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RMRE2H7J–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. THE PELAGIAL 237 to the size of pteropods, form the food of the larger pelagic animals. In order to secure their food, which is minute as compared with them- selves, the plankton feeders require special apparatus which has been convergently developed from different origins into similar structures with like functions. Lohmann19 divides the plankton feeders into three groups, those which feed by means of tentacles, those w
RMRX8BEJ–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 THE PELAGIAL 231 prevails among the Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae and in the swimming bells of siphonophores. It has been convergently developed Fio. 56.—Cirrothauma murrayi, a pelagic octopod. After Chun
RMMA9XWH–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . Fig. 59.—The copepod Calanus finmarchicus, X 26. The antenna used as an oar at the left, the maxilla (greatly enlarged), with its bristles, at the right. After St. Brady. animals to the depths at which they can maintain themselves. Numer- ous Metazoa exhibit the same phenomenon; for example, the arrow- worm, Sagitta hexaptera, which inhabits the lighted pelagial, is larger and more mature, the deeper the source of specimens.14 The little fish Cyclothone microdon increases in si
RMM60GR1–Venus Girdle drifting in open sea, Cestum veneris, Roca Partida, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico
RM2CB0XDB–Imitating it's close relative the sea anemones, this mangrove upsidedown jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana, is frequently seen resting, bell down, tentac
RM2JE3PG7–The Palau chambered nautilus, Nautilus belauensis, is mainly found in the Western Carolines as its name suggests. These nautilus are highly mobile sca
RMBCHCCR–Juvenile Jack Mackarels convoy Huge Rhizostomae Jellyfish Crambione mastigophora Similan Islands Andaman Sea Thailand
RMRE2H7P–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. THE PELAGIAL 231 prevails among the Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae and in the swimming bells of siphonophores. It has been convergently developed. Fio. 56.—Cirrothauma murrayi, a pelagic octopod. After Chun. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original wo
RMRX8CJM–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 ABYSSAL BENTHAL AND PELAGIAL 261 ment of the organs of touch and smell is found in cave animals (cf. Chapter XXVII). Coloration in relation to illumination.22—The protective colora- a
RMMA9XWC–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . Fig. 65.—Deep-sea isopod, Eurycope novae-zelandiae, from 2000-m. depth, on blue ooze. After Beddard. very long limbs, the terminal joints of which are expanded by hairs to increase their supporting surface (Figs. 65-66). The abyssal pelagic community.—The upper limit of the lightless pelagial varies from 200 to 600 m. in depth according to the latitude. No sharp faunal division at this point is possible, especially as many of the inhabitants of the abyssal waters rise to the su
RM2E9TM7W–The Palau chambered nautilus, Nautilus belauensis, is mainly found in the Western Carolines as its name suggests. These nautilus are highly mobile sca
RM2HNA8YF–A diver (MR) and a fried-egg jellyfish, Phacellophora camtschatica, or egg yolk jellyfish, British Columbia, Canada.
RMBCHCCK–Juvenile Jack Mackarels convoy Huge Rhizostomae Jellyfish Crambione mastigophora Similan Islands Andaman Sea Thailand
RM2M7677J–Thousands of these luminescent jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca, filled the water column in the Philippines.
RM2E9TMHX–This rhizostome jellyfish, Thysanostoma thysanura, is home to juvenile jack mackarels, Andaman Sea, Thailand. This jellyfish is also known as a mosaic
RMM9J10X–Fried Egg Jellyfish, Egg jellyfish, Mediterranean Jelly, Blubber jelly (Cotylorhiza tuberculata), Corsica, France, Europe, Mediterraenen sea
RM2JP1CH5–Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in blue water, Guadalupe Island, Mexico, Pacific Ocean
RMRE2H74–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. ABYSSAL BENTHAL AND PELAGIAL 263 bony fishes, Gigantura, Macruridae (Fig. 74), and Gastrostomidae, are characteristic of the abyssal waters. Band-like compressed forms such as the deep-sea shark, Chlamydoselachus, and the fishes Regalecus and Trachypterus, are likewise characteristic of the depths, in correlation with their weak powers of locomotion. The absence of water movement. Fig. 73.—Chimaera montrosa. After Boas.
RMT03WRY–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 ABYSSAL BENTHAL AND PELAGIAL 263 bony fishes, Gigantura, Macruridae (Fig. 74), and Gastrostomidae, are characteristic of the abyssal waters. Band-like compressed forms such as the deep-sea shark, Chlamydoselachus, and the fishes Regalecus and Trachypterus, are likewise characteristic of the depths, in correlation with their weak powers of locomotion. The absence of water movement Fig. 73.—Chimaera montrosa. After Boas. also makes possible the
RMMA9XW9–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . Fig. 66.—Deep-sea crab, Platymaia wyville-thomsoni from 275-800 m., one-third natural size. After Doflein. deep water may come to the surface for egg-laying. Nautilus, an archaic cephalopod, an inhabitant of great deeps, comes to the shallow water near Amboina from May to September for this purpose.10 Abyssal characters common to pelagial and benthal.—In spite of the interdigitation of the deep-sea fauna with that of the lighted zone, the peculiarities of the environment to whi
RMB42H94–Jellyfish Mauve Stinger close to Surface Pelagia noctiluca Marettimo Aegadian Islands Sicily Mediterranean Sea Italy
RM2JP1CFJ–Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in blue water, Guadalupe Island, Mexico, Pacific Ocean
RMGHPXX0–Aurelia aurita, Large Group of moon jelly, jellyfish, St. Johns Reef, Red Sea, Egypt, Africa
RMRE2H7X–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. THE PELAGIAL 227 only a small excess of weight in this manner and it is especially effec- tive only for small animals, which have an intrinsically high value of the surface-weight proportion. The simplest means of enlarging the ventral surface lies in the flattening of the body. Leptodiscus, the light- producing flagellate, most Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae, the turbellarian Haplodiscus, the pelagic nemertines, the cru
RMRX8BTP–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 THE PELAGIAL 237 to the size of pteropods, form the food of the larger pelagic animals. In order to secure their food, which is minute as compared with them- selves, the plankton feeders require special apparatus which has been convergently developed from different origins into similar structures with like functions. Lohmann19 divides the plankton feeders into three groups, those which feed by means of t
RMMA9XWG–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . Fig. 69.—Deep-sea crustaceans with enlarged eyes, a, a hyperine, Cyrtisoma spinosum; b, an euphausid, Thysanoessa gregaria; c, eye of an euphausid, Stylocheiron mastigophorum in vertical section, in which F is the anterior and S the lateral eye; d, a caridid, Pandalus magnoculus. a, b, and d from the Chal- lenger report; c after Chun. benthal (Fig. 69d) .19 In the pelagial many amphipods (Fig. 69a), schizopods (Fig. 696), and sergestids agree in the possession of en- larged eye
RM2JP1CHE–Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in blue water, Guadalupe Island, Mexico, Pacific Ocean
RMGHPYAE–Aurelia aurita, Large Group of moon jelly, jellyfish, Paradise Reef, Red Sea, Egypt, Africa
RMRE2H7T–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. THE PELAGIAL 229 ambulaeral feet, which make a free-swimming life possible until their increase in weight outruns their enlargement of surface. In general this increase of surface by projections is not widespread; it appears only among small and very small animals. The great majority of pelagic animals get on without this means of suspension. Water resistance, actively secured by means of swimming, is the most widespread
RMKXJWM2–Blue shark and scuba diver, Prionace glauca, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, offshore in the Atlantic
RMRX8B6T–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 THE PELAGIAL 227 only a small excess of weight in this manner and it is especially effec- tive only for small animals, which have an intrinsically high value of the surface-weight proportion. The simplest means of enlarging the ventral surface lies in the flattening of the body. Leptodiscus, the light- producing flagellate, most Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae, the turbellarian Haplodiscus, the pelagic ne
RM2JP1CJ6–Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in blue water, Guadalupe Island, Mexico, Pacific Ocean
RMT6FNEG–Antarktischer Krill (Euphausia superba), Antarktis | Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Antarctic
RMRE2H72–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF THE PELAGIAL 271 17° (Fig. 75). Ortmann1 sets somewhat different boundaries on the basis of the distribution of the fairly constant high temperatures in which the warmth-limited, stenothermal tropical life can exist. His boundary lines therefore bend far toward the equator along the west coast of South America and of Africa on account of the cold Antarctic currents and the upwelling of water from
RMKXJWFR–Blue shark and scuba diver, Prionace glauca, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, offshore in the Atlantic
RMRX8BB6–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 THE PELAGIAL 229 ambulaeral feet, which make a free-swimming life possible until their increase in weight outruns their enlargement of surface. In general this increase of surface by projections is not widespread; it appears only among small and very small animals. The great majority of pelagic animals get on without this means of suspension. Water resistance, actively secured by means of swimming, is th
RM2G19814–Snorkeling in Jellyfish Lake, Mastigias papua etpisonii, Jellyfish Lake, Micronesia, Palau
RMT6FNEH–Antarktischer Krill (Euphausia superba), Antarktis | Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Antarctic
RM2J5410X–Crown Jelly Fish (Netrostoma setouchina, Netrostoma setouchianum), Ari Atoll, Maldives, Indian Ocean, Asia
RMKXJWG2–Blue shark and scuba diver, Prionace glauca, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, offshore in the Atlantic
RM2J540KT–Crown Jelly Fish (Netrostoma setouchina, Netrostoma setouchianum), Ari Atoll, Maldives, Indian Ocean, Asia
RMRE2H7B–. Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage. Zoogeography -- Geographical distribution; Animal ecology. ABYSSAL BENTHAL AND PELAGIAL 257 fishes) have luminescent organs, which are absent in the few coastal forms. Many luminescent cephalopods and fishes maintain themselves in the transition zone between the lighted and the abyssal pelagial.. Fig. 67.—Light organs of deep-sea animals: a, of a fish (Argyropelecus affinis); b, of a schizopod crustacean (Nematoscelis mantis); and c, of an octopod (Abraliopsis morisii). Light ce
RMRX8F7M–Ecological animal geography; an authorized, Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 ABYSSAL BEXTHAL AND PELAGIAL 259 ing to the size of their eyes. Those with large eyes live in the uppermost abyssal, those with smaller eyes in more considerable depths. On the other hand, the eyes of many deep-sea animals are especially large, much larger than in their relatives of the upper zone. This is especially true of animals living near the upper limit of the lightless zone (Fig. 68a), which thus
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