RM2B01DP1–UK/China: 'The Real Barbarian from China'. Illustration from Punch, 5 January 1861. Several documents known as the 'Treaty of Tien-tsin' were signed in Tianjin (Tientsin) in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856-1860). The Second French Empire, United Kingdom, Russian Empire and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties opened more Chinese ports (see Treaty of Nanking) to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity and legalised the import of opium.
RM2B01BRC–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) snakes its way across the countryside 8km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B01BRF–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) snakes its way across the countryside 8km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B01BRD–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) 8km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort marks the western edge of the Great Wall of China. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B0197T–China: The Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01978–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) 8 km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort marks the western edge of the Great Wall of China. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B01979–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) 8 km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort marks the western edge of the Great Wall of China. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B0197G–China: The Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197D–China: The Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01980–China: The Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197A–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) 8 km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort marks the western edge of the Great Wall of China. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B01974–China: The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) 8 km northwest of Jiayuguan Fort marks the western edge of the Great Wall of China. The Overhanging Great Wall (Xuanbi Changcheng) was built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands.
RM2B0180T–China: Guanghua Men (Gate of Enlightenment), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well, as this was considered the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0180R–China: Guanghua Men (Gate of Enlightenment), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well, as this was considered the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0180X–China: Guanghua Men (Gate of Enlightenment), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well, as this was considered the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01BR2–China: Outer entrance to Guanghua Men (Gate of Enlightenment), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DH–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DM–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DF–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DN–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DC–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DJ–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DE–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DR–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B013DP–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01981–China: First Beacon Tower and the Taolai River Gorge, the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197M–China: Glass balcony over the Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197W–China: First Beacon Tower and the Taolai River Gorge, the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01986–China: Bridge across the Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01988–China: The Taolai River Gorge and Chinese military encampment museum marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197J–China: The Taolai River Gorge and Chinese military encampment museum marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197Y–China: Bridge across the Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197X–China: The Chinese military encampment museum marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197N–China: The Taolai River Gorge and Chinese military encampment museum marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B01985–China: The Taolai River Gorge and Chinese military encampment museum marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197F–China: Glass balcony over the Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B0197R–China: Bridge across the Taolai River Gorge marking the end of the Ming Great Wall near Jiayuguan Fort. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness.
RM2B019P3–China: Handicrafts and souvenirs for sale within the Jiayuguan Fort, Gansu Province. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile.
RM2B019P4–China: Handicrafts and souvenirs for sale within the Jiayuguan Fort, Gansu Province. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile.
RM2B019P2–China: Handicrafts and souvenirs for sale within the Jiayuguan Fort, Gansu Province. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile.
RM2B01BR7–China: Western gate and tower at Jiayuguan Fort, Gansu Province. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile.
RM2B01BR6–China: Guanghua Men (Gate of Enlightenment), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile.
RM2B01BR5–China: The old accommodation used by generals and their families now show tableaux of life back in Ming Dynasty times, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well.
RM2B01BRA–China: Jiayuguan Men (Gate of Sighs), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile.
RM2B01BNA–China: Wenchang Hall, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile among nomadic strangers.
RM2B01BR4–China: Guanghua Men (Gate of Enlightenment), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile.
RM2B01BPY–China: Wenchang Hall, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile among nomadic strangers.
RM2B01BNT–China: Wenchang Hall, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile among nomadic strangers.
RM2B01BRB–China: Wenchang Hall and fort gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile.
RM2B013DX–China: The old accommodation used by generals and their families now show tableaux of life back in Ming Dynasty times, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well.
RM2B013DW–China: The old accommodation used by generals and their families now show tableaux of life back in Ming Dynasty times, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well.
RM2B013DT–China: The old accommodation used by generals and their families now show tableaux of life back in Ming Dynasty times, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well.
RM2B03933–Claudius II (210-270), also known as Claudius Gothicus, was of Illyrian origin and barbarian birth. He was a career soldier, having served his entire adult life in the Roman army. He was a military tribune in Emperor Gallienus' army during the siege of Milan in 268 when Gallienus was murdered by his own ofifcials, possibly including Claudius. Claudius was then proclaimed emperor by his own soldiers, possibly because of his physical strength and cruelty. Claudius, like the previous barbarian emperor Maximinus Thrax, was a soldier-emperor, the first in a series that would restore the Empire fro
RM2B03936–Tacitus (200-276 CE) was born in Interamna (Terni), Italia, and worked for much of his long life in various civil offices, including a term as consul in 273, earning him much universal respect. When Aurelian was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard, Tacitus was chosen as his successor after a brief interregnum by the Roman Senate, the last time the Senate would elect an emperor. Tacitus' brief reign saw him fight against barbarian mercenaries that had been serving under Aurelian but had broken away to plunder several towns in the Eastern Roman provinces after the previous emperor's death. He
RM2B038AP–Claudius II (210-270), also known as Claudius Gothicus, was of Illyrian origin and barbarian birth. He was a career soldier, having served his entire adult life in the Roman army. He was a military tribune in Emperor Gallienus' army during the siege of Milan in 268 when Gallienus was murdered by his own ofifcials, possibly including Claudius. Claudius was then proclaimed emperor by his own soldiers, possibly because of his physical strength and cruelty. Claudius, like the previous barbarian emperor Maximinus Thrax, was a soldier-emperor, the first in a series that would restore the Empire fro
RM2B03769–Tacitus (200-276 CE) was born in Interamna (Terni), Italia, and worked for much of his long life in various civil offices, including a term as consul in 273, earning him much universal respect. When Aurelian was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard, Tacitus was chosen as his successor after a brief interregnum by the Roman Senate, the last time the Senate would elect an emperor. Tacitus' brief reign saw him fight against barbarian mercenaries that had been serving under Aurelian but had broken away to plunder several towns in the Eastern Roman provinces after the previous emperor's death. He
RM2B0372J–Aurelian (214/215-275 CE) rose from humble beginnings, and earned his way through the ranks of the Roman Army to a position of power and influence under Emperor Claudius Gothicus. After a brief few months when the throne was seized by Claudius' brother, Quintillus, after the former's death in 270, Aurelian ascended to become emperor by the will of his soldiers. Like Claudius before him, Aurelian had inherited an Empire that had been effectively broken into three pieces, with the Gallic Empire in the West and the Palmyrene Empire to the East. Various Germanic and barbarian tribes also threaten
RM2B0180Y–China: Jiayuguan Men (Gate of Sighs), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile among nomads.
RM2B01810–China: Jiayuguan Men (Gate of Sighs), Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile among nomads.
RM2B01BNR–China: Outer wall tower next to the front gate, Jiayuguan Fort, Jiayuguan, Gansu. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, and those proceeding beyond faced a life of exile.
RM2B019PR–China: Western gate and tower at Jiayuguan Fort, Gansu Province. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile among nomadic strangers.
RM2B019PT–China: Western gate and tower at Jiayuguan Fort, Gansu Province. Jiayuguan, the ‘First and Greatest Pass under Heaven’, was completed in 1372 on the orders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming Emperor (1368-98), to mark the end of the Ming Great Wall. It was also the very limits of Chinese civilisation, and the beginnings of the outer ‘barbarian’ lands. For centuries the fort was not just of strategic importance to Han Chinese, but of cultural significance as well. This was the last civilised place before the outer darkness, those proceeding beyond facing a life of exile among nomadic strangers.
RM2B039BJ–Of Thraco-Roman origin, Maximinus Thrax (173 - 238 CE) was a child of low birth, and was seen by the Senate as a barbarian and not a true Roman, despite Caracalla's Antonine Constitution granting citizenship to all freeborn citizens of the Empire. A career soldier, Maximinus rose through the ranks until he commanded a legion himself. He was one of the soldiers who were angered by Emperor Severus Alexander's payments to the Germanic tribes for peace, and plotted with them to assasinate the emperor in 235 CE. The Praetorian Guard declared Maximinus emperor after the act, a choice that was only
RM2B038AN–Of Thraco-Roman origin, Maximinus Thrax (173-238 CE) was a child of low birth, and was seen by the Senate as a barbarian and not a true Roman, despite Caracalla's Antonine Constitution granting citizenship to all freeborn citizens of the Empire. A career soldier, Maximinus rose through the ranks until he commanded a legion himself. He was one of the soldiers who were angered by Emperor Severus Alexander's payments to the Germanic tribes for peace, and plotted with them to assasinate the emperor in 235 CE. The Praetorian Guard declared Maximinus emperor after the act, a choice that was only gr
RM2B036G3–Of Thraco-Roman origin, Maximinus Thrax (173-238 CE) was a child of low birth, and was seen by the Senate as a barbarian and not a true Roman, despite Caracalla's Antonine Constitution granting citizenship to all freeborn citizens of the Empire. A career soldier, Maximinus rose through the ranks until he commanded a legion himself. He was one of the soldiers who were angered by Emperor Severus Alexander's payments to the Germanic tribes for peace, and plotted with them to assasinate the emperor in 235 CE. The Praetorian Guard declared Maximinus emperor after the act, a choice that was only gr
RM2B036G2–Of Thraco-Roman origin, Maximinus Thrax (173-238 CE) was a child of low birth, and was seen by the Senate as a barbarian and not a true Roman, despite Caracalla's Antonine Constitution granting citizenship to all freeborn citizens of the Empire. A career soldier, Maximinus rose through the ranks until he commanded a legion himself. He was one of the soldiers who were angered by Emperor Severus Alexander's payments to the Germanic tribes for peace, and plotted with them to assasinate the emperor in 235 CE. The Praetorian Guard declared Maximinus emperor after the act, a choice that was only gr
RM2B036G1–Of Thraco-Roman origin, Maximinus Thrax (173-238 CE) was a child of low birth, and was seen by the Senate as a barbarian and not a true Roman, despite Caracalla's Antonine Constitution granting citizenship to all freeborn citizens of the Empire. A career soldier, Maximinus rose through the ranks until he commanded a legion himself. He was one of the soldiers who were angered by Emperor Severus Alexander's payments to the Germanic tribes for peace, and plotted with them to assasinate the emperor in 235 CE. The Praetorian Guard declared Maximinus emperor after the act, a choice that was only gr
RM2B02W6D–Kanō Naizen (狩野 内膳, 1570 - 1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (南蛮貿易 Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (南蛮貿易時代 Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1614, under the promulgation of the 'Sakoku' Seclusion Edicts.
RM2B02W6B–Kanō Naizen (狩野 内膳, 1570 - 1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (南蛮貿易 Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (南蛮貿易時代 Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1614, under the promulgation of the 'Sakoku' Seclusion Edicts.
RM2B01T8D–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T83–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T88–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T7W–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T8C–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T82–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T84–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T81–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T8F–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T80–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T8B–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T7T–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T8G–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T89–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B01T7R–Japan: Detail of a byobu screen painting of namban (or nanban) 'Southern Barbarians' by Kano Naizen (1570-1616), c. 1593-1600. Kanō Naizen (1570-1616) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school, particularly known for his screen paintings (byōbu) of Namban (Southern Barbarians, i.e. Europeans). The Nanban trade (Nanban bōeki, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (Nanban bōeki jidai, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543.
RM2B016F9–Japan: Tokugawa Nariaki (4 April 1800 - 29 September 1860), Daimyo of Mito Domain (r. 1829-1844). Portrait, mid-19th century. Tokugawa Nariaki, born Torasaburo and also known as Keisaburo, was a prominent Japanese daimyo who ruled the Mito domain (now Ibaraki prefecture). He became daimyo in 1829, and was leader of the Joi ('expel the barbarian') party, who were xenophobic and favoured restoring power to the Emperor as well as isolating Japan from the world. His actions led to the rise of nationalism and the Meiji Restoration. His son, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, would become Japan's last shogun.
RM2B02YXM–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B027NF–The Dian Kingdom (Chinese: 滇國 or 滇王國) was established by the Dian people, who lived around Lake Dian in northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 476 BCE) until the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 CE). The Dian were first mentioned historically in Sima Qian's Shiji and according to Chinese sources, the Chinese Chu general Zhuang Qiao was the founder of the Dian Kingdom. Chinese soldiers who accompanied him married the local people. Zhuang was engaged in a war to conquer the 'barbarian' peoples of the area, but he and his army were prevented from going back to Chu by e
RM2B027ND–The Dian Kingdom (Chinese: 滇國 or 滇王國) was established by the Dian people, who lived around Lake Dian in northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 476 BCE) until the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 CE). The Dian were first mentioned historically in Sima Qian's Shiji and according to Chinese sources, the Chinese Chu general Zhuang Qiao was the founder of the Dian Kingdom. Chinese soldiers who accompanied him married the local people. Zhuang was engaged in a war to conquer the 'barbarian' peoples of the area, but he and his army were prevented from going back to Chu by e
RM2B027NH–The Dian Kingdom (Chinese: 滇國 or 滇王國) was established by the Dian people, who lived around Lake Dian in northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 476 BCE) until the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 CE). The Dian were first mentioned historically in Sima Qian's Shiji and according to Chinese sources, the Chinese Chu general Zhuang Qiao was the founder of the Dian Kingdom. Chinese soldiers who accompanied him married the local people. Zhuang was engaged in a war to conquer the 'barbarian' peoples of the area, but he and his army were prevented from going back to Chu by e
RM2B027NJ–The Dian Kingdom (Chinese: 滇國 or 滇王國) was established by the Dian people, who lived around Lake Dian in northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 476 BCE) until the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 CE). The Dian were first mentioned historically in Sima Qian's Shiji and according to Chinese sources, the Chinese Chu general Zhuang Qiao was the founder of the Dian Kingdom. Chinese soldiers who accompanied him married the local people. Zhuang was engaged in a war to conquer the 'barbarian' peoples of the area, but he and his army were prevented from going back to Chu by e
RM2B02513–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B02519–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B02517–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B0254W–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B02541–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B0254R–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B02553–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B02551–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B02529–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
RM2B0254H–The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and dates back more than two millennia, when a series of shorter walls were systematically linked during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) to protect China’s northern borders. The Wall, originally built to keep out barbarian invaders from the north, stretches more than 5,900km (3,700 miles) from the Bohai Gulf in the Yellow Sea to Jiayuguan in the mountains of Gansu province. While the bulk of the wall is now in ruins, some sections have been repaired in recent years. The Ming rulers, who in 1368 put an end to the alien
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