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New Creative Relevant Search filters Epicotyl Stock Photos and Images  (122) Narrow your search: Vectors | Black & white | Cut Outs Page 1 of 2 Macro photo of an olive seed in cross section, showing radicle, epicotyl, and endosperm. Macro photo of an olive seed in cross section, showing radicle, epicotyl, and endosperm.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-macro-photo-of-an-olive-seed-in-cross-section-showing-radicle-epicotyl-16682840.html A pea seedling Pisum sativum with rain droplets emerging from the soil A pea seedling Pisum sativum with rain droplets emerging from the soilhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-pea-seedling-pisum-sativum-with-rain-droplets-emerging-from-the-soil-image277643211.html Bean seedling, Phaseolus vulgaris, sprouting cotyledons Bean seedling, Phaseolus vulgaris, sprouting cotyledonshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/bean-seedling-phaseolus-vulgaris-sprouting-cotyledons-image352337486.html Bean seedling sprouting 2006 Bean seedling sprouting 2006https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bean-seedling-sprouting-2006-15242657.html Bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris , seedling Bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris , seedlinghttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bean-plant-phaseolus-vulgaris-seedling-31146566.html Yellow flowers with blurred background Yellow flowers with blurred backgroundhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/yellow-flowers-with-blurred-background-image185641224.html Bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris , seedling Bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris , seedlinghttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bean-plant-phaseolus-vulgaris-seedling-31993503.html Monocotyledon. showing hypogeal development in which the cotyledon remains invisible within the seed, underground. Education info graphic vector. Monocotyledon. showing hypogeal development in which the cotyledon remains invisible within the seed, underground. Education info graphic vector.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/monocotyledon-showing-hypogeal-development-in-which-the-cotyledon-remains-invisible-within-the-seed-underground-education-info-graphic-vector-image235855294.html The heart of the tree The heart of the treehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-heart-of-the-tree-image67763317.html PSM V83 D237 Showing epicotyl of seedling bursting through concrete PSM V83 D237 Showing epicotyl of seedling bursting through concretehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/psm-v83-d237-showing-epicotyl-of-seedling-bursting-through-concrete-image260024902.html The rose and the shadow The rose and the shadowhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-rose-and-the-shadow-image67763337.html . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. 293. Indian corn. Caulicle at c : roots emerging at m; plumule at p.. 204. Indian corn. o. plumule; n to p, epicotyl.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York, Macmillan Co. . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. 293. Indian corn. Caulicle at c : roots emerging at m; plumule at p.. 204. Indian corn. o. plumule; n to p, epicotyl.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York, Macmillan Co.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-plants-293-indian-corn-caulicle-at-c-roots-emerging-at-m-plumule-at-p-204-indian-corn-o-plumule-n-to-p-epicotyl-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-bailey-l-h-liberty-hyde-1858-1954-new-york-macmillan-co-image234384908.html ¨Plants on rocky wall ¨Plants on rocky wallhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/plants-on-rocky-wall-image67795591.html . Botany for agricultural students . Botany. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedlings can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedling develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, plum . Botany for agricultural students . Botany. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedlings can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedling develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, plumhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-agricultural-students-botany-no-germination-of-seeds-seedlings-grass-type-both-the-stem-of-the-epicotyl-and-the-primary-root-system-are-usually-permanent-in-many-seedlings-of-this-type-the-cotyledons-are-probably-so-much-distorted-in-connection-with-food-storage-that-they-could-not-function-as-leaves-if-raised-to-the-light-again-it-is-claimed-that-these-seedlings-can-come-up-through-harder-ground-by-not-having-to-raise-their-cotyledons-fig-104-fig-104-seedlings-of-the-pea-showing-how-the-seedling-develops-and-the-effect-of-different-depths-of-planting-p-plum-image216449160.html Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] 102 BOTANY coldest months of the year. The factors which influence the ger- mination of seeds also act on the bud. Position of the Bud on the Stem. — The growth of the stem from the bud can best be observed in a very young seedling. If, for example, we examine a pea seedling, it will be seen that the epicotyl is, in truth, the first bud of the plant. It produces the first stem and leaves. The position of the most active buds deter- Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] 102 BOTANY coldest months of the year. The factors which influence the ger- mination of seeds also act on the bud. Position of the Bud on the Stem. — The growth of the stem from the bud can best be observed in a very young seedling. If, for example, we examine a pea seedling, it will be seen that the epicotyl is, in truth, the first bud of the plant. It produces the first stem and leaves. The position of the most active buds deter- https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-biology-a-practical-elements-of-biology-a-practical-text-book-correlating-botany-zoology-and-human-physiology-elementsofbiolog00hunt-year-c1907-102-botany-coldest-months-of-the-year-the-factors-which-influence-the-ger-mination-of-seeds-also-act-on-the-bud-position-of-the-bud-on-the-stem-the-growth-of-the-stem-from-the-bud-can-best-be-observed-in-a-very-young-seedling-if-for-example-we-examine-a-pea-seedling-it-will-be-seen-that-the-epicotyl-is-in-truth-the-first-bud-of-the-plant-it-produces-the-first-stem-and-leaves-the-position-of-the-most-active-buds-deter-image239582089.html . Elementary biology; an introduction to the science of life . S7-——' Fig. 8. Young plants emerging from seeds On the left, squash; on the right, bean. In the squash a little outgrowth on the hypocotyl keeps the seed coat in place while the cotyledons are carried aloft. C, C, cotyledons ; £, epicotyl; //, hypocotyl; gg, ground line contents of the corn grain also disappear as the seedling de- velops. Finally, by means of chemical experiments we can see that the changes taking place in the " food masses " of the seedlings are of the kind we should expect to find if the food were actua . Elementary biology; an introduction to the science of life . S7-——' Fig. 8. Young plants emerging from seeds On the left, squash; on the right, bean. In the squash a little outgrowth on the hypocotyl keeps the seed coat in place while the cotyledons are carried aloft. C, C, cotyledons ; £, epicotyl; //, hypocotyl; gg, ground line contents of the corn grain also disappear as the seedling de- velops. Finally, by means of chemical experiments we can see that the changes taking place in the " food masses " of the seedlings are of the kind we should expect to find if the food were actuahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-biology-an-introduction-to-the-science-of-life-s7-fig-8-young-plants-emerging-from-seeds-on-the-left-squash-on-the-right-bean-in-the-squash-a-little-outgrowth-on-the-hypocotyl-keeps-the-seed-coat-in-place-while-the-cotyledons-are-carried-aloft-c-c-cotyledons-epicotyl-hypocotyl-gg-ground-line-contents-of-the-corn-grain-also-disappear-as-the-seedling-de-velops-finally-by-means-of-chemical-experiments-we-can-see-that-the-changes-taking-place-in-the-quot-food-masses-quot-of-the-seedlings-are-of-the-kind-we-should-expect-to-find-if-the-food-were-actua-image178409451.html The Seed of Bitter Cress. Cotyledon, radicle, epicotyl, hypocotyl; it's all inside part in seed. These parts are covered by seed coat, vintage line dr The Seed of Bitter Cress. Cotyledon, radicle, epicotyl, hypocotyl; it's all inside part in seed. These parts are covered by seed coat, vintage line drhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-seed-of-bitter-cress-cotyledon-radicle-epicotyl-hypocotyl-its-all-inside-part-in-seed-these-parts-are-covered-by-seed-coat-vintage-line-dr-image244529388.html Common bean red 'kidney bean' variety Phaseolus vulgaris seedling sprouting showing the 2 cotyledons Common bean red 'kidney bean' variety Phaseolus vulgaris seedling sprouting showing the 2 cotyledonshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-common-bean-red-kidney-bean-variety-phaseolus-vulgaris-seedling-sprouting-14168175.html showing hypogeal development in which the cotyledon remains invisible within the seed, underground. The visible part is the first true leaf produced f showing hypogeal development in which the cotyledon remains invisible within the seed, underground. The visible part is the first true leaf produced fhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-showing-hypogeal-development-in-which-the-cotyledon-remains-invisible-135199558.html Macro photo of the embryo of a bell pepper. Macro photo of the embryo of a bell pepper.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-macro-photo-of-the-embryo-of-a-bell-pepper-16683119.html A pea seedling Pisum sativum with rain droplets emerging from the soil A pea seedling Pisum sativum with rain droplets emerging from the soilhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-pea-seedling-pisum-sativum-with-rain-droplets-emerging-from-the-image1319197.html monocotyledon monocotyledonhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/monocotyledon-image227467257.html Diagram showing parts of dicot seed on white background illustration Diagram showing parts of dicot seed on white background illustrationhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/diagram-showing-parts-of-dicot-seed-on-white-background-illustration-image343406746.html . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. MORPHOLOGY, GENETICS AND BREEDING 39 planting the hypocotyl length approaches a maximum of 10 to 12 cm. and any further elongation necessary for emergence is made by the epicotyl. This elongation of the epicotyl does not await attainment of mjiximum hypocotyl length but appears to develop continuously in direct pro- portion to depth of planting. It has likewise been observed that the length of primary root varies inversely with planting depth to such an. extent that peanuts germinating at their maximum depth for emergence a . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. MORPHOLOGY, GENETICS AND BREEDING 39 planting the hypocotyl length approaches a maximum of 10 to 12 cm. and any further elongation necessary for emergence is made by the epicotyl. This elongation of the epicotyl does not await attainment of mjiximum hypocotyl length but appears to develop continuously in direct pro- portion to depth of planting. It has likewise been observed that the length of primary root varies inversely with planting depth to such an. extent that peanuts germinating at their maximum depth for emergence ahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-peanut-the-unpredictable-legume-a-symposium-peanuts-peanuts-morphology-genetics-and-breeding-39-planting-the-hypocotyl-length-approaches-a-maximum-of-10-to-12-cm-and-any-further-elongation-necessary-for-emergence-is-made-by-the-epicotyl-this-elongation-of-the-epicotyl-does-not-await-attainment-of-mjiximum-hypocotyl-length-but-appears-to-develop-continuously-in-direct-pro-portion-to-depth-of-planting-it-has-likewise-been-observed-that-the-length-of-primary-root-varies-inversely-with-planting-depth-to-such-an-extent-that-peanuts-germinating-at-their-maximum-depth-for-emergence-a-image232262575.html . Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 227 dicotyledons, by a fusion of the two cotyledons into one. ^ On this basis the single seed-leaf of monocotyledons is interpreted as homologous to the two seed-leaves of di- cotyledons. The evidence supporting this suggestion is derived largely from a study of the anatomy of monocoty- ledonous seedlings. "The young epicotyl of monocotyle- donous seedlings contains a single ring of collateral bundles which may even show traces of cambium, much resembling. Fig. 107.—A-B, embryos of a "dicotyledonous monocot . Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 227 dicotyledons, by a fusion of the two cotyledons into one. ^ On this basis the single seed-leaf of monocotyledons is interpreted as homologous to the two seed-leaves of di- cotyledons. The evidence supporting this suggestion is derived largely from a study of the anatomy of monocoty- ledonous seedlings. "The young epicotyl of monocotyle- donous seedlings contains a single ring of collateral bundles which may even show traces of cambium, much resembling. Fig. 107.—A-B, embryos of a "dicotyledonous monocothttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/heredity-and-evolution-in-plants-heredity-plants-the-evolution-of-plants-227-dicotyledons-by-a-fusion-of-the-two-cotyledons-into-one-on-this-basis-the-single-seed-leaf-of-monocotyledons-is-interpreted-as-homologous-to-the-two-seed-leaves-of-di-cotyledons-the-evidence-supporting-this-suggestion-is-derived-largely-from-a-study-of-the-anatomy-of-monocoty-ledonous-seedlings-quotthe-young-epicotyl-of-monocotyle-donous-seedlings-contains-a-single-ring-of-collateral-bundles-which-may-even-show-traces-of-cambium-much-resembling-fig-107a-b-embryos-of-a-quotdicotyledonous-monocot-image216421076.html Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] 70 BOTANY Most of our trees, and vevy many of our common plants, belong to this great group of plants. How many of the parts inside the cotyledons can you identify and com- pare with similar structures in the bean? Look for hypocotyl, epicotyl, and true leaves. Are the structures named homologous with the same structures in the bean? How do 3'ou know? Draw the pea, showing all the above-named parts. Compare the pea seedling and bean Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] 70 BOTANY Most of our trees, and vevy many of our common plants, belong to this great group of plants. How many of the parts inside the cotyledons can you identify and com- pare with similar structures in the bean? Look for hypocotyl, epicotyl, and true leaves. Are the structures named homologous with the same structures in the bean? How do 3'ou know? Draw the pea, showing all the above-named parts. Compare the pea seedling and beanhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-biology-a-practical-elements-of-biology-a-practical-text-book-correlating-botany-zoology-and-human-physiology-elementsofbiolog00hunt-year-c1907-70-botany-most-of-our-trees-and-vevy-many-of-our-common-plants-belong-to-this-great-group-of-plants-how-many-of-the-parts-inside-the-cotyledons-can-you-identify-and-com-pare-with-similar-structures-in-the-bean-look-for-hypocotyl-epicotyl-and-true-leaves-are-the-structures-named-homologous-with-the-same-structures-in-the-bean-how-do-3ou-know-draw-the-pea-showing-all-the-above-named-parts-compare-the-pea-seedling-and-bean-image239577293.html . Elementary biology; an introduction to the science of life . H Fig. 6. Embryos of plants /, diagram showing relative positions of the parts of the embryo ; 2, embryo of peanut; S, embryo of pea; 4, embryo of pine ; C, C, cotyledons; E, epicotyl; H, hypocotyl to the root. The rest of the main stalk, with its outgrowths, corresponds to the shoot. The upper end may be enlarged at the tip into a tiny knob or bud; in the bean embryo we can make out two little leaves folded neatly over each other. The two fleshy leaves are called seed leaves, or cotyledons. The part below the meeting point, someti . Elementary biology; an introduction to the science of life . H Fig. 6. Embryos of plants /, diagram showing relative positions of the parts of the embryo ; 2, embryo of peanut; S, embryo of pea; 4, embryo of pine ; C, C, cotyledons; E, epicotyl; H, hypocotyl to the root. The rest of the main stalk, with its outgrowths, corresponds to the shoot. The upper end may be enlarged at the tip into a tiny knob or bud; in the bean embryo we can make out two little leaves folded neatly over each other. The two fleshy leaves are called seed leaves, or cotyledons. The part below the meeting point, sometihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-biology-an-introduction-to-the-science-of-life-h-fig-6-embryos-of-plants-diagram-showing-relative-positions-of-the-parts-of-the-embryo-2-embryo-of-peanut-s-embryo-of-pea-4-embryo-of-pine-c-c-cotyledons-e-epicotyl-h-hypocotyl-to-the-root-the-rest-of-the-main-stalk-with-its-outgrowths-corresponds-to-the-shoot-the-upper-end-may-be-enlarged-at-the-tip-into-a-tiny-knob-or-bud-in-the-bean-embryo-we-can-make-out-two-little-leaves-folded-neatly-over-each-other-the-two-fleshy-leaves-are-called-seed-leaves-or-cotyledons-the-part-below-the-meeting-point-someti-image178409452.html Young pea plant, Pisum sativum, seedling emerging from soil Young pea plant, Pisum sativum, seedling emerging from soilhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-young-pea-plant-pisum-sativum-seedling-emerging-from-soil-15049348.html Hot pepper seed, cross section. Hot pepper seed, cross section.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-hot-pepper-seed-cross-section-16683150.html . Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedhngs can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedling develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, . Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedhngs can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedling develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-with-agricultural-applications-botany-no-germination-of-seeds-seedlings-grass-type-both-the-stem-of-the-epicotyl-and-the-primary-root-system-are-usually-permanent-in-many-seedlings-of-this-type-the-cotyledons-are-probably-so-much-distorted-in-connection-with-food-storage-that-they-could-not-function-as-leaves-if-raised-to-the-light-again-it-is-claimed-that-these-seedhngs-can-come-up-through-harder-ground-by-not-having-to-raise-their-cotyledons-fig-104-fig-104-seedlings-of-the-pea-showing-how-the-seedling-develops-and-the-effect-of-different-depths-of-planting-p-image232285695.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 130 MODIFIED CIECUMNUTATION. Chap. VIII 10.40 P.M., wlien the last dot -sras made. Here, then, we haye a distinct heliotropio movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the light, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, the epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; there wou . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 130 MODIFIED CIECUMNUTATION. Chap. VIII 10.40 P.M., wlien the last dot -sras made. Here, then, we haye a distinct heliotropio movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the light, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, the epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; there wouhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-130-modified-ciecumnutation-chap-viii-1040-pm-wlien-the-last-dot-sras-made-here-then-we-haye-a-distinct-heliotropio-movement-effected-by-means-of-six-elongated-figures-which-if-dots-had-been-made-every-few-minutes-would-have-been-more-or-less-elliptic-directed-towards-the-light-with-the-apex-of-each-suc-cessive-ellipse-nearer-to-the-window-than-the-previous-one-now-if-the-light-had-been-only-a-little-brighter-the-epicotyl-would-have-bowed-itself-more-to-the-light-as-we-may-safely-conclude-from-the-previous-trials-there-wou-image216376247.html Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 67 true leaves folded together between the cotyledons. How many leaves are there ? That part of the plant above the cotyledons is known as the -plumule or epicotyl (meaning above the cotyledons). Later we shall wish to know what part of the future plant the epicotyl forms. All the parts of the seed within the seed coats together form the embryo or young plant. Draw the bean to show all the above parts, twice natu Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 67 true leaves folded together between the cotyledons. How many leaves are there ? That part of the plant above the cotyledons is known as the -plumule or epicotyl (meaning above the cotyledons). Later we shall wish to know what part of the future plant the epicotyl forms. All the parts of the seed within the seed coats together form the embryo or young plant. Draw the bean to show all the above parts, twice natuhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-biology-a-practical-elements-of-biology-a-practical-text-book-correlating-botany-zoology-and-human-physiology-elementsofbiolog00hunt-year-c1907-seeds-and-seedlings-67-true-leaves-folded-together-between-the-cotyledons-how-many-leaves-are-there-that-part-of-the-plant-above-the-cotyledons-is-known-as-the-plumule-or-epicotyl-meaning-above-the-cotyledons-later-we-shall-wish-to-know-what-part-of-the-future-plant-the-epicotyl-forms-all-the-parts-of-the-seed-within-the-seed-coats-together-form-the-embryo-or-young-plant-draw-the-bean-to-show-all-the-above-parts-twice-natu-image239576733.html Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris seedling sprouting showing the 2 cotyledons Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris seedling sprouting showing the 2 cotyledonshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-common-bean-phaseolus-vulgaris-seedling-sprouting-showing-the-2-cotyledons-14168172.html Two cotyledons of a black-eyed pea opened to reveal the developing embryo. Two cotyledons of a black-eyed pea opened to reveal the developing embryo.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-two-cotyledons-of-a-black-eyed-pea-opened-to-reveal-the-developing-16683884.html . Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood. Plants. 319. Indian corn. Cau- licle at c; roots emerg- ing at m; plumule at p.. Indian corn. o. plumule; n to p, epicotyl.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York, Macmillan . Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood. Plants. 319. Indian corn. Cau- licle at c; roots emerg- ing at m; plumule at p.. Indian corn. o. plumule; n to p, epicotyl.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York, Macmillanhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-secondary-schools-a-guide-to-the-knowledge-of-the-vegetation-of-the-neighborhood-plants-319-indian-corn-cau-licle-at-c-roots-emerg-ing-at-m-plumule-at-p-indian-corn-o-plumule-n-to-p-epicotyl-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-bailey-l-h-liberty-hyde-1858-1954-new-york-macmillan-image234380694.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 32 CIECUMNUTATION OF SEEDLINGS. Chap. L two occasions during three days. But the tracings made under such unnatural conditions are not worth giving; and it need only be said that the lines were decidedly zigzag, and that small loops were occasionally formed. We may therefore con- clude that the epicotyl circumnutates whilst, still arched and before it has grown talL enough to break through the surface of the ground. In order to observe the movements of the epicotyl at a some- what more advanced age, a filament was fixed near the base of one w . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 32 CIECUMNUTATION OF SEEDLINGS. Chap. L two occasions during three days. But the tracings made under such unnatural conditions are not worth giving; and it need only be said that the lines were decidedly zigzag, and that small loops were occasionally formed. We may therefore con- clude that the epicotyl circumnutates whilst, still arched and before it has grown talL enough to break through the surface of the ground. In order to observe the movements of the epicotyl at a some- what more advanced age, a filament was fixed near the base of one whttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-32-ciecumnutation-of-seedlings-chap-l-two-occasions-during-three-days-but-the-tracings-made-under-such-unnatural-conditions-are-not-worth-giving-and-it-need-only-be-said-that-the-lines-were-decidedly-zigzag-and-that-small-loops-were-occasionally-formed-we-may-therefore-con-clude-that-the-epicotyl-circumnutates-whilst-still-arched-and-before-it-has-grown-tall-enough-to-break-through-the-surface-of-the-ground-in-order-to-observe-the-movements-of-the-epicotyl-at-a-some-what-more-advanced-age-a-filament-was-fixed-near-the-base-of-one-w-image216421082.html Apple seed cross section, unstained. Apple seed cross section, unstained.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-apple-seed-cross-section-unstained-16683089.html . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. KEVIEW ON GERMINATION 1G9 are seen emerging from the two eiuls of the canlicle- sheath, c, nt; the epicotyl has grown to p; the first phimule-leaf is at o. Review.—What does a seed contain? Wliat do you understand by the embryo? What are its parts? Wliere is the food in the seed? What are the seed-coats? What is the micropyle? Hilum? How may the position of the micropyle be determined? How do seeds differ? With what are these differences as- sociated? What is germination? Under what conditions does a seed germinate? When is germination complete . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. KEVIEW ON GERMINATION 1G9 are seen emerging from the two eiuls of the canlicle- sheath, c, nt; the epicotyl has grown to p; the first phimule-leaf is at o. Review.—What does a seed contain? Wliat do you understand by the embryo? What are its parts? Wliere is the food in the seed? What are the seed-coats? What is the micropyle? Hilum? How may the position of the micropyle be determined? How do seeds differ? With what are these differences as- sociated? What is germination? Under what conditions does a seed germinate? When is germination completehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-botany-keview-on-germination-1g9-are-seen-emerging-from-the-two-eiuls-of-the-canlicle-sheath-c-nt-the-epicotyl-has-grown-to-p-the-first-phimule-leaf-is-at-o-reviewwhat-does-a-seed-contain-wliat-do-you-understand-by-the-embryo-what-are-its-parts-wliere-is-the-food-in-the-seed-what-are-the-seed-coats-what-is-the-micropyle-hilum-how-may-the-position-of-the-micropyle-be-determined-how-do-seeds-differ-with-what-are-these-differences-as-sociated-what-is-germination-under-what-conditions-does-a-seed-germinate-when-is-germination-complete-image234385068.html . Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at m; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at a, the cauUcle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf {p, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of. the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath {m. Fig. 26). The 'x-^T epicotyl elongates, particularly if ' . Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at m; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at a, the cauUcle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf {p, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of. the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath {m. Fig. 26). The 'x-^T epicotyl elongates, particularly if 'https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-fig-26indian-corn-caulicle-at-c-roots-emerging-at-m-plumule-at-single-cotyledon-is-at-a-the-cauucle-at-b-the-plumule-at-the-cotyledon-remains-in-the-seed-the-food-is-stored-both-in-the-cotyledon-and-as-endosperm-chiefly-the-latter-the-emerging-shoot-is-the-plumule-with-a-sheath-ing-leaf-p-fig-26-the-root-is-emitted-from-the-tip-of-the-caulicle-c-the-caulicle-is-held-in-a-sheath-formed-mostly-from-the-seed-coats-and-some-of-the-roots-escape-through-the-upper-end-of-this-sheath-m-fig-26-the-x-t-epicotyl-elongates-particularly-if-image216408578.html Apple seed cross section stained with iodine. Apple seed cross section stained with iodine.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-apple-seed-cross-section-stained-with-iodine-16683044.html . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. KEVIEW ON GERMINATION 169 are seen emerging from the two ends of the eaulicle- sheath, c, w; the epicotyl has grown to 2^; the first plumnle-leaf is at 0. Eeview.—What does a seed contain? What do you understand by the embryo? What are its parts? Where is the food in the seed? What are the seed-coats? What is the micropyle? Hilum? How may the position of the micropyle be determined? How do seeds differ? With what are these differences as- sociated? What is germination? Under what conditions does a seed germinate? When is germination complete? W . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. KEVIEW ON GERMINATION 169 are seen emerging from the two ends of the eaulicle- sheath, c, w; the epicotyl has grown to 2^; the first plumnle-leaf is at 0. Eeview.—What does a seed contain? What do you understand by the embryo? What are its parts? Where is the food in the seed? What are the seed-coats? What is the micropyle? Hilum? How may the position of the micropyle be determined? How do seeds differ? With what are these differences as- sociated? What is germination? Under what conditions does a seed germinate? When is germination complete? Whttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-plants-keview-on-germination-169-are-seen-emerging-from-the-two-ends-of-the-eaulicle-sheath-c-w-the-epicotyl-has-grown-to-2-the-first-plumnle-leaf-is-at-0-eeviewwhat-does-a-seed-contain-what-do-you-understand-by-the-embryo-what-are-its-parts-where-is-the-food-in-the-seed-what-are-the-seed-coats-what-is-the-micropyle-hilum-how-may-the-position-of-the-micropyle-be-determined-how-do-seeds-differ-with-what-are-these-differences-as-sociated-what-is-germination-under-what-conditions-does-a-seed-germinate-when-is-germination-complete-w-image234384899.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. 1. TKOP^OLUM. 27 Fig. 16. vertically and coming into close contact. This upward move- ment differs from one of the great diurnal oscillations above described only by the position being permanent during the night and by its periodicity, as it always commences late in the evening. Tropseolum minus (?) (var. Tom Thumb) (TropaeolesB).—The cotyledons are hypogean, or never rise above the ground. By removing the soil a buried epicotyl or plumule was found, with its summit arched abruptly down- wards, like the arched hypocotyl of the cabbage p . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. 1. TKOP^OLUM. 27 Fig. 16. vertically and coming into close contact. This upward move- ment differs from one of the great diurnal oscillations above described only by the position being permanent during the night and by its periodicity, as it always commences late in the evening. Tropseolum minus (?) (var. Tom Thumb) (TropaeolesB).—The cotyledons are hypogean, or never rise above the ground. By removing the soil a buried epicotyl or plumule was found, with its summit arched abruptly down- wards, like the arched hypocotyl of the cabbage phttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-chap-1-tkopolum-27-fig-16-vertically-and-coming-into-close-contact-this-upward-move-ment-differs-from-one-of-the-great-diurnal-oscillations-above-described-only-by-the-position-being-permanent-during-the-night-and-by-its-periodicity-as-it-always-commences-late-in-the-evening-tropseolum-minus-var-tom-thumb-tropaeolesbthe-cotyledons-are-hypogean-or-never-rise-above-the-ground-by-removing-the-soil-a-buried-epicotyl-or-plumule-was-found-with-its-summit-arched-abruptly-down-wards-like-the-arched-hypocotyl-of-the-cabbage-p-image216421093.html A single cotyledon of a black-eyed pea with embryo. A single cotyledon of a black-eyed pea with embryo.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-a-single-cotyledon-of-a-black-eyed-pea-with-embryo-16682997.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. 428 EMBRYO OF DICOTYLEDONES monocotyledons and this feature will be seen to characterize the higher members of many of the orders. , The most characteristic feature of the dicotyledons is the embryo which usually consists of a root, stem, and two laterally attached cotyledons. The region of the stem above the attach- ment of the-cotyledons is known as the epicotyl and frequently ap- pears as a minute bud, the plumule. The region of the stem below the cotyledons, the hypocotyl, terminates in the root (Fig. 296).. Please note that these images are extr . Nature and development of plants. Botany. 428 EMBRYO OF DICOTYLEDONES monocotyledons and this feature will be seen to characterize the higher members of many of the orders. , The most characteristic feature of the dicotyledons is the embryo which usually consists of a root, stem, and two laterally attached cotyledons. The region of the stem above the attach- ment of the-cotyledons is known as the epicotyl and frequently ap- pears as a minute bud, the plumule. The region of the stem below the cotyledons, the hypocotyl, terminates in the root (Fig. 296).. Please note that these images are extrhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-428-embryo-of-dicotyledones-monocotyledons-and-this-feature-will-be-seen-to-characterize-the-higher-members-of-many-of-the-orders-the-most-characteristic-feature-of-the-dicotyledons-is-the-embryo-which-usually-consists-of-a-root-stem-and-two-laterally-attached-cotyledons-the-region-of-the-stem-above-the-attach-ment-of-the-cotyledons-is-known-as-the-epicotyl-and-frequently-ap-pears-as-a-minute-bud-the-plumule-the-region-of-the-stem-below-the-cotyledons-the-hypocotyl-terminates-in-the-root-fig-296-please-note-that-these-images-are-extr-image232265212.html . Beginners' botany. Botany. 26 BEGINNERS' BOTANY sheath, c, m ; the epicotyl has grown to /; the first plu- mule-leaf is at 0. In studying corn or other fruits or seeds, the pupil should note how the seeds are arranged, as on the cob. Count the rows on a corn cob. Odd or even in number.'' Always the same number '>. The silk is the style: find where it was attached to the kernel. Did the ear have any coverings ? Explain. Describe colors and markings of kernels of corn; and of peas, beans, castor bean. Gymnosperms. — The seeds in the pine cone, not being inclosed in a seed-vessel, readily fa . Beginners' botany. Botany. 26 BEGINNERS' BOTANY sheath, c, m ; the epicotyl has grown to /; the first plu- mule-leaf is at 0. In studying corn or other fruits or seeds, the pupil should note how the seeds are arranged, as on the cob. Count the rows on a corn cob. Odd or even in number.'' Always the same number '>. The silk is the style: find where it was attached to the kernel. Did the ear have any coverings ? Explain. Describe colors and markings of kernels of corn; and of peas, beans, castor bean. Gymnosperms. — The seeds in the pine cone, not being inclosed in a seed-vessel, readily fahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-26-beginners-botany-sheath-c-m-the-epicotyl-has-grown-to-the-first-plu-mule-leaf-is-at-0-in-studying-corn-or-other-fruits-or-seeds-the-pupil-should-note-how-the-seeds-are-arranged-as-on-the-cob-count-the-rows-on-a-corn-cob-odd-or-even-in-number-always-the-same-number-gt-the-silk-is-the-style-find-where-it-was-attached-to-the-kernel-did-the-ear-have-any-coverings-explain-describe-colors-and-markings-of-kernels-of-corn-and-of-peas-beans-castor-bean-gymnosperms-the-seeds-in-the-pine-cone-not-being-inclosed-in-a-seed-vessel-readily-fa-image216408573.html Embryo of a black-eyed pea. Embryo of a black-eyed pea.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-embryo-of-a-black-eyed-pea-16682950.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. 428 EMBRYO OF DICOTYLEDONES monocotyledons and this feature will be seen to characterize the higher members of many of the orders. The most characteristic feature of the dicotyledons is the embryo which usually consists of a root, stem, and two laterally attached cotyledons. The region of the stem above the attach- ment of the cotyledons is known as the epicotyl and frequently ap- pears as a minute bud, the plumule. The region of the stem below the cotyledons, the hypocotyl, terminates in the root (Fig. 296).. Please note that these images are extrac . Nature and development of plants. Botany. 428 EMBRYO OF DICOTYLEDONES monocotyledons and this feature will be seen to characterize the higher members of many of the orders. The most characteristic feature of the dicotyledons is the embryo which usually consists of a root, stem, and two laterally attached cotyledons. The region of the stem above the attach- ment of the cotyledons is known as the epicotyl and frequently ap- pears as a minute bud, the plumule. The region of the stem below the cotyledons, the hypocotyl, terminates in the root (Fig. 296).. Please note that these images are extrachttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-428-embryo-of-dicotyledones-monocotyledons-and-this-feature-will-be-seen-to-characterize-the-higher-members-of-many-of-the-orders-the-most-characteristic-feature-of-the-dicotyledons-is-the-embryo-which-usually-consists-of-a-root-stem-and-two-laterally-attached-cotyledons-the-region-of-the-stem-above-the-attach-ment-of-the-cotyledons-is-known-as-the-epicotyl-and-frequently-ap-pears-as-a-minute-bud-the-plumule-the-region-of-the-stem-below-the-cotyledons-the-hypocotyl-terminates-in-the-root-fig-296-please-note-that-these-images-are-extrac-image232357455.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. T. LA.THYEUS. during 38 h. (Fig. 23). We here again Jiave plain evidence of continued ciroumnutation. Had the bean been properly planted, the part of the epicotyl to which the filament was attached, the Fig. 23.. Vida faba: circumnutation of the same epicotyl as in Fig. 22, a little more adranced in age, traced under similar conditions as before, from 8.40 A.M. Dec. 28tli, to 10.50 A.M. 30th. Movement of bead liere magnified 20 times. movement of which is here shown, would probably have just risen above the surface of the ground. Lathyr . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. T. LA.THYEUS. during 38 h. (Fig. 23). We here again Jiave plain evidence of continued ciroumnutation. Had the bean been properly planted, the part of the epicotyl to which the filament was attached, the Fig. 23.. Vida faba: circumnutation of the same epicotyl as in Fig. 22, a little more adranced in age, traced under similar conditions as before, from 8.40 A.M. Dec. 28tli, to 10.50 A.M. 30th. Movement of bead liere magnified 20 times. movement of which is here shown, would probably have just risen above the surface of the ground. Lathyrhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-chap-t-lathyeus-during-38-h-fig-23-we-here-again-jiave-plain-evidence-of-continued-ciroumnutation-had-the-bean-been-properly-planted-the-part-of-the-epicotyl-to-which-the-filament-was-attached-the-fig-23-vida-faba-circumnutation-of-the-same-epicotyl-as-in-fig-22-a-little-more-adranced-in-age-traced-under-similar-conditions-as-before-from-840-am-dec-28tli-to-1050-am-30th-movement-of-bead-liere-magnified-20-times-movement-of-which-is-here-shown-would-probably-have-just-risen-above-the-surface-of-the-ground-lathyr-image216421081.html Macro photo of an olive seed in cross section, showing radicle, shoot apex, and endosperm. Macro photo of an olive seed in cross section, showing radicle, shoot apex, and endosperm.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-macro-photo-of-an-olive-seed-in-cross-section-showing-radicle-shoot-16682786.html . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. 40 THE PEANUT—THE UNPREDICTABLE LEGUME EPICOTYL Bouffil (13) divided the life span of the peanut into three stages: 1. germination, 2. preflowering, 3. flowering, fruiting, and maturation. The first of these covered the period of time necessary for emergence, i.e., in Senegal, about 4 days. The period of preflowering extended from the end of the first period to the appearance of the first flower, or about 26 days. The third stage, flowering, fruiting, and maturation, began with the first flower and lasted to maturity or abo . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. 40 THE PEANUT—THE UNPREDICTABLE LEGUME EPICOTYL Bouffil (13) divided the life span of the peanut into three stages: 1. germination, 2. preflowering, 3. flowering, fruiting, and maturation. The first of these covered the period of time necessary for emergence, i.e., in Senegal, about 4 days. The period of preflowering extended from the end of the first period to the appearance of the first flower, or about 26 days. The third stage, flowering, fruiting, and maturation, began with the first flower and lasted to maturity or abohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-peanut-the-unpredictable-legume-a-symposium-peanuts-peanuts-40-the-peanutthe-unpredictable-legume-epicotyl-bouffil-13-divided-the-life-span-of-the-peanut-into-three-stages-1-germination-2-preflowering-3-flowering-fruiting-and-maturation-the-first-of-these-covered-the-period-of-time-necessary-for-emergence-ie-in-senegal-about-4-days-the-period-of-preflowering-extended-from-the-end-of-the-first-period-to-the-appearance-of-the-first-flower-or-about-26-days-the-third-stage-flowering-fruiting-and-maturation-began-with-the-first-flower-and-lasted-to-maturity-or-abo-image232262568.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 28 CIECUMNUTATION OP SEEDLINGS. Chap. I Citrus aurantium (Orange) (AurantiaceaB).—The cotyledons are hypogean. The circumnutation of an epicotyl, which at the close of our observations was -59 of an inch (15 mm.) in height above the ground, is shown in the annexed figure (Fig. 17), as observed during a period of 44h. 40 m. Fig. 17.. Citrus aurantium: circumnutation of epicotyl with a filament fixed traus- versely near its apex, traced on a horizontal glass, from 12.13 P.M. on Feb. 20th to 8.55 A.M. on 22nd. The movement of the bead of the fil . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 28 CIECUMNUTATION OP SEEDLINGS. Chap. I Citrus aurantium (Orange) (AurantiaceaB).—The cotyledons are hypogean. The circumnutation of an epicotyl, which at the close of our observations was -59 of an inch (15 mm.) in height above the ground, is shown in the annexed figure (Fig. 17), as observed during a period of 44h. 40 m. Fig. 17.. Citrus aurantium: circumnutation of epicotyl with a filament fixed traus- versely near its apex, traced on a horizontal glass, from 12.13 P.M. on Feb. 20th to 8.55 A.M. on 22nd. The movement of the bead of the filhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-28-ciecumnutation-op-seedlings-chap-i-citrus-aurantium-orange-aurantiaceabthe-cotyledons-are-hypogean-the-circumnutation-of-an-epicotyl-which-at-the-close-of-our-observations-was-59-of-an-inch-15-mm-in-height-above-the-ground-is-shown-in-the-annexed-figure-fig-17-as-observed-during-a-period-of-44h-40-m-fig-17-citrus-aurantium-circumnutation-of-epicotyl-with-a-filament-fixed-traus-versely-near-its-apex-traced-on-a-horizontal-glass-from-1213-pm-on-feb-20th-to-855-am-on-22nd-the-movement-of-the-bead-of-the-fil-image216421092.html . Botany for agricultural students . Botany. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedlings can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedling develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, plum . Botany for agricultural students . Botany. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedlings can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedling develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, plumhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-agricultural-students-botany-no-germination-of-seeds-seedlings-grass-type-both-the-stem-of-the-epicotyl-and-the-primary-root-system-are-usually-permanent-in-many-seedlings-of-this-type-the-cotyledons-are-probably-so-much-distorted-in-connection-with-food-storage-that-they-could-not-function-as-leaves-if-raised-to-the-light-again-it-is-claimed-that-these-seedlings-can-come-up-through-harder-ground-by-not-having-to-raise-their-cotyledons-fig-104-fig-104-seedlings-of-the-pea-showing-how-the-seedling-develops-and-the-effect-of-different-depths-of-planting-p-plum-image232031170.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. L aiLIUM. 59 by us of the part that first breaks through the ground not lieing arched. Fig 46.. Canna Warsceu-iczii: circumnutation of plumule with filament atTixed obliquely to outer sheath-like leaf, traced in darkness onhorizontal "Liss from 8.45 A.M. Nov. 9th to 8.10 A.M. 11th. Movement of bead mag- nified 6 times. Allium cepa (Liliaceae).—The narrow green leaf, which pro- trudes from the seed of the common onion as a cotyledon,* breaks thi-ough the ground in the forra of an arch, in the same manner as the hypocotyl or epicotyl . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. L aiLIUM. 59 by us of the part that first breaks through the ground not lieing arched. Fig 46.. Canna Warsceu-iczii: circumnutation of plumule with filament atTixed obliquely to outer sheath-like leaf, traced in darkness onhorizontal "Liss from 8.45 A.M. Nov. 9th to 8.10 A.M. 11th. Movement of bead mag- nified 6 times. Allium cepa (Liliaceae).—The narrow green leaf, which pro- trudes from the seed of the common onion as a cotyledon,* breaks thi-ough the ground in the forra of an arch, in the same manner as the hypocotyl or epicotylhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-chap-l-ailium-59-by-us-of-the-part-that-first-breaks-through-the-ground-not-lieing-arched-fig-46-canna-warsceu-iczii-circumnutation-of-plumule-with-filament-attixed-obliquely-to-outer-sheath-like-leaf-traced-in-darkness-onhorizontal-quotliss-from-845-am-nov-9th-to-810-am-11th-movement-of-bead-mag-nified-6-times-allium-cepa-liliaceaethe-narrow-green-leaf-which-pro-trudes-from-the-seed-of-the-common-onion-as-a-cotyledon-breaks-thi-ough-the-ground-in-the-forra-of-an-arch-in-the-same-manner-as-the-hypocotyl-or-epicotyl-image216421030.html . Botany for agricultural students. Plants. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedlings can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedUng develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, plumul . Botany for agricultural students. Plants. no GERMINATION OF SEEDS: SEEDLINGS Grass type, both the stem of the epicotyl and the primary root system are usually permanent. In many seedlings of this type, the cotyledons are probably so much distorted in connection with food storage, that they could not function as leaves if raised to the light. Again, it is claimed that these seedlings can come up through harder ground by not having to raise their cotyledons. {Fig. 104.). Fig. 104. — Seedlings of the Pea, showing how the seedUng develops and the effect of different depths of planting, p, plumulhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-agricultural-students-plants-no-germination-of-seeds-seedlings-grass-type-both-the-stem-of-the-epicotyl-and-the-primary-root-system-are-usually-permanent-in-many-seedlings-of-this-type-the-cotyledons-are-probably-so-much-distorted-in-connection-with-food-storage-that-they-could-not-function-as-leaves-if-raised-to-the-light-again-it-is-claimed-that-these-seedlings-can-come-up-through-harder-ground-by-not-having-to-raise-their-cotyledons-fig-104-fig-104-seedlings-of-the-pea-showing-how-the-seedung-develops-and-the-effect-of-different-depths-of-planting-p-plumul-image234394388.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Corylus aveUana; circumnuta- tion of a young shoot emitted from the epicotyl, the apex of which had been injured, traced on a horizontal glass, from 9 A.M. Keb. 2ud to 8 A.M. 4th. Movement ol bead magnified about 27 times. Fig. 43. -^. Pinue pinaster: circumnutation of hypocotyl, with Bl anient fixed across ita summit, traced on horizontal glass, from 10 A.M. March 21st to 9 A.M. 23rd. Seedling Icept in darkness. Movement of bead magnified aboo< 85 times.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Corylus aveUana; circumnuta- tion of a young shoot emitted from the epicotyl, the apex of which had been injured, traced on a horizontal glass, from 9 A.M. Keb. 2ud to 8 A.M. 4th. Movement ol bead magnified about 27 times. Fig. 43. -^. Pinue pinaster: circumnutation of hypocotyl, with Bl anient fixed across ita summit, traced on horizontal glass, from 10 A.M. March 21st to 9 A.M. 23rd. Seedling Icept in darkness. Movement of bead magnified aboo< 85 times.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may havehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-corylus-aveuana-circumnuta-tion-of-a-young-shoot-emitted-from-the-epicotyl-the-apex-of-which-had-been-injured-traced-on-a-horizontal-glass-from-9-am-keb-2ud-to-8-am-4th-movement-ol-bead-magnified-about-27-times-fig-43-pinue-pinaster-circumnutation-of-hypocotyl-with-bl-anient-fixed-across-ita-summit-traced-on-horizontal-glass-from-10-am-march-21st-to-9-am-23rd-seedling-icept-in-darkness-movement-of-bead-magnified-aboolt-85-times-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-image216421042.html . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. 288. Germination of eas tor bean. Endospern and they assume grotesque forms, with peas and beans. 312. The first internode above the cotyledons tweeu the cotyledons and the plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and tlie piimmle-leaves expand into the ^^j sprouting of first true leaves of the ^ castor bean. plant. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. 313. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 282) has cotyledons which occupy all the space inside the seed-coats. . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. 288. Germination of eas tor bean. Endospern and they assume grotesque forms, with peas and beans. 312. The first internode above the cotyledons tweeu the cotyledons and the plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and tlie piimmle-leaves expand into the ^^j sprouting of first true leaves of the ^ castor bean. plant. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. 313. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 282) has cotyledons which occupy all the space inside the seed-coats. https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-plants-288-germination-of-eas-tor-bean-endospern-and-they-assume-grotesque-forms-with-peas-and-beans-312-the-first-internode-above-the-cotyledons-tweeu-the-cotyledons-and-the-plumule-is-the-epicotyl-it-elevates-the-plumule-into-the-air-and-tlie-piimmle-leaves-expand-into-the-j-sprouting-of-first-true-leaves-of-the-castor-bean-plant-these-first-true-leaves-however-may-be-very-unlike-the-later-leaves-313-germination-of-bean-the-common-bean-as-we-have-seen-fig-282-has-cotyledons-which-occupy-all-the-space-inside-the-seed-coats-image234384947.html . Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. 112 THE WATERLILIES. occurs in ordinary plants by reason of their proximity is made possible in these thick stems with widely separated bundles by the profusion of cross- branches. Gwynne-Vaughan (1897) noticed in the center of the young stem of IV. zanzibarictisis a cylinder of meristem tissue suggesting a stele, in which later desmogen strands were differentiated. He evidently con- sidered this as furnishing a kind of transition from the "monostelic" epicotyl to the " astelic " stem. The epidermis of all parts of the plant . Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. 112 THE WATERLILIES. occurs in ordinary plants by reason of their proximity is made possible in these thick stems with widely separated bundles by the profusion of cross- branches. Gwynne-Vaughan (1897) noticed in the center of the young stem of IV. zanzibarictisis a cylinder of meristem tissue suggesting a stele, in which later desmogen strands were differentiated. He evidently con- sidered this as furnishing a kind of transition from the "monostelic" epicotyl to the " astelic " stem. The epidermis of all parts of the planthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/carnegie-institution-of-washington-publication-112-the-waterlilies-occurs-in-ordinary-plants-by-reason-of-their-proximity-is-made-possible-in-these-thick-stems-with-widely-separated-bundles-by-the-profusion-of-cross-branches-gwynne-vaughan-1897-noticed-in-the-center-of-the-young-stem-of-iv-zanzibarictisis-a-cylinder-of-meristem-tissue-suggesting-a-stele-in-which-later-desmogen-strands-were-differentiated-he-evidently-con-sidered-this-as-furnishing-a-kind-of-transition-from-the-quotmonostelicquot-epicotyl-to-the-quot-astelic-quot-stem-the-epidermis-of-all-parts-of-the-plant-image233512883.html . Beihefte zum botanischen Centralblatt. Plants. Bums and Hedden, Conditious iiiflueucingregeneration of hypocotyl. 080 Adventitious buds were also produced on tlie epicotyl when the main Vegetation point was cut away. In this case the buds in the axil of the cotyledons develop, but their development appears to have no influence on the development op „adventi- tious" buds. Material and methods. This paper deals largely with conditions intiuencing the production of adventitious buds on the hypocotyl. The i)lants used were L'iuana hipartita .splendida^ Antirrhinum majus and Linum iisitafiss . Beihefte zum botanischen Centralblatt. Plants. Bums and Hedden, Conditious iiiflueucingregeneration of hypocotyl. 080 Adventitious buds were also produced on tlie epicotyl when the main Vegetation point was cut away. In this case the buds in the axil of the cotyledons develop, but their development appears to have no influence on the development op „adventi- tious" buds. Material and methods. This paper deals largely with conditions intiuencing the production of adventitious buds on the hypocotyl. The i)lants used were L'iuana hipartita .splendida^ Antirrhinum majus and Linum iisitafisshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beihefte-zum-botanischen-centralblatt-plants-bums-and-hedden-conditious-iiiflueucingregeneration-of-hypocotyl-080-adventitious-buds-were-also-produced-on-tlie-epicotyl-when-the-main-vegetation-point-was-cut-away-in-this-case-the-buds-in-the-axil-of-the-cotyledons-develop-but-their-development-appears-to-have-no-influence-on-the-development-op-adventi-tiousquot-buds-material-and-methods-this-paper-deals-largely-with-conditions-intiuencing-the-production-of-adventitious-buds-on-the-hypocotyl-the-ilants-used-were-liuana-hipartita-splendida-antirrhinum-majus-and-linum-iisitafiss-image234778422.html . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. 293. Indian corn. Caulicle at c ; roots emerging at m; plumule at^;. The food is stored. the epicotyl has elon- gated from n to p. The true plumule-leaf is at o, but other leaves grow from its sheath. In Fig. 295 the roots. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York Macmillan . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. 293. Indian corn. Caulicle at c ; roots emerging at m; plumule at^;. The food is stored. the epicotyl has elon- gated from n to p. The true plumule-leaf is at o, but other leaves grow from its sheath. In Fig. 295 the roots. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bailey, L. H. (Liberty Hyde), 1858-1954. New York Macmillanhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-botany-293-indian-corn-caulicle-at-c-roots-emerging-at-m-plumule-at-the-food-is-stored-the-epicotyl-has-elon-gated-from-n-to-p-the-true-plumule-leaf-is-at-o-but-other-leaves-grow-from-its-sheath-in-fig-295-the-roots-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-bailey-l-h-liberty-hyde-1858-1954-new-york-macmillan-image234385080.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 130 MODIFIED CIECUMNUTATION. Chap. VIII 10.40 P.M., wlien the last dot -sras made. Here, then, we haye a distinct heliotropio movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the light, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, the epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; there wou . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 130 MODIFIED CIECUMNUTATION. Chap. VIII 10.40 P.M., wlien the last dot -sras made. Here, then, we haye a distinct heliotropio movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the light, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, the epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; there wouhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-130-modified-ciecumnutation-chap-viii-1040-pm-wlien-the-last-dot-sras-made-here-then-we-haye-a-distinct-heliotropio-movement-effected-by-means-of-six-elongated-figures-which-if-dots-had-been-made-every-few-minutes-would-have-been-more-or-less-elliptic-directed-towards-the-light-with-the-apex-of-each-suc-cessive-ellipse-nearer-to-the-window-than-the-previous-one-now-if-the-light-had-been-only-a-little-brighter-the-epicotyl-would-have-bowed-itself-more-to-the-light-as-we-may-safely-conclude-from-the-previous-trials-there-wou-image232094156.html . Principles of modern biology. Biology. COTYLEDON SEED COATS Fig. 12-21. An opened bean seed with one of the two cotyledons removed. This reveals the body of the em- bryo, which consists of the hypocotyl and the epicotyl. and other surrounding tissues, while the seed is ripening. Such a reserve of organic matter is vitally important to the embryo when the seed begins to sprout. Until the young sporo- phyte develops a good root system and raises its stem and leaves above ground where light is available, it cannot synthesize its own or- ganic materials and grow in a sell-sufficient manner. Duri . Principles of modern biology. Biology. COTYLEDON SEED COATS Fig. 12-21. An opened bean seed with one of the two cotyledons removed. This reveals the body of the em- bryo, which consists of the hypocotyl and the epicotyl. and other surrounding tissues, while the seed is ripening. Such a reserve of organic matter is vitally important to the embryo when the seed begins to sprout. Until the young sporo- phyte develops a good root system and raises its stem and leaves above ground where light is available, it cannot synthesize its own or- ganic materials and grow in a sell-sufficient manner. Durihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/principles-of-modern-biology-biology-cotyledon-seed-coats-fig-12-21-an-opened-bean-seed-with-one-of-the-two-cotyledons-removed-this-reveals-the-body-of-the-em-bryo-which-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-and-the-epicotyl-and-other-surrounding-tissues-while-the-seed-is-ripening-such-a-reserve-of-organic-matter-is-vitally-important-to-the-embryo-when-the-seed-begins-to-sprout-until-the-young-sporo-phyte-develops-a-good-root-system-and-raises-its-stem-and-leaves-above-ground-where-light-is-available-it-cannot-synthesize-its-own-or-ganic-materials-and-grow-in-a-sell-sufficient-manner-duri-image232337824.html . Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 227 dicotyledons, by a fusion of the two cotyledons into one. ^ On this basis the single seed-leaf of monocotyledons is interpreted as homologous to the two seed-leaves of di- cotyledons. The evidence supporting this suggestion is derived largely from a study of the anatomy of monocoty- ledonous seedlings. "The young epicotyl of monocotyle- donous seedlings contains a single ring of collateral bundles which may even show traces of cambium, much resembling. Fig. 107.—A-B, embryos of a "dicotyledonous monocot . Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 227 dicotyledons, by a fusion of the two cotyledons into one. ^ On this basis the single seed-leaf of monocotyledons is interpreted as homologous to the two seed-leaves of di- cotyledons. The evidence supporting this suggestion is derived largely from a study of the anatomy of monocoty- ledonous seedlings. "The young epicotyl of monocotyle- donous seedlings contains a single ring of collateral bundles which may even show traces of cambium, much resembling. Fig. 107.—A-B, embryos of a "dicotyledonous monocothttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/heredity-and-evolution-in-plants-heredity-plants-the-evolution-of-plants-227-dicotyledons-by-a-fusion-of-the-two-cotyledons-into-one-on-this-basis-the-single-seed-leaf-of-monocotyledons-is-interpreted-as-homologous-to-the-two-seed-leaves-of-di-cotyledons-the-evidence-supporting-this-suggestion-is-derived-largely-from-a-study-of-the-anatomy-of-monocoty-ledonous-seedlings-quotthe-young-epicotyl-of-monocotyle-donous-seedlings-contains-a-single-ring-of-collateral-bundles-which-may-even-show-traces-of-cambium-much-resembling-fig-107a-b-embryos-of-a-quotdicotyledonous-monocot-image232077281.html . Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 223 EPICOTYL HYPOCOTYL. COTYLEDON SEED COATS Fig. 12-21. An opened bean seed with one of the two cotyledons removed. This reveals the body of the em- bryo, which consists of the hypocotyl and the epicotyl. and other surrounding tissues, while the seed is ripening. Such a reserve of organic matter is vitally important to the embryo when the seed begins to sprout. Until the young sporo- phyte develops a good root system and raises its stem and leaves above ground where light is available, it cannot synthesize its own . Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 223 EPICOTYL HYPOCOTYL. COTYLEDON SEED COATS Fig. 12-21. An opened bean seed with one of the two cotyledons removed. This reveals the body of the em- bryo, which consists of the hypocotyl and the epicotyl. and other surrounding tissues, while the seed is ripening. Such a reserve of organic matter is vitally important to the embryo when the seed begins to sprout. Until the young sporo- phyte develops a good root system and raises its stem and leaves above ground where light is available, it cannot synthesize its ownhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/principles-of-modern-biology-biology-reproduction-in-multicellular-plants-223-epicotyl-hypocotyl-cotyledon-seed-coats-fig-12-21-an-opened-bean-seed-with-one-of-the-two-cotyledons-removed-this-reveals-the-body-of-the-em-bryo-which-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-and-the-epicotyl-and-other-surrounding-tissues-while-the-seed-is-ripening-such-a-reserve-of-organic-matter-is-vitally-important-to-the-embryo-when-the-seed-begins-to-sprout-until-the-young-sporo-phyte-develops-a-good-root-system-and-raises-its-stem-and-leaves-above-ground-where-light-is-available-it-cannot-synthesize-its-own-image232337826.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. i30 MODIFIED CIKCUMNUXATION. Chap. VIII Fig. 176.. 10.40 P.M., -when the last dot was made. Here, then, we have a distinct heliotropio movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the Mght, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, tbe epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; t . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. i30 MODIFIED CIKCUMNUXATION. Chap. VIII Fig. 176.. 10.40 P.M., -when the last dot was made. Here, then, we have a distinct heliotropio movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the Mght, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, tbe epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; thttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-i30-modified-cikcumnuxation-chap-viii-fig-176-1040-pm-when-the-last-dot-was-made-here-then-we-have-a-distinct-heliotropio-movement-effected-by-means-of-six-elongated-figures-which-if-dots-had-been-made-every-few-minutes-would-have-been-more-or-less-elliptic-directed-towards-the-mght-with-the-apex-of-each-suc-cessive-ellipse-nearer-to-the-window-than-the-previous-one-now-if-the-light-had-been-only-a-little-brighter-tbe-epicotyl-would-have-bowed-itself-more-to-the-light-as-we-may-safely-conclude-from-the-previous-trials-t-image232182402.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 32 CIECUMNUTATION OF SEEDLINGS. Chap. L two occasions during three days. But the tracings made under such unnatural conditions are not worth giving; and it need only be said that the lines were decidedly zigzag, and that small loops were occasionally formed. We may therefore con- clude that the epicotyl circumnutates whilst, still arched and before it has grown talL enough to break through the surface of the ground. In order to observe the movements of the epicotyl at a some- what more advanced age, a filament was fixed near the base of one w . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. 32 CIECUMNUTATION OF SEEDLINGS. Chap. L two occasions during three days. But the tracings made under such unnatural conditions are not worth giving; and it need only be said that the lines were decidedly zigzag, and that small loops were occasionally formed. We may therefore con- clude that the epicotyl circumnutates whilst, still arched and before it has grown talL enough to break through the surface of the ground. In order to observe the movements of the epicotyl at a some- what more advanced age, a filament was fixed near the base of one whttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-32-ciecumnutation-of-seedlings-chap-l-two-occasions-during-three-days-but-the-tracings-made-under-such-unnatural-conditions-are-not-worth-giving-and-it-need-only-be-said-that-the-lines-were-decidedly-zigzag-and-that-small-loops-were-occasionally-formed-we-may-therefore-con-clude-that-the-epicotyl-circumnutates-whilst-still-arched-and-before-it-has-grown-tall-enough-to-break-through-the-surface-of-the-ground-in-order-to-observe-the-movements-of-the-epicotyl-at-a-some-what-more-advanced-age-a-filament-was-fixed-near-the-base-of-one-w-image232077286.html . Beginners botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at ;«; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at «, the caulicle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf (/, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath (;;/, Fig. 26). The ^ VT- epicotyl elongates, particularly if . Beginners botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at ;«; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at «, the caulicle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf (/, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath (;;/, Fig. 26). The ^ VT- epicotyl elongates, particularly if https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-fig-26indian-corn-caulicle-at-c-roots-emerging-at-plumule-at-single-cotyledon-is-at-the-caulicle-at-b-the-plumule-at-the-cotyledon-remains-in-the-seed-the-food-is-stored-both-in-the-cotyledon-and-as-endosperm-chiefly-the-latter-the-emerging-shoot-is-the-plumule-with-a-sheath-ing-leaf-fig-26-the-root-is-emitted-from-the-tip-of-the-caulicle-c-the-caulicle-is-held-in-a-sheath-formed-mostly-from-the-seed-coats-and-some-of-the-roots-escape-through-the-upper-end-of-this-sheath-fig-26-the-vt-epicotyl-elongates-particularly-if-image235162248.html . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. 42 THE PEANUT—THE UNPREDICTABLE LEGUME. Figure 10.—Peanut seedling, eleven and one-half days old. The root system is well developed. Four leaves of the main axis are visible and the two cotyledonary lateral branches have begun to expand. All of the shoot organs visible here have expanded from fully formed structures of the embryonic epicotyl shown in figure 1. (after Yarhrough, 76.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and ap . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. 42 THE PEANUT—THE UNPREDICTABLE LEGUME. Figure 10.—Peanut seedling, eleven and one-half days old. The root system is well developed. Four leaves of the main axis are visible and the two cotyledonary lateral branches have begun to expand. All of the shoot organs visible here have expanded from fully formed structures of the embryonic epicotyl shown in figure 1. (after Yarhrough, 76.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and aphttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-peanut-the-unpredictable-legume-a-symposium-peanuts-peanuts-42-the-peanutthe-unpredictable-legume-figure-10peanut-seedling-eleven-and-one-half-days-old-the-root-system-is-well-developed-four-leaves-of-the-main-axis-are-visible-and-the-two-cotyledonary-lateral-branches-have-begun-to-expand-all-of-the-shoot-organs-visible-here-have-expanded-from-fully-formed-structures-of-the-embryonic-epicotyl-shown-in-figure-1-after-yarhrough-76-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-ap-image232262555.html . Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 70 BOTANY Most of our trees, and vevy many of our common plants, belong to this great group of plants. How many of the parts inside the cotyledons can you identify and com- pare with similar structures in the bean? Look for hypocotyl, epicotyl, and true leaves. Are the structures named homologous with the same structures in the bean? How do 3'ou know? Draw the pea, showing all the above-named parts. Compare the pea seedling and bean seedling with regard to the following points: (1) as to th . Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 70 BOTANY Most of our trees, and vevy many of our common plants, belong to this great group of plants. How many of the parts inside the cotyledons can you identify and com- pare with similar structures in the bean? Look for hypocotyl, epicotyl, and true leaves. Are the structures named homologous with the same structures in the bean? How do 3'ou know? Draw the pea, showing all the above-named parts. Compare the pea seedling and bean seedling with regard to the following points: (1) as to thhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-biology-a-practical-text-book-correlating-botany-zoology-and-human-physiology-biology-70-botany-most-of-our-trees-and-vevy-many-of-our-common-plants-belong-to-this-great-group-of-plants-how-many-of-the-parts-inside-the-cotyledons-can-you-identify-and-com-pare-with-similar-structures-in-the-bean-look-for-hypocotyl-epicotyl-and-true-leaves-are-the-structures-named-homologous-with-the-same-structures-in-the-bean-how-do-3ou-know-draw-the-pea-showing-all-the-above-named-parts-compare-the-pea-seedling-and-bean-seedling-with-regard-to-the-following-points-1-as-to-th-image231651864.html . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. and they assume grotesque form;?. Fig. 284. Try this with peas aud beans. 312. The first interuode above the cotyledons —be- tween the cotyledons and hv plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and the plumule-leaves ejrjxiud info the ._,^- si,n,utiim ..f first true haves of the castor beau. jihint. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. .31:3. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 2S2) has cotyledons which occupy all the space inside the seed-coats. When '^J '^^l^ . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. and they assume grotesque form;?. Fig. 284. Try this with peas aud beans. 312. The first interuode above the cotyledons —be- tween the cotyledons and hv plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and the plumule-leaves ejrjxiud info the ._,^- si,n,utiim ..f first true haves of the castor beau. jihint. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. .31:3. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 2S2) has cotyledons which occupy all the space inside the seed-coats. When '^J '^^l^https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-botany-and-they-assume-grotesque-form-fig-284-try-this-with-peas-aud-beans-312-the-first-interuode-above-the-cotyledons-be-tween-the-cotyledons-and-hv-plumule-is-the-epicotyl-it-elevates-the-plumule-into-the-air-and-the-plumule-leaves-ejrjxiud-info-the-sinutiim-f-first-true-haves-of-the-castor-beau-jihint-these-first-true-leaves-however-may-be-very-unlike-the-later-leaves-313-germination-of-bean-the-common-bean-as-we-have-seen-fig-2s2-has-cotyledons-which-occupy-all-the-space-inside-the-seed-coats-when-j-l-image234385118.html . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. GERMINATION OF BEAN 167 Fig. 284. Try this be-. 288. Germination of eas tor bean. Endospern and they assume grotesque forms, with peas and beans. 312. The first internode above the cotyledons tweeu the cotyledons and the plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and tlie piimmle-leaves expand into the ^^j sprouting of first true leaves of the ^ castor bean. plant. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. 313. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 282) has cotyledons wh . Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. GERMINATION OF BEAN 167 Fig. 284. Try this be-. 288. Germination of eas tor bean. Endospern and they assume grotesque forms, with peas and beans. 312. The first internode above the cotyledons tweeu the cotyledons and the plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and tlie piimmle-leaves expand into the ^^j sprouting of first true leaves of the ^ castor bean. plant. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. 313. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 282) has cotyledons whhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-plants-germination-of-bean-167-fig-284-try-this-be-288-germination-of-eas-tor-bean-endospern-and-they-assume-grotesque-forms-with-peas-and-beans-312-the-first-internode-above-the-cotyledons-tweeu-the-cotyledons-and-the-plumule-is-the-epicotyl-it-elevates-the-plumule-into-the-air-and-tlie-piimmle-leaves-expand-into-the-j-sprouting-of-first-true-leaves-of-the-castor-bean-plant-these-first-true-leaves-however-may-be-very-unlike-the-later-leaves-313-germination-of-bean-the-common-bean-as-we-have-seen-fig-282-has-cotyledons-wh-image234384963.html . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. 32 THE PEANUT—THE UNPREDICTABLE LEGUME. Figure 3.—Peanut seedling, five and one-half days old. The epicotyl barely exceeds the cotyledons but hypocotyl and primary root have a total length of 164 mm. Note the distinct collar at the transition region and the belated appearance of lateral roots, (after Yarhrough, 76.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the origi . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. 32 THE PEANUT—THE UNPREDICTABLE LEGUME. Figure 3.—Peanut seedling, five and one-half days old. The epicotyl barely exceeds the cotyledons but hypocotyl and primary root have a total length of 164 mm. Note the distinct collar at the transition region and the belated appearance of lateral roots, (after Yarhrough, 76.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the origihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-peanut-the-unpredictable-legume-a-symposium-peanuts-peanuts-32-the-peanutthe-unpredictable-legume-figure-3peanut-seedling-five-and-one-half-days-old-the-epicotyl-barely-exceeds-the-cotyledons-but-hypocotyl-and-primary-root-have-a-total-length-of-164-mm-note-the-distinct-collar-at-the-transition-region-and-the-belated-appearance-of-lateral-roots-after-yarhrough-76-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-origi-image232262602.html . Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 231 EPICOTYL COTYLEDON SUSPENSOR. ZYGOTE DEVELOPING Fig. 12-34. Development of the embryo of a dicoty- ledonous plant. Germination. When a seed is ripe, devel- opment stops temporarily. Under natural conditions most seeds remain in the dormant state throughout the winter or dry season; and some seeds cannot be forced to germinate without the intervention of a definite resting period. At the proper time, with the advent of warmth and moisture, the seed absorbs water, swells powerfully to burst the seed coats, and no . Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 231 EPICOTYL COTYLEDON SUSPENSOR. ZYGOTE DEVELOPING Fig. 12-34. Development of the embryo of a dicoty- ledonous plant. Germination. When a seed is ripe, devel- opment stops temporarily. Under natural conditions most seeds remain in the dormant state throughout the winter or dry season; and some seeds cannot be forced to germinate without the intervention of a definite resting period. At the proper time, with the advent of warmth and moisture, the seed absorbs water, swells powerfully to burst the seed coats, and nohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/principles-of-modern-biology-biology-reproduction-in-multicellular-plants-231-epicotyl-cotyledon-suspensor-zygote-developing-fig-12-34-development-of-the-embryo-of-a-dicoty-ledonous-plant-germination-when-a-seed-is-ripe-devel-opment-stops-temporarily-under-natural-conditions-most-seeds-remain-in-the-dormant-state-throughout-the-winter-or-dry-season-and-some-seeds-cannot-be-forced-to-germinate-without-the-intervention-of-a-definite-resting-period-at-the-proper-time-with-the-advent-of-warmth-and-moisture-the-seed-absorbs-water-swells-powerfully-to-burst-the-seed-coats-and-no-image232337762.html . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. i30 MODIFIED CIECUMNUTATION. Chap. VIII Fig. 176.. 10.40 P.M., when the last dot -sras made. Here, then, we have a distinct heliotropic movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the light, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, the epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. i30 MODIFIED CIECUMNUTATION. Chap. VIII Fig. 176.. 10.40 P.M., when the last dot -sras made. Here, then, we have a distinct heliotropic movement, effected by means of six elongated figures (which if dots had been made every few minutes would have been more or less elliptic) directed towards the light, with the apex of each suc- cessive ellipse nearer to the window than the previous one. Now, if the light had been only a little brighter, the epicotyl would have bowed itself more to the light, as we may safely conclude from the previous trials; https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-i30-modified-ciecumnutation-chap-viii-fig-176-1040-pm-when-the-last-dot-sras-made-here-then-we-have-a-distinct-heliotropic-movement-effected-by-means-of-six-elongated-figures-which-if-dots-had-been-made-every-few-minutes-would-have-been-more-or-less-elliptic-directed-towards-the-light-with-the-apex-of-each-suc-cessive-ellipse-nearer-to-the-window-than-the-previous-one-now-if-the-light-had-been-only-a-little-brighter-the-epicotyl-would-have-bowed-itself-more-to-the-light-as-we-may-safely-conclude-from-the-previous-trials-image232147667.html . A civic biology : presented in problems. Biology; Sanitation. 64 PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRITION ground, straightens out. From between the cotyledons the bud- like plumule or epicotyl grows upward, forming the first true leaves and all of the stem above the cotyledons. As growth con- tinues, we notice that the cotyledons become smaller and smaller, until their food contents are completely absorbed into the young plant. The young plant is now able to care for itself and may be said to have passed through the stages of germination. What makes an Engine Go. - -If we examine the sawdust or soil in wh . A civic biology : presented in problems. Biology; Sanitation. 64 PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRITION ground, straightens out. From between the cotyledons the bud- like plumule or epicotyl grows upward, forming the first true leaves and all of the stem above the cotyledons. As growth con- tinues, we notice that the cotyledons become smaller and smaller, until their food contents are completely absorbed into the young plant. The young plant is now able to care for itself and may be said to have passed through the stages of germination. What makes an Engine Go. - -If we examine the sawdust or soil in whhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-civic-biology-presented-in-problems-biology-sanitation-64-plant-growth-and-nutrition-ground-straightens-out-from-between-the-cotyledons-the-bud-like-plumule-or-epicotyl-grows-upward-forming-the-first-true-leaves-and-all-of-the-stem-above-the-cotyledons-as-growth-con-tinues-we-notice-that-the-cotyledons-become-smaller-and-smaller-until-their-food-contents-are-completely-absorbed-into-the-young-plant-the-young-plant-is-now-able-to-care-for-itself-and-may-be-said-to-have-passed-through-the-stages-of-germination-what-makes-an-engine-go-if-we-examine-the-sawdust-or-soil-in-wh-image232782063.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Ficl. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the ba . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Ficl. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the bahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-ficl-296-structure-of-dicotyledonous-seeds-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepidium-the-embryo-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-hy-ending-below-in-the-root-r-and-the-root-cap-and-above-the-epicotyl-pi-two-cotyledons-c-arise-laterally-from-the-stem-funiculus-mi-micropyle-in-integuments-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lilye-embryo-with-two-cotyledons-attached-laterally-to-the-minute-stem-of-the-embryo-and-sur-rounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-sporangial-cells-or-perisperm-i-integument-the-elongation-of-the-ba-image232357450.html . Elements of plant biology. Plant physiology. TYPES OF GERMINATION 379 freed from the testa, which is carried up, sticking on to one or both. In most cases it is soon shaken oii by their further growth, but occasionally seedlings are 1 cot. end. Fig. 63.—^Types of germination. A, endospermic seed with epigeal cotyledons. B, uon-endospermic seed with hypogeal cotyledons. C, endospermic seed with hypogeal cotyledons, which remains embedded in the endosperm and acts as a sucker ; end., endosperm; cot., cotyledon; ep., epicotyl; rad., radicle. handicapped, or even killed from this cause. In the m . Elements of plant biology. Plant physiology. TYPES OF GERMINATION 379 freed from the testa, which is carried up, sticking on to one or both. In most cases it is soon shaken oii by their further growth, but occasionally seedlings are 1 cot. end. Fig. 63.—^Types of germination. A, endospermic seed with epigeal cotyledons. B, uon-endospermic seed with hypogeal cotyledons. C, endospermic seed with hypogeal cotyledons, which remains embedded in the endosperm and acts as a sucker ; end., endosperm; cot., cotyledon; ep., epicotyl; rad., radicle. handicapped, or even killed from this cause. In the mhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-plant-biology-plant-physiology-types-of-germination-379-freed-from-the-testa-which-is-carried-up-sticking-on-to-one-or-both-in-most-cases-it-is-soon-shaken-oii-by-their-further-growth-but-occasionally-seedlings-are-1-cot-end-fig-63types-of-germination-a-endospermic-seed-with-epigeal-cotyledons-b-uon-endospermic-seed-with-hypogeal-cotyledons-c-endospermic-seed-with-hypogeal-cotyledons-which-remains-embedded-in-the-endosperm-and-acts-as-a-sucker-end-endosperm-cot-cotyledon-ep-epicotyl-rad-radicle-handicapped-or-even-killed-from-this-cause-in-the-m-image232115387.html . Biology and human life. Biology. 68 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN LIFE The fleshy leaves are called seed leaves, or cotyledons. The part below the meeting point is the hypocotyl ("below the coty- ledon"). The part above is called the plumule or first bud, or the epicotyl ("above the cotyledon") (Fig. S3)- Although the cotyledons do really correspond to leaves, there are many plants in which they never come out of the ground, as in the pea. In other plants the cotyledons do get above the earth but do not spread out or become green, as in the bean.. H 12 3 Fig. S3- Embryos of plants 7, . Biology and human life. Biology. 68 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN LIFE The fleshy leaves are called seed leaves, or cotyledons. The part below the meeting point is the hypocotyl ("below the coty- ledon"). The part above is called the plumule or first bud, or the epicotyl ("above the cotyledon") (Fig. S3)- Although the cotyledons do really correspond to leaves, there are many plants in which they never come out of the ground, as in the pea. In other plants the cotyledons do get above the earth but do not spread out or become green, as in the bean.. H 12 3 Fig. S3- Embryos of plants 7,https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/biology-and-human-life-biology-68-biology-and-human-life-the-fleshy-leaves-are-called-seed-leaves-or-cotyledons-the-part-below-the-meeting-point-is-the-hypocotyl-quotbelow-the-coty-ledonquot-the-part-above-is-called-the-plumule-or-first-bud-or-the-epicotyl-quotabove-the-cotyledonquot-fig-s3-although-the-cotyledons-do-really-correspond-to-leaves-there-are-many-plants-in-which-they-never-come-out-of-the-ground-as-in-the-pea-in-other-plants-the-cotyledons-do-get-above-the-earth-but-do-not-spread-out-or-become-green-as-in-the-bean-h-12-3-fig-s3-embryos-of-plants-7-image234607607.html . Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 102 BOTANY coldest months of the year. The factors which influence the ger- mination of seeds also act on the bud. Position of the Bud on the Stem. — The growth of the stem from the bud can best be observed in a very young seedling. If, for example, we examine a pea seedling, it will be seen that the epicotyl is, in truth, the first bud of the plant. It produces the first stem and leaves. The position of the most active buds deter- mines the form of the future tree. Buds come out at the end . Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 102 BOTANY coldest months of the year. The factors which influence the ger- mination of seeds also act on the bud. Position of the Bud on the Stem. — The growth of the stem from the bud can best be observed in a very young seedling. If, for example, we examine a pea seedling, it will be seen that the epicotyl is, in truth, the first bud of the plant. It produces the first stem and leaves. The position of the most active buds deter- mines the form of the future tree. Buds come out at the endhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-biology-a-practical-text-book-correlating-botany-zoology-and-human-physiology-biology-102-botany-coldest-months-of-the-year-the-factors-which-influence-the-ger-mination-of-seeds-also-act-on-the-bud-position-of-the-bud-on-the-stem-the-growth-of-the-stem-from-the-bud-can-best-be-observed-in-a-very-young-seedling-if-for-example-we-examine-a-pea-seedling-it-will-be-seen-that-the-epicotyl-is-in-truth-the-first-bud-of-the-plant-it-produces-the-first-stem-and-leaves-the-position-of-the-most-active-buds-deter-mines-the-form-of-the-future-tree-buds-come-out-at-the-end-image231651771.html . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. GEEMINATION OF BEAN l(i. and they assume grotesque form;?. Fig. 284. Try this with peas aud beans. 312. The first interuode above the cotyledons —be- tween the cotyledons and hv plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and the plumule-leaves ejrjxiud info the ._,^- si,n,utiim ..f first true haves of the castor beau. jihint. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. .31:3. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 2S2) has cotyledons which occupy all the space inside the s . Botany, an elementary text for schools. Botany. GEEMINATION OF BEAN l(i. and they assume grotesque form;?. Fig. 284. Try this with peas aud beans. 312. The first interuode above the cotyledons —be- tween the cotyledons and hv plumule — is the epicotyl. It elevates the plumule into the air, and the plumule-leaves ejrjxiud info the ._,^- si,n,utiim ..f first true haves of the castor beau. jihint. These first true leaves, however, may be very unlike the later leaves. .31:3. GERMINATION OF BEAN. — The common bean, as we have seen (Fig. 2S2) has cotyledons which occupy all the space inside the shttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-an-elementary-text-for-schools-botany-geemination-of-bean-li-and-they-assume-grotesque-form-fig-284-try-this-with-peas-aud-beans-312-the-first-interuode-above-the-cotyledons-be-tween-the-cotyledons-and-hv-plumule-is-the-epicotyl-it-elevates-the-plumule-into-the-air-and-the-plumule-leaves-ejrjxiud-info-the-sinutiim-f-first-true-haves-of-the-castor-beau-jihint-these-first-true-leaves-however-may-be-very-unlike-the-later-leaves-313-germination-of-bean-the-common-bean-as-we-have-seen-fig-2s2-has-cotyledons-which-occupy-all-the-space-inside-the-s-image234385136.html . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. MORPHOLOGY, GENETICS AND BREEDING 41 The basic morphological pattern of the epicotyl is laid down in the seed. Its main axes consists of a central stem and two cotyledonary lat- erals (figure 10). Contrary to the situation in many plants, at least after the first 3 weeks, the main axis of the shoot exerts little inhibitory efifect on lateral axes. The main axis develops first but is soon equalled in length by each of the two cotyledonary laterals, and eventually may be much exceeded by them. From the beginning the plant is . The Peanut, the unpredictable legume; a symposium. Peanuts; Peanuts. MORPHOLOGY, GENETICS AND BREEDING 41 The basic morphological pattern of the epicotyl is laid down in the seed. Its main axes consists of a central stem and two cotyledonary lat- erals (figure 10). Contrary to the situation in many plants, at least after the first 3 weeks, the main axis of the shoot exerts little inhibitory efifect on lateral axes. The main axis develops first but is soon equalled in length by each of the two cotyledonary laterals, and eventually may be much exceeded by them. From the beginning the plant is https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-peanut-the-unpredictable-legume-a-symposium-peanuts-peanuts-morphology-genetics-and-breeding-41-the-basic-morphological-pattern-of-the-epicotyl-is-laid-down-in-the-seed-its-main-axes-consists-of-a-central-stem-and-two-cotyledonary-lat-erals-figure-10-contrary-to-the-situation-in-many-plants-at-least-after-the-first-3-weeks-the-main-axis-of-the-shoot-exerts-little-inhibitory-efifect-on-lateral-axes-the-main-axis-develops-first-but-is-soon-equalled-in-length-by-each-of-the-two-cotyledonary-laterals-and-eventually-may-be-much-exceeded-by-them-from-the-beginning-the-plant-is-image232262562.html . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. 1. TKOP^OLUM. 27 Fig. 16. vertically and coming into close contact. This upward move- ment differs from one of the great diurnal oscillations above described only by the position being permanent during the night and by its periodicity, as it always commences late in the evening. Tropseolum minus (?) (var. Tom Thumb) (TropaeolesB).—The cotyledons are hypogean, or never rise above the ground. By removing the soil a buried epicotyl or plumule was found, with its summit arched abruptly down- wards, like the arched hypocotyl of the cabbage p . The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Chap. 1. TKOP^OLUM. 27 Fig. 16. vertically and coming into close contact. This upward move- ment differs from one of the great diurnal oscillations above described only by the position being permanent during the night and by its periodicity, as it always commences late in the evening. Tropseolum minus (?) (var. Tom Thumb) (TropaeolesB).—The cotyledons are hypogean, or never rise above the ground. By removing the soil a buried epicotyl or plumule was found, with its summit arched abruptly down- wards, like the arched hypocotyl of the cabbage phttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-chap-1-tkopolum-27-fig-16-vertically-and-coming-into-close-contact-this-upward-move-ment-differs-from-one-of-the-great-diurnal-oscillations-above-described-only-by-the-position-being-permanent-during-the-night-and-by-its-periodicity-as-it-always-commences-late-in-the-evening-tropseolum-minus-var-tom-thumb-tropaeolesbthe-cotyledons-are-hypogean-or-never-rise-above-the-ground-by-removing-the-soil-a-buried-epicotyl-or-plumule-was-found-with-its-summit-arched-abruptly-down-wards-like-the-arched-hypocotyl-of-the-cabbage-p-image232077301.html . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. 32 CIRCUMNUTATION OF SEEDLINGS. Chap. L two occasions during three days. But the tracings made under sach unnatural conditions are not worth giving; and it need only be said that the lines were decidedly zigzag, and that small loops wero occasionally formed. We may therefore con- clude that the epicotyl circumnutates whilst still arched and before it has grown tall enough to break through the surface of the ground. In order to observe the movements of the epicotyl at a some- what more advanced age, a filament was fixed near the base of one whi . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. 32 CIRCUMNUTATION OF SEEDLINGS. Chap. L two occasions during three days. But the tracings made under sach unnatural conditions are not worth giving; and it need only be said that the lines were decidedly zigzag, and that small loops wero occasionally formed. We may therefore con- clude that the epicotyl circumnutates whilst still arched and before it has grown tall enough to break through the surface of the ground. In order to observe the movements of the epicotyl at a some- what more advanced age, a filament was fixed near the base of one whihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-32-circumnutation-of-seedlings-chap-l-two-occasions-during-three-days-but-the-tracings-made-under-sach-unnatural-conditions-are-not-worth-giving-and-it-need-only-be-said-that-the-lines-were-decidedly-zigzag-and-that-small-loops-wero-occasionally-formed-we-may-therefore-con-clude-that-the-epicotyl-circumnutates-whilst-still-arched-and-before-it-has-grown-tall-enough-to-break-through-the-surface-of-the-ground-in-order-to-observe-the-movements-of-the-epicotyl-at-a-some-what-more-advanced-age-a-filament-was-fixed-near-the-base-of-one-whi-image232148007.html Nature and development of plants . B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed ofLepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in theroot, r, and the root cap and above in the epicotyl or plumule, pi. Twocotyledons, c, arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in,integuments; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—c, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem ofthe embryo and surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangialcells or perisperm; i, integument. of the receptacle, forming Nature and development of plants . B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed ofLepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in theroot, r, and the root cap and above in the epicotyl or plumule, pi. Twocotyledons, c, arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in,integuments; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—c, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem ofthe embryo and surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangialcells or perisperm; i, integument. of the receptacle, forminghttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-b-fig-296-structure-of-dicotyledonous-seeds-a-nearly-mature-seed-oflepidium-the-embryo-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-hy-ending-below-in-theroot-r-and-the-root-cap-and-above-in-the-epicotyl-or-plumule-pi-twocotyledons-c-arise-laterally-from-the-stem-funiculus-mi-micropyle-ininteguments-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lilyc-embryo-with-two-cotyledons-attached-laterally-to-the-minute-stem-ofthe-embryo-and-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-sporangialcells-or-perisperm-i-integument-of-the-receptacle-forming-image343328047.html Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . ocarp; C, D, E, sections of the seed; c, cotyledons; w, hypocotyl;v, epicotyl or plumule.—After Focke. slightly unequal, plumule 1 mm. in length; odorless, except on treat-ment with water, when an odor of hydrocyanic acid is emitted, or ofbenzaldehyde when the seeds have been kept for some time; tastebitter. Inner Structure.—See Figs. 132 and 133. Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 per cent; proteins 25 to 30 per cen Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . ocarp; C, D, E, sections of the seed; c, cotyledons; w, hypocotyl;v, epicotyl or plumule.—After Focke. slightly unequal, plumule 1 mm. in length; odorless, except on treat-ment with water, when an odor of hydrocyanic acid is emitted, or ofbenzaldehyde when the seeds have been kept for some time; tastebitter. Inner Structure.—See Figs. 132 and 133. Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 per cent; proteins 25 to 30 per cenhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/scientific-and-applied-pharmacognosy-intended-for-the-use-of-students-in-pharmacy-as-a-hand-book-for-pharmacists-and-as-a-reference-book-for-food-and-drug-analysts-and-pharmacologists-ocarp-c-d-e-sections-of-the-seed-c-cotyledons-w-hypocotylv-epicotyl-or-plumuleafter-focke-slightly-unequal-plumule-1-mm-in-length-odorless-except-on-treat-ment-with-water-when-an-odor-of-hydrocyanic-acid-is-emitted-or-ofbenzaldehyde-when-the-seeds-have-been-kept-for-some-time-tastebitter-inner-structuresee-figs-132-and-133-constituentsfixed-oil-45-per-cent-proteins-25-to-30-per-cen-image338227752.html . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. Chap. I. TEOP^OLUM. 27 Fig. 16. vertically and coming into close contact. This upward move- ment differs from one of the great diurnal oscillations above described only by the position being permanent during the night and by its periodicity, as it always commences late in the evening. Tropseolum minus (?) (var. Tom Thumb) (Tropseolete).—The cotyledons are hypogean, or never rise above the ground. By removing the soil a buried epicotyl or plumule was found, with its summit arched abruptly down- wards, like the arched hypocotyl of the cabbage pr . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. Chap. I. TEOP^OLUM. 27 Fig. 16. vertically and coming into close contact. This upward move- ment differs from one of the great diurnal oscillations above described only by the position being permanent during the night and by its periodicity, as it always commences late in the evening. Tropseolum minus (?) (var. Tom Thumb) (Tropseolete).—The cotyledons are hypogean, or never rise above the ground. By removing the soil a buried epicotyl or plumule was found, with its summit arched abruptly down- wards, like the arched hypocotyl of the cabbage prhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-chap-i-teopolum-27-fig-16-vertically-and-coming-into-close-contact-this-upward-move-ment-differs-from-one-of-the-great-diurnal-oscillations-above-described-only-by-the-position-being-permanent-during-the-night-and-by-its-periodicity-as-it-always-commences-late-in-the-evening-tropseolum-minus-var-tom-thumb-tropseoletethe-cotyledons-are-hypogean-or-never-rise-above-the-ground-by-removing-the-soil-a-buried-epicotyl-or-plumule-was-found-with-its-summit-arched-abruptly-down-wards-like-the-arched-hypocotyl-of-the-cabbage-pr-image232148029.html . Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at m; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at a, the cauUcle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf {p, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of. the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath {m. Fig. 26). The 'x-^T epicotyl elongates, particularly if ' . Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at m; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at a, the cauUcle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf {p, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of. the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath {m. Fig. 26). The 'x-^T epicotyl elongates, particularly if 'https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-fig-26indian-corn-caulicle-at-c-roots-emerging-at-m-plumule-at-single-cotyledon-is-at-a-the-cauucle-at-b-the-plumule-at-the-cotyledon-remains-in-the-seed-the-food-is-stored-both-in-the-cotyledon-and-as-endosperm-chiefly-the-latter-the-emerging-shoot-is-the-plumule-with-a-sheath-ing-leaf-p-fig-26-the-root-is-emitted-from-the-tip-of-the-caulicle-c-the-caulicle-is-held-in-a-sheath-formed-mostly-from-the-seed-coats-and-some-of-the-roots-escape-through-the-upper-end-of-this-sheath-m-fig-26-the-x-t-epicotyl-elongates-particularly-if-image231951757.html . Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at ;//; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at a, the caulicle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf (/, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end I of this sheath (ms Fig. 26). The epicotyl elongates, particularly if P^l . Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 26.—Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at ;//; plumule at/. single cotyledon is at a, the caulicle at b, the plumule at/. The cotyledon remains in the seed. The food is stored both in the cotyledon and as endosperm, chiefly the latter. The emerging shoot is the plumule, with a sheath- ing leaf (/, Fig. 26). The root is emitted from the tip of the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end I of this sheath (ms Fig. 26). The epicotyl elongates, particularly if P^l https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-fig-26indian-corn-caulicle-at-c-roots-emerging-at-plumule-at-single-cotyledon-is-at-a-the-caulicle-at-b-the-plumule-at-the-cotyledon-remains-in-the-seed-the-food-is-stored-both-in-the-cotyledon-and-as-endosperm-chiefly-the-latter-the-emerging-shoot-is-the-plumule-with-a-sheath-ing-leaf-fig-26-the-root-is-emitted-from-the-tip-of-the-caulicle-c-the-caulicle-is-held-in-a-sheath-formed-mostly-from-the-seed-coats-and-some-of-the-roots-escape-through-the-upper-end-i-of-this-sheath-ms-fig-26-the-epicotyl-elongates-particularly-if-pl-image234780847.html . Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 67 true leaves folded together between the cotyledons. How many leaves are there ? That part of the plant above the cotyledons is known as the -plumule or epicotyl (meaning above the cotyledons). Later we shall wish to know what part of the future plant the epicotyl forms. All the parts of the seed within the seed coats together form the embryo or young plant. Draw the bean to show all the above parts, twice natural size. Label every part carefully. Food in the Cotyledon . Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 67 true leaves folded together between the cotyledons. How many leaves are there ? That part of the plant above the cotyledons is known as the -plumule or epicotyl (meaning above the cotyledons). Later we shall wish to know what part of the future plant the epicotyl forms. All the parts of the seed within the seed coats together form the embryo or young plant. Draw the bean to show all the above parts, twice natural size. Label every part carefully. Food in the Cotyledonhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-biology-a-practical-text-book-correlating-botany-zoology-and-human-physiology-biology-seeds-and-seedlings-67-true-leaves-folded-together-between-the-cotyledons-how-many-leaves-are-there-that-part-of-the-plant-above-the-cotyledons-is-known-as-the-plumule-or-epicotyl-meaning-above-the-cotyledons-later-we-shall-wish-to-know-what-part-of-the-future-plant-the-epicotyl-forms-all-the-parts-of-the-seed-within-the-seed-coats-together-form-the-embryo-or-young-plant-draw-the-bean-to-show-all-the-above-parts-twice-natural-size-label-every-part-carefully-food-in-the-cotyledon-image231661827.html . Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood. Plants. 176 GERMINATION leaf, (p, Fig. 319.) The root is produced from the tip of the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath, (m, Fig. 319.) The epicotyl elongates, particularly if the seed is planted deep or if it is kept for some time confined. In Fig. 320 the epicotyl has elon- gated from n to p. The true plumule-leaf is at o, but other leaves grow from its sheath. In Fig. 321 the roots a . Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood. Plants. 176 GERMINATION leaf, (p, Fig. 319.) The root is produced from the tip of the caulicle, c. The caulicle is held in a sheath (formed mostly from the seed-coats), and some of the roots escape through the upper end of this sheath, (m, Fig. 319.) The epicotyl elongates, particularly if the seed is planted deep or if it is kept for some time confined. In Fig. 320 the epicotyl has elon- gated from n to p. The true plumule-leaf is at o, but other leaves grow from its sheath. In Fig. 321 the roots ahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-secondary-schools-a-guide-to-the-knowledge-of-the-vegetation-of-the-neighborhood-plants-176-germination-leaf-p-fig-319-the-root-is-produced-from-the-tip-of-the-caulicle-c-the-caulicle-is-held-in-a-sheath-formed-mostly-from-the-seed-coats-and-some-of-the-roots-escape-through-the-upper-end-of-this-sheath-m-fig-319-the-epicotyl-elongates-particularly-if-the-seed-is-planted-deep-or-if-it-is-kept-for-some-time-confined-in-fig-320-the-epicotyl-has-elon-gated-from-n-to-p-the-true-plumule-leaf-is-at-o-but-other-leaves-grow-from-its-sheath-in-fig-321-the-roots-a-image234380674.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepiiium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the b . Nature and development of plants. Botany. B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepiiium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the bhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-b-fig-296-structure-of-dicotyledonous-seeds-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepiiium-the-embryo-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-hy-ending-below-in-the-root-r-and-the-root-cap-and-above-the-epicotyl-pi-two-cotyledons-c-arise-laterally-from-the-stem-funiculus-mi-micropyle-in-integuments-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lilye-embryo-with-two-cotyledons-attached-laterally-to-the-minute-stem-of-the-embryo-and-sur-rounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-sporangial-cells-or-perisperm-i-integument-the-elongation-of-the-b-image232265093.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells of . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells ofhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-fig-276-seed-structure-a-section-of-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepid-ium-the-stem-of-the-embryo-is-differentiated-below-into-a-hypocotyl-hy-and-above-into-an-epicotyl-pi-commonly-known-in-the-seed-as-the-plumule-r-root-with-root-cap-c-the-two-cotyledons-which-are-bent-over-lying-one-upon-the-other-v-vascular-bundles-extending-through-the-stem-into-the-cotyledons-where-they-form-a-network-of-veins-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lily-after-conarde-embryo-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-cells-of-image232357533.html . Biology and human life. Biology. 70 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN LIFE successful in establishing themselves in a new territory than plants with small seeds. We shall find, however, that the best spreaders in the plant world are those with rather small seeds.. Fig. 35. Young plants emerging from seeds On the left, squash; on the right, bean. In the squash a little outgrowth on the hypocotyl keeps the seed coat in place while the cotyledons are carried aloft. C, C, cotyledons; E, epicotyl; H, hypocotyl; gg, ground line The speedy and secure establishment of the individual plant is of great advantage, but . Biology and human life. Biology. 70 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN LIFE successful in establishing themselves in a new territory than plants with small seeds. We shall find, however, that the best spreaders in the plant world are those with rather small seeds.. Fig. 35. Young plants emerging from seeds On the left, squash; on the right, bean. In the squash a little outgrowth on the hypocotyl keeps the seed coat in place while the cotyledons are carried aloft. C, C, cotyledons; E, epicotyl; H, hypocotyl; gg, ground line The speedy and secure establishment of the individual plant is of great advantage, buthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/biology-and-human-life-biology-70-biology-and-human-life-successful-in-establishing-themselves-in-a-new-territory-than-plants-with-small-seeds-we-shall-find-however-that-the-best-spreaders-in-the-plant-world-are-those-with-rather-small-seeds-fig-35-young-plants-emerging-from-seeds-on-the-left-squash-on-the-right-bean-in-the-squash-a-little-outgrowth-on-the-hypocotyl-keeps-the-seed-coat-in-place-while-the-cotyledons-are-carried-aloft-c-c-cotyledons-e-epicotyl-h-hypocotyl-gg-ground-line-the-speedy-and-secure-establishment-of-the-individual-plant-is-of-great-advantage-but-image234607583.html . Elements of plant biology. Plant physiology. HERBACEOUS TYPES 257. minal bud. The rhizome is branching from two lateral buds. C, base of a young plant of the Yellow Loosestrife {Lysimachia vulgaris), with lateral shoots forming rhizomes, cot, cotyledon; t.r., tap- root; a.Si, aerial shoot from epicotyl; a.s„ from ,axil of coty- ledon; rh., rhizomes. 17. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Tansley, Arthur Georg . Elements of plant biology. Plant physiology. HERBACEOUS TYPES 257. minal bud. The rhizome is branching from two lateral buds. C, base of a young plant of the Yellow Loosestrife {Lysimachia vulgaris), with lateral shoots forming rhizomes, cot, cotyledon; t.r., tap- root; a.Si, aerial shoot from epicotyl; a.s„ from ,axil of coty- ledon; rh., rhizomes. 17. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Tansley, Arthur Georghttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elements-of-plant-biology-plant-physiology-herbaceous-types-257-minal-bud-the-rhizome-is-branching-from-two-lateral-buds-c-base-of-a-young-plant-of-the-yellow-loosestrife-lysimachia-vulgaris-with-lateral-shoots-forming-rhizomes-cot-cotyledon-tr-tap-root-asi-aerial-shoot-from-epicotyl-as-from-axil-of-coty-ledon-rh-rhizomes-17-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-tansley-arthur-georg-image232115628.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; -u, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells o . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; -u, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells ohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-fig-276-seed-structure-a-section-of-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepid-ium-the-stem-of-the-embryo-is-differentiated-below-into-a-hypocotyl-hy-and-above-into-an-epicotyl-pi-commonly-known-in-the-seed-as-the-plumule-r-root-with-root-cap-c-the-two-cotyledons-which-are-bent-over-lying-one-upon-the-other-u-vascular-bundles-extending-through-the-stem-into-the-cotyledons-where-they-form-a-network-of-veins-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lily-after-conarde-embryo-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-cells-o-image232265343.html . Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 225. Fig. 12-25. Germinating grains. A, corn grain in early stage of germination. The primary root has penetrated the sheath and is emerging from the grain. B, a later stage in the germination of a corn grain. The primary root has numerous root hairs, and the plump epicotyl has emerged. C, a germinating wheat grain, showing the primary root with hairs, the short blunt epicotyl, and several young side roots. (From Co//ege Botany, by Fuller and Tippo. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.) attracing function of the smalle . Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 225. Fig. 12-25. Germinating grains. A, corn grain in early stage of germination. The primary root has penetrated the sheath and is emerging from the grain. B, a later stage in the germination of a corn grain. The primary root has numerous root hairs, and the plump epicotyl has emerged. C, a germinating wheat grain, showing the primary root with hairs, the short blunt epicotyl, and several young side roots. (From Co//ege Botany, by Fuller and Tippo. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.) attracing function of the smallehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/principles-of-modern-biology-biology-reproduction-in-multicellular-plants-225-fig-12-25-germinating-grains-a-corn-grain-in-early-stage-of-germination-the-primary-root-has-penetrated-the-sheath-and-is-emerging-from-the-grain-b-a-later-stage-in-the-germination-of-a-corn-grain-the-primary-root-has-numerous-root-hairs-and-the-plump-epicotyl-has-emerged-c-a-germinating-wheat-grain-showing-the-primary-root-with-hairs-the-short-blunt-epicotyl-and-several-young-side-roots-from-coege-botany-by-fuller-and-tippo-holt-rinehart-and-winston-inc-attracing-function-of-the-smalle-image232337805.html . Principles of modern biology. Biology. 224 - Multicellular Planfs The developmental late ol the embryonic parts likewise varies in different seeds. In the pea and coin, for example, the cotyledons remain below the ground as the seedling de- velops, and thus the hypocotyl gives rise only to the root system, and the epicotyl produces all the stem and leal systems (Figs. 12-21 and 12-25). But in the bean and pine, the cotyle- dons are lilted above ground, and thus the hypocotyl gives rise to part of the stem, as well as to the root system (Fig. 12-2(1). In the pines and many other plants, the c . Principles of modern biology. Biology. 224 - Multicellular Planfs The developmental late ol the embryonic parts likewise varies in different seeds. In the pea and coin, for example, the cotyledons remain below the ground as the seedling de- velops, and thus the hypocotyl gives rise only to the root system, and the epicotyl produces all the stem and leal systems (Figs. 12-21 and 12-25). But in the bean and pine, the cotyle- dons are lilted above ground, and thus the hypocotyl gives rise to part of the stem, as well as to the root system (Fig. 12-2(1). In the pines and many other plants, the chttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/principles-of-modern-biology-biology-224-multicellular-planfs-the-developmental-late-ol-the-embryonic-parts-likewise-varies-in-different-seeds-in-the-pea-and-coin-for-example-the-cotyledons-remain-below-the-ground-as-the-seedling-de-velops-and-thus-the-hypocotyl-gives-rise-only-to-the-root-system-and-the-epicotyl-produces-all-the-stem-and-leal-systems-figs-12-21-and-12-25-but-in-the-bean-and-pine-the-cotyle-dons-are-lilted-above-ground-and-thus-the-hypocotyl-gives-rise-to-part-of-the-stem-as-well-as-to-the-root-system-fig-12-21-in-the-pines-and-many-other-plants-the-c-image232337813.html . Beginners' botany. Botany. 26 BEGINNERS' BOTANY sheath, c, m ; the epicotyl has grown to /; the first plu- mule-leaf is at 0. In studying corn or other fruits or seeds, the pupil should note how the seeds are arranged, as on the cob. Count the rows on a corn cob. Odd or even in number.'' Always the same number '>. The silk is the style: find where it was attached to the kernel. Did the ear have any coverings ? Explain. Describe colors and markings of kernels of corn; and of peas, beans, castor bean. Gymnosperms. — The seeds in the pine cone, not being inclosed in a seed-vessel, readily fa . Beginners' botany. Botany. 26 BEGINNERS' BOTANY sheath, c, m ; the epicotyl has grown to /; the first plu- mule-leaf is at 0. In studying corn or other fruits or seeds, the pupil should note how the seeds are arranged, as on the cob. Count the rows on a corn cob. Odd or even in number.'' Always the same number '>. The silk is the style: find where it was attached to the kernel. Did the ear have any coverings ? Explain. Describe colors and markings of kernels of corn; and of peas, beans, castor bean. Gymnosperms. — The seeds in the pine cone, not being inclosed in a seed-vessel, readily fahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-26-beginners-botany-sheath-c-m-the-epicotyl-has-grown-to-the-first-plu-mule-leaf-is-at-0-in-studying-corn-or-other-fruits-or-seeds-the-pupil-should-note-how-the-seeds-are-arranged-as-on-the-cob-count-the-rows-on-a-corn-cob-odd-or-even-in-number-always-the-same-number-gt-the-silk-is-the-style-find-where-it-was-attached-to-the-kernel-did-the-ear-have-any-coverings-explain-describe-colors-and-markings-of-kernels-of-corn-and-of-peas-beans-castor-bean-gymnosperms-the-seeds-in-the-pine-cone-not-being-inclosed-in-a-seed-vessel-readily-fa-image231951752.html . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. Chap. I. LATHYEUS. 33 during 38 h. (Fig. 23). We here again have plain evidence of continued circumnutation. Had the bean been properly planted, the part of the epicotyl to which the filament was attached, the Fig. 23.. Viola faha; circumnutation of tlie same epicotyl as in Fig. 22, a little more Advanced in age, traced under similar conditions as before, from 8.40 A.M. Dec. 28th, to 10.50 A.M. 30th. Movement of bead here magnified 20 times. movement of which is here shown, would probably have just risen above the surface of the ground. Lathyr . The power of movement in plants. Plants; Botany. Chap. I. LATHYEUS. 33 during 38 h. (Fig. 23). We here again have plain evidence of continued circumnutation. Had the bean been properly planted, the part of the epicotyl to which the filament was attached, the Fig. 23.. Viola faha; circumnutation of tlie same epicotyl as in Fig. 22, a little more Advanced in age, traced under similar conditions as before, from 8.40 A.M. Dec. 28th, to 10.50 A.M. 30th. Movement of bead here magnified 20 times. movement of which is here shown, would probably have just risen above the surface of the ground. Lathyrhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-power-of-movement-in-plants-plants-botany-chap-i-lathyeus-33-during-38-h-fig-23-we-here-again-have-plain-evidence-of-continued-circumnutation-had-the-bean-been-properly-planted-the-part-of-the-epicotyl-to-which-the-filament-was-attached-the-fig-23-viola-faha-circumnutation-of-tlie-same-epicotyl-as-in-fig-22-a-little-more-advanced-in-age-traced-under-similar-conditions-as-before-from-840-am-dec-28th-to-1050-am-30th-movement-of-bead-here-magnified-20-times-movement-of-which-is-here-shown-would-probably-have-just-risen-above-the-surface-of-the-ground-lathyr-image232148002.html . Contributions from the Hull Botanical Laboratory. Plants. 1915] HARVEY—ETHYLENE 199 A. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS i. General procedure At the close of the culture period, the epicotyls of the seedlings were collected, their wet weight determined, and preserved in. Fig. 2.—Sections of the sweet pea epicotyl at the stage corresponding to fig. 1: A and B, normal; C and D, ethylene treated; X50. 85 per cent alcohol2 (redistilled). Both the ethylene treated and the untreated samples usually weighed 100-150 gm. Soon after 2 Enough 95 per cent alcohol was added to make the final concentration 85 per cent' a . Contributions from the Hull Botanical Laboratory. Plants. 1915] HARVEY—ETHYLENE 199 A. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS i. General procedure At the close of the culture period, the epicotyls of the seedlings were collected, their wet weight determined, and preserved in. Fig. 2.—Sections of the sweet pea epicotyl at the stage corresponding to fig. 1: A and B, normal; C and D, ethylene treated; X50. 85 per cent alcohol2 (redistilled). Both the ethylene treated and the untreated samples usually weighed 100-150 gm. Soon after 2 Enough 95 per cent alcohol was added to make the final concentration 85 per cent' ahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/contributions-from-the-hull-botanical-laboratory-plants-1915-harveyethylene-199-a-chemical-analysis-i-general-procedure-at-the-close-of-the-culture-period-the-epicotyls-of-the-seedlings-were-collected-their-wet-weight-determined-and-preserved-in-fig-2sections-of-the-sweet-pea-epicotyl-at-the-stage-corresponding-to-fig-1-a-and-b-normal-c-and-d-ethylene-treated-x50-85-per-cent-alcohol2-redistilled-both-the-ethylene-treated-and-the-untreated-samples-usually-weighed-100-150-gm-soon-after-2-enough-95-per-cent-alcohol-was-added-to-make-the-final-concentration-85-per-cent-a-image232562062.html . Beginners' botany. Botany. 26 BEGINNERS' BOTANY sheath, c, m ; the epicotyl has grown to p; the first plu- mule-leaf is at o. In studying corn or other fruits or seeds, the pupil should note how the seeds are arranged, as on the cob. Count the rows on a corn cob. Odd or even in number ? Always the same number? The silk is the style: find where it was attached to the kernel. Did the ear have any coverings ? Explain. Describe colors and markings of kernels of corn; and of peas, beans, castor bean. Gymnosperms. — The seeds in the pine cone, not being inclosed in a seed-vessel, readily fall out . Beginners' botany. Botany. 26 BEGINNERS' BOTANY sheath, c, m ; the epicotyl has grown to p; the first plu- mule-leaf is at o. In studying corn or other fruits or seeds, the pupil should note how the seeds are arranged, as on the cob. Count the rows on a corn cob. Odd or even in number ? Always the same number? The silk is the style: find where it was attached to the kernel. Did the ear have any coverings ? Explain. Describe colors and markings of kernels of corn; and of peas, beans, castor bean. Gymnosperms. — The seeds in the pine cone, not being inclosed in a seed-vessel, readily fall out https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/beginners-botany-botany-26-beginners-botany-sheath-c-m-the-epicotyl-has-grown-to-p-the-first-plu-mule-leaf-is-at-o-in-studying-corn-or-other-fruits-or-seeds-the-pupil-should-note-how-the-seeds-are-arranged-as-on-the-cob-count-the-rows-on-a-corn-cob-odd-or-even-in-number-always-the-same-number-the-silk-is-the-style-find-where-it-was-attached-to-the-kernel-did-the-ear-have-any-coverings-explain-describe-colors-and-markings-of-kernels-of-corn-and-of-peas-beans-castor-bean-gymnosperms-the-seeds-in-the-pine-cone-not-being-inclosed-in-a-seed-vessel-readily-fall-out-image234780836.html Next page Recent searches: Search Results for Epicotyl Stock Photos and Images  (122) Page 1 of 2 12