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Fungi and decay Black & White Stock Photos
RFTAK0P8–Black and white image of a tree stump with fungi (Ganoderma applanatum) growing on its base.
RMM46N5R–Sulphur Tuft mushrooms, (Hypholoma fasciculare) Holme Fen SSSI nature reserve, Cambridgeshire, England, UK
RM2C9W26T–Black & white shot of a large clump of common inkcap (Coprinopsis atramentaria) in various stages of growth & deliquescence. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
RF2GF99MH–Black and white image of fungus grown on a tree. Image shot from low angle to the top of tree for creative use as nature background and copyspace.
RFKJKDJ0–Black and white image of a vegetable red pepper section and seeds isolated on a black background
RMM46WRH–Sulphur Tuft mushrooms, (Hypholoma fasciculare) Holme Fen SSSI nature reserve, Cambridgeshire, England, UK
RF2A32YJK–A close-up, black and white view of a person using an indoor air quality monitor, checking for pollutants and allergens inside a residential kitchen.
RMPG2RF5–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). DECAY DUE TO DISEASE 67 Rotting of Fruit due to Diseases of the Fruit Tree In addition to the rotting of fruit due to the growth of common molds, it is important to know that many diseases are caused by certain microorganisms that attack the plants upon which they are growing, or attack the fruits themselves while still growing upon the fruit trees. These sometimes produce various kinds of rots and decay in the fruit even before it is plucked (Fig. 26, 27). In some cases the fruit may appear to be perfectly sou
RMRDG16M–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). DECAY DUE TO DISEASE 67 Rotting of Fruit due to Diseases of the Fruit Tree In addition to the rotting of fruit due to the growth of common molds, it is important to know that many diseases are caused by certain microorganisms that attack the plants upon which they are growing, or attack the fruits themselves while still growing upon the fruit trees. These sometimes produce various kinds of rots and decay in the fruit even before it is plucked (Fig. 26, 27). In some cases the fruit may appear to be perfectly sou
RF2A32PNP–A close up and monochrome view of a man using a small hand held thermal imagery device inside a family kitchen during a building survey, with copy-space.
RMPG2RG0–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). so BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS of the peculiarly flavored products characteristic of certain forms of decay, rot, or putrefaction. It must not be understood, however, that putrefaction is produced wholly by the action of molds, even in the materials on which molds are visibly growing ; for another class of organisms to be considered later, the bacteria, is more commonly concerned in putrefaction. But molds contribute largely to the development of putrefaction, and in the case of some materials, as fruits, molds
RMRE3AXH–. Practical botany. Botany. THE BASIDIUM FUNGI (BASIDIOMYCETES) 255 life processes they are of the greatest importance, since they are instruments of decay and soil enrichment, and bear an im- portant relation to various industries. As producers of diseases of plants, animals, and men, they have great significance. Phycomycetes are sometimes saprophytic and sometimes parasitic. As saprophytes they are instruments of decay, and as parasites they often kill their hosts and then as saprophytes disorganize them. The simpler phycomycetes, as bread mold,. Fig. 213. Nest fungi growing in soil in whic
RF2A32W75–A close up and monochrome view of a person holding a handheld digital device, checking the air quality inside a domestic dwelling during a living quality check.
RMPG2J8K–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 3IO DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. Corda; or it is composed of a tough gelatinous felt, as in Hysterangium and Melanogaster. The peridia show no marked peculiarities of structure, having a close weft like that of the walls of the chambers formed of hyphae which run chiefly in the direction of the surface. They decay after the spores have ripened and while the gleba is gradually becoming disintegrated. The Seeotieae, or at least the genus Seootiuin and Ca
RMRDG180–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). so BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS of the peculiarly flavored products characteristic of certain forms of decay, rot, or putrefaction. It must not be understood, however, that putrefaction is produced wholly by the action of molds, even in the materials on which molds are visibly growing ; for another class of organisms to be considered later, the bacteria, is more commonly concerned in putrefaction. But molds contribute largely to the development of putrefaction, and in the case of some materials, as fruits, molds
RF2A32WBD–A point of view and monochrome shot of a man holding an indoors air monitoring device, used to detect carbon monoxide and airborne particles in a building.
RMPG3RM5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 525 decay, so that not only is the root itself worthless, but the aerial shoot is badly developed. The destruction is greatly favoured by moist rainy years. The malformations of the root are the result of hypertrophy of the host-cells due to a stimulus exerted by the plasmodium of Plasmodiophora, not only on the contents of cells inhabited by it, but also extending into the cells of the whole neigh-
RMRDWNH9–. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. Bacteria and Fungi 251 hygiene, are primarily based on our knowledge of the be- havior of this group of plants.. Fig. 148. Various forms of bacteria. Economically the bacteria are of the greatest importance. Together with the fungi they are the principal cause of decay. Bacteria bring about the ripening of milk, in butter and cheese making, and they produce both the pleasant flavors in these products and the xmpleasant flavors that develop in them with age. The bacteria are also the
RF2A32X4A–A close up and monochrome view of a home inspector using an IR thermal imaging camera to detect signs of cold bridging in a domestic property.
RMPFXKP6–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. APPLE DISEASES 471 ably parasitic. However, all are agreed that lichens are decidedly objectionable on fruit trees. They harbor insects and fungi, tend to keep the branches moist and more likely to decay, besides being untidy and unsightly. While they may not secure any nourishment from the trees they certainly must interfere seri- ously with the
RMRDCXRW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 525 decay, so that not only is the root itself worthless, but the aerial shoot is badly developed. The destruction is greatly favoured by moist rainy years. The malformations of the root are the result of hypertrophy of the host-cells due to a stimulus exerted by the plasmodium of Plasmodiophora, not only on the contents of cells inhabited by it, but also extending into the cells of the whole neigh-
RF2A32YN8–A close up and monochrome view on the hand of an indoor environmental quality assessor, taking readings from an electronic meter by a kitchen sink.
RMPFXNCR–. Productive soils; the fundamentals of successful soil management and profitable crop production. Soils. 172 SOIL ORGANISMS IN RELATION TO SOIL FERTILITY and animals finally disappear after they die? If this were not so the world long ago would have become choked with dead material. Most of the rubbish of the earth is buried in or is thrown upon the soil, and through decay, it is reduced to the fundamental elements, becoming again the dust of the earth, water and gases. This decay is the work of many kinds of microorganisms, particularly the bacteria and fungi. It is a wise provision of natur
RMRDCF85–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 3IO DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. Corda; or it is composed of a tough gelatinous felt, as in Hysterangium and Melanogaster. The peridia show no marked peculiarities of structure, having a close weft like that of the walls of the chambers formed of hyphae which run chiefly in the direction of the surface. They decay after the spores have ripened and while the gleba is gradually becoming disintegrated. The Seeotieae, or at least the genus Seootiuin and Ca
RF2A32XY5–A close up and monochrome view of a person inspecting a kitchen sink and faucet with a magnification glass, checking for imperfections with copy space.
RMPG2REN–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 68 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS bring to our houses is already infected with the molds in question, nothing that we can do will protect it from their subsequent growth and consequent decay. The only alleviating remedy is, as mentioned in other cases, to keep the fruit cool, because none of these microorganisms grow readily while in low temperatures. Dryness is of no value, since the molds are already within the fruit, where there is moisture enough. This cause of the de- cay of fruit is, however, of no very grea
RMRD8TWF–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. APPLE DISEASES 471 ably parasitic. However, all are agreed that lichens are decidedly objectionable on fruit trees. They harbor insects and fungi, tend to keep the branches moist and more likely to decay, besides being untidy and unsightly. While they may not secure any nourishment from the trees they certainly must interfere seri- ously with the
RF2A32PYR–A monochrome and side profile view of a man carrying out a professional environmental air and moisture assessment inside a domestic building with copy space.
![. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3TRM/nature-study-a-manual-for-teachers-and-students-nature-study-lessons-with-plants-345-and-ferns-possess-spores-being-so-small-and-light-spores-float-great-distances-with-the-wind-and-it-is-thus-that-the-fig-141-pretty-seed-pods-!-liutterpriiit-quot-wucd-germs-of-disease-of-decay-of-fermentation-the-mosses-and-lichens-the-fungi-and-the-ferns-are-so-widely-scattered-of-greater-interest-are-the-devices-for-seed-dispersal-the-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearan-PG3TRM.jpg ". Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan Stock Photo")
RMPG3TRM–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan
RMRDW9M1–. Textbook of botany. Botany. PLANT DISEASES 381 outer cells have been killed by the fungus so that it is easy for decay-producing fungi to enter. The fungous body is very much like that of the downy mildew fungus, excepting that the short branches that enter the host cells are also thread-like and much more delicate than the main branches. The spores also are very much like those of the downy mil- dew fungus, and the large, thick-walled zygotes are very rarely found. The disease may be kept under control by the use of the Bordeaux mixture, making from three to five applications at intervals o
RMPG3NF1–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 474 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS a considerably advanced stage of decay in the region of the cam- bium, including both wood and bark. There is present an abundant white mycelium and very characteristic mycelial strands, as subse- quently described. The abundant, white mycelium is particularly rich in stored nutrients. It commonly extends several feet above the crown, mostly between the wood and bark. The characteristic mycelial cords, by which this fungus is best known, are shining,
RMRE3CRB–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 338 FUNGI one gamete is about half the height, though of the same breadth, as the other, the suspensor of the smaller one becomes greatly enlarged after conjugation, while the other remains as it was. In most cases the sus- pensors eventually decay, but in others (Phycomyces, Kze., and Absidia, ^'an Tiegh.) an outgrowth of darkly coloured hyphs takes place from each suspensor and invests the zygosperm. In Mortierella (Coemans), which has a smooth extine, this outgrowth arises from the hyphas bearing the suspensors (as well as from the suspensors
RMPG3M4P–. Plant propagation : greenhouse and nursery practice . Plant propagation. Sl£!:i) TICSTIXG 51 78. Damping-off is a nurseryman's and gardener's term for the decay of seedlings and cuttings, more especially just above the surface of the ground. The conditions that favor it are excess of moisture in both soil and air, higher temperature than necessary for normal plant de- velopment, and poor light. The weak plants that develop under these conditions succumb to tiny fungi which live upon decaying vegetable matter in the soil, and which. FIG. 42—FRAMES FOR STRAW MAT MAKING These are homemade contr
RMRDJ5FR–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 474 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS a considerably advanced stage of decay in the region of the cam- bium, including both wood and bark. There is present an abundant white mycelium and very characteristic mycelial strands, as subse- quently described. The abundant, white mycelium is particularly rich in stored nutrients. It commonly extends several feet above the crown, mostly between the wood and bark. The characteristic mycelial cords, by which this fungus is best known, are shining,
RMPG403M–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 132 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS The bacteria invade the intercellular spaces of the host, and subsequently the tissues are rapidly disorganized. This disorgani- zation is apparently due to an enzyme which attacks particularly the middle lamella. A large number of inoculation experiments have been made, and it is clearly shown that these bacteria are able to produce a form of soft decay in a great variety of plants. No other organism yet found has such a wide range of host plants. Mo
RMRDG16E–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 68 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS bring to our houses is already infected with the molds in question, nothing that we can do will protect it from their subsequent growth and consequent decay. The only alleviating remedy is, as mentioned in other cases, to keep the fruit cool, because none of these microorganisms grow readily while in low temperatures. Dryness is of no value, since the molds are already within the fruit, where there is moisture enough. This cause of the de- cay of fruit is, however, of no very grea
RMPG0R79–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi
RMRD9CA4–. Productive soils; the fundamentals of successful soil management and profitable crop production. Soils. 172 SOIL ORGANISMS IN RELATION TO SOIL FERTILITY and animals finally disappear after they die? If this were not so the world long ago would have become choked with dead material. Most of the rubbish of the earth is buried in or is thrown upon the soil, and through decay, it is reduced to the fundamental elements, becoming again the dust of the earth, water and gases. This decay is the work of many kinds of microorganisms, particularly the bacteria and fungi. It is a wise provision of natur
RMPG4HCX–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 7 The decay of the host liberates the spores in the soil. Their germination may be readily studied upon a microscope slide where in from five to twentj'-four hours uninucleate zoospores are produced. The zoospores are differentiated into an inner. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stevens, Frank Lincoln, 1871-193
![. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDJJ06/nature-study-a-manual-for-teachers-and-students-nature-study-lessons-with-plants-345-and-ferns-possess-spores-being-so-small-and-light-spores-float-great-distances-with-the-wind-and-it-is-thus-that-the-fig-141-pretty-seed-pods-!-liutterpriiit-quot-wucd-germs-of-disease-of-decay-of-fermentation-the-mosses-and-lichens-the-fungi-and-the-ferns-are-so-widely-scattered-of-greater-interest-are-the-devices-for-seed-dispersal-the-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearan-RDJJ06.jpg ". Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan Stock Photo")
RMRDJJ06–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. LESSONS WITH PLANTS 345 and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. !â â liutterpriiit " wucd.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearan
RMPG14XT–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. 68 MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES only partially decayed wood. Another common distingulsli- ing mark which may accompany wood-decay is the production of black lines or discolored zones which usually mark the place where the most active changes are occurring in the deligni- fication process. The colored zones are due to dark colored oxidation products which stain the mycelium and cell-walls of the wood. The mycelium of wood- rotting fungi uses the dissolved wood-tissue as food material. After a considerable amount of this food is obtained and stored, the production o
![. Florists' review [microform]. Floriculture. Mabch 15, 1917. The Florists' Review 103. Permanent This photograph shows the famous Botanical Gardens, one of the permanent buildings at the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, California. The eritire latticework is made of California Redwood, seledled because of its light weight, strength, and RESISTANCE TO ROT under greenhouse conditions. Cali&riiia Redw the growth of decay-producing fungi. Withstands the difference between inside and outside temperatures of a green- house, even in the coldest climate. UnafFefted by the moisture in th Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RRM3BR/florists-review-microform-floriculture-mabch-15-1917-the-florists-review-103-permanent-this-photograph-shows-the-famous-botanical-gardens-one-of-the-permanent-buildings-at-the-panama-california-exposition-at-san-diego-california-the-eritire-latticework-is-made-of-california-redwood-seledled-because-of-its-light-weight-strength-and-resistance-to-rot-under-greenhouse-conditions-caliampriiia-redw-the-growth-of-decay-producing-fungi-withstands-the-difference-between-inside-and-outside-temperatures-of-a-green-house-even-in-the-coldest-climate-unaffefted-by-the-moisture-in-th-RRM3BR.jpg ". Florists' review [microform]. Floriculture. Mabch 15, 1917. The Florists' Review 103. Permanent This photograph shows the famous Botanical Gardens, one of the permanent buildings at the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, California. The eritire latticework is made of California Redwood, seledled because of its light weight, strength, and RESISTANCE TO ROT under greenhouse conditions. Cali&riiia Redw the growth of decay-producing fungi. Withstands the difference between inside and outside temperatures of a green- house, even in the coldest climate. UnafFefted by the moisture in th Stock Photo")
RMRRM3BR–. Florists' review [microform]. Floriculture. Mabch 15, 1917. The Florists' Review 103. Permanent This photograph shows the famous Botanical Gardens, one of the permanent buildings at the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, California. The eritire latticework is made of California Redwood, seledled because of its light weight, strength, and RESISTANCE TO ROT under greenhouse conditions. Cali&riiia Redw the growth of decay-producing fungi. Withstands the difference between inside and outside temperatures of a green- house, even in the coldest climate. UnafFefted by the moisture in th
RMPG401Y–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PHYCOMYCETES 145 in the packing house, and in storage conditions. From the description subsequently given it may be readily distinguished from forms of decay due to common mold fungi. It is most serious in connection with lemon growing, but the fungus pro- ducing the disease may also affect to a slight extent at least the orange, pomelo, and other citrous fruits. In the orchard the dis- ease may be found upon fruit which has fallen, or that which is hanging very close to the moist
![. Corn; growing, judging, breeding, feeding, marketing; for the farmer, student and teacher of agriculture, a textbook for agricultural colleges and high shcools. Corn. EAR ROTS 223 Remedy. Crop rotation seems to be the only remedy. The fungi harbor in the old corn stalks. Corn should not be planted for two years thereafter where there has been much of this disease. THE COB ROT OF CORN. This disease is manifested in a softening and decay of the cob, rendering the grain unmerchantable. The fungus causing this disease belongs to the genus "Coniosporium." It does not seem to affect the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3TJP/corn-growing-judging-breeding-feeding-marketing-for-the-farmer-student-and-teacher-of-agriculture-a-textbook-for-agricultural-colleges-and-high-shcools-corn-ear-rots-223-remedy-crop-rotation-seems-to-be-the-only-remedy-the-fungi-harbor-in-the-old-corn-stalks-corn-should-not-be-planted-for-two-years-thereafter-where-there-has-been-much-of-this-disease-the-cob-rot-of-corn-this-disease-is-manifested-in-a-softening-and-decay-of-the-cob-rendering-the-grain-unmerchantable-the-fungus-causing-this-disease-belongs-to-the-genus-quotconiosporiumquot-it-does-not-seem-to-affect-the-RE3TJP.jpg ". Corn; growing, judging, breeding, feeding, marketing; for the farmer, student and teacher of agriculture, a textbook for agricultural colleges and high shcools. Corn. EAR ROTS 223 Remedy. Crop rotation seems to be the only remedy. The fungi harbor in the old corn stalks. Corn should not be planted for two years thereafter where there has been much of this disease. THE COB ROT OF CORN. This disease is manifested in a softening and decay of the cob, rendering the grain unmerchantable. The fungus causing this disease belongs to the genus "Coniosporium." It does not seem to affect the Stock Photo")
RMRE3TJP–. Corn; growing, judging, breeding, feeding, marketing; for the farmer, student and teacher of agriculture, a textbook for agricultural colleges and high shcools. Corn. EAR ROTS 223 Remedy. Crop rotation seems to be the only remedy. The fungi harbor in the old corn stalks. Corn should not be planted for two years thereafter where there has been much of this disease. THE COB ROT OF CORN. This disease is manifested in a softening and decay of the cob, rendering the grain unmerchantable. The fungus causing this disease belongs to the genus "Coniosporium." It does not seem to affect the
![. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4A2C/nature-study-and-life-nature-study-flowerless-plants-441-still-lying-as-they-fell-and-we-have-a-picture-of-what-nature-would-be-without-the-beneficent-work-of-fungi-that-is-they-cause-decay-they-return-to-mother-earth-the-mat-ter-which-has-lived-that-it-may-live-again-without-them-all-available-food-in-the-world-would-soon-be-locked-up-in-dead-forms-and-new-life-would-be-impossible-this-is-a-rather-knotty-point-but-it-may-be-attaclced-in-a-direct-and-simple-manner-by-asking-the-children-quot-where-does-our-food-come-from-what-is-its-last-or-ultimate-source-quot-they-will-PG4A2C.jpg ". Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will Stock Photo")
RMPG4A2C–. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will
![. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. â p LESSONS WITH PLANTS 34S and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. (" Butterpriiit " weed.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and ap Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE4GM6/nature-study-a-manual-for-teachers-and-students-nature-study-p-lessons-with-plants-34s-and-ferns-possess-spores-being-so-small-and-light-spores-float-great-distances-with-the-wind-and-it-is-thus-that-the-fig-141-pretty-seed-pods-quot-butterpriiit-quot-weed-germs-of-disease-of-decay-of-fermentation-the-mosses-and-lichens-the-fungi-and-the-ferns-are-so-widely-scattered-of-greater-interest-are-the-devices-for-seed-dispersal-the-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-ap-RE4GM6.jpg ". Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. â p LESSONS WITH PLANTS 34S and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. (" Butterpriiit " weed.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and ap Stock Photo")
RMRE4GM6–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. â p LESSONS WITH PLANTS 34S and ferns possess spores. Being so small and light, spores float great distances with the wind, and it is thus that the. Fig. 141. Pretty Seed Pods. (" Butterpriiit " weed.) germs of disease, of decay, of fermentation, the mosses and lichens, the fungi, and the ferns are so widely scattered. Of greater interest are the devices for seed dispersal. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and ap
RMPG26FB–. Beginners' botany. Botany. FiG. 135. â Bacteria of Several Forms, much magnified. isms known as bacteria (Fig. 135). These innumerable organisms are immersed in water or in dead animals and plants, and in all manner of moist organic products. By breaking down organic combinations, they produce decay. Largely through their agency, and that of many true but microscopic fungi, all things pass into soil and gas. Thus are the bodies of plants and animals removed and the continuing round of life is maintained. Some parasites are green- leaved. Such is the mistle- toe (Fig. 136). They anchor themse
RMRE0PDH–. Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. 690 FUNGI Certain species of Mucor which appear incapable of attacking uninjured ripe fruits, frequently obtain an entrance into the latter by wounds and bruises, and then cause rottenness and decay. As a damp and warm atmosphere favours the development of these destructive fungi, it is important to store fruit in cool dry places. Every effort should also be made to prevent bruising, and in order to minimise the risk of a ' mouldy' specimen spread- ing the infection to its neighbours, fruit of high value should be wrap
RMPG2RAN–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). i6o BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS. the dry pea or bean. Such a food material is beyond the reach of bacterial action, and, unless these grains become subsequently soaked with water, they are protected from decay (Fig. 62). Bacteria grow in them readily enough in the spring when they are moistened and begin to sprout. This drying of the grains protects all kinds of flours and meals made from them. The wheat is ground into flour, and the corn into meal, each of which con- tains but a small amount of moisture, far t
![. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. FAIRY-RING FUNGI. 481 the grass in the roots of which it grows, and so causing the brown ring, on which an abundant crop of toad-stool fruits forms in the fall, which by their decay enrich the soil so that it produces a ranker vegetation the next season. An appearance which may be called false fairy-rings is occa- sionally produc Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ6M13/grasses-of-north-america-microform-chapters-on-the-physiology-composition-selection-improving-and-cultivation-of-grasses-management-of-grass-lands-also-chapters-on-clovers-injurious-insects-and-fungi-grasses-forage-plants-gramines-plantes-fourragres-fairy-ring-fungi-481-the-grass-in-the-roots-of-which-it-grows-and-so-causing-the-brown-ring-on-which-an-abundant-crop-of-toad-stool-fruits-forms-in-the-fall-which-by-their-decay-enrich-the-soil-so-that-it-produces-a-ranker-vegetation-the-next-season-an-appearance-which-may-be-called-false-fairy-rings-is-occa-sionally-produc-RJ6M13.jpg ". Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. FAIRY-RING FUNGI. 481 the grass in the roots of which it grows, and so causing the brown ring, on which an abundant crop of toad-stool fruits forms in the fall, which by their decay enrich the soil so that it produces a ranker vegetation the next season. An appearance which may be called false fairy-rings is occa- sionally produc Stock Photo")
RMRJ6M13–. Grasses of North America [microform] : chapters on the physiology, composition, selection, improving and cultivation of grasses, management of grass lands, also chapters on clovers, injurious insects and fungi. Grasses; Forage plants; Graminées; Plantes fourragères. FAIRY-RING FUNGI. 481 the grass in the roots of which it grows, and so causing the brown ring, on which an abundant crop of toad-stool fruits forms in the fall, which by their decay enrich the soil so that it produces a ranker vegetation the next season. An appearance which may be called false fairy-rings is occa- sionally produc
RMPG2RFM–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). THE DECAY OF FRUIT 59 decaying apples, pears, lemons, and bananas, the differ- ence in the character of the decay is quite evident both to the eye and to the smell. Bitter rot, black rot, and brown rot are three types produced by three different organisms. It is not within the scope of our study to describe the different kinds of decay which appear in com- mon fruit. The causes may be numerous, but in the majority of the examples of decayed fruit the active agency,. Fig. 22. Monilia, a common species of mold ca
RMRE1NA4–. College botany; structure, physiology and economics of plants. Botany. THALLOPHYTES—FUNGI 277 the formation of an oospore which is liberated by the decay of the host tissues. The oospore may produce zoospores or de- velop a mycelium. Plasmopara viticola is the cause of the downy mildew of the grape and may be considered as a type of the order Peronospo- rales. The mycelium gi-ows within the leaf and fruit, draws its food supply from them and iinally forms a doAvny white growth on the under surface of the leaf. This growth is made up of conidiophores or fruiting filaments. They bear conidia,
![. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 3" Stubs were left which never healed over and through the exposed sur- face the fungi of wood decay gained easy access. The injuries produced by meteorologic causes are important. Entire forests have been levelled by tornadoes. Cracks are produced by wind action. Lightning opens a way by cracks to the interior. Snow and ice snap off large Umbs and hail stones bruise the bark and leaves of trees so that fungi can readily enter. Chemic substances are rath Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG44N9/a-text-book-of-mycology-and-plant-pathology-plant-diseases-fungi-in-agriculture-plant-diseases-fungi-plants-as-disease-producers-3quot-stubs-were-left-which-never-healed-over-and-through-the-exposed-sur-face-the-fungi-of-wood-decay-gained-easy-access-the-injuries-produced-by-meteorologic-causes-are-important-entire-forests-have-been-levelled-by-tornadoes-cracks-are-produced-by-wind-action-lightning-opens-a-way-by-cracks-to-the-interior-snow-and-ice-snap-off-large-umbs-and-hail-stones-bruise-the-bark-and-leaves-of-trees-so-that-fungi-can-readily-enter-chemic-substances-are-rath-PG44N9.jpg ". A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 3" Stubs were left which never healed over and through the exposed sur- face the fungi of wood decay gained easy access. The injuries produced by meteorologic causes are important. Entire forests have been levelled by tornadoes. Cracks are produced by wind action. Lightning opens a way by cracks to the interior. Snow and ice snap off large Umbs and hail stones bruise the bark and leaves of trees so that fungi can readily enter. Chemic substances are rath Stock Photo")
RMPG44N9–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. PLANTS AS DISEASE PRODUCERS 3" Stubs were left which never healed over and through the exposed sur- face the fungi of wood decay gained easy access. The injuries produced by meteorologic causes are important. Entire forests have been levelled by tornadoes. Cracks are produced by wind action. Lightning opens a way by cracks to the interior. Snow and ice snap off large Umbs and hail stones bruise the bark and leaves of trees so that fungi can readily enter. Chemic substances are rath
![. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTBS. 167 their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true that these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algae and Fungi, may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be drawn between them; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether they should be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are not high enough iu Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTX3R/grays-school-and-field-book-of-botany-consisting-of-quotlessons-in-botanyquot-and-quotfield-forest-and-garden-botanyquot-bound-in-one-volume-botany-botany-section-17-thallophytbs-167-their-decay-true-as-these-general-distinctions-are-it-is-no-less-true-that-these-orders-run-together-in-their-lowest-forms-and-that-algae-and-fungi-may-be-traced-down-into-forms-so-low-and-simple-that-no-clear-line-can-be-drawn-between-them-and-even-into-forms-of-which-it-is-uncertain-whether-they-should-be-called-plants-or-animals-it-is-as-well-to-say-that-they-are-not-high-enough-iu-RDTX3R.jpg ". Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTBS. 167 their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true that these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algae and Fungi, may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be drawn between them; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether they should be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are not high enough iu Stock Photo")
RMRDTX3R–. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTBS. 167 their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true that these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algae and Fungi, may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be drawn between them; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether they should be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are not high enough iu
RMPG26X4–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 66. —a Knot Hole, and the beginning of a hollow trunk. to keep out the germs and fungi. A covering of sheet iron or tin may keep out the rain, but it will, not ex- clude the germs of decay; in fact, it may provide tlie very moist con- ditions that such germs need for their growth. Deep holes in trees should be treated by having all the decayed parts removed down to the clean wood, the surfaces painted or otherwise sterilized, and the hole filled with wax or cement. Stems and roots are living, and they should not be wounded or mutilated unnecessarily. Horses sh
RMRDFE5M–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. 68 MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES only partially decayed wood. Another common distingulsli- ing mark which may accompany wood-decay is the production of black lines or discolored zones which usually mark the place where the most active changes are occurring in the deligni- fication process. The colored zones are due to dark colored oxidation products which stain the mycelium and cell-walls of the wood. The mycelium of wood- rotting fungi uses the dissolved wood-tissue as food material. After a considerable amount of this food is obtained and stored, the production o
RMPG2RF6–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 63 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS that show signs of decay, since decaying fruit will surely be shedding spores which will infect the sound fruit. Such fruit, therefore, should not be allowed to remain in a pantry with other fruit, nor in a cellar. Nor should it be allowed to accumulate in heaps near the home, for insects and air currents are sure to distribute the spores. The removal of all decaying fruit, or its total destruction, therefore, is a necessary safeguard to protect the sound fruit that remains. Prote
RMRDHT3A–. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 178 MICROBES, FEEMENTS, AND MOULDS. supposed to be the cause of the early decay of teeth, especially in children who eat them in excess. The microbe which MiUer has found to be most common in de- cayed teeth is very polymorphic. Microccocus, bacterium, chains and filaments, are only different phases of the same plant, which also pro- duces acid fermentation in the mouth, and the formation of lactic acid. Within the dentine tubules, a section examined under the microscope shows aU the inter- mediate stages between the isolated mic
RMPFYEGF–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. Fig. 150.—Mushroom with spine-hke Fig. 151.—The common edible coral processes instead of gills. — After fungus.—After Gibson. Gibson. that attack forest-trees. The mycelium usually spreads between the bark and the wood, sending special absorbing branches into the wood, often even into the heart wood, causing decay and weakening of the stem. The spore- bearing structures are sent to the surface, and appear as toadstools, bracket Fungi, etc. Spores are produced in great profusion and infect other trees, the new mycelium using wounds to effec
![. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attacked in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: "Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source?" They will say Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKNNG/nature-study-and-life-nature-study-flowerless-plants-441-still-lying-as-they-fell-and-we-have-a-picture-of-what-nature-would-be-without-the-beneficent-work-of-fungi-that-is-they-cause-decay-they-return-to-mother-earth-the-mat-ter-which-has-lived-that-it-may-live-again-without-them-all-available-food-in-the-world-would-soon-be-locked-up-in-dead-forms-and-new-life-would-be-impossible-this-is-a-rather-knotty-point-but-it-may-be-attacked-in-a-direct-and-simple-manner-by-asking-the-children-quotwhere-does-our-food-come-from-what-is-its-last-or-ultimate-sourcequot-they-will-say-RDKNNG.jpg ". Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attacked in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: "Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source?" They will say Stock Photo")
RMRDKNNG–. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attacked in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: "Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source?" They will say
RMPG4003–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. Fig. 53. Plasmopara on Grape, [b and d after Farlow) a, mycelium; b, mature conidiophore ; c and d, zoospore and oospore formation, respectively than two-thirds grown (see illustration facing page 1). Upon litis cordifolia the fungus may fruit so abundantly upon the young berries as to completely envelop them in a downy mass of sporophores. Under such circumstances the berry does not at that stage show evidences of decay, and it is only when the berries are older, and in other spec
RMRE0T0J–. Botany all the year round; a practical text-book for schools. Botany. 274 FUNGI 1 1 under the cap — are usually the most easily obtained. Gather a specimen of some of these according to the directions given above, and examine them as soon as possible, since they decay very quickly. 388. The Mycelium. — Examine sortie of the white fibrous substance usually called spawn, through a lens. Notice that it is made up of fine white threads interlacing with each other, and often forming webby mats that ramify to a considerable distance through the substratum of rotten wood or other material upon whic
RMPG2RAT–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). FLAVORS FROM INCIPIENT DECAY 149 if the process is allowed to go a little farther the taste of putrefaction becomes too strong for any palate. Another example is Limburger cheese, in which a strong flavor of incipient putrefaction is produced by the development of bacteria in the cheese mass. Any one who has ever known the flavgr or taste of Limburger cheese will easily believe that it is incipient putrefaction. Other forms of soft cheeses show the same feature in less degree. A great variety of flavors and odo
RMRDAMK0–. Beginners' botany. Botany. FiG. 135. â Bacteria of Several Forms, much magnified. isms known as bacteria (Fig. 135). These innumerable organisms are immersed in water or in dead animals and plants, and in all manner of moist organic products. By breaking down organic combinations, they produce decay. Largely through their agency, and that of many true but microscopic fungi, all things pass into soil and gas. Thus are the bodies of plants and animals removed and the continuing round of life is maintained. Some parasites are green- leaved. Such is the mistle- toe (Fig. 136). They anchor themse
![. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3FM3/a-textbook-of-botany-for-colleges-and-universities-botany-saprophytism-and-symbiosis-755-milk-and-the-bacteria-of-hay-infusions-figs-14-17-among-the-com-moner-saprophytic-fungi-are-the-molds-eg-penicillium-and-mucor-fig-1078-the-yeasts-figs-168-173-a-d-quotost-fleshy-fungi-figs-197-198-saprophytic-fungi-and-bacteria-occur-wherever-there-is-dead-organic-matter-particularly-in-humus-the-processes-of-decay-being-associated-with-these-organisms-the-vegetative-body-of-fungi-the-mycelium-is-composed-of-delicate-threads-the-hyphae-fig-1078-which-penetrate-the-PG3FM3.jpg ". A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo")
RMPG3FM3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the
RMRDEE5T–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi
RMPG45E3–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 25 forcibly eject their spores. Often by a change in the atmos- pheric conditions a large number of sacs burst at once and clouds of spores can be seen to ascend from the cup. The truf- fles have underground closed fruiting bodies which are related to the cups but never open except by decay of the w^alls. The morels and their allies have cups which are turned inside out, as it were, and are furthermore usually much wrinkled, and borne on stalks. Another very important phase of reproduc- tion in fungi lies in the kinds of sp
RMRDG11F–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). i6o BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS. the dry pea or bean. Such a food material is beyond the reach of bacterial action, and, unless these grains become subsequently soaked with water, they are protected from decay (Fig. 62). Bacteria grow in them readily enough in the spring when they are moistened and begin to sprout. This drying of the grains protects all kinds of flours and meals made from them. The wheat is ground into flour, and the corn into meal, each of which con- tains but a small amount of moisture, far t
RMPG3TJ7–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. TREES 367 growth as a rule can cnrlurc more shaflc. There arc also some low species, as the blue beach, the dogwoods, and others, that are shade loving. These shade-loving shrubs and the young growth constitute the underbrush, which in more open forests may be a 'eritable jungle. In time the tree reaches a period of old age, when its vitality begins to diminisli, and it is subject to the at- tacks of fungi and bac- teria of decay or dis- ease. The effects of insects, such as canker- worms that eat the foli- age, and the bark an
RMRDC0G3–. Plant propagation : greenhouse and nursery practice . Plant propagation. Sl£!:i) TICSTIXG 51 78. Damping-off is a nurseryman's and gardener's term for the decay of seedlings and cuttings, more especially just above the surface of the ground. The conditions that favor it are excess of moisture in both soil and air, higher temperature than necessary for normal plant de- velopment, and poor light. The weak plants that develop under these conditions succumb to tiny fungi which live upon decaying vegetable matter in the soil, and which. FIG. 42—FRAMES FOR STRAW MAT MAKING These are homemade contr
RMPG46KE–. Principles of American forestry . Forests and forestry. FOREST PROTECTION. 14.3 open and growing over may continue for many years ^ until very conspicuous and peculiar wounds are formed. In such cracks, insects and rot-producing fungi find favor- able lodging-places, and as a result trees are seriously injured, and are liable to decay in the trunk. There are no practical remedies for such injuries. Wind. Injuries from wind are common where thin- ning is done to a great extent at one time about shallow- roated trees, such as Spruce growing on moist soil. These injuries can be avoided only by
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] PLECTASCALES 69 liberated by its decay. The asci are spherical or pyriform and contain two to eight continuous spores, the walls of which may be variously ornamented. In both Penicilliuni and Eurotium the perithecium may develop an excep- tionally thick wall, and pass into a resting stage sometimes several weeks in duration. Such a structure is described as a sclerotium. In Eurotium Jurbarioriun^ the development of perithecia is readily induced by cultivation on prune agar'-' made up with forty per cent, of cane- sugar. Ripe perithec Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX1J2/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-ill-plectascales-69-liberated-by-its-decay-the-asci-are-spherical-or-pyriform-and-contain-two-to-eight-continuous-spores-the-walls-of-which-may-be-variously-ornamented-in-both-penicilliuni-and-eurotium-the-perithecium-may-develop-an-excep-tionally-thick-wall-and-pass-into-a-resting-stage-sometimes-several-weeks-in-duration-such-a-structure-is-described-as-a-sclerotium-in-eurotium-jurbarioriun-the-development-of-perithecia-is-readily-induced-by-cultivation-on-prune-agar-made-up-with-forty-per-cent-of-cane-sugar-ripe-perithec-RDX1J2.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] PLECTASCALES 69 liberated by its decay. The asci are spherical or pyriform and contain two to eight continuous spores, the walls of which may be variously ornamented. In both Penicilliuni and Eurotium the perithecium may develop an excep- tionally thick wall, and pass into a resting stage sometimes several weeks in duration. Such a structure is described as a sclerotium. In Eurotium Jurbarioriun^ the development of perithecia is readily induced by cultivation on prune agar'-' made up with forty per cent, of cane- sugar. Ripe perithec Stock Photo")
RMRDX1J2–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] PLECTASCALES 69 liberated by its decay. The asci are spherical or pyriform and contain two to eight continuous spores, the walls of which may be variously ornamented. In both Penicilliuni and Eurotium the perithecium may develop an excep- tionally thick wall, and pass into a resting stage sometimes several weeks in duration. Such a structure is described as a sclerotium. In Eurotium Jurbarioriun^ the development of perithecia is readily induced by cultivation on prune agar'-' made up with forty per cent, of cane- sugar. Ripe perithec
RMPG2RB3–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). 136 BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND MOLDS organic material in a state of partial decay. Any dirt which collects in corners of rooms, in the cracks of floors, or upon shelves in pantries, cellars, etc., is sure to contain bacteria in great quantities. The dirt that clings to the walls and ceilings of rooms is also quite sure to contain. Fig. S7- A bit of decaying meat highly magnified, show- ing the bacteria feeding upon the material. them, and the dirt collected by sweeping the floors is filled with them. Bacteria in Foo
RMRDJFY1–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 132 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS The bacteria invade the intercellular spaces of the host, and subsequently the tissues are rapidly disorganized. This disorgani- zation is apparently due to an enzyme which attacks particularly the middle lamella. A large number of inoculation experiments have been made, and it is clearly shown that these bacteria are able to produce a form of soft decay in a great variety of plants. No other organism yet found has such a wide range of host plants. Mo
RMPG14GD–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. OAK DISEASES 249 quicldy grow larger and form a number of individual or closely over-lapping shelves, from one to several inches wide (Fig. 49). The upper surface of the sheh'es is bright orange-yellow marked with redder areas, while the under surfaces are sulfur-yellow and ap- pear honeycombed. The substance of this mature fruiting-body is tough but very watery. Insects rapidly invade it and through their work and decay caused by bacteria and possibly other fungi, the fruiting-body is quickly de- stroyed. What remains of it soon dries and becomes white and b
![. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDGE8M/nature-study-and-life-nature-study-flowerless-plants-441-still-lying-as-they-fell-and-we-have-a-picture-of-what-nature-would-be-without-the-beneficent-work-of-fungi-that-is-they-cause-decay-they-return-to-mother-earth-the-mat-ter-which-has-lived-that-it-may-live-again-without-them-all-available-food-in-the-world-would-soon-be-locked-up-in-dead-forms-and-new-life-would-be-impossible-this-is-a-rather-knotty-point-but-it-may-be-attaclced-in-a-direct-and-simple-manner-by-asking-the-children-quot-where-does-our-food-come-from-what-is-its-last-or-ultimate-source-quot-they-will-RDGE8M.jpg ". Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will Stock Photo")
RMRDGE8M–. Nature study and life. Nature study. FLOWERLESS PLANTS 441 still lying as they fell, and we have a picture of what nature would be without the beneficent work of fungi; that is, they cause decay. They return to Mother Earth the mat- ter which has lived, that it may live again. Without them all available food in the world would soon be locked up in dead forms, and new life would be impossible. This is a rather knotty point; but it may be attaclced in a direct and simple manner by asking the children: " Where does our food come from ? What is its last or ultimate source ? " They will
RMPG2RFP–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). CHAPTER VI THE DECAY OF FRUIT; USEFUL MOLDS; MOLD DISEASES Of all food materials commonly found in the house- hold none are so much injured by molds as fruits. Most pears, plums, and peaches decay rapidly; apples, oranges,â ax.Abananas keep somewhat longer, but it is a universal experience that none of our ordinary fruits can be kept for any con- siderable length of time without de- caying (Fig. 21). Fig. 21. An apple beginning to decay under Winter apples, with the action of certain species of molds. their So
RMRDTP84–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 72 PLECTOMYCETES [CH. substance, readily soluble in alcohol, in the form of a thick, brittle pellicle. These constitute the protective sheath (fig. 30 c), by the decay of which, after the disappearance of the nutritive hyphae and later of the ascus walls, the spores are finally set free. The ascospores are spherical or lenticular often with a sculptured epispore. In most species of Penicillium reproduction takes place almost entirely by means of the abundant conidia borne in chains on the branched, brush- like conidiophores (fig. 31). Asc
![. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPIITTES: FUNGI 285 been discovered. Tlie life history seems simple, but tliis apparent simplicity may represent a very complicated his- tory. The structure of the common mushroom {Agari- cus) will serve as an illustration of the group (Fig. 255). irto. A common mushroom. — The mycelium, of white branching threads, spreads extensively through the decay- ing substratum, and in cultivated forms is spoken of as the " spawn." Upon this myce- lium little knob- like protuberances begin to arise, grow- ing larger and larger, until they ar Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3CYH/plant-studies-an-elementary-botany-botany-tiiallopiittes-fungi-285-been-discovered-tlie-life-history-seems-simple-but-tliis-apparent-simplicity-may-represent-a-very-complicated-his-tory-the-structure-of-the-common-mushroom-agari-cus-will-serve-as-an-illustration-of-the-group-fig-255-irto-a-common-mushroom-the-mycelium-of-white-branching-threads-spreads-extensively-through-the-decay-ing-substratum-and-in-cultivated-forms-is-spoken-of-as-the-quot-spawnquot-upon-this-myce-lium-little-knob-like-protuberances-begin-to-arise-grow-ing-larger-and-larger-until-they-ar-PG3CYH.jpg ". Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPIITTES: FUNGI 285 been discovered. Tlie life history seems simple, but tliis apparent simplicity may represent a very complicated his- tory. The structure of the common mushroom {Agari- cus) will serve as an illustration of the group (Fig. 255). irto. A common mushroom. — The mycelium, of white branching threads, spreads extensively through the decay- ing substratum, and in cultivated forms is spoken of as the " spawn." Upon this myce- lium little knob- like protuberances begin to arise, grow- ing larger and larger, until they ar Stock Photo")
RMPG3CYH–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. TIIALLOPIITTES: FUNGI 285 been discovered. Tlie life history seems simple, but tliis apparent simplicity may represent a very complicated his- tory. The structure of the common mushroom {Agari- cus) will serve as an illustration of the group (Fig. 255). irto. A common mushroom. — The mycelium, of white branching threads, spreads extensively through the decay- ing substratum, and in cultivated forms is spoken of as the " spawn." Upon this myce- lium little knob- like protuberances begin to arise, grow- ing larger and larger, until they ar
RMRDJFRY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PHYCOMYCETES 145 in the packing house, and in storage conditions. From the description subsequently given it may be readily distinguished from forms of decay due to common mold fungi. It is most serious in connection with lemon growing, but the fungus pro- ducing the disease may also affect to a slight extent at least the orange, pomelo, and other citrous fruits. In the orchard the dis- ease may be found upon fruit which has fallen, or that which is hanging very close to the moist
RMPFYR85–. Handbook of nature-study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell nature-study leaflets. Nature study. FlowerlesS'Plant Study 707 out with dead wood. Decay is simply the process by which fungi and other organisms break down dead material, so that the major part of it returns to the air in gaseous form, and the remainder, now mostly humus, mingles with the soil. As a table delicacy, mushrooms are highly prized. A very large num- ber of species are edible. But every year the newspapers report deaths resulting from eating the poisonous kinds—the price of an ignorance which comes from a la
RMRDE7GK–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 7 The decay of the host liberates the spores in the soil. Their germination may be readily studied upon a microscope slide where in from five to twentj'-four hours uninucleate zoospores are produced. The zoospores are differentiated into an inner. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stevens, Frank Lincoln, 1871-193
RMPG43HE–. Modern fruit marketing : a complete treatise covering harvesting, packing, storing, transporting and selling of fruit . Fruit trade. 130 MODERN FRUIT MARKETING fine as a needle point will give ample opportunity for infection from these various decay organisms. As the temperature of the fruit in storage is lowered the activities of the fungi are lessened, until at a point about 31 or 32 degrees growth is almost stopped. It is not possible to kill or eradicate any of the rots, so far as known, by lowering the temperature beyond 31 de- grees. As soon as the fruit is removed from storage. Fig. 1
RMRDJFM4–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. Fig. 53. Plasmopara on Grape, [b and d after Farlow) a, mycelium; b, mature conidiophore ; c and d, zoospore and oospore formation, respectively than two-thirds grown (see illustration facing page 1). Upon litis cordifolia the fungus may fruit so abundantly upon the young berries as to completely envelop them in a downy mass of sporophores. Under such circumstances the berry does not at that stage show evidences of decay, and it is only when the berries are older, and in other spec
RMPG4DTP–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. SS8 SPECIAL PLANT PATHOLOGY the growth of the dry-rot fungus. Coating materials should be avoided unless the woods are absolutely dry and the well-seasoned wood should be painted at once as neglect on this score may cause a lot of trouble. The walls on which timbers are laid should be perfectly dry. Sap-rot {Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers).—One of the most im- portant enemies of structural oak, produces a soft, mushy decay of the wood (Fig. 202, also page 76).. -^lUiikft'- Fig. 202.—Dadale
RMRE39H4–. Introduction to botany. Botany. rUNGI AND FUNGOUS DISEASES OE PLANTS 235 undergrowth one may find large numbers of these saprophytic plants growing upon decaying organic matter. By breaking open an old log or branch of wood (fig. 183) upon which fungi are growmg, or by upturning rich soil, one often finds the extensively interwoven, mold-like saprophytic growth. This mternal growth gathers nourish- ing material for the whole depend- ent plant, and at the same time helps to bring about the decay of the material upon which it lives. 221. The algae-fungi. There are many different groups of fung
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