornfields and wheat stubble. It is an an- nual, and has a straight central stalk from which many spreading branches arise. The latter bear numerous leaves with deeply cut lobes and many small, green Stock Photo

RMPG4GFR–. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. WEEDS OF GARDENS AND FIELDS 37 Sunflower Family The Ragweed or Roman Wormwood is a pestiferous plant found in most situations where weeds may grow late in summer. It is nearly always to be seen along paths and highways, in fence corners, and along garden borders, as well as in cornfields and wheat stubble. It is an an- nual, and has a straight central stalk from which many spreading branches arise. The latter bear numerous leaves with deeply cut lobes and many small, green

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE PAKM AND GAEDBK. 241 THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. (Oraptodera [formerly Haltica] chalybea, lUig.) Of the numerous insect enemies with which our grape- growers have to deal, this occupies a prominent place. The beetles which have hibernated begin their destruc- tive work in the spring as soon as the buds commence to swell, and it is at this early period that the greatest dam-. )' '^c<-M^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced fo Stock Photo

RMRDR6G6–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE PAKM AND GAEDBK. 241 THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. (Oraptodera [formerly Haltica] chalybea, lUig.) Of the numerous insect enemies with which our grape- growers have to deal, this occupies a prominent place. The beetles which have hibernated begin their destruc- tive work in the spring as soon as the buds commence to swell, and it is at this early period that the greatest dam-. )' '^c<-M^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced fo

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 12 INJURIOUS INSECTS regarded as the most injurious of the seven. Notwith- standing this, in their perfect state, they are among the most beautiful creatures in the insect world. The Order is divided into Butterflies and Moths. The former are day-fliers, and their feelers or antennm are thickened at the end, and terminate in a kind of knob. The moths have their feelers pointed at the tip, and sometimes with small side-branches. They mostly fly at night, but a subdivision of them fly at twilight. Oedek IV Stock Photo

RMRDR6YW–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 12 INJURIOUS INSECTS regarded as the most injurious of the seven. Notwith- standing this, in their perfect state, they are among the most beautiful creatures in the insect world. The Order is divided into Butterflies and Moths. The former are day-fliers, and their feelers or antennm are thickened at the end, and terminate in a kind of knob. The moths have their feelers pointed at the tip, and sometimes with small side-branches. They mostly fly at night, but a subdivision of them fly at twilight. Oedek IV

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 166 IITJUEIOUS INSECTS cases it has been known to attack Pears as well as Apples. Eemedies.—It is not probable that much can be done with jarring down this insect, as advised for the Plum Curculio, as it is not like that easily alarmed. So far as known, it can only be attacked while within the fruit. Shaking or jarring the tree may be useful in bringing down the infested apples, which should be at once fed to swine, or otherwise destroyed. THE CANKIIE-WOEM. (Anisopteryx vemata, Peck.) The greatest injury Stock Photo

RMRDR6K9–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 166 IITJUEIOUS INSECTS cases it has been known to attack Pears as well as Apples. Eemedies.—It is not probable that much can be done with jarring down this insect, as advised for the Plum Curculio, as it is not like that easily alarmed. So far as known, it can only be attacked while within the fruit. Shaking or jarring the tree may be useful in bringing down the infested apples, which should be at once fed to swine, or otherwise destroyed. THE CANKIIE-WOEM. (Anisopteryx vemata, Peck.) The greatest injury

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 148 INJURIOUS INSECTS material damage, for the reason, doubtless, that there have, hitherto, always been natural enemies and parasites enough to keep it in due bounds. THE OYSTER-SHELL BAHK-LOUSE. {Mytilaspis pomicorticis, Riley.) The Oyster-shell Bark-louse, was formerly known as Aspidiotiis conchiformis, but changed by Prof. Riley for good reasons to the name given above. It is one of the most pernicious and destructive insects with which the apple-grower in the North- ern States has to contend. This s Stock Photo

RMRDR6M1–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 148 INJURIOUS INSECTS material damage, for the reason, doubtless, that there have, hitherto, always been natural enemies and parasites enough to keep it in due bounds. THE OYSTER-SHELL BAHK-LOUSE. {Mytilaspis pomicorticis, Riley.) The Oyster-shell Bark-louse, was formerly known as Aspidiotiis conchiformis, but changed by Prof. Riley for good reasons to the name given above. It is one of the most pernicious and destructive insects with which the apple-grower in the North- ern States has to contend. This s

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FAEM A^H'D GARDEN. 179 of the body are but poorly developed, and consist of but slight wart-like projections; they are furnished, however, with numerous small hooks, which answer an admirable purpose, in enabling the bearer to cling to his home-spun coat, which shelters him from the weather, and defends him from his enemies, and which is even more essential to his existence than are the clothes we wear to ours. The worms do not arrive at their full-grown condition without passing through critical Stock Photo

RMRDR6JY–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FAEM A^H'D GARDEN. 179 of the body are but poorly developed, and consist of but slight wart-like projections; they are furnished, however, with numerous small hooks, which answer an admirable purpose, in enabling the bearer to cling to his home-spun coat, which shelters him from the weather, and defends him from his enemies, and which is even more essential to his existence than are the clothes we wear to ours. The worms do not arrive at their full-grown condition without passing through critical

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 84 INJUKIOUS INSECTS pensation, we suppose, it is particularly partial to the stem of the common Cocklebur [Xanthium, strumarium); and if it would only confine itself to such noxious weeds as this, it might be considered as a friend instead of an enemy. Fourteen years ago it was more numerous than usual, and we noticed it to be particularly abundant along the Iron Mountain and Pacific roads in Missouri. The larva of the Stalk Borer moth leaves the stalk in which it has burrowed the latter part of July, a Stock Photo

RMRDR6PX–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 84 INJUKIOUS INSECTS pensation, we suppose, it is particularly partial to the stem of the common Cocklebur [Xanthium, strumarium); and if it would only confine itself to such noxious weeds as this, it might be considered as a friend instead of an enemy. Fourteen years ago it was more numerous than usual, and we noticed it to be particularly abundant along the Iron Mountain and Pacific roads in Missouri. The larva of the Stalk Borer moth leaves the stalk in which it has burrowed the latter part of July, a

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 203 INJUEIOUS INSECTS to the ground, where they may be crushed. Poultry may be used to capture the -worms when they descend to the ground to transform. One of the most effective remedies for this, and all similar worms, is White Helle- bore, used as described under Imported Currant-worm. THE IMPOETED CUERANT-WORM. (Nematus ventricosus, Ring.) When the Currant-worm is mentioned in the Eastern States, this is most likely to be the insect referred to. It is the larva of a Saw-fly of the Order Hymenoptera; t Stock Photo

RMRDR6HH–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 203 INJUEIOUS INSECTS to the ground, where they may be crushed. Poultry may be used to capture the -worms when they descend to the ground to transform. One of the most effective remedies for this, and all similar worms, is White Helle- bore, used as described under Imported Currant-worm. THE IMPOETED CUERANT-WORM. (Nematus ventricosus, Ring.) When the Currant-worm is mentioned in the Eastern States, this is most likely to be the insect referred to. It is the larva of a Saw-fly of the Order Hymenoptera; t

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 144 INJUEIOUS INSECTS the insect. But even where the soap preventive is used in the month of May, it is always advisable to examine the trees in the fall, at which time the young worms that hatched through the summer may be generally detected, and easily cut out without injury to the tree. Particular at- tention should also be paid to any tree that has been injured or sun-scalded, as such trees are most liable to be attacked. THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER. {Chrysohothris femorata, Fabr.) This borer wh Stock Photo

RMRDR6MC–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 144 INJUEIOUS INSECTS the insect. But even where the soap preventive is used in the month of May, it is always advisable to examine the trees in the fall, at which time the young worms that hatched through the summer may be generally detected, and easily cut out without injury to the tree. Particular at- tention should also be paid to any tree that has been injured or sun-scalded, as such trees are most liable to be attacked. THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER. {Chrysohothris femorata, Fabr.) This borer wh

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 244 INJQEIOUS INSECTS THE SPOTTED PELIDNOTA. {Pelidnota punctata, Linnaeus.) This is the largest and most conspicuous beetle that attacks the foliage of the Grape-vine, and in the beetle state it seems to subsist entirely on the leaves of this plant, and of the closely allied Virginia Creeper. Though some years it becomes so abundant as to badly riddle the foliage of our vineyards, yet such instances are excep- tional; and it usually occurs in such small numbers, and. Fig. 149.—THE SPOTTET) PELIDNOTA (Pe Stock Photo

RMRDR6G3–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 244 INJQEIOUS INSECTS THE SPOTTED PELIDNOTA. {Pelidnota punctata, Linnaeus.) This is the largest and most conspicuous beetle that attacks the foliage of the Grape-vine, and in the beetle state it seems to subsist entirely on the leaves of this plant, and of the closely allied Virginia Creeper. Though some years it becomes so abundant as to badly riddle the foliage of our vineyards, yet such instances are excep- tional; and it usually occurs in such small numbers, and. Fig. 149.—THE SPOTTET) PELIDNOTA (Pe

RMRDHAF9–. The book of the garden. Gardening. £AIALL BROWN SCALE. until about 1843, when it was detected and de- scribed by the writer of the entomological articles in the early numbers of the " Gardeners' Chronicle." It is said to be very abundant in plant-houses, and was first discovered on the leaves of aloes and amaryllises. It belongs to the second section above noticed, and is named proteus, from the variety of forms it assumes. In regard to the destruction of the scale insects in general, the late T. A. Knight tried a dressing of lime and flour of sulphur with beneficial effects. The b

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDEN. 13 great number of species. Not even the Goleoptera, can vie with it in numbers. And it embraces some of the most annoying insects—as the Mosquito, Horse-fly, G-nat, and House-fly, also many that are decidedly injurious to vegetation—as the Hessian-fly, Wheat-midge, Onion- maggot, etc., etc. But many of the larvae act the part of scavengers, and some few are beneficial to the agricul- turist—as the Sy rplius aud Tachina flies. The young of this Order are known as Maggots. Oedbr VI Stock Photo

RMRDR6YG–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDEN. 13 great number of species. Not even the Goleoptera, can vie with it in numbers. And it embraces some of the most annoying insects—as the Mosquito, Horse-fly, G-nat, and House-fly, also many that are decidedly injurious to vegetation—as the Hessian-fly, Wheat-midge, Onion- maggot, etc., etc. But many of the larvae act the part of scavengers, and some few are beneficial to the agricul- turist—as the Sy rplius aud Tachina flies. The young of this Order are known as Maggots. Oedbr VI

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 276 INJUEIOUS INSECTS ners, or carried (by means of suitable handles or support- ing rods) by hand. If the ''pan" is larger than, say, three feet square, it is provided with transverse positions which serve to prevent any slopping of the contents (in case water and oil are used), when the device is subjected to any sudden irregular motion, such as tipping, or in case of a wheeled pan, when it passes over uneven ground. The wheeled pan is used like a wheelbarrow; the hand-worked pan is carried by lon Stock Photo

RMRDR6FG–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 276 INJUEIOUS INSECTS ners, or carried (by means of suitable handles or support- ing rods) by hand. If the ''pan" is larger than, say, three feet square, it is provided with transverse positions which serve to prevent any slopping of the contents (in case water and oil are used), when the device is subjected to any sudden irregular motion, such as tipping, or in case of a wheeled pan, when it passes over uneven ground. The wheeled pan is used like a wheelbarrow; the hand-worked pan is carried by lon

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 20 rsTJFBioirs insects snugly contain the beetle. The little spot where the Pea-weevil entered can always be detected, even in the dry pea, but in the bean these points of entrance become almost entirely obliterated. The cell in which the trans- formations take place is more perfect and smooth, and the lining is easily distinguished from the meat of the bean by its being more white and opaque. The excre- ment is yellow, or darker than the meat, and, even where a bean is so badly infested that the inside Stock Photo

RMRDR6XR–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 20 rsTJFBioirs insects snugly contain the beetle. The little spot where the Pea-weevil entered can always be detected, even in the dry pea, but in the bean these points of entrance become almost entirely obliterated. The cell in which the trans- formations take place is more perfect and smooth, and the lining is easily distinguished from the meat of the bean by its being more white and opaque. The excre- ment is yellow, or darker than the meat, and, even where a bean is so badly infested that the inside

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AKD GAEDEKT. 11 wings, which are folded and concealed beneath them. These wing-cases, called Elytra, usually meet together with a straight line, or suture, down the back. The larvae are popularly known as grubs and borers; some live entirely below ground, some are aquatic, while others live upon foliage. This Order includes some of the most injurious insects, and at the same time many carnivorous species, which aid in keeping the vegetable- feeders in check. Obdeb m.—LEPIDOPTERA.—Butterflies Stock Photo

RMRDR704–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AKD GAEDEKT. 11 wings, which are folded and concealed beneath them. These wing-cases, called Elytra, usually meet together with a straight line, or suture, down the back. The larvae are popularly known as grubs and borers; some live entirely below ground, some are aquatic, while others live upon foliage. This Order includes some of the most injurious insects, and at the same time many carnivorous species, which aid in keeping the vegetable- feeders in check. Obdeb m.—LEPIDOPTERA.—Butterflies

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 78 INJURIOUS INSECTS these birds will regularly visit an infested lawn or pas- ture every morning and prosecute their beneficial work. It is not unlikely that much of the corn pulling for which these and other birds are blamed is done in the search for these grubs. The Skunk is very fond of the beetles and destroys large numbers of them. In a number of localities in Ohio, Iowa, and Missouri, White Grubs have been found with a long horn protruding from each side of the head, as in figure 49. These " Stock Photo

RMRDR6R4–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 78 INJURIOUS INSECTS these birds will regularly visit an infested lawn or pas- ture every morning and prosecute their beneficial work. It is not unlikely that much of the corn pulling for which these and other birds are blamed is done in the search for these grubs. The Skunk is very fond of the beetles and destroys large numbers of them. In a number of localities in Ohio, Iowa, and Missouri, White Grubs have been found with a long horn protruding from each side of the head, as in figure 49. These "

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 216 INJURIOUS INSECTS quite small and retractile. It is from this peculiar ap- pearance of the fore part of the body, which strikingly suggests the fat cheeks and shoulders and small head of some breeds of swine, that it may best be known as the Hog-caterpillar of the vine. The color of this worm when full grown is pea-green, and it is wrinkled trans- versely and covered with numerous pale-yellow dots, placed in irregular transverse rows. An oblique cream- colored lateral band, bordered below with a dark Stock Photo

RMRDR6GT–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 216 INJURIOUS INSECTS quite small and retractile. It is from this peculiar ap- pearance of the fore part of the body, which strikingly suggests the fat cheeks and shoulders and small head of some breeds of swine, that it may best be known as the Hog-caterpillar of the vine. The color of this worm when full grown is pea-green, and it is wrinkled trans- versely and covered with numerous pale-yellow dots, placed in irregular transverse rows. An oblique cream- colored lateral band, bordered below with a dark

RMRDHJ3R–. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. THE GARDEN-WEEVIL 45 nuts, and stored fruits of. Fig. 38.—Larva of garden-weevil. From Curtis' '' Farm Insects.' all the legs is apparently four-jointed, the proper fourth joint being reduced to a minute vestige. Weevils often abound in grain, seeds, but are by no means restricted to such food; they are insects of very varied tastes. It is to be remarked that the name weevil is applied to many small beetles which de- vour stores, irrespective of their structure. Thus

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 46.—COCOON. Fig 47.—pupa. history of the White Grub, which in most respects resem- bles that of a related insect, equally destructive to the vegetation of Europe, MelolontJia vulgaris, known in England as Cockchafer, and in Prance as Hanneton, which in the last-named country causes such losses that various prizes for efficient means for its destruction have been offered, but not awarded. It should be stated that a larva of similar size and ap- pearance to the White Grub is often found in manure heap Stock Photo

RMRDR6R9–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 46.—COCOON. Fig 47.—pupa. history of the White Grub, which in most respects resem- bles that of a related insect, equally destructive to the vegetation of Europe, MelolontJia vulgaris, known in England as Cockchafer, and in Prance as Hanneton, which in the last-named country causes such losses that various prizes for efficient means for its destruction have been offered, but not awarded. It should be stated that a larva of similar size and ap- pearance to the White Grub is often found in manure heap

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP. THE BAKU AND GAEDEK. 277 are used to drag them. The majority of the insects per- ish within the pans, which must be occasionally emptied. If some of the locusts jump out, it is of little conse- quence, as all that have been touched by the oil will soon die. In Colorado they use kerosene to good advantage. Fig. 163.—COAL-TAB PAN FOR CATCHING LOCUSTS. on the water in their irrigating-ditches, and it may be used anywhere in pans or on cloths, stretched on frames and saturated with it, to be drawn over t Stock Photo

RMRDR6FF–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP. THE BAKU AND GAEDEK. 277 are used to drag them. The majority of the insects per- ish within the pans, which must be occasionally emptied. If some of the locusts jump out, it is of little conse- quence, as all that have been touched by the oil will soon die. In Colorado they use kerosene to good advantage. Fig. 163.—COAL-TAB PAN FOR CATCHING LOCUSTS. on the water in their irrigating-ditches, and it may be used anywhere in pans or on cloths, stretched on frames and saturated with it, to be drawn over t

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 98 INJURIOUS INSECTS especially the Horse-uettle {Solanum Carolinense), a very common weed throughout the Middle and Southern States. Both the larva and mature insect of this Bogus Potato-beetle resemble the genuine; but upon a close examination, a very marked difference may be discovered. The most prominent distinctive characteristics observed in the nearly mature larvffl are as follows: In the true or D. 10-lineata the sides are ornamented with two rows of black dots, and the head is black; while in jn Stock Photo

RMRDR6PF–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 98 INJURIOUS INSECTS especially the Horse-uettle {Solanum Carolinense), a very common weed throughout the Middle and Southern States. Both the larva and mature insect of this Bogus Potato-beetle resemble the genuine; but upon a close examination, a very marked difference may be discovered. The most prominent distinctive characteristics observed in the nearly mature larvffl are as follows: In the true or D. 10-lineata the sides are ornamented with two rows of black dots, and the head is black; while in jn

RMRDHJ3B–. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. 46 INJURIOUS AND USEFUL INSECTS produce soft, white, footless grubs, with hard brown heads, which feed upon roots from August till the following April. Then they bury themselves deeper in the soil, and turn to pupEe, emerging as beetles about a fortnight later. T^he full- grown beetle is about half-an-inch long, and of the colour of garden mould. The snout is rather short for a weevil, but quite evident. The wing-covers are united, and cannot be extended; there is no

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDES'. 233 beeu known to issucj the same year tliat it had existed as larva. In this last event, it doubtless becomes barren, like others under similar circumstances. The colors of. the moth are light olive-gray, variegated as in the figure with dark olive-green. The worms are easily subdued by hand-picking.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may no Stock Photo

RMRDR6GH–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDES'. 233 beeu known to issucj the same year tliat it had existed as larva. In this last event, it doubtless becomes barren, like others under similar circumstances. The colors of. the moth are light olive-gray, variegated as in the figure with dark olive-green. The worms are easily subdued by hand-picking.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may no

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE TAEM AND GAKBEN. 191 greatest injury in its under-ground life, sucking the juices of the roots of trees and plants, where it lives seventeen years. It however does much injury to fruit and other trees; the excavations made by the female form bad, ragged wounds, and sometimes so weaken the small branches that they are broken off. The following is mainly condensed from the description by Harris in his work on "Insects Injurious to Vegetation." The Seventeen-year Cicada in the winged state Stock Photo

RMRDR6JE–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE TAEM AND GAKBEN. 191 greatest injury in its under-ground life, sucking the juices of the roots of trees and plants, where it lives seventeen years. It however does much injury to fruit and other trees; the excavations made by the female form bad, ragged wounds, and sometimes so weaken the small branches that they are broken off. The following is mainly condensed from the description by Harris in his work on "Insects Injurious to Vegetation." The Seventeen-year Cicada in the winged state

RMRDHFYR–. Nature study and life. Nature study. BENEFICIAL INSECTS 229 material for an instructive demonstration. In higher grades, something of the same kind may be done by way of testing different specimens, to see if the pupils can distinguish the aroma of the flower from which the honey is made, comparing pure honey with a sample of some adulterated honey that may have found its way into the neighboring stores. The next series of lessons may well be directed to dis- covering the influence of bees on the pollination of flowers and fruits. Select, or raise in the school garden, two similar clumps of

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 76 IKJUEIOIJS INSECTS pearance, for its whole length, due to the contents of its intestines, which show through the skin; the White Grub shows this dark color only near the tail end. Remedies.—The beetle—As many insects are not in- jurious in their perfect form, the June-bug has not gen- erally been regarded as harmful. As it is a destructive feeder in its beetle state, it should be destroyed not only for the mischief it may do as a beetle, but for the pre- vention of its progeny. Those that enter the ho Stock Photo

RMRDR6R7–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 76 IKJUEIOIJS INSECTS pearance, for its whole length, due to the contents of its intestines, which show through the skin; the White Grub shows this dark color only near the tail end. Remedies.—The beetle—As many insects are not in- jurious in their perfect form, the June-bug has not gen- erally been regarded as harmful. As it is a destructive feeder in its beetle state, it should be destroyed not only for the mischief it may do as a beetle, but for the pre- vention of its progeny. Those that enter the ho

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND GARDEN. 251 five generations during the year, and taking the lowest of the above figures, the immense prolificacy of the spe- cies becomes manifest. As summer advances, they fre- quently become prodigiously multiplied, completely cov- ering the leaves with their galls, when they appear as in figure 153. The lice also settle on the tendrils, leaf-stalks, and tender branches, where tbey also form knots and rounded excrescences (figure 152, e), much resembling those made on the roots. In suc Stock Photo

RMRDR6G2–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND GARDEN. 251 five generations during the year, and taking the lowest of the above figures, the immense prolificacy of the spe- cies becomes manifest. As summer advances, they fre- quently become prodigiously multiplied, completely cov- ering the leaves with their galls, when they appear as in figure 153. The lice also settle on the tendrils, leaf-stalks, and tender branches, where tbey also form knots and rounded excrescences (figure 152, e), much resembling those made on the roots. In suc

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 283 IKJUEIOUS INSECTS. daring tlie night, and care should be had that the trees be unloaded of their voracious freight Just before dark. It has been found that the whitewash was rendered still more eiiectual by adding one-half pint of turpentine to the pailful. DESTRUCTION' OF THE WINGED INSECTS. The complete destruction of the winged insects, when they swoop down upon a country in prodigious swarms, is impossible. Man is powerless before the mighty host. Special plants, or small tracts of vegeta- tion m Stock Photo

RMRDR6FE–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 283 IKJUEIOUS INSECTS. daring tlie night, and care should be had that the trees be unloaded of their voracious freight Just before dark. It has been found that the whitewash was rendered still more eiiectual by adding one-half pint of turpentine to the pailful. DESTRUCTION' OF THE WINGED INSECTS. The complete destruction of the winged insects, when they swoop down upon a country in prodigious swarms, is impossible. Man is powerless before the mighty host. Special plants, or small tracts of vegeta- tion m

RMRDHJ3D–. Injurious and useful insects; an introduction to the study of economic entomology. Insects; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. Fig. 38.—Larva of garden-weevil. From Curtis' '' Farm Insects.' all the legs is apparently four-jointed, the proper fourth joint being reduced to a minute vestige. Weevils often abound in grain, seeds, but are by no means restricted to such food; they are insects of very varied tastes. It is to be remarked that the name weevil is applied to many small beetles which de- vour stores, irrespective of their structure. Thus the " weevil" that devours ship- biscui

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND QAKDEN. Ill as soon as they break ground with some powder offen- sive to these insects. A common application is wood ashes and plaster, equal parts, the joung plants to be thoroughly covered with the mixture. Air slaked shell lime (calcined oyster-shells) is much used by market gar- deners in the same manner, it is also useful as a fertil- izer. Fortunately the most destructive Saw Fly and other enemies of this crop have not yet made their way to this country, but as in the exceptional se Stock Photo

RMRDR6NT–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND QAKDEN. Ill as soon as they break ground with some powder offen- sive to these insects. A common application is wood ashes and plaster, equal parts, the joung plants to be thoroughly covered with the mixture. Air slaked shell lime (calcined oyster-shells) is much used by market gar- deners in the same manner, it is also useful as a fertil- izer. Fortunately the most destructive Saw Fly and other enemies of this crop have not yet made their way to this country, but as in the exceptional se

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 58 INJURIOUS INSECTS should have fallen into this error, for it is not only the accepted view with some writers for the agricultural press, but has been adopted by many eminent entomolo- gists. All this comes of course from one man's palming off the opinions of another as his own, whether good or bad, without due credit. The true natural history of the Pea-weevil may be thus briefly told. The beetles begin to appear as soon as our peas are in bloom, and when the young pods form, the female beetles gather Stock Photo

RMRDR6T6–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 58 INJURIOUS INSECTS should have fallen into this error, for it is not only the accepted view with some writers for the agricultural press, but has been adopted by many eminent entomolo- gists. All this comes of course from one man's palming off the opinions of another as his own, whether good or bad, without due credit. The true natural history of the Pea-weevil may be thus briefly told. The beetles begin to appear as soon as our peas are in bloom, and when the young pods form, the female beetles gather

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDEN. 165 THE APPLE CURCULIO. {Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say.). Some have stated that the common Plum Curculio will also attack young Apples; however this may be, there is, in several of the AVestern States, and in Canada, a Curculio which has long infested the native Crab Apples, and has, in many cases, learned to prefer the cultivated to the wild fruit. A comparison of the en- graving of this insect (fig. 106), with that of the Plum Curculio, given on a subsequent page, will at once sh Stock Photo

RMRDR6KC–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDEN. 165 THE APPLE CURCULIO. {Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say.). Some have stated that the common Plum Curculio will also attack young Apples; however this may be, there is, in several of the AVestern States, and in Canada, a Curculio which has long infested the native Crab Apples, and has, in many cases, learned to prefer the cultivated to the wild fruit. A comparison of the en- graving of this insect (fig. 106), with that of the Plum Curculio, given on a subsequent page, will at once sh

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 74 INJURIOUS IXSECTS ornamental trees, as well as forest trees, appear to be at- tacked indiscriminately. They remain in the beetle state but a short time, and the damage they do is small as compared â with that which they inflict in their prolonged grub state. The beetle is about an inch long, of the shape shown in figure 44; its legs are long and slender, with sharp claws, by which it can hold readily to the foliage, etc.; it is of a dark-chestnut color, and covered with minute dots; each wing-cover ha Stock Photo

RMRDR6RF–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 74 INJURIOUS IXSECTS ornamental trees, as well as forest trees, appear to be at- tacked indiscriminately. They remain in the beetle state but a short time, and the damage they do is small as compared â with that which they inflict in their prolonged grub state. The beetle is about an inch long, of the shape shown in figure 44; its legs are long and slender, with sharp claws, by which it can hold readily to the foliage, etc.; it is of a dark-chestnut color, and covered with minute dots; each wing-cover ha

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDE3S'. 147 to counteract the injuries committed by this beetle, is to prune the infested twigs, whenever found, and take great care to burn them with their contents. It is in the nur- sery that most damage is done by this insect, as it is sel- dom numerous enough in an orchard of large trees to more than cause what the philosophic orchardist ha^ termed " a good summer pruning." BAEK-LICB. The Bark-lice belong to the Order Hemiptera, in which they form the group or family, Coc Stock Photo

RMRDR6M3–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDE3S'. 147 to counteract the injuries committed by this beetle, is to prune the infested twigs, whenever found, and take great care to burn them with their contents. It is in the nur- sery that most damage is done by this insect, as it is sel- dom numerous enough in an orchard of large trees to more than cause what the philosophic orchardist ha^ termed " a good summer pruning." BAEK-LICB. The Bark-lice belong to the Order Hemiptera, in which they form the group or family, Coc

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 198 IKJTTRIOUS INSECTS. thrust its beak into the flesh. The most probable origin of tbese reports of stinging is due to the fact that a very large digger wasp {Stizus grandis) provides its nest with the Cicada, among other insects, as food for its young. The mother wasp stings her victims sufficiently to parar lyze, but not to kill them, and takes them to her under- ground nest. This wasp is given of the real size in figure 123. It is possible that one may, in catching a Cicada, get a sting from this was Stock Photo

RMRDR6J4–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 198 IKJTTRIOUS INSECTS. thrust its beak into the flesh. The most probable origin of tbese reports of stinging is due to the fact that a very large digger wasp {Stizus grandis) provides its nest with the Cicada, among other insects, as food for its young. The mother wasp stings her victims sufficiently to parar lyze, but not to kill them, and takes them to her under- ground nest. This wasp is given of the real size in figure 123. It is possible that one may, in catching a Cicada, get a sting from this was

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 171 of the same brilliant color; there are several short black prickles along the top of the back. The caterpillar tapers towards the tail, and this end is always elevated when it is at rest. When full grown, all the caterpillars of the same brood descend to the ground at the same time, seek a hiding place under leaves, or just below the sur- face of the soil, where they form cocoons, and assume the chrysalis state (fig. 110), in which they remain un- til the following June, when Stock Photo

RMRDR6K3–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 171 of the same brilliant color; there are several short black prickles along the top of the back. The caterpillar tapers towards the tail, and this end is always elevated when it is at rest. When full grown, all the caterpillars of the same brood descend to the ground at the same time, seek a hiding place under leaves, or just below the sur- face of the soil, where they form cocoons, and assume the chrysalis state (fig. 110), in which they remain un- til the following June, when

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 184 INJURIOUS INSECTS issues a moth. The figures show, 114, the male, and 115, the female. As will be seen from these engravings, the two sexes differ very materially from each other, the general color in both being glossy steel-blue. This Borer also attacks the Plum Tree, though sin-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. T Stock Photo

RMRDR6JT–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 184 INJURIOUS INSECTS issues a moth. The figures show, 114, the male, and 115, the female. As will be seen from these engravings, the two sexes differ very materially from each other, the general color in both being glossy steel-blue. This Borer also attacks the Plum Tree, though sin-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. T

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 185 ful. The borer may be prevented from laying her eggs, by surrounding the base of the tree with paper, which should extend for two inches below, and at least six inches above the surface of the ground, securing the upper portion by means of string or wire. Cloth and other preventives may be used in the same manner. THE PLUM CURCULIO. {Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.) The Plum Curculio, commonly known all over the country as The Curculio, is a small, roughened, warty, brownish b Stock Photo

RMRDR6JK–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 185 ful. The borer may be prevented from laying her eggs, by surrounding the base of the tree with paper, which should extend for two inches below, and at least six inches above the surface of the ground, securing the upper portion by means of string or wire. Cloth and other preventives may be used in the same manner. THE PLUM CURCULIO. {Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.) The Plum Curculio, commonly known all over the country as The Curculio, is a small, roughened, warty, brownish b

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OE THE FABM AND GABDEN. 39 county, Texas, and were printed in the " Practical En- tomologist" (vol. I, p. 110). His remarks are to the following effect: "The year before last they got into my garden, and utterly destroyed my cabbage, radishes, mustard, seed turnips, and every other cruciform plant. Last year I did not set any of that order of plants in my garden. But the present year, thinking they had probably left the premises, I planted my garden with radishes, mustard, and a variety of Stock Photo

RMRDR6W7–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OE THE FABM AND GABDEN. 39 county, Texas, and were printed in the " Practical En- tomologist" (vol. I, p. 110). His remarks are to the following effect: "The year before last they got into my garden, and utterly destroyed my cabbage, radishes, mustard, seed turnips, and every other cruciform plant. Last year I did not set any of that order of plants in my garden. But the present year, thinking they had probably left the premises, I planted my garden with radishes, mustard, and a variety of

RMRDR6RG–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 74 INJURIOUS IXSECTS ornamental trees, as well as forest trees, appear to be at- tacked indiscriminately. They remain in the beetle state but a short time, and the damage they do is small as compared â with that which they inflict in their prolonged grub state. The beetle is about an inch long, of the shape shown in figure 44; its legs are long and slender, with sharp claws, by which it can hold readily to the foliage, etc.; it is of a dark-chestnut color, and covered with minute dots; each wing-cover ha

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 289 notwithstanding all this, I would rather have a colony in my orchard when infested with the Slug (Selandria cerasi), than ever so many barrels of London-purple. In the summer of 1886 I found these hornets were busy from morning until night in the orchard, taking the Slugs from the leaves, and carrying them to their young, where their nest was suspended on one of the trees. There are also many blood-thirsty creatures found in the order Hemiptera, or true bugs. These are not pro Stock Photo

RMRDR6F9–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 289 notwithstanding all this, I would rather have a colony in my orchard when infested with the Slug (Selandria cerasi), than ever so many barrels of London-purple. In the summer of 1886 I found these hornets were busy from morning until night in the orchard, taking the Slugs from the leaves, and carrying them to their young, where their nest was suspended on one of the trees. There are also many blood-thirsty creatures found in the order Hemiptera, or true bugs. These are not pro

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND GAEDEK. 259 THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER, (Tettigonia vitis, Harris.) In many parts of the country, if one passes through a vineyard during July or August, he will be annoyed by the clouds of a small insect Avhich, as it ilies, appears as if it were of a dirty white color. These insects are generally known as "Thrips," a name belonging to a different genus, and which should be superseded by Leaf-hopper. The insect belongs to the Order Hemiptera, or true Bugs. It is the Tettigonia vitis Stock Photo

RMRDR6FR–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND GAEDEK. 259 THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER, (Tettigonia vitis, Harris.) In many parts of the country, if one passes through a vineyard during July or August, he will be annoyed by the clouds of a small insect Avhich, as it ilies, appears as if it were of a dirty white color. These insects are generally known as "Thrips," a name belonging to a different genus, and which should be superseded by Leaf-hopper. The insect belongs to the Order Hemiptera, or true Bugs. It is the Tettigonia vitis

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 236 ixjui:;OL's iksects growth of the vines that the worms come out in full force before the third bunch has fully formed, and this bunch is consequently included in the fold made by these worms, and destroyed. The larva of the Grape-vine Plume invariably hatches very soon after the leaves begin to expand; and though it is very generally called the Leaf-folder, it must not be confounded with the true Leaf-folder, described on page 231, and which does its prin- cipal damage later in the season. At first t Stock Photo

RMRDR6GB–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 236 ixjui:;OL's iksects growth of the vines that the worms come out in full force before the third bunch has fully formed, and this bunch is consequently included in the fold made by these worms, and destroyed. The larva of the Grape-vine Plume invariably hatches very soon after the leaves begin to expand; and though it is very generally called the Leaf-folder, it must not be confounded with the true Leaf-folder, described on page 231, and which does its prin- cipal damage later in the season. At first t

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Beneficial Insects. We need all the helps we can get in destroying noxious insects, and only those who haye studied their life are aware of the important part the carnivorous insects take in keeping the vegetable-feeding ones in check. And if with the aid of illustrations and descrip- tions we can make the more common ones plain enough to be recognized by the observing farmer and gardener, they will soon learn to know all friends from foes, so that they may protect and encourage these helpers in the work Stock Photo

RMRDR6FD–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Beneficial Insects. We need all the helps we can get in destroying noxious insects, and only those who haye studied their life are aware of the important part the carnivorous insects take in keeping the vegetable-feeding ones in check. And if with the aid of illustrations and descrip- tions we can make the more common ones plain enough to be recognized by the observing farmer and gardener, they will soon learn to know all friends from foes, so that they may protect and encourage these helpers in the work

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE PARM AND GAEDEK. 49 account is given of the destruction of a large crop of cucumbers at Indian River, Florida, by these worms. It was stated that they first attacked the bud, then worked into the plant, and eventually killed them out, root and branch. The melon crop in parts of Georgia has been very seriously injured by its ravages; to what extent is vividly shown in the following account by Prof. J. E. Willet, of Macon, Ga. [The following ai-e the essential. Fig. 33.—MELON-WOHM {FhomUura hyalirwi Stock Photo

RMRDR6TT–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE PARM AND GAEDEK. 49 account is given of the destruction of a large crop of cucumbers at Indian River, Florida, by these worms. It was stated that they first attacked the bud, then worked into the plant, and eventually killed them out, root and branch. The melon crop in parts of Georgia has been very seriously injured by its ravages; to what extent is vividly shown in the following account by Prof. J. E. Willet, of Macon, Ga. [The following ai-e the essential. Fig. 33.—MELON-WOHM {FhomUura hyalirwi

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 340 INJURIOUS INSECTS.. Fig. 146. GKAPE BERKT-MOTH. a. Pupa; 6, Chrysalis. The first moths appear in Southern Illinois and Central Missouri about the 1st of August, and as the worms are found in the grapes during the months of August and September, or even later, and as Mr. Read has kept the cocoons through the greater part of the winter, there is every reason to believe that a second brood of worms is generated from these moths, and that the second brood of worms, as is the case of the Codling-moth of t Stock Photo

RMRDR6G7–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 340 INJURIOUS INSECTS.. Fig. 146. GKAPE BERKT-MOTH. a. Pupa; 6, Chrysalis. The first moths appear in Southern Illinois and Central Missouri about the 1st of August, and as the worms are found in the grapes during the months of August and September, or even later, and as Mr. Read has kept the cocoons through the greater part of the winter, there is every reason to believe that a second brood of worms is generated from these moths, and that the second brood of worms, as is the case of the Codling-moth of t

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEK. 215 THE GKAPE-VINB. THE HOG-CATERPILLAR OF THE VINE. {Chcerocampa pampinatrix, Smitli & Abbott.) Of the large, solitary caterpillars that attack the Grape- vine, this is by far the most common and injurious in the Mississippi Valley. We have frequently found the egg of this insect glued singly to the underside of a leaf. It is 0.05 inch in diameter, perfectly round, and of a uniform. Fig. 136.—HOQ-OATEKPILLAE OF THE TTNE {Chorocampa pampinatrix.) deUcate yellowish-green color. Stock Photo

RMRDR6GX–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEK. 215 THE GKAPE-VINB. THE HOG-CATERPILLAR OF THE VINE. {Chcerocampa pampinatrix, Smitli & Abbott.) Of the large, solitary caterpillars that attack the Grape- vine, this is by far the most common and injurious in the Mississippi Valley. We have frequently found the egg of this insect glued singly to the underside of a leaf. It is 0.05 inch in diameter, perfectly round, and of a uniform. Fig. 136.—HOQ-OATEKPILLAE OF THE TTNE {Chorocampa pampinatrix.) deUcate yellowish-green color.

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 170 INJUEIOUS INSECTS known as " Stone-fruits,"—Peach, Plum, Cherry, etc; another, the Pear Sub-family [Pomem), includes the Ap- ple, Pear, Quince, etc., and it is not often that the in- sects which prey upon one sub-family attack the other. Still there are a few general feeders, which are injurious to nearly all fruit trees, and make it difficult to classify insects according to the trees upon which they feed. The insects which follow, while they also injure the Apple, do not confine themselve Stock Photo

RMRDR6K6–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 170 INJUEIOUS INSECTS known as " Stone-fruits,"—Peach, Plum, Cherry, etc; another, the Pear Sub-family [Pomem), includes the Ap- ple, Pear, Quince, etc., and it is not often that the in- sects which prey upon one sub-family attack the other. Still there are a few general feeders, which are injurious to nearly all fruit trees, and make it difficult to classify insects according to the trees upon which they feed. The insects which follow, while they also injure the Apple, do not confine themselve

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 138 INJURIOUS IXSECTS and now, in some localities, from New England to Mich- igan and Illinois, it often occurs in troublesome numbers. It attacks the clover in the mow or stack, webbing the stems together with multitudes of silken threads, among which is such an abundance of black excrement as to un- fit the clover for feeding to animals. The white cocoons are present in such numbers, that one, without do- examination, would pronounce the hay to be moula. Fig. 93.—CLOVER-WORM (^Asia costcUis, Fabr.) 1 a Stock Photo

RMRDR6MR–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 138 INJURIOUS IXSECTS and now, in some localities, from New England to Mich- igan and Illinois, it often occurs in troublesome numbers. It attacks the clover in the mow or stack, webbing the stems together with multitudes of silken threads, among which is such an abundance of black excrement as to un- fit the clover for feeding to animals. The white cocoons are present in such numbers, that one, without do- examination, would pronounce the hay to be moula. Fig. 93.—CLOVER-WORM (^Asia costcUis, Fabr.) 1 a

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 208 lifJURIOUS INSECTS pest almost ruined the plants in my garden, but of late it has not been very abundant, although it has not entirely disappeared. This Strawberry Worm is the larva of a small black fly, which has of late years become abundant throughout the Northern States and appears to be more destructive at the "West than at the East. The worms are of a yellowish-green color, a little over half an inch long, and when feeding are usually curl- ed up as in fig. ] 37. The parent fly (fig. 128), Stock Photo

RMRDR6HB–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 208 lifJURIOUS INSECTS pest almost ruined the plants in my garden, but of late it has not been very abundant, although it has not entirely disappeared. This Strawberry Worm is the larva of a small black fly, which has of late years become abundant throughout the Northern States and appears to be more destructive at the "West than at the East. The worms are of a yellowish-green color, a little over half an inch long, and when feeding are usually curl- ed up as in fig. ] 37. The parent fly (fig. 128),

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 54 INJTJEIOUS INSECTS two circumscribed localities in the "West, and even there does comparatively but little damage. The Imported Onion Fly lays her eggs while the onions 'â¢e small (in May and June), depositing them on the lyes near the surface of the ground. The maggots soon tch and make their way down to the base of the young Jb, sometimes as many as two or three in a single â iiion: here they feed for about a fortnight, when they usually leave the bulb and turn into chestnut-colored pupae in th Stock Photo

RMRDR6TJ–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 54 INJTJEIOUS INSECTS two circumscribed localities in the "West, and even there does comparatively but little damage. The Imported Onion Fly lays her eggs while the onions 'â¢e small (in May and June), depositing them on the lyes near the surface of the ground. The maggots soon tch and make their way down to the base of the young Jb, sometimes as many as two or three in a single â iiion: here they feed for about a fortnight, when they usually leave the bulb and turn into chestnut-colored pupae in th

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FARM AKD GAEDEN. 101 the larvaj of several Lady-birds, or Lady-bugs, the per- fect beetles being red, pink, or other bright color, with black spots, and generally well known by the above pop- ular names. Their larvaa are very active and do good service in destroying both the eggs and the larvae of the Potato-beetle. Their pupsB often resemble the larva of the Colorado- beetle, and are destroyed by mistake. Figure 67 shows one of these larvee; the hair line gives the real size. Besides these, there Stock Photo

RMRDR6PD–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FARM AKD GAEDEN. 101 the larvaj of several Lady-birds, or Lady-bugs, the per- fect beetles being red, pink, or other bright color, with black spots, and generally well known by the above pop- ular names. Their larvaa are very active and do good service in destroying both the eggs and the larvae of the Potato-beetle. Their pupsB often resemble the larva of the Colorado- beetle, and are destroyed by mistake. Figure 67 shows one of these larvee; the hair line gives the real size. Besides these, there

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 200 INJURIOUS INSECTS left-hand side in figure 123, of a shining mahogany color. In about fourteen days it bursts the pupa shell, and, early in July, appears as a moth, represented in figure 123, the upper one being the male, with feathered feelers, and the lower the female, in which these are simple. The .OiM' -. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly Stock Photo

RMRDR6J0–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 200 INJURIOUS INSECTS left-hand side in figure 123, of a shining mahogany color. In about fourteen days it bursts the pupa shell, and, early in July, appears as a moth, represented in figure 123, the upper one being the male, with feathered feelers, and the lower the female, in which these are simple. The .OiM' -. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 232 INJURlOtrs IKSECTS named Botys Mcohr. The color is black, with an opal- escent reflection, and the under surface differs only from the upper in being less bright; all the wings are bordered with white. The front wings of both sexes are each fur- nished with two white spots; but while in the male (fig. 143,4), there is but one large spot on the hind wings, ill the female (fig. 143, 5), this spot is invariably more or less constricted in the middle, especially above, and is often entirely divided into Stock Photo

RMRDR6GC–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 232 INJURlOtrs IKSECTS named Botys Mcohr. The color is black, with an opal- escent reflection, and the under surface differs only from the upper in being less bright; all the wings are bordered with white. The front wings of both sexes are each fur- nished with two white spots; but while in the male (fig. 143,4), there is but one large spot on the hind wings, ill the female (fig. 143, 5), this spot is invariably more or less constricted in the middle, especially above, and is often entirely divided into

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 75 spring of the third year (some say the fourth), and is then sometimes as large as one's little finger, of the shape shown in figure 45. It is soft, dirty-white, and has a ma^ hogany-oolored head, and is usually found with its body curved in a semicircle, though it can straighten itself out and crawl slowly. In the third year they form a some- what egg-shaped chamber, by sticking the particles of earth together by means of an adhesive fiuid, within which they assume the pupa sta Stock Photo

RMRDR6RC–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 75 spring of the third year (some say the fourth), and is then sometimes as large as one's little finger, of the shape shown in figure 45. It is soft, dirty-white, and has a ma^ hogany-oolored head, and is usually found with its body curved in a semicircle, though it can straighten itself out and crawl slowly. In the third year they form a some- what egg-shaped chamber, by sticking the particles of earth together by means of an adhesive fiuid, within which they assume the pupa sta

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. This Order takes in the Dragon-flies, Lace-wing^ White-ants, etc. The veins in the wings of these insects are so numerous, that they look Hke net- work, and give the name, from Neuron. nerve, to the Order. These insects do no harm, with the exceij- Hg. lO.-AQUATIO LABVA OF DBAGON-FLT. ^-^^^ ^f -White-antS, and Book-lice. Some are quite beneficial to man, both in the larval and winged states. The larvae of the Dragon-flies are aquatic, and exceedingly voracious; they ^S^fi^. Fig. U.—DRAQON-FLT. prey upon Stock Photo

RMRDR6Y4–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. This Order takes in the Dragon-flies, Lace-wing^ White-ants, etc. The veins in the wings of these insects are so numerous, that they look Hke net- work, and give the name, from Neuron. nerve, to the Order. These insects do no harm, with the exceij- Hg. lO.-AQUATIO LABVA OF DBAGON-FLT. ^-^^^ ^f -White-antS, and Book-lice. Some are quite beneficial to man, both in the larval and winged states. The larvae of the Dragon-flies are aquatic, and exceedingly voracious; they ^S^fi^. Fig. U.—DRAQON-FLT. prey upon

$. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 7.—WHEEL-BUG {Reduvius). Fig. 8.—^hessian iTiT. larvse have much the appearance of the perfect insect, simply differing from them in the lack of wings. The Rcdunua, or Wheel-bug, fig. 7, is an example of the car- nivorous and useful insects of this Order. The character of the larvae is seen in the engraving of the Chinch-bug. Ordek V.—DIPTERA.—Two-winged Insects. This is the only Order of insects that have but two wings (a fact expressed in the name). It comprises a. Please note that these images ar Stock Photo$

RMRDR6YN–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 7.—WHEEL-BUG {Reduvius). Fig. 8.—^hessian iTiT. larvse have much the appearance of the perfect insect, simply differing from them in the lack of wings. The Rcdunua, or Wheel-bug, fig. 7, is an example of the car- nivorous and useful insects of this Order. The character of the larvae is seen in the engraving of the Chinch-bug. Ordek V.—DIPTERA.—Two-winged Insects. This is the only Order of insects that have but two wings (a fact expressed in the name). It comprises a. Please note that these images ar

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 108 INJUEIOUS INSECTS THE PALE-THIGHED TORTOISE-BEETLE. (Cassida pallida, Herbst.) This species can scarcely be distinguished from the pre- ceding. It is of a somewhat broader, rounder form, and differs in lacking the black spots on the wing-coverts, and in having the thighs entirely pale yellow, while in aurich- alcea they are black at the base. It likewise feeds upon the Sweet-potato, and its larva differs only from that of the former, in its spines being brighter and lighter col- ored, and in having a Stock Photo

RMRDR6P4–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 108 INJUEIOUS INSECTS THE PALE-THIGHED TORTOISE-BEETLE. (Cassida pallida, Herbst.) This species can scarcely be distinguished from the pre- ceding. It is of a somewhat broader, rounder form, and differs in lacking the black spots on the wing-coverts, and in having the thighs entirely pale yellow, while in aurich- alcea they are black at the base. It likewise feeds upon the Sweet-potato, and its larva differs only from that of the former, in its spines being brighter and lighter col- ored, and in having a

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 1.—STBA^WBERBT FLT. Obdbr L—HYMBNOPTERA.—The Bees, Wasps, Ants, Ichneumok Plies, etc. The name Hymenoptera, is from the Greek words for '' membrane " aad " wing." The Greek word Pteron,'' a wing," plural Ptera, "wings," is used in forming the names of all the Orders. The insects of this Order, (with the exception of the Saw- flies and Horn-tails, which are vegetable feeders), are highly useful to man. They may be regarded as guards over the rest of the insect world, as they Stock Photo

RMRDR70C–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 1.—STBA^WBERBT FLT. Obdbr L—HYMBNOPTERA.—The Bees, Wasps, Ants, Ichneumok Plies, etc. The name Hymenoptera, is from the Greek words for '' membrane " aad " wing." The Greek word Pteron,'' a wing," plural Ptera, "wings," is used in forming the names of all the Orders. The insects of this Order, (with the exception of the Saw- flies and Horn-tails, which are vegetable feeders), are highly useful to man. They may be regarded as guards over the rest of the insect world, as they

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE PARM AN'D GARDEN. 121 causing the stalks to swell and the plant to turn yellow and die. By the end of November, or from thirty to forty days after the wheat is sown, they assume the " flax- seed " state, and may, on removing the lower leaves, be found as little brown, oval, cylindrical, smooth bodies, a little smaller than grains of rice. They remain in the wheat until during warm weather in April, when the larva rapidly transforms into the pupa within its flax- seed-skin, the fly emergi Stock Photo

RMRDR6N8–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE PARM AN'D GARDEN. 121 causing the stalks to swell and the plant to turn yellow and die. By the end of November, or from thirty to forty days after the wheat is sown, they assume the " flax- seed " state, and may, on removing the lower leaves, be found as little brown, oval, cylindrical, smooth bodies, a little smaller than grains of rice. They remain in the wheat until during warm weather in April, when the larva rapidly transforms into the pupa within its flax- seed-skin, the fly emergi

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 284 INJUEIOUS INSECTS days, or just at twilight. The larva is a dark-colored, nearly black, ferocious-looking creature, and when full grown is nearly two inches in length. When it is not gorged with food it runs rapidly over the ground, but I have often found it in such a condition that it could scarcely move from the excess of its gluttony. Its favorite food is cut-worms, and, like its parents, it hunts mostly at night, hiding away from the direct rays of the sun under rubbish, and sometimes burrowing i Stock Photo

RMRDR6FC–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 284 INJUEIOUS INSECTS days, or just at twilight. The larva is a dark-colored, nearly black, ferocious-looking creature, and when full grown is nearly two inches in length. When it is not gorged with food it runs rapidly over the ground, but I have often found it in such a condition that it could scarcely move from the excess of its gluttony. Its favorite food is cut-worms, and, like its parents, it hunts mostly at night, hiding away from the direct rays of the sun under rubbish, and sometimes burrowing i

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 194 IKJUEIOTJS i:srsBCTS the ground. In this way orchards have suffered severelj in consequence of the injurious punctures of these insects. Sometimes, however, the twigs of the Apple and other fruit trees recover from these attacks and new wood forms over the wounds as shown in figure 130. The eggs (fig. 118, e) are one-twelfth of an inch long, and one-tenth of an inch through the middle, but taper at each end to an obtuse point, and are of a pearl-white color. The shell is so thin and delicate that the Stock Photo

RMRDR6JA–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 194 IKJUEIOTJS i:srsBCTS the ground. In this way orchards have suffered severelj in consequence of the injurious punctures of these insects. Sometimes, however, the twigs of the Apple and other fruit trees recover from these attacks and new wood forms over the wounds as shown in figure 130. The eggs (fig. 118, e) are one-twelfth of an inch long, and one-tenth of an inch through the middle, but taper at each end to an obtuse point, and are of a pearl-white color. The shell is so thin and delicate that the

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 46 IN-JUKIOUS INSECTS yellow, bordered with a brown line, and with three black confluent spots at the palpi. The worms commence to appear, in the latitude of St. Louis, about the middle of July, and they continue their destructive work till the end of September. They bore cylindrical holes into the fruit, and feed on its fleshy parts. They are gross feeders, and produce a large amount of soft excrement. I have found as many as four in a medium-sized cucumber, and a single worm will often cause the fruit Stock Photo

RMRDR6W3–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 46 IN-JUKIOUS INSECTS yellow, bordered with a brown line, and with three black confluent spots at the palpi. The worms commence to appear, in the latitude of St. Louis, about the middle of July, and they continue their destructive work till the end of September. They bore cylindrical holes into the fruit, and feed on its fleshy parts. They are gross feeders, and produce a large amount of soft excrement. I have found as many as four in a medium-sized cucumber, and a single worm will often cause the fruit

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAKM AND GAEDBK. 109 with a bluish shade along the back, which shade disap- pears however when the insect has fasted for a few hours. It carries its excrement in irregular broad masses, often branching as in the species next to be described. The pupa (fig. 75, i), is also of a uniform green color, with a conspicuous black ring around the base of the first ab- dominal pair of spiracles. Before changing to pupa, and previous to each moult, this larva is in the habit of removing the excrement from it Stock Photo

RMRDR6P0–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAKM AND GAEDBK. 109 with a bluish shade along the back, which shade disap- pears however when the insect has fasted for a few hours. It carries its excrement in irregular broad masses, often branching as in the species next to be described. The pupa (fig. 75, i), is also of a uniform green color, with a conspicuous black ring around the base of the first ab- dominal pair of spiracles. Before changing to pupa, and previous to each moult, this larva is in the habit of removing the excrement from it

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 249 c). She is about .04-inch long, generally spherical in shape, of a dull-orange color, and looks not unlike an immature seed of the common purslane. At times, by the elongation of the abdomen, she is more or less perfectly pear-shaped. Her members are all dusky, and so short, compared to her swollen body, that she ap- pears very clumsy, and undoubtedly would be outside of her gall, which she never has occasion to quit, and which. Fig. 152.—GRAPE PHTLLOXERA—LEAF-GAI.L TYPE. a,I) Stock Photo

RMRDR6G1–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. 249 c). She is about .04-inch long, generally spherical in shape, of a dull-orange color, and looks not unlike an immature seed of the common purslane. At times, by the elongation of the abdomen, she is more or less perfectly pear-shaped. Her members are all dusky, and so short, compared to her swollen body, that she ap- pears very clumsy, and undoubtedly would be outside of her gall, which she never has occasion to quit, and which. Fig. 152.—GRAPE PHTLLOXERA—LEAF-GAI.L TYPE. a,I)

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 114.—^PEAOH-BOBEB—KAIM. Fig. 115.—^PHACJH-BORBB—FEMAUB. gularly enough, it causes no exudation of gum ia this, as it does in the Peach Tree. Eemedibs.—As the borer often attacks the young trees in the nursery, all trees before planting should be care- fully examined near the root, and if any are present, they may be readily cut out. In large peach orchards, " worming " is a part of the labor of cultivation. After the harvest, hands are employed to examine every tree for borers, and the mor Stock Photo

RMRDR6JN–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 114.—^PEAOH-BOBEB—KAIM. Fig. 115.—^PHACJH-BORBB—FEMAUB. gularly enough, it causes no exudation of gum ia this, as it does in the Peach Tree. Eemedibs.—As the borer often attacks the young trees in the nursery, all trees before planting should be care- fully examined near the root, and if any are present, they may be readily cut out. In large peach orchards, " worming " is a part of the labor of cultivation. After the harvest, hands are employed to examine every tree for borers, and the mor

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 123.—GOOSEBERRY 8PAi»-woRM (EuJUc m ribeario). aoth is of a pale nankin-)'ellow color, the wings shaded with faint dusky leaden-colored spots arranged so as not to present any definite pattern. The female lays her eggs on the brandies and twigs of the bushes, hence the specie's is frequently carried in the egg state npon trans- plauicd bushes from unc neighborhood to another; which accounts for its sudden aiipcarance in parts where it was before unknown. For there is but one brood of this. Please no Stock Photo

RMRDR6HN–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 123.—GOOSEBERRY 8PAi»-woRM (EuJUc m ribeario). aoth is of a pale nankin-)'ellow color, the wings shaded with faint dusky leaden-colored spots arranged so as not to present any definite pattern. The female lays her eggs on the brandies and twigs of the bushes, hence the specie's is frequently carried in the egg state npon trans- plauicd bushes from unc neighborhood to another; which accounts for its sudden aiipcarance in parts where it was before unknown. For there is but one brood of this. Please no

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 63 IKJUBIOUS INSECTS Introduction.) About tlie last of June (in the North- ern States), these insects come out from their hiding places, pair, and lay their eggs. The parent insect (fig. 38,) is a little over half an inch ("/,„) in length, rusty- black above, and ochre-yellowish beneath. The ground color of the upper parts is ochre-yellow, but concealed by multitudes of minute black dots. A marked charac- ter of this insect is the odor it gives off when handled or disturbed; this odor has been compa Stock Photo

RMRDR6T4–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 63 IKJUBIOUS INSECTS Introduction.) About tlie last of June (in the North- ern States), these insects come out from their hiding places, pair, and lay their eggs. The parent insect (fig. 38,) is a little over half an inch ("/,„) in length, rusty- black above, and ochre-yellowish beneath. The ground color of the upper parts is ochre-yellow, but concealed by multitudes of minute black dots. A marked charac- ter of this insect is the odor it gives off when handled or disturbed; this odor has been compa

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 79.—CHINOH-BUa. Fig. 80.—SHORT-WINGED CHIMOH-BDQ. color when first laid, but subsequently assuming a red- dish color from the young larva showing through the transparent shell. As the mother Chinch-bug has to work her way under ground in the spring of the year, in order to get at the roots upon which she proposes to lay her eggs, it becomes evident at once, that the looser the soil is at this time of the year the greater the facilities which are offered for the operation. Hence the great ad- vantage Stock Photo

RMRDR6NJ–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 79.—CHINOH-BUa. Fig. 80.—SHORT-WINGED CHIMOH-BDQ. color when first laid, but subsequently assuming a red- dish color from the young larva showing through the transparent shell. As the mother Chinch-bug has to work her way under ground in the spring of the year, in order to get at the roots upon which she proposes to lay her eggs, it becomes evident at once, that the looser the soil is at this time of the year the greater the facilities which are offered for the operation. Hence the great ad- vantage

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 66 INJCJRIOUS INSECTS. notice, did not its droppings betray it. Hand picking— and it is perfectly harmless—is the remedy. The Caterpillar of the Corn, or Boll-worm (Heliothis armigera), besides doing vast injury to Indian Corn, and to Cotton, feeds on many other plants. In some of the. Fig. 40.—BOLL-WOKM {Heliothis armigera) teeding tJPON tomato. Western States, it has proved a great pest to the Tomato grower, eating into the green fruit, and causing it to rot. Figure 40 shows this Caterpillar attacking Stock Photo

RMRDR6RT–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 66 INJCJRIOUS INSECTS. notice, did not its droppings betray it. Hand picking— and it is perfectly harmless—is the remedy. The Caterpillar of the Corn, or Boll-worm (Heliothis armigera), besides doing vast injury to Indian Corn, and to Cotton, feeds on many other plants. In some of the. Fig. 40.—BOLL-WOKM {Heliothis armigera) teeding tJPON tomato. Western States, it has proved a great pest to the Tomato grower, eating into the green fruit, and causing it to rot. Figure 40 shows this Caterpillar attacking

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND OAEDEN. 285 it is equally rapacious and will ascend trees in pursuit of prey, or burrow in the earth after Cut-worms. The Elongated Ground-beetle, Pasimachus elongatus (fig. 166), is another of our handsome carnivorous beetles. Its color is shining black, bordered with deep blue. It is often met with in our gardens, and preys indiscrim- inately upon all soft-bodied larvae—especially upon the larvae of the Colorado Potato-beetle. Several other large predaceous beetles are common in gardens Stock Photo

RMRDR6FB–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND OAEDEN. 285 it is equally rapacious and will ascend trees in pursuit of prey, or burrow in the earth after Cut-worms. The Elongated Ground-beetle, Pasimachus elongatus (fig. 166), is another of our handsome carnivorous beetles. Its color is shining black, bordered with deep blue. It is often met with in our gardens, and preys indiscrim- inately upon all soft-bodied larvae—especially upon the larvae of the Colorado Potato-beetle. Several other large predaceous beetles are common in gardens

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 87.—AKMT WORM.. Fig. 89.—MOTH OF ABMT WORM. cially prone to oviposit in places where there is a thick matting of coarse, last year's grass. The young worm hatches in about ten days, and up to the last moult has all the habits of an ordinary Cut-Worm, the colors being much paler than when full grown, and the worm hiding during the day at the base of the grasses. When not excessively numerous they retain this their normal Cut-Worm habit, and only when they become excessively multiplied do they acquire Stock Photo

RMRDR6N2–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 87.—AKMT WORM.. Fig. 89.—MOTH OF ABMT WORM. cially prone to oviposit in places where there is a thick matting of coarse, last year's grass. The young worm hatches in about ten days, and up to the last moult has all the habits of an ordinary Cut-Worm, the colors being much paler than when full grown, and the worm hiding during the day at the base of the grasses. When not excessively numerous they retain this their normal Cut-Worm habit, and only when they become excessively multiplied do they acquire

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FARM AND GABDBST. 29 hibernates in the chrysalis state. We do not know that it feeds on anything but cabbage, but we once found a male chrysalis fastened to a stalk of the common " Horse N"ettle," {Solanum Carolinense) which was growing in a cemetery with no cabbages within at least a quarter of a THE CABBAGE PLUSIA. (Plusia brassiccB, Eiley.) This is the next most common insect which attacks the Cabbage with us, and curiously enough it has never yet. Fig. 23.—THE CABBAGE PLUSIA {Hu Stock Photo

RMRDR6WJ–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FARM AND GABDBST. 29 hibernates in the chrysalis state. We do not know that it feeds on anything but cabbage, but we once found a male chrysalis fastened to a stalk of the common " Horse N"ettle," {Solanum Carolinense) which was growing in a cemetery with no cabbages within at least a quarter of a THE CABBAGE PLUSIA. (Plusia brassiccB, Eiley.) This is the next most common insect which attacks the Cabbage with us, and curiously enough it has never yet. Fig. 23.—THE CABBAGE PLUSIA {Hu

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 164 INJUEIOUS INSECTS THE APPLE-MAGGOT. {Trypeta pomonella, Walsh.) Besides the well-known Apple-worm, or Codling-motb, there is in some localities, especially in the older (States, the Apple-maggot. It differs from the Codling-moth in many respects ; the parent insect is not a moth, but one of the two-winged flies. It is not, like the other, an. Fig. 105.—APPLE-MAGGOT (Trypeta pomoneUa, Walsh.) Perfect Insect; Larva and its burrows ; Pupa. imported insect, but a native which has long inhabited our wild Stock Photo

RMRDR6KF–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 164 INJUEIOUS INSECTS THE APPLE-MAGGOT. {Trypeta pomonella, Walsh.) Besides the well-known Apple-worm, or Codling-motb, there is in some localities, especially in the older (States, the Apple-maggot. It differs from the Codling-moth in many respects ; the parent insect is not a moth, but one of the two-winged flies. It is not, like the other, an. Fig. 105.—APPLE-MAGGOT (Trypeta pomoneUa, Walsh.) Perfect Insect; Larva and its burrows ; Pupa. imported insect, but a native which has long inhabited our wild

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND GARDEN. CLOVER. 135 In an inyasion of the Eocky Mountain Locust or Grass- hopper, the Clover suffers with most other green things, but the generally voracious Army Worm, while it occa- sionally nibbles at it, usually passes to more acceptable plants. There are a few caterpillars of moths now and then found upon Clover, but are regarded mainly as acci- dental. Within a few years, it has been discovered that. Fig. 90.—LARVA, MAGNLFJED. Fig. 91.—CLOTEK-SEED MTDGE, FEMAI/B WLY. c. Ovipositor; Stock Photo

RMRDR6N0–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AND GARDEN. CLOVER. 135 In an inyasion of the Eocky Mountain Locust or Grass- hopper, the Clover suffers with most other green things, but the generally voracious Army Worm, while it occa- sionally nibbles at it, usually passes to more acceptable plants. There are a few caterpillars of moths now and then found upon Clover, but are regarded mainly as acci- dental. Within a few years, it has been discovered that. Fig. 90.—LARVA, MAGNLFJED. Fig. 91.—CLOTEK-SEED MTDGE, FEMAI/B WLY. c. Ovipositor;

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AXD GARDEN". 31 be found eyen more effectual, as tlie worms drop to the ground with the slightest jar. THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR. {Mamestra pieta, Harr.) There is another insect which often proves injurion& to our cauliflowers and cabbages, though it by no means confines itself to these two vegetables. Early in June the young worms, which are at first almost black, though they soon become pale and green, may be found in dense. Fig. 84.—THE ZEBRA CATBRPiLLAB {Mdmestraplcto), fit Larva; h. Stock Photo

RMRDR6WC–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AXD GARDEN". 31 be found eyen more effectual, as tlie worms drop to the ground with the slightest jar. THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR. {Mamestra pieta, Harr.) There is another insect which often proves injurion& to our cauliflowers and cabbages, though it by no means confines itself to these two vegetables. Early in June the young worms, which are at first almost black, though they soon become pale and green, may be found in dense. Fig. 84.—THE ZEBRA CATBRPiLLAB {Mdmestraplcto), fit Larva; h.

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 324 INJURIOUS INSECTS THE ABBOT SPHINX {Thyreus Abbotii, Swainson.) This is another of the large Grape-feeding insects, oc- curring on the cultivated and indigenous vines and on the Virginia Creeper, and having, in the full grown larva state, a pohshed tubercle instead of a horn at the tail. Its habitat is given by Dr. Clemens, as New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Massachusetts, and Ohio; but though not so common as the Sphinx Moths already described, yet it is often met with both in Illinois and. Fig. 14 Stock Photo

RMRDR6GF–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 324 INJURIOUS INSECTS THE ABBOT SPHINX {Thyreus Abbotii, Swainson.) This is another of the large Grape-feeding insects, oc- curring on the cultivated and indigenous vines and on the Virginia Creeper, and having, in the full grown larva state, a pohshed tubercle instead of a horn at the tail. Its habitat is given by Dr. Clemens, as New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Massachusetts, and Ohio; but though not so common as the Sphinx Moths already described, yet it is often met with both in Illinois and. Fig. 14

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 10 IKJURIOrS INSECTS. 1.—STBA^WBERBT FLT. Obdbr L—HYMBNOPTERA.—The Bees, Wasps, Ants, Ichneumok Plies, etc. The name Hymenoptera, is from the Greek words for '' membrane " aad " wing." The Greek word Pteron,'' a wing," plural Ptera, "wings," is used in forming the names of all the Orders. The insects of this Order, (with the exception of the Saw- flies and Horn-tails, which are vegetable feeders), are highly useful to man. They may be regarded as guards over the rest of the Stock Photo

RMRDR70E–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 10 IKJURIOrS INSECTS. 1.—STBA^WBERBT FLT. Obdbr L—HYMBNOPTERA.—The Bees, Wasps, Ants, Ichneumok Plies, etc. The name Hymenoptera, is from the Greek words for '' membrane " aad " wing." The Greek word Pteron,'' a wing," plural Ptera, "wings," is used in forming the names of all the Orders. The insects of this Order, (with the exception of the Saw- flies and Horn-tails, which are vegetable feeders), are highly useful to man. They may be regarded as guards over the rest of the

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDBK. 187 crescent is evidently to deaden the flap, so as to prevent the growing fruit from crushing tlae egg. Now that she has completed this task, and has gone ofE to perform a similar operation on some other fruit, let us from day to day watch the egg which we have just seen deposited, and learn in what manner it develoiJS into a Curculio like the parent which produced itââ remembering that the life and habits of this. one indi- vidual are illustrative of those of every other Plum Cu Stock Photo

RMRDR6JG–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FARM AND GAEDBK. 187 crescent is evidently to deaden the flap, so as to prevent the growing fruit from crushing tlae egg. Now that she has completed this task, and has gone ofE to perform a similar operation on some other fruit, let us from day to day watch the egg which we have just seen deposited, and learn in what manner it develoiJS into a Curculio like the parent which produced itââ remembering that the life and habits of this. one indi- vidual are illustrative of those of every other Plum Cu

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AKD GARDEN. 91 given it by the presence upon its body of minute ash-gray scales or short hairs, and whenever these are rubbed off, which hapjDens almost as readily as on the wings of a but- terfly, the original black color appears. It attacks not only potato vines, but also Honey-locusts, and especially the English and Windsor bean. In one particular year, we hiive known them, in conjunction with about equal numbers of the common Rose-bug {Macrodadylus sub- spinosus, Linn.), to swarm upon eve Stock Photo

RMRDR6PM–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OF THE FAEM AKD GARDEN. 91 given it by the presence upon its body of minute ash-gray scales or short hairs, and whenever these are rubbed off, which hapjDens almost as readily as on the wings of a but- terfly, the original black color appears. It attacks not only potato vines, but also Honey-locusts, and especially the English and Windsor bean. In one particular year, we hiive known them, in conjunction with about equal numbers of the common Rose-bug {Macrodadylus sub- spinosus, Linn.), to swarm upon eve

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 273 INJURIOUS IBTSECTS They have done damage in several restricted localities, and have passed over in greater or less STvarms almost every year since the settlement of the country, but the prevalent idea that they are a yearly plague is a mistake. In New Mexico, which has been settled by the same people for two hundred years, generation after genera- tion of the same family, cultivating the same fields, they say they expect to lose about one crop in seven by Grass- hoppers. The experience in Utah, Monta Stock Photo

RMRF0AHT–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 273 INJURIOUS IBTSECTS They have done damage in several restricted localities, and have passed over in greater or less STvarms almost every year since the settlement of the country, but the prevalent idea that they are a yearly plague is a mistake. In New Mexico, which has been settled by the same people for two hundred years, generation after genera- tion of the same family, cultivating the same fields, they say they expect to lose about one crop in seven by Grass- hoppers. The experience in Utah, Monta

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 214 INJURIOUS INSECTS THE SNOWY TREE-CEICKET. {CEcanthus niveus, Harris.) The Snowy Tree-Cricket, fig. 134, prefers the canes of the Raspberry for its eggs to the twigs of other shrubs or trees. It will, however, use the Grape, Willow, Peach, and other kinds, if Raspberries are not convenient. The long, slender eggs are deposited in a close compact row, an inch or more in length, each egg placed at a slight angle, and deep enough to reach the pith of the cane or twig in which it is set (fig. 135). This w Stock Photo

RMRDR6GY–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 214 INJURIOUS INSECTS THE SNOWY TREE-CEICKET. {CEcanthus niveus, Harris.) The Snowy Tree-Cricket, fig. 134, prefers the canes of the Raspberry for its eggs to the twigs of other shrubs or trees. It will, however, use the Grape, Willow, Peach, and other kinds, if Raspberries are not convenient. The long, slender eggs are deposited in a close compact row, an inch or more in length, each egg placed at a slight angle, and deep enough to reach the pith of the cane or twig in which it is set (fig. 135). This w

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Insects Injurious to Garden Vegetables. ASPAEAGUS. THE ASPAEAGUS BEETLE. {Crioceris asparagi, Linn.) About 1860, the Asparagus Beetle was accidentally in- troduced into Long Island, N. Y., from the other side of the Atlantic; and in a very few years it had increased and multiplied, among the extensive asparagus planta- tions in that locality, to such an extent as to occasion a dead loss of some fifty thousand dollars in a single county. In the year 1868, it had already crossed over from Long Island on to Stock Photo

RMRDR6XY–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Insects Injurious to Garden Vegetables. ASPAEAGUS. THE ASPAEAGUS BEETLE. {Crioceris asparagi, Linn.) About 1860, the Asparagus Beetle was accidentally in- troduced into Long Island, N. Y., from the other side of the Atlantic; and in a very few years it had increased and multiplied, among the extensive asparagus planta- tions in that locality, to such an extent as to occasion a dead loss of some fifty thousand dollars in a single county. In the year 1868, it had already crossed over from Long Island on to

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 169.—WHITE-PACED HORNBT. Fig. 170.—HARPAOTOR CINOTCS, (Vespa maculata.) the banded bobber. etout beak—for example, see the illustration of the many- banded Bobber, figure 170, a representing the perfect in- sect, I its magnified beak. It belongs to a group of bugs called the Reduvius family, all of which are classed among beneficial insects. The Many-banded Robber is elegantly marked with yellow, white and black. It is a high-minded creature, most often found on trees and tall plants, but if it does Stock Photo

RMRDR6F8–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. Fig. 169.—WHITE-PACED HORNBT. Fig. 170.—HARPAOTOR CINOTCS, (Vespa maculata.) the banded bobber. etout beak—for example, see the illustration of the many- banded Bobber, figure 170, a representing the perfect in- sect, I its magnified beak. It belongs to a group of bugs called the Reduvius family, all of which are classed among beneficial insects. The Many-banded Robber is elegantly marked with yellow, white and black. It is a high-minded creature, most often found on trees and tall plants, but if it does

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FAEM AK^D GAKDEN. 53 that time I first observed the flies in the ^^arden, and now a few are to be found. Their favorite roosting place is a row of asparagus running along the onion-ground, where they are easily captured and destroyed from daylight to sunrise, while it is cool and wet. During the day they are scattered over the ground and on the leaves and stalks of the onions, and not easily captured. Their wings point obliquely backward, outwards and upwards, with an. Fig. 34.—BLACK ONios-FLT (Or Stock Photo

RMRDR6TN–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. OP THE FAEM AK^D GAKDEN. 53 that time I first observed the flies in the ^^arden, and now a few are to be found. Their favorite roosting place is a row of asparagus running along the onion-ground, where they are easily captured and destroyed from daylight to sunrise, while it is cool and wet. During the day they are scattered over the ground and on the leaves and stalks of the onions, and not easily captured. Their wings point obliquely backward, outwards and upwards, with an. Fig. 34.—BLACK ONios-FLT (Or

. The fruit garden. Fruit-culture; Fruit trees. 336 THE FRUIT GARDEN Pears and apples are often put in bags in order to avoid the ravages of insects. The bags are put on in June and July. They are made of paper and pierced with little holes, so as to allow the air to reach the fruits without giving access to insects. Grapes are put in bags to preserve them from wasps. These bags are of hair-gauze, light and oiled, or of wire-gauze. Frequent syringings in the evening or the morning are very beneficial.. The Winged Pyramid Fruit Gathering.—Raspberries, gooseberries, cherries, plums, apricots, an Stock Photo

RMRE40FD–. The fruit garden. Fruit-culture; Fruit trees. 336 THE FRUIT GARDEN Pears and apples are often put in bags in order to avoid the ravages of insects. The bags are put on in June and July. They are made of paper and pierced with little holes, so as to allow the air to reach the fruits without giving access to insects. Grapes are put in bags to preserve them from wasps. These bags are of hair-gauze, light and oiled, or of wire-gauze. Frequent syringings in the evening or the morning are very beneficial.. The Winged Pyramid Fruit Gathering.—Raspberries, gooseberries, cherries, plums, apricots, an

. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 162 INJURIOUS INSECTS latitude. Usually, at the time it appears, the young ap- ples are already set, and beginning to be about as large as a hazel-nut. After coupling in the usual manner, the female moth then proceeds to deposit a single egg in the blossom end of the fruit, flying from fruit to fruit un til her stock of eggs (amounting to probably two or three hundred) is exhausted. Not long after accomplishing this process she dies of old age and exhaustion. In a short time afterwards the egg, no matter Stock Photo

RMRDR6KJ–. Injurious insects of the farm and garden. With a chapter on beneficial insects. Insects. 162 INJURIOUS INSECTS latitude. Usually, at the time it appears, the young ap- ples are already set, and beginning to be about as large as a hazel-nut. After coupling in the usual manner, the female moth then proceeds to deposit a single egg in the blossom end of the fruit, flying from fruit to fruit un til her stock of eggs (amounting to probably two or three hundred) is exhausted. Not long after accomplishing this process she dies of old age and exhaustion. In a short time afterwards the egg, no matter

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