. The American encyclopædia of commerce, manufactures, commercial law, and finance. of the Districtand Circuit Courts. Adrift, a sea term for loose or unfastened; aboat broken away from moorings or fastenings. Adulteration, the injuring or debasing by for-eign or spurious admixture.^. There are severalkinds of A.: conventional, to suit the taste anddemands of the public; accidental or uninten-tional, arising from carelessness in the prepara-tion of the staple or commodity at the place ofgrowth or shipment; fraudulent, for deceptionand gainful purpo.ses. In Pennsylvania, andother .States, A. of
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. The American encyclopædia of commerce, manufactures, commercial law, and finance. of the Districtand Circuit Courts. Adrift, a sea term for loose or unfastened; aboat broken away from moorings or fastenings. Adulteration, the injuring or debasing by for-eign or spurious admixture.^. There are severalkinds of A.: conventional, to suit the taste anddemands of the public; accidental or uninten-tional, arising from carelessness in the prepara-tion of the staple or commodity at the place ofgrowth or shipment; fraudulent, for deceptionand gainful purpo.ses. In Pennsylvania, andother .States, A. of articles of food and drink, andof drugs and medicines, is made a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or irapri.sonnienl, or both. Ad Valorem, [Lat.] according to the value.This term is used in commerce chiefly in refer-ence to those duties (hence called ad valorem du-ties) which are levied on commodities at certainrates per cent, on their value. Advance, usually denotes money paid on thesecurity of property consigned or deposited. Mer-chants frequently advance from one-half to two-. Fig. 4. —Ami. thirds of the value of goods consigned to them onreceiving invoice, bill of lading, etc. Adventure, a term sometimes used to expressa shipment by a merchant on his own account. Ajoint aitvcniwe is when the shipment is made bytwo or more parties on joint account. Advice, in commercial language, means in-formation communicated by letter. The terra isused chiefly in reference to bills of exchange.Bills are sometimes made payable as per advice;at other times without further advice; andgenerally without any of these words. In theformer case the drawer may not, but in the latterhe may, pay before he has received advice. Adze, a tool (Fig. 4), especially valuable toshipwrights, difler-ing from the axe in ^ having a curvedblade, whose edgeis at right angles tothe handle, whilethe blade of the axeis parallel to thehandle. Its formsand sizes difier withthe character of thework, and in somecases t