RM2B02FMJ–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B036N8–'Book of the Marvels of the World' (French: Livre des Merveilles du Monde) or 'Description of the World' (Devisement du Monde), in Italian Il Milione ('The Million') or Oriente Poliano and in English commonly called 'The Travels of Marco Polo', is a 13th-century travelogue. It was recorded by Rustichello da Pisa from stories told by Marco Polo, describing Polo's travels through Asia between 1276 and 1291, and his experiences at the court of Kublai Khan.
RM2B02FWA–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B02FMT–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B02G4J–Polo's biographers Yule and Cordier (1923) are doubtful of the identification of the 'Canton Marco Polo', believing the Luohan / arhat effigy is more probably based on a 16th century Portuguese visitor to Guangzhou. The identification seems to have been accepted by the Museo Correr in Marco Polo's native Venice, however, where a copy of the effigy (shown here) has been on display since 1881.
RM2B02G3B–The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, grýphōn, or γρύπων, grýpōn, Latin: gryphus) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. The griffin was also thought of as king of all creatures. Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo,
RM2B02FW7–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B02FW6–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B02HPX–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B02HPP–Probably born in Venice around 1254 CE, Marco Polo was raised by his aunt and uncle after his mother died. His father, Niccolo, was a Venetian merchant who left before Marco was born to trade in the Middle East. Niccolo and his brother Maffeo passed through much of Asia and met with Mongol emperor Kublai Khan who reportedly invited them to be ambassadors. In 1269, Niccolo and Maffeo returned to Venice, meeting Marco for the first time. In 1271, Marco Polo, aged 17, with his father and his uncle, set off for Asia, travelling through Constantinople, Baghdad, Persia, Kashgar, China and Burma. Th
RM2B0118M–China/Mongolia: Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate, 1287. Photo by PHGCOM (CC BY-SA 3.0 License). Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate, 1287, utilising Chinese characters and the phags-pa Tibetan script adapted from Tibetan for use with Mongolian on the orders of Kublai Khan, c. 1269.
RM2B0116W–Mongolia/Iran: The Chinese characters for 'Kokachin', principal wife of Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304). Kokachin was a 13th century Mongol princess from the Yuan dynasty in China, belonging to the Mongol Bayaut tribe. In 1291, she was betrothed to the Ilkhanate khan Arghun by the Mongol Great Khan Kublai. This followed a request by Arghun to his grand-uncle Kublai to send him a relative of his dead wife, and Kublai chose the 17-year-old Kökötchin ('Blue, or Celestial, Lady'), entrusting Marco Polo to escort her. Arghun died before she arrived in 1293 however, and so she married his son Ghazan.
RM2B00NE8–Mongolia: Orkhon Tablets of 8th century, found in the Orkhon Valley. The Mongolian language is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China. In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, written in Cyrillic (and at times in Latin for social networking), is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is written in traditional Mongolian script.
RM2B0119F–Mongolia: Mongol General Subutai (1176-1248), Chinese block print drawing, 16th century. Subutai (Subetei, Subetai, Subotai 1176–1248) was the primary military strategist and general of Genghis Khan and Ogedei Khan. He directed more than twenty campaigns in which he conquered thirty-two nations and won sixty-five pitched battles, during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history. He gained victory by means of imaginative and sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that were hundreds of kilometres away from each other.
RM2B011C4–Japan: A Mongol helmet taken as a trophy by the victorious Japanese during the Yuan invasion of 1274 or 1281. The Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281 were major military invasions undertaken by Kublai Khan to conquer the Japanese islands after the submission of Korea. Despite their ultimate failure, the invasion attempts are of historical importance, because they set a limit on Mongol expansion, and rank as nation-defining events in Japanese history. The Japanese were successful, in part because the Mongols lost up to 75% of their troops and supplies as a result of major storms at sea.
RM2B01E41–Iran/Mongolia: A Mongol Khan and Khatun surrounded by the court, with the ruler’s male relatives to his right, his female relatives to his left, and his courtiers in front. Illustration from Rashid al-Din Hamadani's (1235-1318) Jami al-tawarikh, c. 1305. The Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh ('Compendium of Chronicles') is an Iranian work of literature and history written by Rashid al-Din Hamadani at the start of the 14th century, considered to be the most significant single source of information on the Ilkhanate period and the Mongol Empire. Rashid was a statesman, historian and physician in Ilkhanate Iran
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