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The Earth will start to become uninhabitable long before the Sun itself dies. In about one billion years the Sun will be about 10 per cent more luminous than today. Dry watering holes, like the one shown here, will be a lot more common then than they are now, as the planet slowly becomes a hot, humid graveyard for trees and large land animals Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-earth-will-start-to-become-uninhabitable-long-before-the-sun-itself-176075754.htmlRFM6CXBP–The Earth will start to become uninhabitable long before the Sun itself dies. In about one billion years the Sun will be about 10 per cent more luminous than today. Dry watering holes, like the one shown here, will be a lot more common then than they are now, as the planet slowly becomes a hot, humid graveyard for trees and large land animals
WASP-12b is an extrasolar planet, found orbiting the star WASP-12 using the SuperWASP planetary transit survey. The planet is so close to its host star that it completes a single orbit in little more than a day, and astronomers have measured its orbital distance as just 0.023 astronomical units – 1/44th of the Earth-Sun distance. This proximity means that WASP-12b, a so-called hot Jupiter, is tidally distorted by the gravity of its parent star and is losing material to it in a narrow gas stream. Its day side temperature is around 2500 Kelvin – comparable to some cool stars. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-wasp-12b-is-an-extrasolar-planet-found-orbiting-the-star-wasp-12-using-174966238.htmlRFM4JB66–WASP-12b is an extrasolar planet, found orbiting the star WASP-12 using the SuperWASP planetary transit survey. The planet is so close to its host star that it completes a single orbit in little more than a day, and astronomers have measured its orbital distance as just 0.023 astronomical units – 1/44th of the Earth-Sun distance. This proximity means that WASP-12b, a so-called hot Jupiter, is tidally distorted by the gravity of its parent star and is losing material to it in a narrow gas stream. Its day side temperature is around 2500 Kelvin – comparable to some cool stars.
Solar Retrograde Vorticity Waves Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/solar-retrograde-vorticity-waves-image471263649.htmlRF2JAKWGH–Solar Retrograde Vorticity Waves
Artwork of a molten exoplanet Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artwork-of-a-molten-exoplanet-image368657598.htmlRF2CBNPEP–Artwork of a molten exoplanet
Artwork of a molten exoplanet Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artwork-of-a-molten-exoplanet-image368657610.htmlRF2CBNPF6–Artwork of a molten exoplanet
The Sun as a red giant. Earth begins to melt as the red-giant Sun swells and approaches our planet's orbit. Eventually the melting may penetrate throughout Earth's crust, leaving the planet molten from surface to core. The fate of the Earth is unclear. It may become engulfed by the Sun, or it may move to a safe orbit as the Sun sheds mass at the end of its life. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-sun-as-a-red-giant-earth-begins-to-melt-as-the-red-giant-sun-swells-176075762.htmlRFM6CXC2–The Sun as a red giant. Earth begins to melt as the red-giant Sun swells and approaches our planet's orbit. Eventually the melting may penetrate throughout Earth's crust, leaving the planet molten from surface to core. The fate of the Earth is unclear. It may become engulfed by the Sun, or it may move to a safe orbit as the Sun sheds mass at the end of its life.
Young Star Cluster, artwork. Stars often form in groups, which later evolve to become open star clusters. They may, eventually, escape the cluster and become solitary. This illustration shows a group of stars that have just been born. Their hot, ionizing radiation is blowing bubbles in the surrounding gas from which they formed. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/young-star-cluster-artwork-stars-often-form-in-groups-which-later-evolve-to-become-open-star-clusters-they-may-eventually-escape-the-cluster-and-become-solitary-this-illustration-shows-a-group-of-stars-that-have-just-been-born-their-hot-ionizing-radiation-is-blowing-bubbles-in-the-surrounding-gas-from-which-they-formed-image264341056.htmlRFWA1NM0–Young Star Cluster, artwork. Stars often form in groups, which later evolve to become open star clusters. They may, eventually, escape the cluster and become solitary. This illustration shows a group of stars that have just been born. Their hot, ionizing radiation is blowing bubbles in the surrounding gas from which they formed.
Illustration of the exoplanet (extrasolar planet) Wasp 39b. Wasp 39b is a so-called hot Saturn, with a mass about one-third that of Jupiter. It orbits its host star, Wasp 39, at a distance of only 0.05 astronomical units, around a tenth of the distance of Mercury from the Sun. Some 700 light-years from Earth, the Wasp 39 system is the constellation of Virgo. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-the-exoplanet-extrasolar-planet-wasp-39b-wasp-39b-is-a-so-called-hot-saturn-with-a-mass-about-one-third-that-of-jupiter-it-orbits-its-host-star-wasp-39-at-a-distance-of-only-005-astronomical-units-around-a-tenth-of-the-distance-of-mercury-from-the-sun-some-700-light-years-from-earth-the-wasp-39-system-is-the-constellation-of-virgo-image221399695.htmlRFPT5HFY–Illustration of the exoplanet (extrasolar planet) Wasp 39b. Wasp 39b is a so-called hot Saturn, with a mass about one-third that of Jupiter. It orbits its host star, Wasp 39, at a distance of only 0.05 astronomical units, around a tenth of the distance of Mercury from the Sun. Some 700 light-years from Earth, the Wasp 39 system is the constellation of Virgo.
Illustration of the planet 55 Cancri e,also called Janssen.This is an exoplanet orbiting 55 Cancri A.Its mass is thought to be around 8.6 Earth masses,making it a so-called 'Super-Earth'.The planet orbits its star so closely that it completes an orbit in less than 18 hours.Its proximity to its star - only 0.015 astronomical units,or 1 20th of the Mercury-Sun separation - means that the planet is exceptionally hot and likely volcanic,as this depiction shows. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-the-planet-55-cancri-ealso-called-janssenthis-is-an-exoplanet-orbiting-55-cancri-aits-mass-is-thought-to-be-around-86-earth-massesmaking-it-a-so-called-super-earththe-planet-orbits-its-star-so-closely-that-it-completes-an-orbit-in-less-than-18-hoursits-proximity-to-its-star-only-0015-astronomical-unitsor-1-20th-of-the-mercury-sun-separation-means-that-the-planet-is-exceptionally-hot-and-likely-volcanicas-this-depiction-shows-image221399669.htmlRFPT5HF1–Illustration of the planet 55 Cancri e,also called Janssen.This is an exoplanet orbiting 55 Cancri A.Its mass is thought to be around 8.6 Earth masses,making it a so-called 'Super-Earth'.The planet orbits its star so closely that it completes an orbit in less than 18 hours.Its proximity to its star - only 0.015 astronomical units,or 1 20th of the Mercury-Sun separation - means that the planet is exceptionally hot and likely volcanic,as this depiction shows.
Illustration of a brown dwarf in the Pleiades star cluster. Pleiades (or Seven Sisters) is a young open cluster of several dozen hot, middle-aged stars. It is about 130 parsecs away in Taurus. In the 1990s, astronomers discovered several brown dwarfs within the cluster, as illustrated in this picture. Brown dwarfs are objects which form like stars, but which do not fuse hydrogen into helium like true stars. Some, however, do undergo deuterium burning. They are mid-way in mass between large planets and small stars. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-a-brown-dwarf-in-the-pleiades-star-cluster-pleiades-or-seven-sisters-is-a-young-open-cluster-of-several-dozen-hot-middle-aged-stars-it-is-about-130-parsecs-away-in-taurus-in-the-1990s-astronomers-discovered-several-brown-dwarfs-within-the-cluster-as-illustrated-in-this-picture-brown-dwarfs-are-objects-which-form-like-stars-but-which-do-not-fuse-hydrogen-into-helium-like-true-stars-some-however-do-undergo-deuterium-burning-they-are-mid-way-in-mass-between-large-planets-and-small-stars-image185475027.htmlRFMNN383–Illustration of a brown dwarf in the Pleiades star cluster. Pleiades (or Seven Sisters) is a young open cluster of several dozen hot, middle-aged stars. It is about 130 parsecs away in Taurus. In the 1990s, astronomers discovered several brown dwarfs within the cluster, as illustrated in this picture. Brown dwarfs are objects which form like stars, but which do not fuse hydrogen into helium like true stars. Some, however, do undergo deuterium burning. They are mid-way in mass between large planets and small stars.
Artist's impression of the hottest know exoplanet, Kelt-9b. Kelt-9 is a hot, A-type star with a temperature almost twice that of the Sun. Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet orbiting this star at such close proximity that it completes an orbit in a mere 36 hours. This means that the planet is hotter, at around 4600 Kelvin, than the majority of stars. The relentless radiation from the star is evaporating the planet at a phenomenal rate. Ten billion grams of matter are stripped away from the planet every second, forming a comet-like tail behind it. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artists-impression-of-the-hottest-know-exoplanet-kelt-9b-kelt-9-is-image158318549.htmlRFK5G0WW–Artist's impression of the hottest know exoplanet, Kelt-9b. Kelt-9 is a hot, A-type star with a temperature almost twice that of the Sun. Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet orbiting this star at such close proximity that it completes an orbit in a mere 36 hours. This means that the planet is hotter, at around 4600 Kelvin, than the majority of stars. The relentless radiation from the star is evaporating the planet at a phenomenal rate. Ten billion grams of matter are stripped away from the planet every second, forming a comet-like tail behind it.
Artist's impression of the hottest know exoplanet, Kelt-9b. Kelt-9 is a hot, A-type star with a temperature almost twice that of the Sun. Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet orbiting this star at such close proximity that it completes an orbit in a mere 36 hours. This means that the planet is hotter, at around 4600 Kelvin, than the majority of stars. The relentless radiation from the star is evaporating the planet at a phenomenal rate. Ten billion grams of matter are stripped away from the planet every second, forming a comet-like tail behind it. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artists-impression-of-the-hottest-know-exoplanet-kelt-9b-kelt-9-is-image158318547.htmlRFK5G0WR–Artist's impression of the hottest know exoplanet, Kelt-9b. Kelt-9 is a hot, A-type star with a temperature almost twice that of the Sun. Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet orbiting this star at such close proximity that it completes an orbit in a mere 36 hours. This means that the planet is hotter, at around 4600 Kelvin, than the majority of stars. The relentless radiation from the star is evaporating the planet at a phenomenal rate. Ten billion grams of matter are stripped away from the planet every second, forming a comet-like tail behind it.
Illustration of the exoplanet Kepler 1649b. This terrestrial (rocky) planet, slightly larger than Earth, orbits a red dwarf star 220 light-years away. The planet orbits its star so closely that the planet receives 2.3 times as much radiation from its star than the Earth gets from the Sun, despite the Sun being far more luminous. In this image, the planet is depicted as somewhat like Venus was in the past, hot and highly volcanic. Astronomers have singled out Kepler 1649b because it is one of several prime candidates for atmospheric research in future space studies. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-illustration-of-the-exoplanet-kepler-1649b-this-terrestrial-rocky-165778013.htmlRFKHKRF9–Illustration of the exoplanet Kepler 1649b. This terrestrial (rocky) planet, slightly larger than Earth, orbits a red dwarf star 220 light-years away. The planet orbits its star so closely that the planet receives 2.3 times as much radiation from its star than the Earth gets from the Sun, despite the Sun being far more luminous. In this image, the planet is depicted as somewhat like Venus was in the past, hot and highly volcanic. Astronomers have singled out Kepler 1649b because it is one of several prime candidates for atmospheric research in future space studies.
Illustration of the eclipsing binary star systems known as Algols. Algol is the prototype of eclipsing binary variable stars, in which two stars in mutual orbit periodically cut out each other's light as seen from Earth. Algol itself comprises a cool orange star and a hot white star. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-the-eclipsing-binary-star-systems-known-as-algols-algol-is-the-prototype-of-eclipsing-binary-variable-stars-in-which-two-stars-in-mutual-orbit-periodically-cut-out-each-others-light-as-seen-from-earth-algol-itself-comprises-a-cool-orange-star-and-a-hot-white-star-image383968650.htmlRF2D8K7X2–Illustration of the eclipsing binary star systems known as Algols. Algol is the prototype of eclipsing binary variable stars, in which two stars in mutual orbit periodically cut out each other's light as seen from Earth. Algol itself comprises a cool orange star and a hot white star.
Solar system formation. Artwork of the primordial nebula (solar nebula) surrounding the newborn Sun (centre). The Sun was formed as gas coalesced until it was dense enough and hot enough to begin the nuclear reactions that sustain a star. The solar nebula, originally a sphere of gas, dust and rock, became a disc that eventually, under gravity, coalesced into planets. Some planets are already seen forming in the disc (red glows), caving out distinct gaps as they attract material in their orbits. It is thought the planets formed around 4.6 billion years ago. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-solar-system-formation-artwork-of-the-primordial-nebula-solar-nebula-174966256.htmlRFM4JB6T–Solar system formation. Artwork of the primordial nebula (solar nebula) surrounding the newborn Sun (centre). The Sun was formed as gas coalesced until it was dense enough and hot enough to begin the nuclear reactions that sustain a star. The solar nebula, originally a sphere of gas, dust and rock, became a disc that eventually, under gravity, coalesced into planets. Some planets are already seen forming in the disc (red glows), caving out distinct gaps as they attract material in their orbits. It is thought the planets formed around 4.6 billion years ago.
Solar system formation. Illustration of the primordial nebula (solar nebula) surrounding the newborn Sun (centre). The Sun was formed as gas coalesced until it was dense enough and hot enough to begin the nuclear reactions that sustain a star. The solar nebula, originally a sphere of gas, dust and rock, became a disc that eventually, under gravity, coalesced into planets. Some planets are already seen forming in the disc (red glows), caving out distinct gaps as they attract material in their orbits. It is thought the planets formed around 4.6 billion years ago. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-solar-system-formation-illustration-of-the-primordial-nebula-solar-171575335.htmlRFKY3X2F–Solar system formation. Illustration of the primordial nebula (solar nebula) surrounding the newborn Sun (centre). The Sun was formed as gas coalesced until it was dense enough and hot enough to begin the nuclear reactions that sustain a star. The solar nebula, originally a sphere of gas, dust and rock, became a disc that eventually, under gravity, coalesced into planets. Some planets are already seen forming in the disc (red glows), caving out distinct gaps as they attract material in their orbits. It is thought the planets formed around 4.6 billion years ago.
R126 (also known as HD 37974) is hypergiant blue variable star in Large Magellanic Cloud,with unusual features in its spectrum.These features indicate that this massive star seventy times mass of Sun trillions of times more luminous is surrounded by dusty disc.Such discs were thought unlikely around hot stars but R126 shares this trait with another blue giant,HD 268835.The disc is thought to be around 60 times diameter of orbit of Pluto some 0.3 trillion kilometres but it is not known if disc contains newly forming planets or is merely relic from an earlier period of planet formation. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-r126-also-known-as-hd-37974-is-hypergiant-blue-variable-star-in-large-133439805.htmlRFHN2KR9–R126 (also known as HD 37974) is hypergiant blue variable star in Large Magellanic Cloud,with unusual features in its spectrum.These features indicate that this massive star seventy times mass of Sun trillions of times more luminous is surrounded by dusty disc.Such discs were thought unlikely around hot stars but R126 shares this trait with another blue giant,HD 268835.The disc is thought to be around 60 times diameter of orbit of Pluto some 0.3 trillion kilometres but it is not known if disc contains newly forming planets or is merely relic from an earlier period of planet formation.
Illustration of an asteroid approaching the Sun, and heating up as a result. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-an-asteroid-approaching-the-sun-and-heating-up-as-a-result-image179665789.htmlRFMC8DF9–Illustration of an asteroid approaching the Sun, and heating up as a result.
Surface of Mercury. Computer artwork showing the surface of the planet Mercury with the Sun overhead. At its closest, Mercury is only 46 million kilometres from the Sun, less than a third of the Earth-Sun distance. The surface temperature extremes are the greatest in the solar system, ranging (day-night) from 400 to -170 degrees Celsius. Some of Mercury's thin ‘atmosphere’ is captured material which streams off the Sun, while other gases are released by chemical processes on the planet's rocky surface. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-surface-of-mercury-computer-artwork-showing-the-surface-of-the-planet-115260812.htmlRFGKEG9G–Surface of Mercury. Computer artwork showing the surface of the planet Mercury with the Sun overhead. At its closest, Mercury is only 46 million kilometres from the Sun, less than a third of the Earth-Sun distance. The surface temperature extremes are the greatest in the solar system, ranging (day-night) from 400 to -170 degrees Celsius. Some of Mercury's thin ‘atmosphere’ is captured material which streams off the Sun, while other gases are released by chemical processes on the planet's rocky surface.
Artwork of Accelerating Universe Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artwork-of-accelerating-universe-image568927055.htmlRF2T1GT7B–Artwork of Accelerating Universe
Artwork of a molten exoplanet Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artwork-of-a-molten-exoplanet-image402004144.htmlRF2EA0TAT–Artwork of a molten exoplanet
Artwork of planer Kepler 70b. Kepler 70 is a sub-dwarf star. It passed through the red giant phase, losing much of its mass, Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-artwork-of-planer-kepler-70b-kepler-70-is-a-sub-dwarf-star-it-passed-95610186.htmlRFFFFBNE–Artwork of planer Kepler 70b. Kepler 70 is a sub-dwarf star. It passed through the red giant phase, losing much of its mass,
Astronomers have found a white dwarf star which appears to be surrounded by a truncated disc of gas. The disc was probably created from a gas planet being torn apart by its gravity. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/astronomers-have-found-a-white-dwarf-star-which-appears-to-be-surrounded-by-a-truncated-disc-of-gas-the-disc-was-probably-created-from-a-gas-planet-being-torn-apart-by-its-gravity-image330963224.htmlRF2A6CJY4–Astronomers have found a white dwarf star which appears to be surrounded by a truncated disc of gas. The disc was probably created from a gas planet being torn apart by its gravity.
Astronomers have found a white dwarf star which appears to be surrounded by a truncated disc of gas. The disc was probably created from a gas planet being torn apart by its gravity. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/astronomers-have-found-a-white-dwarf-star-which-appears-to-be-surrounded-by-a-truncated-disc-of-gas-the-disc-was-probably-created-from-a-gas-planet-being-torn-apart-by-its-gravity-image330963222.htmlRF2A6CJY2–Astronomers have found a white dwarf star which appears to be surrounded by a truncated disc of gas. The disc was probably created from a gas planet being torn apart by its gravity.
Kepler 444 system of planets,illustration.Kepler 444 is an ancient star,estimated to be about 11.2 billion years old,more than twice the age of the Sun.It is 117 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Lyra.In 2015,astronomers confirmed that this cool star (5000 degrees Kelvin) is host to at least five rocky planets,varying from 0.4 to 0.7 times the radius of the Earth ,or between the sizes of Mercury and Mars.However,the planets are unlikely abodes for life,as they are all huddled in extremely close orbits. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-kepler-444-system-of-planetsillustrationkepler-444-is-an-ancient-starestimated-165778016.htmlRFKHKRFC–Kepler 444 system of planets,illustration.Kepler 444 is an ancient star,estimated to be about 11.2 billion years old,more than twice the age of the Sun.It is 117 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Lyra.In 2015,astronomers confirmed that this cool star (5000 degrees Kelvin) is host to at least five rocky planets,varying from 0.4 to 0.7 times the radius of the Earth ,or between the sizes of Mercury and Mars.However,the planets are unlikely abodes for life,as they are all huddled in extremely close orbits.
Kepler 78b is an exoplanet nicknamed the Hell Planet, orbiting the star Kepler 78 in Cygnus. The planet is 69 per cent more massive than Earth and 20% larger in terms of diameter. It gets its nickname from its extreme temperature, which has been estimated at between 2300 and 3100 Kelvin. This in turn is due to the planet’s extreme proximity to its star – it orbits 40 times closer in than Mercury in our Solar System, completing an orbit in a mere 8.5 hours. This illustration imagines the Hell Planet from the surface of an orbiting moon. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-kepler-78b-is-an-exoplanet-nicknamed-the-hell-planet-orbiting-the-122194006.htmlRFH2PBKJ–Kepler 78b is an exoplanet nicknamed the Hell Planet, orbiting the star Kepler 78 in Cygnus. The planet is 69 per cent more massive than Earth and 20% larger in terms of diameter. It gets its nickname from its extreme temperature, which has been estimated at between 2300 and 3100 Kelvin. This in turn is due to the planet’s extreme proximity to its star – it orbits 40 times closer in than Mercury in our Solar System, completing an orbit in a mere 8.5 hours. This illustration imagines the Hell Planet from the surface of an orbiting moon.
Illustration of the so-called Black Widow Pulsar. This is a pulsar (right), a rapidly rotating neutron star, discovered in 1988, which is in orbit around a brown dwarf (left). The name black widow is applied because the companion to the pulsar is being destroyed by it. Brown dwarves are objects which form as stars do, but which do not attain the core temperatures necessary to fuse hydrogen into helium, as in true stars. Astronomers have detected a bow-shock around the brown dwarf, created as radiation from the pulsar wraps itself around the brown dwarf. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-the-so-called-black-widow-pulsar-this-is-a-pulsar-right-a-rapidly-rotating-neutron-star-discovered-in-1988-which-is-in-orbit-around-a-brown-dwarf-left-the-name-black-widow-is-applied-because-the-companion-to-the-pulsar-is-being-destroyed-by-it-brown-dwarves-are-objects-which-form-as-stars-do-but-which-do-not-attain-the-core-temperatures-necessary-to-fuse-hydrogen-into-helium-as-in-true-stars-astronomers-have-detected-a-bow-shock-around-the-brown-dwarf-created-as-radiation-from-the-pulsar-wraps-itself-around-the-brown-dwarf-image182144187.htmlRFMG9ANF–Illustration of the so-called Black Widow Pulsar. This is a pulsar (right), a rapidly rotating neutron star, discovered in 1988, which is in orbit around a brown dwarf (left). The name black widow is applied because the companion to the pulsar is being destroyed by it. Brown dwarves are objects which form as stars do, but which do not attain the core temperatures necessary to fuse hydrogen into helium, as in true stars. Astronomers have detected a bow-shock around the brown dwarf, created as radiation from the pulsar wraps itself around the brown dwarf.
Evolution of Mercury, illustration. The innermost planet, Mercury, has a very substantial iron core, occupying much of the planet’s interior. It is far larger compared to the radius of the planet than the iron core of Earth, for example. Astronomers think this is because, shortly after the planet formed, more than four billion years ago, it was hit by another planet, as depicted in this illustration. (1) The impacting planet approaches the proto-Mercury. (2) The objects collide, an impact which removes Proto-Mercury’s outer, rocky mantle, but leaves its iron core largely intact. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-evolution-of-mercury-illustration-the-innermost-planet-mercury-has-174966258.htmlRFM4JB6X–Evolution of Mercury, illustration. The innermost planet, Mercury, has a very substantial iron core, occupying much of the planet’s interior. It is far larger compared to the radius of the planet than the iron core of Earth, for example. Astronomers think this is because, shortly after the planet formed, more than four billion years ago, it was hit by another planet, as depicted in this illustration. (1) The impacting planet approaches the proto-Mercury. (2) The objects collide, an impact which removes Proto-Mercury’s outer, rocky mantle, but leaves its iron core largely intact.
T Tauri Star TW Hya Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/t-tauri-star-tw-hya-image368657623.htmlRF2CBNPFK–T Tauri Star TW Hya
Surface of Venus. Computer illustration of a view across the rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun. Venus lies around 108 million kilometres from the Sun, around two-thirds of the Earth-Sun distance, and is slightly smaller than Earth. It has the hottest planetary surface in the solar system, with temperatures of nearly 500 degrees Celsius since its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere traps the Sun's heat. The surface atmospheric pressure is around 90 times that on Earth. This image appears distorted because of the dense atmospheric heat haze. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/surface-of-venus-computer-illustration-of-a-view-across-the-rocky-surface-of-the-planet-venus-showing-clouds-of-sulphuric-acid-obscuring-the-sun-venus-lies-around-108-million-kilometres-from-the-sun-around-two-thirds-of-the-earth-sun-distance-and-is-slightly-smaller-than-earth-it-has-the-hottest-planetary-surface-in-the-solar-system-with-temperatures-of-nearly-500-degrees-celsius-since-its-dense-carbon-dioxide-atmosphere-traps-the-suns-heat-the-surface-atmospheric-pressure-is-around-90-times-that-on-earth-this-image-appears-distorted-because-of-the-dense-atmospheric-heat-haze-image185475020.htmlRFMNN37T–Surface of Venus. Computer illustration of a view across the rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun. Venus lies around 108 million kilometres from the Sun, around two-thirds of the Earth-Sun distance, and is slightly smaller than Earth. It has the hottest planetary surface in the solar system, with temperatures of nearly 500 degrees Celsius since its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere traps the Sun's heat. The surface atmospheric pressure is around 90 times that on Earth. This image appears distorted because of the dense atmospheric heat haze.
Illustration of a free-floating planet. PSO J318.5-22 is a planet in the constellation of Pictor, around 80 light-years from Earth. It is odd in that, unlike most extrasolar objects, it does not seem to be in orbit around a star - it is a free-floating planet measuring around 6.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Free floating planets such as these may result from being ejected from a protoplanetary disc dues to gravitation perturbations from other massive object. This planet has cloud bands like those of the gas giant Jupiter, but its clouds have temperatures exceeding 800 Celsius, resembling Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-illustration-of-a-free-floating-planet-pso-j3185-22-is-a-planet-in-105987020.htmlRFG4C3EM–Illustration of a free-floating planet. PSO J318.5-22 is a planet in the constellation of Pictor, around 80 light-years from Earth. It is odd in that, unlike most extrasolar objects, it does not seem to be in orbit around a star - it is a free-floating planet measuring around 6.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Free floating planets such as these may result from being ejected from a protoplanetary disc dues to gravitation perturbations from other massive object. This planet has cloud bands like those of the gas giant Jupiter, but its clouds have temperatures exceeding 800 Celsius, resembling
Illustration of a protogalaxy, or a primeval galaxy. These were very early, giant clouds of gas which were forming into the first galaxies. It is believed that the rate of star formation during this period of galactic evolution will determine whether a galaxy is a spiral or elliptical galaxy; a slower star formation tends to produce a spiral galaxy. The smaller clumps of gas in a protogalaxy form into stars. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-a-protogalaxy-or-a-primeval-galaxy-these-were-very-early-giant-clouds-of-gas-which-were-forming-into-the-first-galaxies-it-is-believed-that-the-rate-of-star-formation-during-this-period-of-galactic-evolution-will-determine-whether-a-galaxy-is-a-spiral-or-elliptical-galaxy-a-slower-star-formation-tends-to-produce-a-spiral-galaxy-the-smaller-clumps-of-gas-in-a-protogalaxy-form-into-stars-image357588378.htmlRF2BNNFHE–Illustration of a protogalaxy, or a primeval galaxy. These were very early, giant clouds of gas which were forming into the first galaxies. It is believed that the rate of star formation during this period of galactic evolution will determine whether a galaxy is a spiral or elliptical galaxy; a slower star formation tends to produce a spiral galaxy. The smaller clumps of gas in a protogalaxy form into stars.
Debris ring and planet around white dwarf, illustration Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/debris-ring-and-planet-around-white-dwarf-illustration-image245336093.htmlRFT740K9–Debris ring and planet around white dwarf, illustration
Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions are not known, but less than a second after the beginning, temperatures were trillions of degrees Celsius and the primordial universe was much smaller than an atom. It has been expanding and cooling ever since. Matter formed and coalesced into the galaxies, which are observed to be moving away from each other. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-big-bang-conceptual-image-computer-illustration-representing-the-origin-147983676.htmlRFJGN6K8–Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions are not known, but less than a second after the beginning, temperatures were trillions of degrees Celsius and the primordial universe was much smaller than an atom. It has been expanding and cooling ever since. Matter formed and coalesced into the galaxies, which are observed to be moving away from each other.
Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions are not known, but less than a second after the beginning, temperatures were trillions of degrees Celsius and the primordial universe was much smaller than an atom. It has been expanding and cooling ever since. Matter formed and coalesced into the galaxies, which are observed to be moving away from each other. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-big-bang-conceptual-image-computer-illustration-representing-the-origin-147983680.htmlRFJGN6KC–Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions are not known, but less than a second after the beginning, temperatures were trillions of degrees Celsius and the primordial universe was much smaller than an atom. It has been expanding and cooling ever since. Matter formed and coalesced into the galaxies, which are observed to be moving away from each other.
Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-big-bang-conceptual-image-computer-illustration-representing-the-origin-122193942.htmlRFH2PBHA–Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions
Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions are not known, but less than a second after the beginning, temperatures were trillions of degrees Celsius and the primordial universe was much smaller than an atom. It has been expanding and cooling ever since. Matter formed and coalesced into the galaxies, which are observed to be moving away from each other. Background radiation in the Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-big-bang-conceptual-image-computer-illustration-representing-the-origin-114528361.htmlRFGJ962H–Big Bang, conceptual image. Computer illustration representing the origin of the universe. The term Big Bang describes the initial expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The initial conditions are not known, but less than a second after the beginning, temperatures were trillions of degrees Celsius and the primordial universe was much smaller than an atom. It has been expanding and cooling ever since. Matter formed and coalesced into the galaxies, which are observed to be moving away from each other. Background radiation in the
Surface of Venus. Computer illustration of a view across the rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun. Venus lies around 108 million kilometres from the Sun, around two-thirds of the Earth-Sun distance, and is slightly smaller than Earth. It has the hottest planetary surface in the solar system, with temperatures of nearly 500 degrees Celsius since its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere traps the Sun's heat. The surface atmospheric pressure is around 90 times that on Earth. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-surface-of-venus-computer-illustration-of-a-view-across-the-rocky-114528369.htmlRFGJ962W–Surface of Venus. Computer illustration of a view across the rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun. Venus lies around 108 million kilometres from the Sun, around two-thirds of the Earth-Sun distance, and is slightly smaller than Earth. It has the hottest planetary surface in the solar system, with temperatures of nearly 500 degrees Celsius since its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere traps the Sun's heat. The surface atmospheric pressure is around 90 times that on Earth.
Illustration of CoRoT-7b. This is a super-Earth, discovered in 2009 orbiting the sun-like star CoRoT-7 in Monoceros. The planet orbits so closely - only 1 60th of Earth's distance from the Sun - that astronomers speculate that its surface is probably molten. It may have started as a much more massive gas giant, like Saturn, but gradually lost its gaseous envelope due to the radiation from its star. All that is left now is the original rocky core. Daytime temperatures on the planet may reach 2000 Celsius, but drop to -200C on the night side. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-corot-7b-this-is-a-super-earth-discovered-in-2009-orbiting-the-sun-like-star-corot-7-in-monoceros-the-planet-orbits-so-closely-only-1-60th-of-earths-distance-from-the-sun-that-astronomers-speculate-that-its-surface-is-probably-molten-it-may-have-started-as-a-much-more-massive-gas-giant-like-saturn-but-gradually-lost-its-gaseous-envelope-due-to-the-radiation-from-its-star-all-that-is-left-now-is-the-original-rocky-core-daytime-temperatures-on-the-planet-may-reach-2000-celsius-but-drop-to-200c-on-the-night-side-image231004465.htmlRFRBR4FD–Illustration of CoRoT-7b. This is a super-Earth, discovered in 2009 orbiting the sun-like star CoRoT-7 in Monoceros. The planet orbits so closely - only 1 60th of Earth's distance from the Sun - that astronomers speculate that its surface is probably molten. It may have started as a much more massive gas giant, like Saturn, but gradually lost its gaseous envelope due to the radiation from its star. All that is left now is the original rocky core. Daytime temperatures on the planet may reach 2000 Celsius, but drop to -200C on the night side.
Illustration of CoRoT-7b. This is a super-Earth, discovered in 2009 orbiting the sun-like star CoRoT-7 in Monoceros. The planet orbits so closely - only 1 60th of Earth's distance from the Sun - that astronomers speculate that its surface is probably molten. It may have started as a much more massive gas giant, like Saturn, but gradually lost its gaseous envelope due to the radiation from its star. All that is left now is the original rocky core. Daytime temperatures on the planet may reach 2000 Celsius, but drop to -200C on the night side. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-corot-7b-this-is-a-super-earth-discovered-in-2009-orbiting-the-sun-like-star-corot-7-in-monoceros-the-planet-orbits-so-closely-only-1-60th-of-earths-distance-from-the-sun-that-astronomers-speculate-that-its-surface-is-probably-molten-it-may-have-started-as-a-much-more-massive-gas-giant-like-saturn-but-gradually-lost-its-gaseous-envelope-due-to-the-radiation-from-its-star-all-that-is-left-now-is-the-original-rocky-core-daytime-temperatures-on-the-planet-may-reach-2000-celsius-but-drop-to-200c-on-the-night-side-image231004466.htmlRFRBR4FE–Illustration of CoRoT-7b. This is a super-Earth, discovered in 2009 orbiting the sun-like star CoRoT-7 in Monoceros. The planet orbits so closely - only 1 60th of Earth's distance from the Sun - that astronomers speculate that its surface is probably molten. It may have started as a much more massive gas giant, like Saturn, but gradually lost its gaseous envelope due to the radiation from its star. All that is left now is the original rocky core. Daytime temperatures on the planet may reach 2000 Celsius, but drop to -200C on the night side.
Illustration of the hottest known exoplanet,Kelt-9b.Kelt-9 is an A-type star with a temperature almost twice that of the Sun.Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet orbiting this star at such close proximity that it completes an orbit in a mere 36 hours.This means that the planet is hotter,at around 4600 Kelvin,than the majority of stars.The relentless radiation from the star is evaporating the planet at a phenomenal rate.Ten billion grams of matter are stripped away from the planet every second,forming a comet-like tail behind it. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-illustration-of-the-hottest-known-exoplanetkelt-9bkelt-9-is-an-a-type-165778008.htmlRFKHKRF4–Illustration of the hottest known exoplanet,Kelt-9b.Kelt-9 is an A-type star with a temperature almost twice that of the Sun.Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet orbiting this star at such close proximity that it completes an orbit in a mere 36 hours.This means that the planet is hotter,at around 4600 Kelvin,than the majority of stars.The relentless radiation from the star is evaporating the planet at a phenomenal rate.Ten billion grams of matter are stripped away from the planet every second,forming a comet-like tail behind it.
Artwork of Red Giant Sun Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artwork-of-red-giant-sun-image341079446.htmlRF2APWE8P–Artwork of Red Giant Sun
Artwork of the so-called Black Widow Pulsar. This is a pulsar - a rapidly rotating neutron star - discovered in 1988, which is in orbit around a brown dwarf. The name black widow is applied because the companion to the pulsar is being destroyed by it. Brown dwarves are objects which form like star do but which do not attain the core temperatures necessary to fuse hydrogen into helium, as in true stars. Astronomers have detected a bow-shock around the brown dwarf, created as radiation from the pulsar wraps itself around the brown dwarf. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/artwork-of-the-so-called-black-widow-pulsar-this-is-a-pulsar-a-rapidly-rotating-neutron-star-discovered-in-1988-which-is-in-orbit-around-a-brown-dwarf-the-name-black-widow-is-applied-because-the-companion-to-the-pulsar-is-being-destroyed-by-it-brown-dwarves-are-objects-which-form-like-star-do-but-which-do-not-attain-the-core-temperatures-necessary-to-fuse-hydrogen-into-helium-as-in-true-stars-astronomers-have-detected-a-bow-shock-around-the-brown-dwarf-created-as-radiation-from-the-pulsar-wraps-itself-around-the-brown-dwarf-image264341059.htmlRFWA1NM3–Artwork of the so-called Black Widow Pulsar. This is a pulsar - a rapidly rotating neutron star - discovered in 1988, which is in orbit around a brown dwarf. The name black widow is applied because the companion to the pulsar is being destroyed by it. Brown dwarves are objects which form like star do but which do not attain the core temperatures necessary to fuse hydrogen into helium, as in true stars. Astronomers have detected a bow-shock around the brown dwarf, created as radiation from the pulsar wraps itself around the brown dwarf.
Kepler 10b was first conformed terrestrial extrasolar planet that is,a planet beyond Solar System which is made up of rocky materials rather than gases.The planet,however,lies extremely close to its parent star,and as result it is highly unlikely to harbour any life.Kepler 10b is 3.3 times as massive 1.5 times diameter of Earth.The semi-major axis of its orbit is just 0.017 astronomical units around one-twentieth of Mercury-Sun distance.In this image,the planet,which has surface temperature exceeding 1500 Celsius,is depicted as highly volcanic,and is seen against backdrop of its parent star. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-kepler-10b-was-first-conformed-terrestrial-extrasolar-planet-that-129659078.htmlRFHEXDDA–Kepler 10b was first conformed terrestrial extrasolar planet that is,a planet beyond Solar System which is made up of rocky materials rather than gases.The planet,however,lies extremely close to its parent star,and as result it is highly unlikely to harbour any life.Kepler 10b is 3.3 times as massive 1.5 times diameter of Earth.The semi-major axis of its orbit is just 0.017 astronomical units around one-twentieth of Mercury-Sun distance.In this image,the planet,which has surface temperature exceeding 1500 Celsius,is depicted as highly volcanic,and is seen against backdrop of its parent star.
Habitable zones, illustration Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/habitable-zones-illustration-image570443159.htmlRF2T41X1Y–Habitable zones, illustration
Surface of Venus. Computer illustration of a view across the rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun. Venus lies around 108 million kilometres from the Sun, around two-thirds of the Earth-Sun distance, and is slightly smaller than Earth. It has the hottest planetary surface in the solar system, with temperatures of nearly 500 degrees Celsius since its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere traps the Sun's heat. The surface atmospheric pressure is around 90 times that on Earth. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-surface-of-venus-computer-illustration-of-a-view-across-the-rocky-129659054.htmlRFHEXDCE–Surface of Venus. Computer illustration of a view across the rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun. Venus lies around 108 million kilometres from the Sun, around two-thirds of the Earth-Sun distance, and is slightly smaller than Earth. It has the hottest planetary surface in the solar system, with temperatures of nearly 500 degrees Celsius since its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere traps the Sun's heat. The surface atmospheric pressure is around 90 times that on Earth.
Planetary system formation. Illustration of a primordial nebula (solar nebula, in the case of the Sun) surrounding a newborn star (centre). The Sun was formed in this way as gas coalesced until it was dense enough and hot enough to begin the nuclear reactions that sustain a star. The solar nebula, originally a sphere of gas, dust and rock, became a disc that eventually, under gravity, coalesced into planets. Some planets are already seen forming in the disc (red glows), carving out distinct gaps as they attract material in their orbits. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/planetary-system-formation-illustration-of-a-primordial-nebula-solar-nebula-in-the-case-of-the-sun-surrounding-a-newborn-star-centre-the-sun-was-formed-in-this-way-as-gas-coalesced-until-it-was-dense-enough-and-hot-enough-to-begin-the-nuclear-reactions-that-sustain-a-star-the-solar-nebula-originally-a-sphere-of-gas-dust-and-rock-became-a-disc-that-eventually-under-gravity-coalesced-into-planets-some-planets-are-already-seen-forming-in-the-disc-red-glows-carving-out-distinct-gaps-as-they-attract-material-in-their-orbits-image179665785.htmlRFMC8DF5–Planetary system formation. Illustration of a primordial nebula (solar nebula, in the case of the Sun) surrounding a newborn star (centre). The Sun was formed in this way as gas coalesced until it was dense enough and hot enough to begin the nuclear reactions that sustain a star. The solar nebula, originally a sphere of gas, dust and rock, became a disc that eventually, under gravity, coalesced into planets. Some planets are already seen forming in the disc (red glows), carving out distinct gaps as they attract material in their orbits.
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