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New Creative Relevant Search filters Endosperm Cells Stock Photos and Images  (337) Narrow your search: Vectors | Black & white | Cut Outs Page 1 of 4 Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 400 Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 400https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/lettuce-cells-under-microscope-magnification-x-400-image157383739.html . A compendium of general botany. Plants. 210 COMPENDIUM OF GENERAL BOTANY. the primordial endosperm-cells, since they unite mth the remain- ing endosperm immediately after fertilization. (For fm-ther par-. FiQ. 132.—Diagramatic longitudinal section through the flower of an angiosperm. (After Sachs.) ticulars refer to the work cited below.) In conclusion I will add that the antipodes also indicate a nutritive function by their position and arrangement. GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPEEMS. As is well known, the phanerogams are divided into the great groups gymnosperms and angiosperm^. A¥liat has alread . A compendium of general botany. Plants. 210 COMPENDIUM OF GENERAL BOTANY. the primordial endosperm-cells, since they unite mth the remain- ing endosperm immediately after fertilization. (For fm-ther par-. FiQ. 132.—Diagramatic longitudinal section through the flower of an angiosperm. (After Sachs.) ticulars refer to the work cited below.) In conclusion I will add that the antipodes also indicate a nutritive function by their position and arrangement. GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPEEMS. As is well known, the phanerogams are divided into the great groups gymnosperms and angiosperm^. A¥liat has alreadhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-compendium-of-general-botany-plants-210-compendium-of-general-botany-the-primordial-endosperm-cells-since-they-unite-mth-the-remain-ing-endosperm-immediately-after-fertilization-for-fm-ther-par-fiq-132diagramatic-longitudinal-section-through-the-flower-of-an-angiosperm-after-sachs-ticulars-refer-to-the-work-cited-below-in-conclusion-i-will-add-that-the-antipodes-also-indicate-a-nutritive-function-by-their-position-and-arrangement-gymnosperms-and-angiospeems-as-is-well-known-the-phanerogams-are-divided-into-the-great-groups-gymnosperms-and-angiosperm-aliat-has-alread-image232672437.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 139 I S3 to the endosperm, contains a substance related to pectin, toward the middle the pectin is replaced by cellulose, and the cellulose is replaced in turn by suberin in the outer part of the endospore, where it borders upon the suberized exo- spore. In structure the endospore is rather homogeneous, while the exospore is formed of little columns or fibrillae, which give it a dis- tinctly striated appearance (fig. 152). The outer walls of the endosperm cells bordering upon the endospore become suberized, and might some- t . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 139 I S3 to the endosperm, contains a substance related to pectin, toward the middle the pectin is replaced by cellulose, and the cellulose is replaced in turn by suberin in the outer part of the endospore, where it borders upon the suberized exo- spore. In structure the endospore is rather homogeneous, while the exospore is formed of little columns or fibrillae, which give it a dis- tinctly striated appearance (fig. 152). The outer walls of the endosperm cells bordering upon the endospore become suberized, and might some- thttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-cycadales-139-i-s3-to-the-endosperm-contains-a-substance-related-to-pectin-toward-the-middle-the-pectin-is-replaced-by-cellulose-and-the-cellulose-is-replaced-in-turn-by-suberin-in-the-outer-part-of-the-endospore-where-it-borders-upon-the-suberized-exo-spore-in-structure-the-endospore-is-rather-homogeneous-while-the-exospore-is-formed-of-little-columns-or-fibrillae-which-give-it-a-dis-tinctly-striated-appearance-fig-152-the-outer-walls-of-the-endosperm-cells-bordering-upon-the-endospore-become-suberized-and-might-some-t-image216418026.html Archive image from page 185 of The cytoplasm of the plant. The cytoplasm of the plant cell cytoplasmofplant00guil Year: 1941 Chapter XV ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VACUOLES Aleurone grains: their formation. — Aleurone grains are found in every seed. Their significance has been discussed for a long time. These grains are to be found in large numbers in all cells of the embryo and are especially voluminous in the cells of the coty- ledons or of the endosperm. In the Gramineae they are localized in the protein layer of the endosperm. Aleurone grains vary in structure. In many cases (RiciniLS Archive image from page 185 of The cytoplasm of the plant. The cytoplasm of the plant cell cytoplasmofplant00guil Year: 1941 Chapter XV ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VACUOLES Aleurone grains: their formation. — Aleurone grains are found in every seed. Their significance has been discussed for a long time. These grains are to be found in large numbers in all cells of the embryo and are especially voluminous in the cells of the coty- ledons or of the endosperm. In the Gramineae they are localized in the protein layer of the endosperm. Aleurone grains vary in structure. In many cases (RiciniLShttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/archive-image-from-page-185-of-the-cytoplasm-of-the-plant-the-cytoplasm-of-the-plant-cell-cytoplasmofplant00guil-year-1941-chapter-xv-origin-and-significance-of-the-vacuoles-aleurone-grains-their-formation-aleurone-grains-are-found-in-every-seed-their-significance-has-been-discussed-for-a-long-time-these-grains-are-to-be-found-in-large-numbers-in-all-cells-of-the-embryo-and-are-especially-voluminous-in-the-cells-of-the-coty-ledons-or-of-the-endosperm-in-the-gramineae-they-are-localized-in-the-protein-layer-of-the-endosperm-aleurone-grains-vary-in-structure-in-many-cases-ricinils-image259470687.html . Elementary botany . Fig. 271. Section through upper part of nucellus and endosperm of white pine, showing upper por- tion of archegonium, the entering sperm cells, and track of pollen tube ; nc, nucellus : fit, pollen tube ; sfic, sperm cells. . Elementary botany . Fig. 271. Section through upper part of nucellus and endosperm of white pine, showing upper por- tion of archegonium, the entering sperm cells, and track of pollen tube ; nc, nucellus : fit, pollen tube ; sfic, sperm cells.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-fig-271-section-through-upper-part-of-nucellus-and-endosperm-of-white-pine-showing-upper-por-tion-of-archegonium-the-entering-sperm-cells-and-track-of-pollen-tube-nc-nucellus-fit-pollen-tube-sfic-sperm-cells-image178405207.html These are parts of seed of garden bean where n, aleurone grains; m, starch; B, cells from endosperm of castor bean; a, aleurone grains; l, ground subs These are parts of seed of garden bean where n, aleurone grains; m, starch; B, cells from endosperm of castor bean; a, aleurone grains; l, ground subshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/these-are-parts-of-seed-of-garden-bean-where-n-aleurone-grains-m-starch-b-cells-from-endosperm-of-castor-bean-a-aleurone-grains-l-ground-subs-image244633602.html A 19th century diagram of a cross section of a wheat grain. A 19th century diagram of a cross section of a wheat grain.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-a-19th-century-diagram-of-a-cross-section-of-a-wheat-grain-169540979.html Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 400 Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 400https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/lettuce-cells-under-microscope-magnification-x-400-image157383726.html . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. DETAILS OF MITOSIS 99 Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occu'-,'as in the division of the pollen-mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid succession of the nuclear divisions unaccompanied by fission of the cell-substance. These are not to be confounded with pathological mitoses arising by premature or abnormal division of the centrosome. If one centrosome divide, while the oth . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. DETAILS OF MITOSIS 99 Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occu'-,'as in the division of the pollen-mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid succession of the nuclear divisions unaccompanied by fission of the cell-substance. These are not to be confounded with pathological mitoses arising by premature or abnormal division of the centrosome. If one centrosome divide, while the othhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cell-in-development-and-inheritance-cells-details-of-mitosis-99-normal-multipolar-mitoses-though-rare-sometimes-occu-as-in-the-division-of-the-pollen-mother-cells-and-the-endosperm-cells-of-flower-ing-plants-strasburger-but-such-mitotic-figures-arise-through-the-union-of-two-or-more-bipolar-amphiasters-in-a-syncytium-and-are-due-to-a-rapid-succession-of-the-nuclear-divisions-unaccompanied-by-fission-of-the-cell-substance-these-are-not-to-be-confounded-with-pathological-mitoses-arising-by-premature-or-abnormal-division-of-the-centrosome-if-one-centrosome-divide-while-the-oth-image235087255.html . Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Epidermis. 4 Cells containing starch. Vascular bundle. 99.—T.S. Seed of " Ricinus communis," Castor Oil plant.. f^ Endosperm cells, containing proten, crystals and aleurone- grains.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKechnie . Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Epidermis. 4 Cells containing starch. Vascular bundle. 99.—T.S. Seed of " Ricinus communis," Castor Oil plant.. f^ Endosperm cells, containing proten, crystals and aleurone- grains.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKechniehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/photomicrographs-of-botanical-studies-photomicrography-epidermis-4-cells-containing-starch-vascular-bundle-99ts-seed-of-quot-ricinus-communisquot-castor-oil-plant-f-endosperm-cells-containing-proten-crystals-and-aleurone-grains-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-flatters-milborne-amp-mckechnie-ltd-manchester-flaters-milborne-amp-mckechnie-image216360368.html Archive image from page 324 of The cyclopædia of anatomy and. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology cyclopdiaofana05todd Year: 1859 Upper end of embryo-sac of the same as observed immediately before impregnation, 250 diam. The tubular germ-cell, the lower end of which is embedded in the nucleated cells of the endosperm, occupies its axis. latter, which is the parent cell of the embryo, is divided by a vertical septum into two hemispheres. In these two new septa are formed, also vertical, but at right angles to The same immediately after imjtrt-gnatiim. The germ-cell is now divided by a Archive image from page 324 of The cyclopædia of anatomy and. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology cyclopdiaofana05todd Year: 1859 Upper end of embryo-sac of the same as observed immediately before impregnation, 250 diam. The tubular germ-cell, the lower end of which is embedded in the nucleated cells of the endosperm, occupies its axis. latter, which is the parent cell of the embryo, is divided by a vertical septum into two hemispheres. In these two new septa are formed, also vertical, but at right angles to The same immediately after imjtrt-gnatiim. The germ-cell is now divided by ahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/archive-image-from-page-324-of-the-cyclopdia-of-anatomy-and-the-cyclopdia-of-anatomy-and-physiology-cyclopdiaofana05todd-year-1859-upper-end-of-embryo-sac-of-the-same-as-observed-immediately-before-impregnation-250-diam-the-tubular-germ-cell-the-lower-end-of-which-is-embedded-in-the-nucleated-cells-of-the-endosperm-occupies-its-axis-latter-which-is-the-parent-cell-of-the-embryo-is-divided-by-a-vertical-septum-into-two-hemispheres-in-these-two-new-septa-are-formed-also-vertical-but-at-right-angles-to-the-same-immediately-after-imjtrt-gnatiim-the-germ-cell-is-now-divided-by-a-image259559256.html . I-IC. J.—CROSSSECTIOX TIIROIGH THE BR.XNY ENVELOPE AND OUTER PORTION OF THE ENDOSPERM OF THE GRAIN JL^GNIFIED ABOUT l6o TIMES. The references for both figures are : p. Pericarp forming with (t) the testa and (n) the nucellus the branny envelope of the grain, and com- prising : ep. lipicarp; m. Mcsocarp; en. Endocarp. N. Nucellus. T. Testa. E. Endosperm, comprising: a. Aleurone cells ; p. Parench^nnatous cells. G. Germ or embryo. . I-IC. J.—CROSSSECTIOX TIIROIGH THE BR.XNY ENVELOPE AND OUTER PORTION OF THE ENDOSPERM OF THE GRAIN JL^GNIFIED ABOUT l6o TIMES. The references for both figures are : p. Pericarp forming with (t) the testa and (n) the nucellus the branny envelope of the grain, and com- prising : ep. lipicarp; m. Mcsocarp; en. Endocarp. N. Nucellus. T. Testa. E. Endosperm, comprising: a. Aleurone cells ; p. Parench^nnatous cells. G. Germ or embryo.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/i-ic-jcrosssectiox-tiiroigh-the-brxny-envelope-and-outer-portion-of-the-endosperm-of-the-grain-jlgnified-about-l6o-times-the-references-for-both-figures-are-p-pericarp-forming-with-t-the-testa-and-n-the-nucellus-the-branny-envelope-of-the-grain-and-com-prising-ep-lipicarp-m-mcsocarp-en-endocarp-n-nucellus-t-testa-e-endosperm-comprising-a-aleurone-cells-p-parenchnnatous-cells-g-germ-or-embryo-image180027865.html A picture showing the first Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. A picture showing the first Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-picture-showing-the-first-megaspore-formation-stage-vintage-line-drawing-or-engraving-illustration-image244614813.html Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 100 Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 100https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/lettuce-cells-under-microscope-magnification-x-100-image157383704.html . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. DETAILS OF MITOSIS 99 Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in the division of the pollen-mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid succession of the nuclear divisions unaccompanied by fission of the cell-substance. These are not to be confounded with pathological mitoses arising by premature or abnormal division of the centrosome. If one centrosome divide, while the othe . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. DETAILS OF MITOSIS 99 Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in the division of the pollen-mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid succession of the nuclear divisions unaccompanied by fission of the cell-substance. These are not to be confounded with pathological mitoses arising by premature or abnormal division of the centrosome. If one centrosome divide, while the othehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cell-in-development-and-inheritance-cells-details-of-mitosis-99-normal-multipolar-mitoses-though-rare-sometimes-occur-as-in-the-division-of-the-pollen-mother-cells-and-the-endosperm-cells-of-flower-ing-plants-strasburger-but-such-mitotic-figures-arise-through-the-union-of-two-or-more-bipolar-amphiasters-in-a-syncytium-and-are-due-to-a-rapid-succession-of-the-nuclear-divisions-unaccompanied-by-fission-of-the-cell-substance-these-are-not-to-be-confounded-with-pathological-mitoses-arising-by-premature-or-abnormal-division-of-the-centrosome-if-one-centrosome-divide-while-the-othe-image235104046.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 133 entire lack of starch. The layer next within is also somewhat differentiated, its cells being much larger than those of the outer layer, but much smaller than those of the ordinary endosperm cells of the remaining vegetative portion of the gametophyte. Many cells, like the evenly shaded one in fig. 134, contain tannin. 135. 136. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly res . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 133 entire lack of starch. The layer next within is also somewhat differentiated, its cells being much larger than those of the outer layer, but much smaller than those of the ordinary endosperm cells of the remaining vegetative portion of the gametophyte. Many cells, like the evenly shaded one in fig. 134, contain tannin. 135. 136. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly reshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-cycadales-133-entire-lack-of-starch-the-layer-next-within-is-also-somewhat-differentiated-its-cells-being-much-larger-than-those-of-the-outer-layer-but-much-smaller-than-those-of-the-ordinary-endosperm-cells-of-the-remaining-vegetative-portion-of-the-gametophyte-many-cells-like-the-evenly-shaded-one-in-fig-134-contain-tannin-135-136-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-res-image216418049.html Elementary botany . elementarybotany00atki Year: 1898 FURTHER STUDIES ON GYMNOSPERMS. 215 developed entirely inside of the macrosporangium, and derives the nutriment for its growth from the cycas plant, which is the Fig. 279. Macrosporangium ot Cycas revoluta Fig. 280. Roentgen photograph of same, show- ing female prothallium. sporophyte. Archegonia are developed in this internal mass of cells. This aids us in deter- mining that it is the prothal- lium. In cycas it is also called endosperm, just as in the pines. 430. If we cut open one of the mature ovules, we can see the en- dosperm (prot Elementary botany . elementarybotany00atki Year: 1898 FURTHER STUDIES ON GYMNOSPERMS. 215 developed entirely inside of the macrosporangium, and derives the nutriment for its growth from the cycas plant, which is the Fig. 279. Macrosporangium ot Cycas revoluta Fig. 280. Roentgen photograph of same, show- ing female prothallium. sporophyte. Archegonia are developed in this internal mass of cells. This aids us in deter- mining that it is the prothal- lium. In cycas it is also called endosperm, just as in the pines. 430. If we cut open one of the mature ovules, we can see the en- dosperm (prothttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-elementarybotany00atki-year-1898-further-studies-on-gymnosperms-215-developed-entirely-inside-of-the-macrosporangium-and-derives-the-nutriment-for-its-growth-from-the-cycas-plant-which-is-the-fig-279-macrosporangium-ot-cycas-revoluta-fig-280-roentgen-photograph-of-same-show-ing-female-prothallium-sporophyte-archegonia-are-developed-in-this-internal-mass-of-cells-this-aids-us-in-deter-mining-that-it-is-the-prothal-lium-in-cycas-it-is-also-called-endosperm-just-as-in-the-pines-430-if-we-cut-open-one-of-the-mature-ovules-we-can-see-the-en-dosperm-prot-image241025670.html . Elementary botany . Fig. 279. Macrosporangium ot Cycas revoluta Fig. 280. Roentgen photograph of same, show- ing female prothallium. sporophyte. Archegonia are developed in this internal mass of cells. This aids us in deter- mining that it is the prothal- lium. In cycas it is also called endosperm, just as in the pines. 430. If we cut open one of the mature ovules, we can see the en- dosperm (prothallium) as a whitish mass of tissue. Immediately sur- rounding it at maturity is a thin, papery tissue, the remains of the nucellus (macrosporangium), and outside of this are the coats of the ovule . Elementary botany . Fig. 279. Macrosporangium ot Cycas revoluta Fig. 280. Roentgen photograph of same, show- ing female prothallium. sporophyte. Archegonia are developed in this internal mass of cells. This aids us in deter- mining that it is the prothal- lium. In cycas it is also called endosperm, just as in the pines. 430. If we cut open one of the mature ovules, we can see the en- dosperm (prothallium) as a whitish mass of tissue. Immediately sur- rounding it at maturity is a thin, papery tissue, the remains of the nucellus (macrosporangium), and outside of this are the coats of the ovulehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-fig-279-macrosporangium-ot-cycas-revoluta-fig-280-roentgen-photograph-of-same-show-ing-female-prothallium-sporophyte-archegonia-are-developed-in-this-internal-mass-of-cells-this-aids-us-in-deter-mining-that-it-is-the-prothal-lium-in-cycas-it-is-also-called-endosperm-just-as-in-the-pines-430-if-we-cut-open-one-of-the-mature-ovules-we-can-see-the-en-dosperm-prothallium-as-a-whitish-mass-of-tissue-immediately-sur-rounding-it-at-maturity-is-a-thin-papery-tissue-the-remains-of-the-nucellus-macrosporangium-and-outside-of-this-are-the-coats-of-the-ovule-image178405161.html A picture showing the fourth Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. A picture showing the fourth Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-picture-showing-the-fourth-megaspore-formation-stage-vintage-line-drawing-or-engraving-illustration-image244630704.html Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 100 dark field technique Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 100 dark field techniquehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/lettuce-cells-under-microscope-magnification-x-100-dark-field-technique-image157383700.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 139 I S3 to the endosperm, contains a substance related to pectin, toward the middle the pectin is replaced by cellulose, and the cellulose is replaced in turn by suberin in the outer part of the endospore, where it borders upon the suberized exo- spore. In structure the endospore is rather homogeneous, while the exospore is formed of little columns or fibrillae, which give it a dis- tinctly striated appearance (fig. 152). The outer walls of the endosperm cells bordering upon the endospore become suberized, and might some- t . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 139 I S3 to the endosperm, contains a substance related to pectin, toward the middle the pectin is replaced by cellulose, and the cellulose is replaced in turn by suberin in the outer part of the endospore, where it borders upon the suberized exo- spore. In structure the endospore is rather homogeneous, while the exospore is formed of little columns or fibrillae, which give it a dis- tinctly striated appearance (fig. 152). The outer walls of the endosperm cells bordering upon the endospore become suberized, and might some- thttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-cycadales-139-i-s3-to-the-endosperm-contains-a-substance-related-to-pectin-toward-the-middle-the-pectin-is-replaced-by-cellulose-and-the-cellulose-is-replaced-in-turn-by-suberin-in-the-outer-part-of-the-endospore-where-it-borders-upon-the-suberized-exo-spore-in-structure-the-endospore-is-rather-homogeneous-while-the-exospore-is-formed-of-little-columns-or-fibrillae-which-give-it-a-dis-tinctly-striated-appearance-fig-152-the-outer-walls-of-the-endosperm-cells-bordering-upon-the-endospore-become-suberized-and-might-some-t-image232103819.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CONIFERALES (TAXACEAE) 337. Fig. 386.—Torreya taxifolia: median longitudinal section of female gametophyte, showing egg with large nucleus (0), the remains of a neck cell {nc), and antipodal haustorial cells (Jir); also the tip of a pollen tube in contact with the egg, showing stalk nucleus (ite), tube nucleus {tn), and the two unequal male cells (m' and m^); the upward growth of the endosperm cells forms a sheath around the pollen tube; August 12, 1904; X460.—After Coulter and Land (ioi).. Please note that these images are extracted . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CONIFERALES (TAXACEAE) 337. Fig. 386.—Torreya taxifolia: median longitudinal section of female gametophyte, showing egg with large nucleus (0), the remains of a neck cell {nc), and antipodal haustorial cells (Jir); also the tip of a pollen tube in contact with the egg, showing stalk nucleus (ite), tube nucleus {tn), and the two unequal male cells (m' and m^); the upward growth of the endosperm cells forms a sheath around the pollen tube; August 12, 1904; X460.—After Coulter and Land (ioi).. Please note that these images are extracted https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-coniferales-taxaceae-337-fig-386torreya-taxifolia-median-longitudinal-section-of-female-gametophyte-showing-egg-with-large-nucleus-0-the-remains-of-a-neck-cell-nc-and-antipodal-haustorial-cells-jir-also-the-tip-of-a-pollen-tube-in-contact-with-the-egg-showing-stalk-nucleus-ite-tube-nucleus-tn-and-the-two-unequal-male-cells-m-and-m-the-upward-growth-of-the-endosperm-cells-forms-a-sheath-around-the-pollen-tube-august-12-1904-x460after-coulter-and-land-ioi-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-image216417402.html Elementary botany (1898) Elementary botany elementarybotany00atki Year: 1898 GAMETOPHYTE AND SPOROPHYTE. 231 synergids. The egg cell is all that remains of the archegonium in this reduced prothallium. The three nuclei at the lower end are the antipodal cells. Fig. 302. Podophyllum peltatum, ovule containing mature embryo sac ; two synergids and egg at left, endosperm nucleus in center, three antipodal cells at right. 455. Embryo sac is the young female prothallium.—In figures 303, 305 are shown the different stages in the develop- ment of the embryo sac in lilium. The embryo sac at this st Elementary botany (1898) Elementary botany elementarybotany00atki Year: 1898 GAMETOPHYTE AND SPOROPHYTE. 231 synergids. The egg cell is all that remains of the archegonium in this reduced prothallium. The three nuclei at the lower end are the antipodal cells. Fig. 302. Podophyllum peltatum, ovule containing mature embryo sac ; two synergids and egg at left, endosperm nucleus in center, three antipodal cells at right. 455. Embryo sac is the young female prothallium.—In figures 303, 305 are shown the different stages in the develop- ment of the embryo sac in lilium. The embryo sac at this sthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-1898-elementary-botany-elementarybotany00atki-year-1898-gametophyte-and-sporophyte-231-synergids-the-egg-cell-is-all-that-remains-of-the-archegonium-in-this-reduced-prothallium-the-three-nuclei-at-the-lower-end-are-the-antipodal-cells-fig-302-podophyllum-peltatum-ovule-containing-mature-embryo-sac-two-synergids-and-egg-at-left-endosperm-nucleus-in-center-three-antipodal-cells-at-right-455-embryo-sac-is-the-young-female-prothalliumin-figures-303-305-are-shown-the-different-stages-in-the-develop-ment-of-the-embryo-sac-in-lilium-the-embryo-sac-at-this-st-image239636117.html . Elementary botany . the integuments increase in extent and harden as the seed is formed. 461. Perisperm. — In most plants the nuce llus is all consumed in the devel- opment of the endosperm, so that only minute frag- ments of disorganized cell walls remain next the in- ner integument. In some plants, however, (the water- lily family, the pepper „ ^ig. 308. J J 1 rr Diagrammatic section of ovary and ovule at time family, etc.,) a portion of of fertilization in angiosperm /, funicle of ovule; J '/ x Hi nucellus; ;;/, micropyle; o, antipodal cells or the nucellus remains in- embryo sac ; *, end . Elementary botany . the integuments increase in extent and harden as the seed is formed. 461. Perisperm. — In most plants the nuce llus is all consumed in the devel- opment of the endosperm, so that only minute frag- ments of disorganized cell walls remain next the in- ner integument. In some plants, however, (the water- lily family, the pepper „ ^ig. 308. J J 1 rr Diagrammatic section of ovary and ovule at time family, etc.,) a portion of of fertilization in angiosperm /, funicle of ovule; J '/ x Hi nucellus; ;;/, micropyle; o, antipodal cells or the nucellus remains in- embryo sac ; *, endhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-the-integuments-increase-in-extent-and-harden-as-the-seed-is-formed-461-perisperm-in-most-plants-the-nuce-llus-is-all-consumed-in-the-devel-opment-of-the-endosperm-so-that-only-minute-frag-ments-of-disorganized-cell-walls-remain-next-the-in-ner-integument-in-some-plants-however-the-water-lily-family-the-pepper-ig-308-j-j-1-rr-diagrammatic-section-of-ovary-and-ovule-at-time-family-etc-a-portion-of-of-fertilization-in-angiosperm-funicle-of-ovule-j-x-hi-nucellus-micropyle-o-antipodal-cells-or-the-nucellus-remains-in-embryo-sac-end-image178429021.html A picture showing the tenth Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. A picture showing the tenth Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-picture-showing-the-tenth-megaspore-formation-stage-vintage-line-drawing-or-engraving-illustration-image244593032.html Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 100 dark field technique Lettuce cells under microscope, magnification x 100 dark field techniquehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/lettuce-cells-under-microscope-magnification-x-100-dark-field-technique-image157383746.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 133 entire lack of starch. The layer next within is also somewhat differentiated, its cells being much larger than those of the outer layer, but much smaller than those of the ordinary endosperm cells of the remaining vegetative portion of the gametophyte. Many cells, like the evenly shaded one in fig. 134, contain tannin. 135. 136. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly res . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 133 entire lack of starch. The layer next within is also somewhat differentiated, its cells being much larger than those of the outer layer, but much smaller than those of the ordinary endosperm cells of the remaining vegetative portion of the gametophyte. Many cells, like the evenly shaded one in fig. 134, contain tannin. 135. 136. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly reshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-cycadales-133-entire-lack-of-starch-the-layer-next-within-is-also-somewhat-differentiated-its-cells-being-much-larger-than-those-of-the-outer-layer-but-much-smaller-than-those-of-the-ordinary-endosperm-cells-of-the-remaining-vegetative-portion-of-the-gametophyte-many-cells-like-the-evenly-shaded-one-in-fig-134-contain-tannin-135-136-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-res-image232103837.html . A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. GERMINATION OP SEEDS 89 plant in various compounds found in the soil. The white of an egg is an illustration of a proteid; and meat in general is a proteid food, as contrasted with bread, which is a car- bohydrate food. In many seeds proteid food is stored in the form of uleuronc grains. For example, a section of a wheat grain, or the grain of any common cereal, shows aleurone grains in the outer layer of endosperm cells, just inside of the testa; while the other endosperm cells contain starch grains. 50. Fats.âIn addition to carbohydrates . A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. GERMINATION OP SEEDS 89 plant in various compounds found in the soil. The white of an egg is an illustration of a proteid; and meat in general is a proteid food, as contrasted with bread, which is a car- bohydrate food. In many seeds proteid food is stored in the form of uleuronc grains. For example, a section of a wheat grain, or the grain of any common cereal, shows aleurone grains in the outer layer of endosperm cells, just inside of the testa; while the other endosperm cells contain starch grains. 50. Fats.âIn addition to carbohydrateshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-text-book-of-botany-for-secondary-schools-botany-germination-op-seeds-89-plant-in-various-compounds-found-in-the-soil-the-white-of-an-egg-is-an-illustration-of-a-proteid-and-meat-in-general-is-a-proteid-food-as-contrasted-with-bread-which-is-a-car-bohydrate-food-in-many-seeds-proteid-food-is-stored-in-the-form-of-uleuronc-grains-for-example-a-section-of-a-wheat-grain-or-the-grain-of-any-common-cereal-shows-aleurone-grains-in-the-outer-layer-of-endosperm-cells-just-inside-of-the-testa-while-the-other-endosperm-cells-contain-starch-grains-50-fatsin-addition-to-carbohydrates-image216348744.html Elementary botany . elementarybotany00atki Year: 1898 Fig. 279. Macrosporangium ot Cycas revoluta Fig. 280. Roentgen photograph of same, show- ing female prothallium. sporophyte. Archegonia are developed in this internal mass of cells. This aids us in deter- mining that it is the prothal- lium. In cycas it is also called endosperm, just as in the pines. 430. If we cut open one of the mature ovules, we can see the en- dosperm (prothallium) as a whitish mass of tissue. Immediately sur- rounding it at maturity is a thin, papery tissue, the remains of the nucellus (macrosporangium), and outside o Elementary botany . elementarybotany00atki Year: 1898 Fig. 279. Macrosporangium ot Cycas revoluta Fig. 280. Roentgen photograph of same, show- ing female prothallium. sporophyte. Archegonia are developed in this internal mass of cells. This aids us in deter- mining that it is the prothal- lium. In cycas it is also called endosperm, just as in the pines. 430. If we cut open one of the mature ovules, we can see the en- dosperm (prothallium) as a whitish mass of tissue. Immediately sur- rounding it at maturity is a thin, papery tissue, the remains of the nucellus (macrosporangium), and outside ohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-elementarybotany00atki-year-1898-fig-279-macrosporangium-ot-cycas-revoluta-fig-280-roentgen-photograph-of-same-show-ing-female-prothallium-sporophyte-archegonia-are-developed-in-this-internal-mass-of-cells-this-aids-us-in-deter-mining-that-it-is-the-prothal-lium-in-cycas-it-is-also-called-endosperm-just-as-in-the-pines-430-if-we-cut-open-one-of-the-mature-ovules-we-can-see-the-en-dosperm-prothallium-as-a-whitish-mass-of-tissue-immediately-sur-rounding-it-at-maturity-is-a-thin-papery-tissue-the-remains-of-the-nucellus-macrosporangium-and-outside-o-image241025671.html . Elementary botany . Fig. 304, Two- ami four-celled stage of embryo-sac of lilium. The middle one shows di ision nuclei to form the four-celled stage. (.Easter lily.) sperms, and in the angiosperms, fertilization, as we have seen, consists in the fusion oi a male nucleus with a female nucleus. Fertilization, then, in plants is identical with that which takes place in animals. 458. Embryo.—After fertilization the egg develops into a short row of cells, the suspensor of the embryo. At the free end the embyro develops. In figs. 309 and 310 is a young embryo of trillium. 459. Endosperm, the matu . Elementary botany . Fig. 304, Two- ami four-celled stage of embryo-sac of lilium. The middle one shows di ision nuclei to form the four-celled stage. (.Easter lily.) sperms, and in the angiosperms, fertilization, as we have seen, consists in the fusion oi a male nucleus with a female nucleus. Fertilization, then, in plants is identical with that which takes place in animals. 458. Embryo.—After fertilization the egg develops into a short row of cells, the suspensor of the embryo. At the free end the embyro develops. In figs. 309 and 310 is a young embryo of trillium. 459. Endosperm, the matuhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-fig-304-two-ami-four-celled-stage-of-embryo-sac-of-lilium-the-middle-one-shows-di-ision-nuclei-to-form-the-four-celled-stage-easter-lily-sperms-and-in-the-angiosperms-fertilization-as-we-have-seen-consists-in-the-fusion-oi-a-male-nucleus-with-a-female-nucleus-fertilization-then-in-plants-is-identical-with-that-which-takes-place-in-animals-458-embryoafter-fertilization-the-egg-develops-into-a-short-row-of-cells-the-suspensor-of-the-embryo-at-the-free-end-the-embyro-develops-in-figs-309-and-310-is-a-young-embryo-of-trillium-459-endosperm-the-matu-image178428995.html A picture showing the second Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. A picture showing the second Megaspore formation stage, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-picture-showing-the-second-megaspore-formation-stage-vintage-line-drawing-or-engraving-illustration-image244627869.html . Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Epidermis. 4 Cells containing starch. Vascular bundle. 99.—T.S. Seed of " Ricinus communis," Castor Oil plant.. f^ Endosperm cells, containing proten, crystals and aleurone- grains.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKechnie . Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Epidermis. 4 Cells containing starch. Vascular bundle. 99.—T.S. Seed of " Ricinus communis," Castor Oil plant.. f^ Endosperm cells, containing proten, crystals and aleurone- grains.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKechniehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/photomicrographs-of-botanical-studies-photomicrography-epidermis-4-cells-containing-starch-vascular-bundle-99ts-seed-of-quot-ricinus-communisquot-castor-oil-plant-f-endosperm-cells-containing-proten-crystals-and-aleurone-grains-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-flatters-milborne-amp-mckechnie-ltd-manchester-flaters-milborne-amp-mckechnie-image232038202.html . The botany of crop plants : a text and reference book. Botany, Economic. 98 BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS In the milk-ripe or green-ripe stage, the embryo is already fully developed. The grain changes from pale green to dark green in color, which change Nowacki explains as being due to the resorption of several layers of the ovary wall, through which the chlorophyll layer now shows. The endosperm cells are filled with a watery sap in which are suspended a number of starch grains; hence, when the grain is squeezed a white, milky juice comes out. In the yellow-ripe, gold-ripe, or "dough" sta . The botany of crop plants : a text and reference book. Botany, Economic. 98 BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS In the milk-ripe or green-ripe stage, the embryo is already fully developed. The grain changes from pale green to dark green in color, which change Nowacki explains as being due to the resorption of several layers of the ovary wall, through which the chlorophyll layer now shows. The endosperm cells are filled with a watery sap in which are suspended a number of starch grains; hence, when the grain is squeezed a white, milky juice comes out. In the yellow-ripe, gold-ripe, or "dough" stahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-botany-of-crop-plants-a-text-and-reference-book-botany-economic-98-botany-of-crop-plants-in-the-milk-ripe-or-green-ripe-stage-the-embryo-is-already-fully-developed-the-grain-changes-from-pale-green-to-dark-green-in-color-which-change-nowacki-explains-as-being-due-to-the-resorption-of-several-layers-of-the-ovary-wall-through-which-the-chlorophyll-layer-now-shows-the-endosperm-cells-are-filled-with-a-watery-sap-in-which-are-suspended-a-number-of-starch-grains-hence-when-the-grain-is-squeezed-a-white-milky-juice-comes-out-in-the-yellow-ripe-gold-ripe-or-quotdoughquot-sta-image216372007.html Archive image from page 228 of Cytology, with special reference to. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus cytologywithspec00agar Year: 1920 VII MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses Ns-ith the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophytc and fert Archive image from page 228 of Cytology, with special reference to. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus cytologywithspec00agar Year: 1920 VII MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses Ns-ith the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophytc and ferthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/archive-image-from-page-228-of-cytology-with-special-reference-to-cytology-with-special-reference-to-the-metazoan-nucleus-cytologywithspec00agar-year-1920-vii-meiotic-phase-in-plants-213-at-fertilization-the-two-male-gamete-nuclei-which-are-formed-in-each-pollen-grain-are-both-introduced-into-the-embryo-sac-one-fuses-with-the-ovum-nucleus-to-produce-the-zygote-while-the-other-fuses-ns-ith-the-central-fusion-nucleus-forming-thus-a-triploid-nucleus-this-afterwards-gives-rise-to-the-endosperm-or-reserve-food-material-of-the-seed-for-a-more-detailed-account-of-the-gametophytc-and-fert-image259482324.html . Elementary botany . ^AreH Fig. 272. Last division of the egg in the white pine cutting off the ventral canal cell at the apex of the archegonium. End, endosperm; Arch, archegonium. theridium. there being no wall formed. The sperm mother cell also passes down the tubular sac, and divides again into two sperm cells, as shown in fig. 270. About this time, or rather a little earlier, with the pollen tube part way through the nucellar cap, winter overtakes it, and all growth ceases until the following spring. 426. Fertilization.—In the spring the advance of the pollen tube con- tinues, and it fin . Elementary botany . ^AreH Fig. 272. Last division of the egg in the white pine cutting off the ventral canal cell at the apex of the archegonium. End, endosperm; Arch, archegonium. theridium. there being no wall formed. The sperm mother cell also passes down the tubular sac, and divides again into two sperm cells, as shown in fig. 270. About this time, or rather a little earlier, with the pollen tube part way through the nucellar cap, winter overtakes it, and all growth ceases until the following spring. 426. Fertilization.—In the spring the advance of the pollen tube con- tinues, and it finhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-areh-fig-272-last-division-of-the-egg-in-the-white-pine-cutting-off-the-ventral-canal-cell-at-the-apex-of-the-archegonium-end-endosperm-arch-archegonium-theridium-there-being-no-wall-formed-the-sperm-mother-cell-also-passes-down-the-tubular-sac-and-divides-again-into-two-sperm-cells-as-shown-in-fig-270-about-this-time-or-rather-a-little-earlier-with-the-pollen-tube-part-way-through-the-nucellar-cap-winter-overtakes-it-and-all-growth-ceases-until-the-following-spring-426-fertilizationin-the-spring-the-advance-of-the-pollen-tube-con-tinues-and-it-fin-image178405298.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL FORM AXIOM BY DIVISION. 41 about certain points without tlie previous formation of nu- clei {d, e). In eitlier case firm walls are secreted about the spores while yet in the mother-cell and surrounded by the unused part of its protoplasm. 55.—The most striking example of this variety of internal cell-formation is to be found in the development of the endosperm cells in the embryo sac of Phanerogams. The protoplasm which occupies the cavity of the embryo sac pre- sents here and there points of condensation or concentration, which in a little . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL FORM AXIOM BY DIVISION. 41 about certain points without tlie previous formation of nu- clei {d, e). In eitlier case firm walls are secreted about the spores while yet in the mother-cell and surrounded by the unused part of its protoplasm. 55.—The most striking example of this variety of internal cell-formation is to be found in the development of the endosperm cells in the embryo sac of Phanerogams. The protoplasm which occupies the cavity of the embryo sac pre- sents here and there points of condensation or concentration, which in a little https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-cell-form-axiom-by-division-41-about-certain-points-without-tlie-previous-formation-of-nu-clei-d-e-in-eitlier-case-firm-walls-are-secreted-about-the-spores-while-yet-in-the-mother-cell-and-surrounded-by-the-unused-part-of-its-protoplasm-55the-most-striking-example-of-this-variety-of-internal-cell-formation-is-to-be-found-in-the-development-of-the-endosperm-cells-in-the-embryo-sac-of-phanerogams-the-protoplasm-which-occupies-the-cavity-of-the-embryo-sac-pre-sents-here-and-there-points-of-condensation-or-concentration-which-in-a-little-image232272163.html . The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. Upper end of embryo-sac of the same as observed immediately before impregnation, 250 diam. The tubular germ-cell, the lower end of which is embedded in the nucleated cells of the endosperm, occupies its axis. latter, which is the parent cell of the embryo, is divided by a vertical septum into two hemispheres. In these two new septa are formed, also vertical, but at right angles to. The same immediately after imjtrt-gnatiim. The germ-cell is now divided by a transverse sep- tum into two compartments, the inferior of which . The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. Upper end of embryo-sac of the same as observed immediately before impregnation, 250 diam. The tubular germ-cell, the lower end of which is embedded in the nucleated cells of the endosperm, occupies its axis. latter, which is the parent cell of the embryo, is divided by a vertical septum into two hemispheres. In these two new septa are formed, also vertical, but at right angles to. The same immediately after imjtrt-gnatiim. The germ-cell is now divided by a transverse sep- tum into two compartments, the inferior of whichhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cyclopdia-of-anatomy-and-physiology-anatomy-physiology-zoology-upper-end-of-embryo-sac-of-the-same-as-observed-immediately-before-impregnation-250-diam-the-tubular-germ-cell-the-lower-end-of-which-is-embedded-in-the-nucleated-cells-of-the-endosperm-occupies-its-axis-latter-which-is-the-parent-cell-of-the-embryo-is-divided-by-a-vertical-septum-into-two-hemispheres-in-these-two-new-septa-are-formed-also-vertical-but-at-right-angles-to-the-same-immediately-after-imjtrt-gnatiim-the-germ-cell-is-now-divided-by-a-transverse-sep-tum-into-two-compartments-the-inferior-of-which-image216210246.html Archive image from page 228 of Cytology, with special reference to. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus cytologywithspec00agar_0 Year: 1920 VI] MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses with the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophyte and fert Archive image from page 228 of Cytology, with special reference to. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus cytologywithspec00agar_0 Year: 1920 VI] MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses with the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophyte and ferthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/archive-image-from-page-228-of-cytology-with-special-reference-to-cytology-with-special-reference-to-the-metazoan-nucleus-cytologywithspec00agar-0-year-1920-vi-meiotic-phase-in-plants-213-at-fertilization-the-two-male-gamete-nuclei-which-are-formed-in-each-pollen-grain-are-both-introduced-into-the-embryo-sac-one-fuses-with-the-ovum-nucleus-to-produce-the-zygote-while-the-other-fuses-with-the-central-fusion-nucleus-forming-thus-a-triploid-nucleus-this-afterwards-gives-rise-to-the-endosperm-or-reserve-food-material-of-the-seed-for-a-more-detailed-account-of-the-gametophyte-and-fert-image259482279.html . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. MODIFICATIONS OF MITOSIS 69 that asymmetrical mitoses, exactly like those seen in carcinoma, may be artificially produced in the epithelial cells of salamanders (Fig. 33) by treatment with dilute solutions of various drugs (antipyrin, cocaine, quinine). Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in the division of the pollen mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid succession . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. MODIFICATIONS OF MITOSIS 69 that asymmetrical mitoses, exactly like those seen in carcinoma, may be artificially produced in the epithelial cells of salamanders (Fig. 33) by treatment with dilute solutions of various drugs (antipyrin, cocaine, quinine). Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in the division of the pollen mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid successionhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cell-in-development-and-inheritance-cells-modifications-of-mitosis-69-that-asymmetrical-mitoses-exactly-like-those-seen-in-carcinoma-may-be-artificially-produced-in-the-epithelial-cells-of-salamanders-fig-33-by-treatment-with-dilute-solutions-of-various-drugs-antipyrin-cocaine-quinine-normal-multipolar-mitoses-though-rare-sometimes-occur-as-in-the-division-of-the-pollen-mother-cells-and-the-endosperm-cells-of-flower-ing-plants-strasburger-but-such-mitotic-figures-arise-through-the-union-of-two-or-more-bipolar-amphiasters-in-a-syncytium-and-are-due-to-a-rapid-succession-image235082145.html . Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 466 SPERMATOPHYTES (SEED PLANTS) connection with double fertilization it should be noted that the endosperm nucleus contains the contents of three nuclei, since it is a product of a triple fusion, involving a sperm and the two polar nuclei. Embryo. — The first cells produced by the division of the fer- tilized egg form a filament which pushes down into the embryo sac. This filament is called the proembryo. The terminal cell of the proembryo develops the embryo, while the remainder of the filament remains as a stalk called suspensor. After the termi- . Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 466 SPERMATOPHYTES (SEED PLANTS) connection with double fertilization it should be noted that the endosperm nucleus contains the contents of three nuclei, since it is a product of a triple fusion, involving a sperm and the two polar nuclei. Embryo. — The first cells produced by the division of the fer- tilized egg form a filament which pushes down into the embryo sac. This filament is called the proembryo. The terminal cell of the proembryo develops the embryo, while the remainder of the filament remains as a stalk called suspensor. After the termi-https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-agricultural-students-botany-466-spermatophytes-seed-plants-connection-with-double-fertilization-it-should-be-noted-that-the-endosperm-nucleus-contains-the-contents-of-three-nuclei-since-it-is-a-product-of-a-triple-fusion-involving-a-sperm-and-the-two-polar-nuclei-embryo-the-first-cells-produced-by-the-division-of-the-fer-tilized-egg-form-a-filament-which-pushes-down-into-the-embryo-sac-this-filament-is-called-the-proembryo-the-terminal-cell-of-the-proembryo-develops-the-embryo-while-the-remainder-of-the-filament-remains-as-a-stalk-called-suspensor-after-the-termi-image216443496.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL FORMATION BY DIVISION. 41 about certain points without tlie previous formation of nu- clei [d, e). In either case firm walls are secreted about the spores while yet in the mother-cell and surrounded by the unused part of its protoplasm. 55.—The most striking example of this variety of internal cell-formation is to be found in the development of the endosperm cells in the embryo sac of Phanerogams. The protoplasm which occupies the cavity of the embryo sac pre- sents here and there points of condensation or concentration, which in a little ti . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL FORMATION BY DIVISION. 41 about certain points without tlie previous formation of nu- clei [d, e). In either case firm walls are secreted about the spores while yet in the mother-cell and surrounded by the unused part of its protoplasm. 55.—The most striking example of this variety of internal cell-formation is to be found in the development of the endosperm cells in the embryo sac of Phanerogams. The protoplasm which occupies the cavity of the embryo sac pre- sents here and there points of condensation or concentration, which in a little tihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-cell-formation-by-division-41-about-certain-points-without-tlie-previous-formation-of-nu-clei-d-e-in-either-case-firm-walls-are-secreted-about-the-spores-while-yet-in-the-mother-cell-and-surrounded-by-the-unused-part-of-its-protoplasm-55the-most-striking-example-of-this-variety-of-internal-cell-formation-is-to-be-found-in-the-development-of-the-endosperm-cells-in-the-embryo-sac-of-phanerogams-the-protoplasm-which-occupies-the-cavity-of-the-embryo-sac-pre-sents-here-and-there-points-of-condensation-or-concentration-which-in-a-little-ti-image234394556.html . Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells; Cytology. MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses with the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophyte and fertilization in the flowering plants the reader is referred to any comprehensive work on bota . Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells; Cytology. MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses with the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophyte and fertilization in the flowering plants the reader is referred to any comprehensive work on botahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cytology-with-special-reference-to-the-metazoan-nucleus-cells-cytology-meiotic-phase-in-plants-213-at-fertilization-the-two-male-gamete-nuclei-which-are-formed-in-each-pollen-grain-are-both-introduced-into-the-embryo-sac-one-fuses-with-the-ovum-nucleus-to-produce-the-zygote-while-the-other-fuses-with-the-central-fusion-nucleus-forming-thus-a-triploid-nucleus-this-afterwards-gives-rise-to-the-endosperm-or-reserve-food-material-of-the-seed-for-a-more-detailed-account-of-the-gametophyte-and-fertilization-in-the-flowering-plants-the-reader-is-referred-to-any-comprehensive-work-on-bota-image216167737.html Nature and development of plants . g of two cotyledons, c; stem,st, which terminates in the root, r; the endosperm cells, en, are beingabsorbed by the enlarging embryo; s, suspensor. are ultimately disorganized or they may increase greatly in sizeand themselves become the principal means of absorbing food andtransferring it to the embryo. The structure of the matureembrvo varies greatly. In some genera, as in the orchids, Indianpipe, etc., it remains rudimentary, consisting of only a few cells. 364 EMBRYO OF ANGIOSPERMS Among the monocotyledons, the embryo cell frequently producesthe single co Nature and development of plants . g of two cotyledons, c; stem,st, which terminates in the root, r; the endosperm cells, en, are beingabsorbed by the enlarging embryo; s, suspensor. are ultimately disorganized or they may increase greatly in sizeand themselves become the principal means of absorbing food andtransferring it to the embryo. The structure of the matureembrvo varies greatly. In some genera, as in the orchids, Indianpipe, etc., it remains rudimentary, consisting of only a few cells. 364 EMBRYO OF ANGIOSPERMS Among the monocotyledons, the embryo cell frequently producesthe single cohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-g-of-two-cotyledons-c-stemst-which-terminates-in-the-root-r-the-endosperm-cells-en-are-beingabsorbed-by-the-enlarging-embryo-s-suspensor-are-ultimately-disorganized-or-they-may-increase-greatly-in-sizeand-themselves-become-the-principal-means-of-absorbing-food-andtransferring-it-to-the-embryo-the-structure-of-the-matureembrvo-varies-greatly-in-some-genera-as-in-the-orchids-indianpipe-etc-it-remains-rudimentary-consisting-of-only-a-few-cells-364-embryo-of-angiosperms-among-the-monocotyledons-the-embryo-cell-frequently-producesthe-single-co-image343335731.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. 204 MORPHOLOGY OF GYMNOSPERMS and occasionally a multinucleate cell is observed; but in mature endosperm tissue the cells are uninucleate. Whether this is due to disorganization or fusion of nuclei, or to additional wall-formation, was not determined. Centripetal growth of the endosperm is rapid through July and August, the sac being filled with tissue by the last week of August. In the closure of the tissue at the center of the sac, there is no formation of a common wall, but two distinct abutting walls are formed, so that even in th . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. 204 MORPHOLOGY OF GYMNOSPERMS and occasionally a multinucleate cell is observed; but in mature endosperm tissue the cells are uninucleate. Whether this is due to disorganization or fusion of nuclei, or to additional wall-formation, was not determined. Centripetal growth of the endosperm is rapid through July and August, the sac being filled with tissue by the last week of August. In the closure of the tissue at the center of the sac, there is no formation of a common wall, but two distinct abutting walls are formed, so that even in thhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-204-morphology-of-gymnosperms-and-occasionally-a-multinucleate-cell-is-observed-but-in-mature-endosperm-tissue-the-cells-are-uninucleate-whether-this-is-due-to-disorganization-or-fusion-of-nuclei-or-to-additional-wall-formation-was-not-determined-centripetal-growth-of-the-endosperm-is-rapid-through-july-and-august-the-sac-being-filled-with-tissue-by-the-last-week-of-august-in-the-closure-of-the-tissue-at-the-center-of-the-sac-there-is-no-formation-of-a-common-wall-but-two-distinct-abutting-walls-are-formed-so-that-even-in-th-image216399120.html The cell in development and inheritance . en in carcinoma, maybe artificially produced in the epithelial cells of salamanders (Fig. 47)by treatment with dilute solutions of various drugs (antipyrin, cocaine,quinine). DETAILS OF MITOSIS 99 Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in thedivision of the pollen-mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower-ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through theunion of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and aredue to a rapid succession of the nuclear divisions unaccompanied byfission of the cell-substan The cell in development and inheritance . en in carcinoma, maybe artificially produced in the epithelial cells of salamanders (Fig. 47)by treatment with dilute solutions of various drugs (antipyrin, cocaine,quinine). DETAILS OF MITOSIS 99 Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in thedivision of the pollen-mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower-ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through theunion of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and aredue to a rapid succession of the nuclear divisions unaccompanied byfission of the cell-substanhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cell-in-development-and-inheritance-en-in-carcinoma-maybe-artificially-produced-in-the-epithelial-cells-of-salamanders-fig-47by-treatment-with-dilute-solutions-of-various-drugs-antipyrin-cocainequinine-details-of-mitosis-99-normal-multipolar-mitoses-though-rare-sometimes-occur-as-in-thedivision-of-the-pollen-mother-cells-and-the-endosperm-cells-of-flower-ing-plants-strasburger-but-such-mitotic-figures-arise-through-theunion-of-two-or-more-bipolar-amphiasters-in-a-syncytium-and-aredue-to-a-rapid-succession-of-the-nuclear-divisions-unaccompanied-byfission-of-the-cell-substan-image338423580.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CONIFERALES (TAXACEAE) 349 drical mass of meristematic cells, and this cylinder invades the endo- sperm, its basal cells contributing to the suspensor. Later, growing points are organized, the root tip being deep in the cylinder, and the two concave cotyledons completely surrounding the stem tip. The peculiarity of the embryo-formation in Cephalotaxus (25, 124, 130) has been m.entioned, in which the terminal cells of the proembryo form a persistent cap for the embryo during its advance through the endosperm. That this same feature app . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CONIFERALES (TAXACEAE) 349 drical mass of meristematic cells, and this cylinder invades the endo- sperm, its basal cells contributing to the suspensor. Later, growing points are organized, the root tip being deep in the cylinder, and the two concave cotyledons completely surrounding the stem tip. The peculiarity of the embryo-formation in Cephalotaxus (25, 124, 130) has been m.entioned, in which the terminal cells of the proembryo form a persistent cap for the embryo during its advance through the endosperm. That this same feature apphttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-coniferales-taxaceae-349-drical-mass-of-meristematic-cells-and-this-cylinder-invades-the-endo-sperm-its-basal-cells-contributing-to-the-suspensor-later-growing-points-are-organized-the-root-tip-being-deep-in-the-cylinder-and-the-two-concave-cotyledons-completely-surrounding-the-stem-tip-the-peculiarity-of-the-embryo-formation-in-cephalotaxus-25-124-130-has-been-mentioned-in-which-the-terminal-cells-of-the-proembryo-form-a-persistent-cap-for-the-embryo-during-its-advance-through-the-endosperm-that-this-same-feature-app-image216417353.html . The plant cell, its modifications and vital processes; a manual for students. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy; Plant cells and tissues. REPRODUCTIVE CELLS. 129 formation [see Plate iv.]). Endosperm is thus produced after the method known as multicellular formation (see p. 101). In the later endosperm cells of Caltha the intercommuni- cating cytoplasmic fibrils may be readily made out (see Fig. 97a).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly re . The plant cell, its modifications and vital processes; a manual for students. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy; Plant cells and tissues. REPRODUCTIVE CELLS. 129 formation [see Plate iv.]). Endosperm is thus produced after the method known as multicellular formation (see p. 101). In the later endosperm cells of Caltha the intercommuni- cating cytoplasmic fibrils may be readily made out (see Fig. 97a).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly rehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-plant-cell-its-modifications-and-vital-processes-a-manual-for-students-plant-physiology-plant-anatomy-plant-cells-and-tissues-reproductive-cells-129-formation-see-plate-iv-endosperm-is-thus-produced-after-the-method-known-as-multicellular-formation-see-p-101-in-the-later-endosperm-cells-of-caltha-the-intercommuni-cating-cytoplasmic-fibrils-may-be-readily-made-out-see-fig-97a-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-re-image232327614.html . Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. SEED PLANTS 165. goniatse, and the egg thereupon begins to grow and develops into the embryo-sporophyte, while the sur- rounding cells of the gametophj'te become filled with food-materials and are known as the " endosperm." The wall of the sporan- gium now hardens, while the outer tissues of the integument become pulpy^ so that the ripened seed looks very much like the fleshy fruit of a plum or cherry. That the Cycads represent a very an- cient type is shown by their fossil re- mains, which indicate that during the Mes- ozoic age . Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. SEED PLANTS 165. goniatse, and the egg thereupon begins to grow and develops into the embryo-sporophyte, while the sur- rounding cells of the gametophj'te become filled with food-materials and are known as the " endosperm." The wall of the sporan- gium now hardens, while the outer tissues of the integument become pulpy^ so that the ripened seed looks very much like the fleshy fruit of a plum or cherry. That the Cycads represent a very an- cient type is shown by their fossil re- mains, which indicate that during the Mes- ozoic agehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/lectures-on-the-evolution-of-plants-botany-plants-seed-plants-165-goniatse-and-the-egg-thereupon-begins-to-grow-and-develops-into-the-embryo-sporophyte-while-the-sur-rounding-cells-of-the-gametophjte-become-filled-with-food-materials-and-are-known-as-the-quot-endospermquot-the-wall-of-the-sporan-gium-now-hardens-while-the-outer-tissues-of-the-integument-become-pulpy-so-that-the-ripened-seed-looks-very-much-like-the-fleshy-fruit-of-a-plum-or-cherry-that-the-cycads-represent-a-very-an-cient-type-is-shown-by-their-fossil-re-mains-which-indicate-that-during-the-mes-ozoic-age-image216402019.html . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells; Cells. MODIFICATIONS OF MITOSIS 69 that asymmetrical mitoses, exactly like those seen in carcinoma, may be artificially produced in the epithelial cells of salamanders (Fig. 33) by treatment with dilute solutions of various drugs (antipyrin, cocaine, quinine). Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in the division of the pollen mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid suc . The cell in development and inheritance. Cells; Cells. MODIFICATIONS OF MITOSIS 69 that asymmetrical mitoses, exactly like those seen in carcinoma, may be artificially produced in the epithelial cells of salamanders (Fig. 33) by treatment with dilute solutions of various drugs (antipyrin, cocaine, quinine). Normal multipolar mitoses, though rare, sometimes occur, as in the division of the pollen mother-cells and the endosperm-cells of flower- ing plants (Strasburger); but such mitotic figures arise through the union of two or more bipolar amphiasters in a syncytium and are due to a rapid suchttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cell-in-development-and-inheritance-cells-cells-modifications-of-mitosis-69-that-asymmetrical-mitoses-exactly-like-those-seen-in-carcinoma-may-be-artificially-produced-in-the-epithelial-cells-of-salamanders-fig-33-by-treatment-with-dilute-solutions-of-various-drugs-antipyrin-cocaine-quinine-normal-multipolar-mitoses-though-rare-sometimes-occur-as-in-the-division-of-the-pollen-mother-cells-and-the-endosperm-cells-of-flower-ing-plants-strasburger-but-such-mitotic-figures-arise-through-the-union-of-two-or-more-bipolar-amphiasters-in-a-syncytium-and-are-due-to-a-rapid-suc-image235081931.html . The elements of botany embracing organography, histology, vegetable physiology, systematic botany and economic botany ... together with a complete glossary of botanical terms. Botany. PHJLNOGAMIA. 161 i». a rudimentary root at the other (Fig. 277, r.d). The embryo-sac develops within it a mass of cells, called the endosperm, at the expense of which the embryo, or rudimentary plantlet, grows. The ovules become much enlarged while the embryo is forming, and their outer coat generally becomes thickened and more or less hardened. At this stage it is called the Seed, and at maturity sepa- rates f . The elements of botany embracing organography, histology, vegetable physiology, systematic botany and economic botany ... together with a complete glossary of botanical terms. Botany. PHJLNOGAMIA. 161 i». a rudimentary root at the other (Fig. 277, r.d). The embryo-sac develops within it a mass of cells, called the endosperm, at the expense of which the embryo, or rudimentary plantlet, grows. The ovules become much enlarged while the embryo is forming, and their outer coat generally becomes thickened and more or less hardened. At this stage it is called the Seed, and at maturity sepa- rates fhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-elements-of-botany-embracing-organography-histology-vegetable-physiology-systematic-botany-and-economic-botany-together-with-a-complete-glossary-of-botanical-terms-botany-phjlnogamia-161-i-a-rudimentary-root-at-the-other-fig-277-rd-the-embryo-sac-develops-within-it-a-mass-of-cells-called-the-endosperm-at-the-expense-of-which-the-embryo-or-rudimentary-plantlet-grows-the-ovules-become-much-enlarged-while-the-embryo-is-forming-and-their-outer-coat-generally-becomes-thickened-and-more-or-less-hardened-at-this-stage-it-is-called-the-seed-and-at-maturity-sepa-rates-f-image216443388.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. UELL FORMATIOJS BY DIVISION. 41 about certain points without the previous formation of nu- clei (d, e). In either case firm walls are secreted about the spores while yet in the mother-cell and surrounded by the nnused part of its protoplasm. 55.âThe most striking example of this variety of internal cell-formation is to be found in the ⢠development of the endosperm cells in the embryo sac of Phanerogams. The protoplasm which occupies the cavity of the embryo sac pre- sents here and there points of condensation or concentration, which in a little . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. UELL FORMATIOJS BY DIVISION. 41 about certain points without the previous formation of nu- clei (d, e). In either case firm walls are secreted about the spores while yet in the mother-cell and surrounded by the nnused part of its protoplasm. 55.âThe most striking example of this variety of internal cell-formation is to be found in the ⢠development of the endosperm cells in the embryo sac of Phanerogams. The protoplasm which occupies the cavity of the embryo sac pre- sents here and there points of condensation or concentration, which in a littlehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-uell-formatiojs-by-division-41-about-certain-points-without-the-previous-formation-of-nu-clei-d-e-in-either-case-firm-walls-are-secreted-about-the-spores-while-yet-in-the-mother-cell-and-surrounded-by-the-nnused-part-of-its-protoplasm-55the-most-striking-example-of-this-variety-of-internal-cell-formation-is-to-be-found-in-the-development-of-the-endosperm-cells-in-the-embryo-sac-of-phanerogams-the-protoplasm-which-occupies-the-cavity-of-the-embryo-sac-pre-sents-here-and-there-points-of-condensation-or-concentration-which-in-a-little-image232283017.html . The cytoplasm of the plant cell. Plant cells and tissues; Protoplasm. Chapter XV ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VACUOLES Aleurone grains: their formation. — Aleurone grains are found in every seed. Their significance has been discussed for a long time. These grains are to be found in large numbers in all cells of the embryo and are especially voluminous in the cells of the coty- ledons or of the endosperm. In the Gramineae they are localized in the protein layer of the endosperm. Aleurone grains vary in structure. In many cases (RiciniLS, Cucurbita Pepo) they are composed of an amorphous pro . The cytoplasm of the plant cell. Plant cells and tissues; Protoplasm. Chapter XV ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VACUOLES Aleurone grains: their formation. — Aleurone grains are found in every seed. Their significance has been discussed for a long time. These grains are to be found in large numbers in all cells of the embryo and are especially voluminous in the cells of the coty- ledons or of the endosperm. In the Gramineae they are localized in the protein layer of the endosperm. Aleurone grains vary in structure. In many cases (RiciniLS, Cucurbita Pepo) they are composed of an amorphous prohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cytoplasm-of-the-plant-cell-plant-cells-and-tissues-protoplasm-chapter-xv-origin-and-significance-of-the-vacuoles-aleurone-grains-their-formation-aleurone-grains-are-found-in-every-seed-their-significance-has-been-discussed-for-a-long-time-these-grains-are-to-be-found-in-large-numbers-in-all-cells-of-the-embryo-and-are-especially-voluminous-in-the-cells-of-the-coty-ledons-or-of-the-endosperm-in-the-gramineae-they-are-localized-in-the-protein-layer-of-the-endosperm-aleurone-grains-vary-in-structure-in-many-cases-ricinils-cucurbita-pepo-they-are-composed-of-an-amorphous-pro-image216167231.html . Elementary botany : theoretical and practical. A text-book designed primarily for students of science classes connected with the science and art department of the committee of council on education . Botany. Fig. â itiT.â Viola, tricolor. A, longitudinal section of anatropous ovule after fertilisa- tion : pi, placenta ; w, swelling on the raphe; router, /, inner integument; >, pollen- tube entering micropyle; e, embryo-sac, with the fertilised germinal vesicle at the micropyle end, and numerous endosperm cells at the other. _ B, apex of embryo-sac, e, with young embryo, eh^ of three cells, . Elementary botany : theoretical and practical. A text-book designed primarily for students of science classes connected with the science and art department of the committee of council on education . Botany. Fig. â itiT.â Viola, tricolor. A, longitudinal section of anatropous ovule after fertilisa- tion : pi, placenta ; w, swelling on the raphe; router, /, inner integument; >, pollen- tube entering micropyle; e, embryo-sac, with the fertilised germinal vesicle at the micropyle end, and numerous endosperm cells at the other. _ B, apex of embryo-sac, e, with young embryo, eh^ of three cells,https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/elementary-botany-theoretical-and-practical-a-text-book-designed-primarily-for-students-of-science-classes-connected-with-the-science-and-art-department-of-the-committee-of-council-on-education-botany-fig-itit-viola-tricolor-a-longitudinal-section-of-anatropous-ovule-after-fertilisa-tion-pi-placenta-w-swelling-on-the-raphe-router-inner-integument-gt-pollen-tube-entering-micropyle-e-embryo-sac-with-the-fertilised-germinal-vesicle-at-the-micropyle-end-and-numerous-endosperm-cells-at-the-other-b-apex-of-embryo-sac-e-with-young-embryo-eh-of-three-cells-image232116596.html . Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. VII MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses Ns-ith the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophytc and fertihzalion in the flowering plants the reader is referred to any comprehensive work on botany, s . Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. VII MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses Ns-ith the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophytc and fertihzalion in the flowering plants the reader is referred to any comprehensive work on botany, shttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cytology-with-special-reference-to-the-metazoan-nucleus-cells-vii-meiotic-phase-in-plants-213-at-fertilization-the-two-male-gamete-nuclei-which-are-formed-in-each-pollen-grain-are-both-introduced-into-the-embryo-sac-one-fuses-with-the-ovum-nucleus-to-produce-the-zygote-while-the-other-fuses-ns-ith-the-central-fusion-nucleus-forming-thus-a-triploid-nucleus-this-afterwards-gives-rise-to-the-endosperm-or-reserve-food-material-of-the-seed-for-a-more-detailed-account-of-the-gametophytc-and-fertihzalion-in-the-flowering-plants-the-reader-is-referred-to-any-comprehensive-work-on-botany-s-image216167691.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Ficl. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the ba . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Ficl. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the bahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-ficl-296-structure-of-dicotyledonous-seeds-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepidium-the-embryo-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-hy-ending-below-in-the-root-r-and-the-root-cap-and-above-the-epicotyl-pi-two-cotyledons-c-arise-laterally-from-the-stem-funiculus-mi-micropyle-in-integuments-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lilye-embryo-with-two-cotyledons-attached-laterally-to-the-minute-stem-of-the-embryo-and-sur-rounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-sporangial-cells-or-perisperm-i-integument-the-elongation-of-the-ba-image232357450.html . Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 370 PLANT STl'DIKS from the seed. Formerly it was culled either cuullrJe or radicle. In Dicotj'ledons the stem-tip between the coty- ledons often organizes the rudiments of subsequent leaves, forming a little bud which is called the plumule. Embryos differ much as to completeness of their devel- opment within the seed. In some plants, especially those which are jiarasitic or saprophytic, tlie embryo is merely a small mass of cells, without any organization of root, stem, or leaf. In many cases the embryo becomes highly devel- ojicd, the endosperm . Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 370 PLANT STl'DIKS from the seed. Formerly it was culled either cuullrJe or radicle. In Dicotj'ledons the stem-tip between the coty- ledons often organizes the rudiments of subsequent leaves, forming a little bud which is called the plumule. Embryos differ much as to completeness of their devel- opment within the seed. In some plants, especially those which are jiarasitic or saprophytic, tlie embryo is merely a small mass of cells, without any organization of root, stem, or leaf. In many cases the embryo becomes highly devel- ojicd, the endosperm https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/plant-studies-an-elementary-botany-botany-370-plant-stldiks-from-the-seed-formerly-it-was-culled-either-cuullrje-or-radicle-in-dicotjledons-the-stem-tip-between-the-coty-ledons-often-organizes-the-rudiments-of-subsequent-leaves-forming-a-little-bud-which-is-called-the-plumule-embryos-differ-much-as-to-completeness-of-their-devel-opment-within-the-seed-in-some-plants-especially-those-which-are-jiarasitic-or-saprophytic-tlie-embryo-is-merely-a-small-mass-of-cells-without-any-organization-of-root-stem-or-leaf-in-many-cases-the-embryo-becomes-highly-devel-ojicd-the-endosperm-image216424395.html Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . EN, endosperm. cells having yellowish, porous walls and rather large lumina; apigment layer, the cells having a reddish-brown content; endosperm FLAXSEED 351 consisting of from 6 to 10 rows of cells, surrounding the two largeplano-convex cotyledons; the cells of both the endosperm and thecotyledons contain a fixed oil and aleurone grains, the latter beingfrom 0.003 to 0.020 mm. in diameter. Linseed or Flaxsee Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . EN, endosperm. cells having yellowish, porous walls and rather large lumina; apigment layer, the cells having a reddish-brown content; endosperm FLAXSEED 351 consisting of from 6 to 10 rows of cells, surrounding the two largeplano-convex cotyledons; the cells of both the endosperm and thecotyledons contain a fixed oil and aleurone grains, the latter beingfrom 0.003 to 0.020 mm. in diameter. Linseed or Flaxseehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/scientific-and-applied-pharmacognosy-intended-for-the-use-of-students-in-pharmacy-as-a-hand-book-for-pharmacists-and-as-a-reference-book-for-food-and-drug-analysts-and-pharmacologists-en-endosperm-cells-having-yellowish-porous-walls-and-rather-large-lumina-apigment-layer-the-cells-having-a-reddish-brown-content-endosperm-flaxseed-351-consisting-of-from-6-to-10-rows-of-cells-surrounding-the-two-largeplano-convex-cotyledons-the-cells-of-both-the-endosperm-and-thecotyledons-contain-a-fixed-oil-and-aleurone-grains-the-latter-beingfrom-0003-to-0020-mm-in-diameter-linseed-or-flaxsee-image338220572.html . The botany of crop plants : a text and reference book. Botany, Economic. TRITICUM 103 SO the principal protein found in the starchy endosperm, and thould not be used in connection with the aleurone layer. Starchy Endosperm.—This is made up of large, somewhat elongated, thin-walled cells. The longer axes of the cells are usually at right angles to the grain surface. They are filled for the most part with starch grains. Protein granules may be seen among the starch grains by appropriate stain- ing. Most, if not all, of the wheat starch and all of the jlarchy f endosperm- +—— aleurone- xuiellum . The botany of crop plants : a text and reference book. Botany, Economic. TRITICUM 103 SO the principal protein found in the starchy endosperm, and thould not be used in connection with the aleurone layer. Starchy Endosperm.—This is made up of large, somewhat elongated, thin-walled cells. The longer axes of the cells are usually at right angles to the grain surface. They are filled for the most part with starch grains. Protein granules may be seen among the starch grains by appropriate stain- ing. Most, if not all, of the wheat starch and all of the jlarchy f endosperm- +—— aleurone- xuiellumhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-botany-of-crop-plants-a-text-and-reference-book-botany-economic-triticum-103-so-the-principal-protein-found-in-the-starchy-endosperm-and-thould-not-be-used-in-connection-with-the-aleurone-layer-starchy-endospermthis-is-made-up-of-large-somewhat-elongated-thin-walled-cells-the-longer-axes-of-the-cells-are-usually-at-right-angles-to-the-grain-surface-they-are-filled-for-the-most-part-with-starch-grains-protein-granules-may-be-seen-among-the-starch-grains-by-appropriate-stain-ing-most-if-not-all-of-the-wheat-starch-and-all-of-the-jlarchy-f-endosperm-aleurone-xuiellum-image216371988.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. m BOTANY. which multiply by fission, and eventually unite into a con- tinuous tissue (in reality a false tissue), the endosperm {en, Fig. 297, B). In this mass of endosperm cells several near the micropylar end grow larger than the surrounding ones, and become filled with granular protoplasm. These are the corpuscula of Brown, the archegonia of Sachs, or the secondary embryo sacs of Henfrey {cp, cp, Fig. 297, B). In some cases they are placed singly at short distances from each other, while in others they are clustered together (1 and 2, Pig. 298 . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. m BOTANY. which multiply by fission, and eventually unite into a con- tinuous tissue (in reality a false tissue), the endosperm {en, Fig. 297, B). In this mass of endosperm cells several near the micropylar end grow larger than the surrounding ones, and become filled with granular protoplasm. These are the corpuscula of Brown, the archegonia of Sachs, or the secondary embryo sacs of Henfrey {cp, cp, Fig. 297, B). In some cases they are placed singly at short distances from each other, while in others they are clustered together (1 and 2, Pig. 298https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-m-botany-which-multiply-by-fission-and-eventually-unite-into-a-con-tinuous-tissue-in-reality-a-false-tissue-the-endosperm-en-fig-297-b-in-this-mass-of-endosperm-cells-several-near-the-micropylar-end-grow-larger-than-the-surrounding-ones-and-become-filled-with-granular-protoplasm-these-are-the-corpuscula-of-brown-the-archegonia-of-sachs-or-the-secondary-embryo-sacs-of-henfrey-cp-cp-fig-297-b-in-some-cases-they-are-placed-singly-at-short-distances-from-each-other-while-in-others-they-are-clustered-together-1-and-2-pig-298-image232271857.html . Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. ,-»T Pericarp of seed rj^ Aleurone layer 7-^M Crystal. Starch cells. 95.—T.S. Cremocarp of " Smyrnium olusatrum," Alexanders.. Ridges of mericarp. seed Endosperm. Vascular bundle. Central axis, (connective). Vitt<e. Vascular bundle.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & . Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. ,-»T Pericarp of seed rj^ Aleurone layer 7-^M Crystal. Starch cells. 95.—T.S. Cremocarp of " Smyrnium olusatrum," Alexanders.. Ridges of mericarp. seed Endosperm. Vascular bundle. Central axis, (connective). Vitt<e. Vascular bundle.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne &https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/photomicrographs-of-botanical-studies-photomicrography-t-pericarp-of-seed-rj-aleurone-layer-7-m-crystal-starch-cells-95ts-cremocarp-of-quot-smyrnium-olusatrumquot-alexanders-ridges-of-mericarp-seed-endosperm-vascular-bundle-central-axis-connective-vittlte-vascular-bundle-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-flatters-milborne-amp-mckechnie-ltd-manchester-flaters-milborne-image216360383.html . Plant anatomy from the standpoint of the development and functions of the tissues, and handbook of micro-technic. Plant anatomy. 228 REPRODUCTION. em Fig. 131.—Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and. endosperm nuclei, and germination of fertilized egg and endosperm cells. -4, beginning of ovule at 0; B, nu, nucellus; Ca, nu, nucellus, a, archesporium; in, forward growth of tissue to form the integument; Cb, nu, nucellus; in, integument; D, more highly magnified drawing of o in A showing archesporial cell at a; E, a, archesporial cell enlarged . Plant anatomy from the standpoint of the development and functions of the tissues, and handbook of micro-technic. Plant anatomy. 228 REPRODUCTION. em Fig. 131.—Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and. endosperm nuclei, and germination of fertilized egg and endosperm cells. -4, beginning of ovule at 0; B, nu, nucellus; Ca, nu, nucellus, a, archesporium; in, forward growth of tissue to form the integument; Cb, nu, nucellus; in, integument; D, more highly magnified drawing of o in A showing archesporial cell at a; E, a, archesporial cell enlarged https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/plant-anatomy-from-the-standpoint-of-the-development-and-functions-of-the-tissues-and-handbook-of-micro-technic-plant-anatomy-228-reproduction-em-fig-131stages-in-the-formation-of-the-megaspore-its-germination-fertilization-of-the-egg-and-endosperm-nuclei-and-germination-of-fertilized-egg-and-endosperm-cells-4-beginning-of-ovule-at-0-b-nu-nucellus-ca-nu-nucellus-a-archesporium-in-forward-growth-of-tissue-to-form-the-integument-cb-nu-nucellus-in-integument-d-more-highly-magnified-drawing-of-o-in-a-showing-archesporial-cell-at-a-e-a-archesporial-cell-enlarged-image232410966.html . The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. S42 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. vividly the endosperm formation of most Angiosperms. On account of the extremely thin walls and dense contents of the A. Fig. 312.-1 soetes echinospora van Braunii. A, Longitudinal section through the apex of the female prothallium, showing the first cell formation, X300; B, similar sec- tion of a prothallium with the divisions completed and the first archegonium iar) already opened. young prothallial cells it is not easy to determine exactly when the whole spore cav . The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. S42 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. vividly the endosperm formation of most Angiosperms. On account of the extremely thin walls and dense contents of the A. Fig. 312.-1 soetes echinospora van Braunii. A, Longitudinal section through the apex of the female prothallium, showing the first cell formation, X300; B, similar sec- tion of a prothallium with the divisions completed and the first archegonium iar) already opened. young prothallial cells it is not easy to determine exactly when the whole spore cavhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-structure-and-development-of-mosses-and-ferns-archegoniatae-plant-morphology-mosses-ferns-s42-mosses-and-ferns-chap-vividly-the-endosperm-formation-of-most-angiosperms-on-account-of-the-extremely-thin-walls-and-dense-contents-of-the-a-fig-312-1-soetes-echinospora-van-braunii-a-longitudinal-section-through-the-apex-of-the-female-prothallium-showing-the-first-cell-formation-x300-b-similar-sec-tion-of-a-prothallium-with-the-divisions-completed-and-the-first-archegonium-iar-already-opened-young-prothallial-cells-it-is-not-easy-to-determine-exactly-when-the-whole-spore-cav-image216362544.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 402 BOTANY. wliich multiply by fission, and eventually unite into a con- tinuous tissue (in reality a false tissue), the endosperm {en, Fig. 297, B). In this mass of endosperm cells several near the micropylar end grow larger than the surrounding ones, and become filled with granular protoplasm. These are the corpuscula of Brown, the arcliegonia of Sachs, or the secondary embryo sacs of Henfrey [cp, cp, Fig. 297, B). In some cases they are placed singly at short distances from each other, while in others they are clustered together (1 and 2, Fig. . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 402 BOTANY. wliich multiply by fission, and eventually unite into a con- tinuous tissue (in reality a false tissue), the endosperm {en, Fig. 297, B). In this mass of endosperm cells several near the micropylar end grow larger than the surrounding ones, and become filled with granular protoplasm. These are the corpuscula of Brown, the arcliegonia of Sachs, or the secondary embryo sacs of Henfrey [cp, cp, Fig. 297, B). In some cases they are placed singly at short distances from each other, while in others they are clustered together (1 and 2, Fig.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-402-botany-wliich-multiply-by-fission-and-eventually-unite-into-a-con-tinuous-tissue-in-reality-a-false-tissue-the-endosperm-en-fig-297-b-in-this-mass-of-endosperm-cells-several-near-the-micropylar-end-grow-larger-than-the-surrounding-ones-and-become-filled-with-granular-protoplasm-these-are-the-corpuscula-of-brown-the-arcliegonia-of-sachs-or-the-secondary-embryo-sacs-of-henfrey-cp-cp-fig-297-b-in-some-cases-they-are-placed-singly-at-short-distances-from-each-other-while-in-others-they-are-clustered-together-1-and-2-fig-image234383570.html . Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. VI] MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses with the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophyte and fertilization in the flowering plants the reader is referred to any comprehensive work on botany, su . Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. VI] MEIOTIC PHASE IN PLANTS 213 At fertilization the two male gamete nuclei which are formed in each pollen grain are both introduced into the embryo-sac ; one fuses with the ovum nucleus to produce the zygote, while the other fuses with the central fusion nucleus, forming thus a triploid nucleus. This afterwards gives rise to the endosperm, or reserve food material of the seed. For a more detailed account of the gametophyte and fertilization in the flowering plants the reader is referred to any comprehensive work on botany, suhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cytology-with-special-reference-to-the-metazoan-nucleus-cells-vi-meiotic-phase-in-plants-213-at-fertilization-the-two-male-gamete-nuclei-which-are-formed-in-each-pollen-grain-are-both-introduced-into-the-embryo-sac-one-fuses-with-the-ovum-nucleus-to-produce-the-zygote-while-the-other-fuses-with-the-central-fusion-nucleus-forming-thus-a-triploid-nucleus-this-afterwards-gives-rise-to-the-endosperm-or-reserve-food-material-of-the-seed-for-a-more-detailed-account-of-the-gametophyte-and-fertilization-in-the-flowering-plants-the-reader-is-referred-to-any-comprehensive-work-on-botany-su-image216168339.html Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . s recent researches, the mother-cells of the corpuscula(archegonia) arise in the embryo-sac by free cell-formation in the same manneras the first endosperm-cells; but the septa by which the latter are transformed intoa multicellular tissue are not produced. The cells grow, on the other hand, morevigorously, and divide near their apex where they touch the embryo-sac; a large inner [See foot-note to p. 434.] 45^ PHANEROGAMS. (lower) cell is thus formed, the central cell of the archegonium, and an upper smallone, lying next the embryo-sac fro Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . s recent researches, the mother-cells of the corpuscula(archegonia) arise in the embryo-sac by free cell-formation in the same manneras the first endosperm-cells; but the septa by which the latter are transformed intoa multicellular tissue are not produced. The cells grow, on the other hand, morevigorously, and divide near their apex where they touch the embryo-sac; a large inner [See foot-note to p. 434.] 45^ PHANEROGAMS. (lower) cell is thus formed, the central cell of the archegonium, and an upper smallone, lying next the embryo-sac frohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/text-book-of-botany-morphological-and-physiological-s-recent-researches-the-mother-cells-of-the-corpusculaarchegonia-arise-in-the-embryo-sac-by-free-cell-formation-in-the-same-manneras-the-first-endosperm-cells-but-the-septa-by-which-the-latter-are-transformed-intoa-multicellular-tissue-are-not-produced-the-cells-grow-on-the-other-hand-morevigorously-and-divide-near-their-apex-where-they-touch-the-embryo-sac-a-large-inner-see-foot-note-to-p-434-45-phanerogams-lower-cell-is-thus-formed-the-central-cell-of-the-archegonium-and-an-upper-smallone-lying-next-the-embryo-sac-fro-image342893915.html . Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. are produced in very great numbers, as many as 18,000,000 by a single plant. The pollen begins to be shed one to three days before the silk emerges from between the husks, and continues to fall for eight days, more or less, although the silk is pol- lenized usually on the first day of its appearance. The egg apparatus in the ovule of maize consists of three cells, and in the center of the embryo-sac is an endosperm nucleus. The fertilization of the egg cell results in the formation of the corn em- bryo, while the double fertilization of th . Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. are produced in very great numbers, as many as 18,000,000 by a single plant. The pollen begins to be shed one to three days before the silk emerges from between the husks, and continues to fall for eight days, more or less, although the silk is pol- lenized usually on the first day of its appearance. The egg apparatus in the ovule of maize consists of three cells, and in the center of the embryo-sac is an endosperm nucleus. The fertilization of the egg cell results in the formation of the corn em- bryo, while the double fertilization of thhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cyclopedia-of-farm-crops-farm-produce-agriculture-are-produced-in-very-great-numbers-as-many-as-18000000-by-a-single-plant-the-pollen-begins-to-be-shed-one-to-three-days-before-the-silk-emerges-from-between-the-husks-and-continues-to-fall-for-eight-days-more-or-less-although-the-silk-is-pol-lenized-usually-on-the-first-day-of-its-appearance-the-egg-apparatus-in-the-ovule-of-maize-consists-of-three-cells-and-in-the-center-of-the-embryo-sac-is-an-endosperm-nucleus-the-fertilization-of-the-egg-cell-results-in-the-formation-of-the-corn-em-bryo-while-the-double-fertilization-of-th-image216170146.html . Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. CARBOHYDRATES IS7 Those from potato tubers are flattened irregularly oval grains of comparatively large size, with an excentric nucleus (i, Fig. 79). Large and small grains are present in the endosperm-cells of wheat, barley and rye; they are all flattened and lentil-shaped with a central nucleus (2, Fig. 79). In the cotyledons of the seeds of,pea, bean and other legu- minous plants, the grains are oval and kidney-shaped as in 4, Fig. 79, with radiating cracks or fissures in the centre. In oats the grains are oval and . Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. CARBOHYDRATES IS7 Those from potato tubers are flattened irregularly oval grains of comparatively large size, with an excentric nucleus (i, Fig. 79). Large and small grains are present in the endosperm-cells of wheat, barley and rye; they are all flattened and lentil-shaped with a central nucleus (2, Fig. 79). In the cotyledons of the seeds of,pea, bean and other legu- minous plants, the grains are oval and kidney-shaped as in 4, Fig. 79, with radiating cracks or fissures in the centre. In oats the grains are oval and https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/agricultural-botany-theoretical-and-practical-botany-economic-botany-carbohydrates-is7-those-from-potato-tubers-are-flattened-irregularly-oval-grains-of-comparatively-large-size-with-an-excentric-nucleus-i-fig-79-large-and-small-grains-are-present-in-the-endosperm-cells-of-wheat-barley-and-rye-they-are-all-flattened-and-lentil-shaped-with-a-central-nucleus-2-fig-79-in-the-cotyledons-of-the-seeds-ofpea-bean-and-other-legu-minous-plants-the-grains-are-oval-and-kidney-shaped-as-in-4-fig-79-with-radiating-cracks-or-fissures-in-the-centre-in-oats-the-grains-are-oval-and-image232379980.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. Figs. 299, 300.—Thuja occidentalis: archegonium complex; fig. 299, longitudinal section of upper portion of endosperm with three of the elongated archegonium initials; X4S0; fig. 300, later stage with necks breaking down; the nuclei of the central cells have not yet divided to form the ventral canal nucleus and the egg nucleus; the pollen tube, with its body cell and stalk and tube nuclei, has almost reached the archegonium coiQDlez: X.S40.—^After Land (72).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that ma . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. Figs. 299, 300.—Thuja occidentalis: archegonium complex; fig. 299, longitudinal section of upper portion of endosperm with three of the elongated archegonium initials; X4S0; fig. 300, later stage with necks breaking down; the nuclei of the central cells have not yet divided to form the ventral canal nucleus and the egg nucleus; the pollen tube, with its body cell and stalk and tube nuclei, has almost reached the archegonium coiQDlez: X.S40.—^After Land (72).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that mahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-figs-299-300thuja-occidentalis-archegonium-complex-fig-299-longitudinal-section-of-upper-portion-of-endosperm-with-three-of-the-elongated-archegonium-initials-x4s0-fig-300-later-stage-with-necks-breaking-down-the-nuclei-of-the-central-cells-have-not-yet-divided-to-form-the-ventral-canal-nucleus-and-the-egg-nucleus-the-pollen-tube-with-its-body-cell-and-stalk-and-tube-nuclei-has-almost-reached-the-archegonium-coiqdlez-xs40after-land-72-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-ma-image216417657.html Nature and development of plants . B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed ofLepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in theroot, r, and the root cap and above in the epicotyl or plumule, pi. Twocotyledons, c, arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in,integuments; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—c, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem ofthe embryo and surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangialcells or perisperm; i, integument. of the receptacle, forming Nature and development of plants . B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed ofLepidium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in theroot, r, and the root cap and above in the epicotyl or plumule, pi. Twocotyledons, c, arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in,integuments; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—c, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem ofthe embryo and surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangialcells or perisperm; i, integument. of the receptacle, forminghttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-b-fig-296-structure-of-dicotyledonous-seeds-a-nearly-mature-seed-oflepidium-the-embryo-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-hy-ending-below-in-theroot-r-and-the-root-cap-and-above-in-the-epicotyl-or-plumule-pi-twocotyledons-c-arise-laterally-from-the-stem-funiculus-mi-micropyle-ininteguments-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lilyc-embryo-with-two-cotyledons-attached-laterally-to-the-minute-stem-ofthe-embryo-and-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-sporangialcells-or-perisperm-i-integument-of-the-receptacle-forming-image343328047.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 119 II chromosomes, and in one case 13 chromosomes; in Zamia 25 nuclei were examined and all showed 12 chromosomes. Chamber- lain (46, 63) found 12 chromosomes in the pollen mother cells of Dioon edule, 12 at the mitosis which gives rise to the ventral canal and egg nuclei, and 12 in cells of the endosperm.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 119 II chromosomes, and in one case 13 chromosomes; in Zamia 25 nuclei were examined and all showed 12 chromosomes. Chamber- lain (46, 63) found 12 chromosomes in the pollen mother cells of Dioon edule, 12 at the mitosis which gives rise to the ventral canal and egg nuclei, and 12 in cells of the endosperm.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work..https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-cycadales-119-ii-chromosomes-and-in-one-case-13-chromosomes-in-zamia-25-nuclei-were-examined-and-all-showed-12-chromosomes-chamber-lain-46-63-found-12-chromosomes-in-the-pollen-mother-cells-of-dioon-edule-12-at-the-mitosis-which-gives-rise-to-the-ventral-canal-and-egg-nuclei-and-12-in-cells-of-the-endosperm-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-image216418141.html Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . Fig. 128.—Black mustard. A, surface view of some of the characteristic cellsseen in the powder: p, elongated stone cells (beaker cells), beneath which isthe pigment layer (g); K, endosperm cells containing aleurone; c, cells ofcotyledon containing aleurone and oil. B, enlarged surface view of the stonecells, showing a shadow-like reticulum composed of broad lines which appear-ance is due to the fact that some Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . Fig. 128.—Black mustard. A, surface view of some of the characteristic cellsseen in the powder: p, elongated stone cells (beaker cells), beneath which isthe pigment layer (g); K, endosperm cells containing aleurone; c, cells ofcotyledon containing aleurone and oil. B, enlarged surface view of the stonecells, showing a shadow-like reticulum composed of broad lines which appear-ance is due to the fact that somehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/scientific-and-applied-pharmacognosy-intended-for-the-use-of-students-in-pharmacy-as-a-hand-book-for-pharmacists-and-as-a-reference-book-for-food-and-drug-analysts-and-pharmacologists-fig-128black-mustard-a-surface-view-of-some-of-the-characteristic-cellsseen-in-the-powder-p-elongated-stone-cells-beaker-cells-beneath-which-isthe-pigment-layer-g-k-endosperm-cells-containing-aleurone-c-cells-ofcotyledon-containing-aleurone-and-oil-b-enlarged-surface-view-of-the-stonecells-showing-a-shadow-like-reticulum-composed-of-broad-lines-which-appear-ance-is-due-to-the-fact-that-some-image338229781.html . Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. 54 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY ^E A. Fig. 31.—Section o£ a grain of wheat. A, Pericarps and seed coats; B, layer of cells in endosperm containing aleurone grains; C, cells of the endosperm containing starch grains. (From Hamaker.) seminated by wind currents. Examples of these are seen in the Milk- weed, which has a tuft of hairs at one end of the seed called a Coma, and in the official Strophanthus, which has a long bristle-like appendage attached to one end of the seed and called an awn. The wart-like appendage at the hilum or micropyle, as in Casto . Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. 54 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY ^E A. Fig. 31.—Section o£ a grain of wheat. A, Pericarps and seed coats; B, layer of cells in endosperm containing aleurone grains; C, cells of the endosperm containing starch grains. (From Hamaker.) seminated by wind currents. Examples of these are seen in the Milk- weed, which has a tuft of hairs at one end of the seed called a Coma, and in the official Strophanthus, which has a long bristle-like appendage attached to one end of the seed and called an awn. The wart-like appendage at the hilum or micropyle, as in Castohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/pharmaceutical-botany-botany-botany-medical-54-pharmaceutical-botany-e-a-fig-31section-o-a-grain-of-wheat-a-pericarps-and-seed-coats-b-layer-of-cells-in-endosperm-containing-aleurone-grains-c-cells-of-the-endosperm-containing-starch-grains-from-hamaker-seminated-by-wind-currents-examples-of-these-are-seen-in-the-milk-weed-which-has-a-tuft-of-hairs-at-one-end-of-the-seed-called-a-coma-and-in-the-official-strophanthus-which-has-a-long-bristle-like-appendage-attached-to-one-end-of-the-seed-and-called-an-awn-the-wart-like-appendage-at-the-hilum-or-micropyle-as-in-casto-image216418063.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 403 BOTANT. tvhich multiply by fission, and eventually unite into a con- tinuous tissue (in reality a false tissue), the endosperm {en, Fig. 397, B). In this mass of endosperm cells several near the micropylar end grow larger than the surrounding ones, and become filled with granular protoplasm. These are the corpiiscula of Brown, the a7'chegonia of Sachs, or the secondary embryo sacs of Henfrey {cp, cp, Pig. 397, B). In some cases they are placed singly at short distances from each other, while in others they are clustered together (1 and 2, Fig . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 403 BOTANT. tvhich multiply by fission, and eventually unite into a con- tinuous tissue (in reality a false tissue), the endosperm {en, Fig. 397, B). In this mass of endosperm cells several near the micropylar end grow larger than the surrounding ones, and become filled with granular protoplasm. These are the corpiiscula of Brown, the a7'chegonia of Sachs, or the secondary embryo sacs of Henfrey {cp, cp, Pig. 397, B). In some cases they are placed singly at short distances from each other, while in others they are clustered together (1 and 2, Fighttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-403-botant-tvhich-multiply-by-fission-and-eventually-unite-into-a-con-tinuous-tissue-in-reality-a-false-tissue-the-endosperm-en-fig-397-b-in-this-mass-of-endosperm-cells-several-near-the-micropylar-end-grow-larger-than-the-surrounding-ones-and-become-filled-with-granular-protoplasm-these-are-the-corpiiscula-of-brown-the-a7chegonia-of-sachs-or-the-secondary-embryo-sacs-of-henfrey-cp-cp-pig-397-b-in-some-cases-they-are-placed-singly-at-short-distances-from-each-other-while-in-others-they-are-clustered-together-1-and-2-fig-image232281783.html . The essentials of botany. Botany. 218 BOTANY. 463. The ovule-bearing flowers consist of the well-known cones which, when mature, bear the seeds (Fig. 122). The cone consists of a stem bearing many leaf-like scales closely crowded together, and upon these the ovules are produced. Each ovule has one coat which grows up from below, almost covering it; but as the ovules grow they bend. Fia 123.—Part of a Pine-ovule, cm, the body of the ovule; to, embryo-sac filled ipith endosperm, en, which contains two large cells (rudimentary archegones): re, neck of archegone; pi, pollen-tubes growing upward . The essentials of botany. Botany. 218 BOTANY. 463. The ovule-bearing flowers consist of the well-known cones which, when mature, bear the seeds (Fig. 122). The cone consists of a stem bearing many leaf-like scales closely crowded together, and upon these the ovules are produced. Each ovule has one coat which grows up from below, almost covering it; but as the ovules grow they bend. Fia 123.—Part of a Pine-ovule, cm, the body of the ovule; to, embryo-sac filled ipith endosperm, en, which contains two large cells (rudimentary archegones): re, neck of archegone; pi, pollen-tubes growing upward https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-essentials-of-botany-botany-218-botany-463-the-ovule-bearing-flowers-consist-of-the-well-known-cones-which-when-mature-bear-the-seeds-fig-122-the-cone-consists-of-a-stem-bearing-many-leaf-like-scales-closely-crowded-together-and-upon-these-the-ovules-are-produced-each-ovule-has-one-coat-which-grows-up-from-below-almost-covering-it-but-as-the-ovules-grow-they-bend-fia-123part-of-a-pine-ovule-cm-the-body-of-the-ovule-to-embryo-sac-filled-ipith-endosperm-en-which-contains-two-large-cells-rudimentary-archegones-re-neck-of-archegone-pi-pollen-tubes-growing-upward-image216447546.html . The essentials of botany. Botany. Fig. 152.—a, a longitudinal section of an ovule of the Pansy, after fer- tilization ; a and ?, coats of the ovule; p, pollen-tube: e, embryo-sa.c, with the very young embryo at one end and free endosperm-cells at the other. B, apex of embryo-sac, e ; eb, very young embryo of four cells. ovule-body, and soon reaches the embryo-sac. The gener- ative nucleus of the pollen-tube unites with the germ-cell, which then forms a wall about itself ; it then divides transversely one or more times, forming a row of cells (the suspensor), at the end of which an embryo soo . The essentials of botany. Botany. Fig. 152.—a, a longitudinal section of an ovule of the Pansy, after fer- tilization ; a and ?, coats of the ovule; p, pollen-tube: e, embryo-sa.c, with the very young embryo at one end and free endosperm-cells at the other. B, apex of embryo-sac, e ; eb, very young embryo of four cells. ovule-body, and soon reaches the embryo-sac. The gener- ative nucleus of the pollen-tube unites with the germ-cell, which then forms a wall about itself ; it then divides transversely one or more times, forming a row of cells (the suspensor), at the end of which an embryo soohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-essentials-of-botany-botany-fig-152a-a-longitudinal-section-of-an-ovule-of-the-pansy-after-fer-tilization-a-and-coats-of-the-ovule-p-pollen-tube-e-embryo-sac-with-the-very-young-embryo-at-one-end-and-free-endosperm-cells-at-the-other-b-apex-of-embryo-sac-e-eb-very-young-embryo-of-four-cells-ovule-body-and-soon-reaches-the-embryo-sac-the-gener-ative-nucleus-of-the-pollen-tube-unites-with-the-germ-cell-which-then-forms-a-wall-about-itself-it-then-divides-transversely-one-or-more-times-forming-a-row-of-cells-the-suspensor-at-the-end-of-which-an-embryo-soo-image232314543.html . Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. Fig. 154. — Cross section through the outer part of a grain of wheat, much magnified; k, the husk whose outer part is pericarp and whose inner part is testa; a, the gluten or aleurone layer whose cells are filled with grains of pro- tein ; b, a partof the starchy tissue which makes up the body of the grain. — After Cobb.. Fig. 155.—Section through part of the endosperm of a persimmon seed. Note the greatly thick- ened walls of reserve cellulose. both nitro . Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. Fig. 154. — Cross section through the outer part of a grain of wheat, much magnified; k, the husk whose outer part is pericarp and whose inner part is testa; a, the gluten or aleurone layer whose cells are filled with grains of pro- tein ; b, a partof the starchy tissue which makes up the body of the grain. — After Cobb.. Fig. 155.—Section through part of the endosperm of a persimmon seed. Note the greatly thick- ened walls of reserve cellulose. both nitrohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/plant-life-and-plant-uses-an-elementary-textbook-a-foundation-for-the-study-of-agriculture-domestic-science-or-college-botany-botany-fig-154-cross-section-through-the-outer-part-of-a-grain-of-wheat-much-magnified-k-the-husk-whose-outer-part-is-pericarp-and-whose-inner-part-is-testa-a-the-gluten-or-aleurone-layer-whose-cells-are-filled-with-grains-of-pro-tein-b-a-partof-the-starchy-tissue-which-makes-up-the-body-of-the-grain-after-cobb-fig-155section-through-part-of-the-endosperm-of-a-persimmon-seed-note-the-greatly-thick-ened-walls-of-reserve-cellulose-both-nitro-image216447371.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepiiium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the b . Nature and development of plants. Botany. B Fig. 296. Structure of dicotyledonous seeds: A, nearly mature seed of Lepiiium. The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, hy, ending below in the root, r, and the root cap and above the epicotyl, pi. Two cotyledons, c; arise laterally from the stem; /, funiculus; mi, micropyle; in, integuments, en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily—e, embryo with two cotyledons attached laterally to the minute stem of the embryo and sur- rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, sporangial cells or perisperm; i, integument. The elongation of the bhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-b-fig-296-structure-of-dicotyledonous-seeds-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepiiium-the-embryo-consists-of-the-hypocotyl-hy-ending-below-in-the-root-r-and-the-root-cap-and-above-the-epicotyl-pi-two-cotyledons-c-arise-laterally-from-the-stem-funiculus-mi-micropyle-in-integuments-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lilye-embryo-with-two-cotyledons-attached-laterally-to-the-minute-stem-of-the-embryo-and-sur-rounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-sporangial-cells-or-perisperm-i-integument-the-elongation-of-the-b-image232265093.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. Fig. 445.—Ephedra: A, young ovule; B, upper.part of female gametophyte after fertilization, showing the free cells of the proembryo within the two eggs; X64; C, suspensors developing from the free cells, passing from the egg into the endosperm, and each bearing at the tip an embryonal cell; X64; D-F, later stages in the develop- ment of the embryo; XiS4; A, E. campylopoda; B-F, E. dltissima.—After Steas- BURGER (3). nucleus enlarges and becomes surrounded by delicate cytoplasmic radiations such as appear in connection with the unferti . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. Fig. 445.—Ephedra: A, young ovule; B, upper.part of female gametophyte after fertilization, showing the free cells of the proembryo within the two eggs; X64; C, suspensors developing from the free cells, passing from the egg into the endosperm, and each bearing at the tip an embryonal cell; X64; D-F, later stages in the develop- ment of the embryo; XiS4; A, E. campylopoda; B-F, E. dltissima.—After Steas- BURGER (3). nucleus enlarges and becomes surrounded by delicate cytoplasmic radiations such as appear in connection with the unfertihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-fig-445ephedra-a-young-ovule-b-upperpart-of-female-gametophyte-after-fertilization-showing-the-free-cells-of-the-proembryo-within-the-two-eggs-x64-c-suspensors-developing-from-the-free-cells-passing-from-the-egg-into-the-endosperm-and-each-bearing-at-the-tip-an-embryonal-cell-x64-d-f-later-stages-in-the-develop-ment-of-the-embryo-xis4-a-e-campylopoda-b-f-e-dltissimaafter-steas-burger-3-nucleus-enlarges-and-becomes-surrounded-by-delicate-cytoplasmic-radiations-such-as-appear-in-connection-with-the-unferti-image216417222.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells of . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells ofhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-fig-276-seed-structure-a-section-of-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepid-ium-the-stem-of-the-embryo-is-differentiated-below-into-a-hypocotyl-hy-and-above-into-an-epicotyl-pi-commonly-known-in-the-seed-as-the-plumule-r-root-with-root-cap-c-the-two-cotyledons-which-are-bent-over-lying-one-upon-the-other-v-vascular-bundles-extending-through-the-stem-into-the-cotyledons-where-they-form-a-network-of-veins-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lily-after-conarde-embryo-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-cells-of-image232357533.html . Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. Fi£. 603. Hopi com grown by the Pueblo Indians. (From specimens in the United States Xationiil Museum i.). are produced in very great numbers, as many as 18,000,000 by a single plant. The pollen begins to be shed one to three days before the silk emerges from between the husks, and continues to fall for eight days, more or less, although the silk is pol- lenized usually on the first day of its appearance. The egg apparatus in the ovule of maize consists of three cells, and in the center of the embryo-sac is an endosperm nucleus. The fertil . Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. Fi£. 603. Hopi com grown by the Pueblo Indians. (From specimens in the United States Xationiil Museum i.). are produced in very great numbers, as many as 18,000,000 by a single plant. The pollen begins to be shed one to three days before the silk emerges from between the husks, and continues to fall for eight days, more or less, although the silk is pol- lenized usually on the first day of its appearance. The egg apparatus in the ovule of maize consists of three cells, and in the center of the embryo-sac is an endosperm nucleus. The fertilhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/cyclopedia-of-farm-crops-farm-produce-agriculture-fi-603-hopi-com-grown-by-the-pueblo-indians-from-specimens-in-the-united-states-xationiil-museum-i-are-produced-in-very-great-numbers-as-many-as-18000000-by-a-single-plant-the-pollen-begins-to-be-shed-one-to-three-days-before-the-silk-emerges-from-between-the-husks-and-continues-to-fall-for-eight-days-more-or-less-although-the-silk-is-pol-lenized-usually-on-the-first-day-of-its-appearance-the-egg-apparatus-in-the-ovule-of-maize-consists-of-three-cells-and-in-the-center-of-the-embryo-sac-is-an-endosperm-nucleus-the-fertil-image216170153.html Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . Fig. ^f»).—Viola tricolor; A longitudinal section through the anatropous ovule after fertilisaticn, // tl-.e placenta,?w cushion on the raphe, a outer, b inner integument, / the pollen-tube which has entered the micropyle, e the embryo-saccontaining the embryo (to the left) and a number of young endosperm-cells ; /> and C tlie apical swelling of two embryo-sacse with the embryo eb attached to it; the pro-embryo in A is two-celled. later, and the centre of the sac is filled in the unripe seed with a clear vacuole-fluid.In the embryo-sac Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . Fig. ^f»).—Viola tricolor; A longitudinal section through the anatropous ovule after fertilisaticn, // tl-.e placenta,?w cushion on the raphe, a outer, b inner integument, / the pollen-tube which has entered the micropyle, e the embryo-saccontaining the embryo (to the left) and a number of young endosperm-cells ; /> and C tlie apical swelling of two embryo-sacse with the embryo eb attached to it; the pro-embryo in A is two-celled. later, and the centre of the sac is filled in the unripe seed with a clear vacuole-fluid.In the embryo-sachttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/text-book-of-botany-morphological-and-physiological-fig-fviola-tricolor-a-longitudinal-section-through-the-anatropous-ovule-after-fertilisaticn-tl-e-placentaw-cushion-on-the-raphe-a-outer-b-inner-integument-the-pollen-tube-which-has-entered-the-micropyle-e-the-embryo-saccontaining-the-embryo-to-the-left-and-a-number-of-young-endosperm-cells-gt-and-c-tlie-apical-swelling-of-two-embryo-sacse-with-the-embryo-eb-attached-to-it-the-pro-embryo-in-a-is-two-celled-later-and-the-centre-of-the-sac-is-filled-in-the-unripe-seed-with-a-clear-vacuole-fluidin-the-embryo-sac-image342876958.html . Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 7. â - Canna Starch. (Magnified 300 diameters.) sch" â ^^^^. Ra. 8. âSection tiirough Exterior Part of a Grain of Wheat. c, cuticle or outer layer of bran ; ep, epidermis; m, layer beneath epidermis; qu, sch, layers of hull next to seed-coats; br, n, seed-coats; Kl, layer containing proteid grains ; st, cells of the endosperm filled with starch. (Greatly magnified.) 1 The markings will be seen more distinctly if care is taken not to admit too much light to the object. Rotate the diaphragm beneath the stage of the microscope, or otherwise regul . Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 7. â - Canna Starch. (Magnified 300 diameters.) sch" â ^^^^. Ra. 8. âSection tiirough Exterior Part of a Grain of Wheat. c, cuticle or outer layer of bran ; ep, epidermis; m, layer beneath epidermis; qu, sch, layers of hull next to seed-coats; br, n, seed-coats; Kl, layer containing proteid grains ; st, cells of the endosperm filled with starch. (Greatly magnified.) 1 The markings will be seen more distinctly if care is taken not to admit too much light to the object. Rotate the diaphragm beneath the stage of the microscope, or otherwise regulhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/foundations-of-botany-botany-botany-fig-7-canna-starch-magnified-300-diameters-schquot-ra-8-section-tiirough-exterior-part-of-a-grain-of-wheat-c-cuticle-or-outer-layer-of-bran-ep-epidermis-m-layer-beneath-epidermis-qu-sch-layers-of-hull-next-to-seed-coats-br-n-seed-coats-kl-layer-containing-proteid-grains-st-cells-of-the-endosperm-filled-with-starch-greatly-magnified-1-the-markings-will-be-seen-more-distinctly-if-care-is-taken-not-to-admit-too-much-light-to-the-object-rotate-the-diaphragm-beneath-the-stage-of-the-microscope-or-otherwise-regul-image216454958.html . The classification of flowering plants. Plants. 78 FLOWERING PLANTS few-celled undifferentiated embryo surrounded by a layer of large oily endosperm-cells. The eight genera, with about 20 species, are mostly tropical. They fall into three tribes, the Rafflesieae in the Himalayan region (Sapria), Si3im (Richthofenia) and the Malay Archipelago (Rafflesia);. Fig. 31. A-F. Rafflesia. A. Male flower-bud, x ^; sc, enveloping scale-leaves; r, root of host-plant. B. Open female flower, x . C. Longitudinal section through a female flower after removal of the perianth; o, ovary-cavity, roofed by the . The classification of flowering plants. Plants. 78 FLOWERING PLANTS few-celled undifferentiated embryo surrounded by a layer of large oily endosperm-cells. The eight genera, with about 20 species, are mostly tropical. They fall into three tribes, the Rafflesieae in the Himalayan region (Sapria), Si3im (Richthofenia) and the Malay Archipelago (Rafflesia);. Fig. 31. A-F. Rafflesia. A. Male flower-bud, x ^; sc, enveloping scale-leaves; r, root of host-plant. B. Open female flower, x . C. Longitudinal section through a female flower after removal of the perianth; o, ovary-cavity, roofed by the https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-classification-of-flowering-plants-plants-78-flowering-plants-few-celled-undifferentiated-embryo-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-large-oily-endosperm-cells-the-eight-genera-with-about-20-species-are-mostly-tropical-they-fall-into-three-tribes-the-rafflesieae-in-the-himalayan-region-sapria-si3im-richthofenia-and-the-malay-archipelago-rafflesia-fig-31-a-f-rafflesia-a-male-flower-bud-x-sc-enveloping-scale-leaves-r-root-of-host-plant-b-open-female-flower-x-c-longitudinal-section-through-a-female-flower-after-removal-of-the-perianth-o-ovary-cavity-roofed-by-the-image232762723.html . Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. A B 0 Fig, 16.—MupJiorbia corollata. A, flower-cluster witli iiiTOlucre, tlie whole appearing like a single flower; ^, a single staminate flower ; C, immature fertile flower, as seen after the removal of the sterile flowers; i, involucre; s, stigmas. cells or twice as many. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. Seeds con- taining fleshy or oily endosperm (Part I, Fig. 2). Most of the family are natives of hot regions, many of them of pecu- liar aspect from their adaptation to life in dry climates. [The family is too difficult for the beginner in botany to determine . Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. A B 0 Fig, 16.—MupJiorbia corollata. A, flower-cluster witli iiiTOlucre, tlie whole appearing like a single flower; ^, a single staminate flower ; C, immature fertile flower, as seen after the removal of the sterile flowers; i, involucre; s, stigmas. cells or twice as many. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. Seeds con- taining fleshy or oily endosperm (Part I, Fig. 2). Most of the family are natives of hot regions, many of them of pecu- liar aspect from their adaptation to life in dry climates. [The family is too difficult for the beginner in botany to determine https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/foundations-of-botany-botany-botany-a-b-0-fig-16mupjiorbia-corollata-a-flower-cluster-witli-iiitolucre-tlie-whole-appearing-like-a-single-flower-a-single-staminate-flower-c-immature-fertile-flower-as-seen-after-the-removal-of-the-sterile-flowers-i-involucre-s-stigmas-cells-or-twice-as-many-fruit-a-3-lobed-capsule-seeds-con-taining-fleshy-or-oily-endosperm-part-i-fig-2-most-of-the-family-are-natives-of-hot-regions-many-of-them-of-pecu-liar-aspect-from-their-adaptation-to-life-in-dry-climates-the-family-is-too-difficult-for-the-beginner-in-botany-to-determine-image216444093.html . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; -u, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells o . Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; -u, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells ohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-botany-fig-276-seed-structure-a-section-of-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepid-ium-the-stem-of-the-embryo-is-differentiated-below-into-a-hypocotyl-hy-and-above-into-an-epicotyl-pi-commonly-known-in-the-seed-as-the-plumule-r-root-with-root-cap-c-the-two-cotyledons-which-are-bent-over-lying-one-upon-the-other-u-vascular-bundles-extending-through-the-stem-into-the-cotyledons-where-they-form-a-network-of-veins-en-remains-of-endosperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lily-after-conarde-embryo-surrounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-cells-o-image232265343.html . Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 400.—Viola tricolor; A longitudinal section through the anatropous ovule after fertilisation, pi the placenta, tv cushion on the raphe, a outer, i inner integument, p the pollen-tube which has entered the micropyle, e the embryo-sac containing the embryo (to the left) and a number of young endosperm-cells; B and C the apices of two embryo-sacs e with the embryo eb attached to it; the suspensor in B is two-celled. In many cases the development of endosperm does not proceed beyond this point, for the growing oospore comes into . Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 400.—Viola tricolor; A longitudinal section through the anatropous ovule after fertilisation, pi the placenta, tv cushion on the raphe, a outer, i inner integument, p the pollen-tube which has entered the micropyle, e the embryo-sac containing the embryo (to the left) and a number of young endosperm-cells; B and C the apices of two embryo-sacs e with the embryo eb attached to it; the suspensor in B is two-celled. In many cases the development of endosperm does not proceed beyond this point, for the growing oospore comes into https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/text-book-of-botany-morphological-and-physiological-botany-fig-400viola-tricolor-a-longitudinal-section-through-the-anatropous-ovule-after-fertilisation-pi-the-placenta-tv-cushion-on-the-raphe-a-outer-i-inner-integument-p-the-pollen-tube-which-has-entered-the-micropyle-e-the-embryo-sac-containing-the-embryo-to-the-left-and-a-number-of-young-endosperm-cells-b-and-c-the-apices-of-two-embryo-sacs-e-with-the-embryo-eb-attached-to-it-the-suspensor-in-b-is-two-celled-in-many-cases-the-development-of-endosperm-does-not-proceed-beyond-this-point-for-the-growing-oospore-comes-into-image237840806.html Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . ricolor; A longitudinal section through the anatropous ovule after fertilisaticn, // tl-.e placenta,?w cushion on the raphe, a outer, b inner integument, / the pollen-tube which has entered the micropyle, e the embryo-saccontaining the embryo (to the left) and a number of young endosperm-cells ; /> and C tlie apical swelling of two embryo-sacse with the embryo eb attached to it; the pro-embryo in A is two-celled. later, and the centre of the sac is filled in the unripe seed with a clear vacuole-fluid.In the embryo-sac of the cocoa-nut, Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . ricolor; A longitudinal section through the anatropous ovule after fertilisaticn, // tl-.e placenta,?w cushion on the raphe, a outer, b inner integument, / the pollen-tube which has entered the micropyle, e the embryo-saccontaining the embryo (to the left) and a number of young endosperm-cells ; /> and C tlie apical swelling of two embryo-sacse with the embryo eb attached to it; the pro-embryo in A is two-celled. later, and the centre of the sac is filled in the unripe seed with a clear vacuole-fluid.In the embryo-sac of the cocoa-nut,https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/text-book-of-botany-morphological-and-physiological-ricolor-a-longitudinal-section-through-the-anatropous-ovule-after-fertilisaticn-tl-e-placentaw-cushion-on-the-raphe-a-outer-b-inner-integument-the-pollen-tube-which-has-entered-the-micropyle-e-the-embryo-saccontaining-the-embryo-to-the-left-and-a-number-of-young-endosperm-cells-gt-and-c-tlie-apical-swelling-of-two-embryo-sacse-with-the-embryo-eb-attached-to-it-the-pro-embryo-in-a-is-two-celled-later-and-the-centre-of-the-sac-is-filled-in-the-unripe-seed-with-a-clear-vacuole-fluidin-the-embryo-sac-of-the-cocoa-nut-image342876741.html . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CONIFERALES (TAXACEAE) 337. Fig. 386.—Torreya taxifolia: median longitudinal section of female gametophyte, showing egg with large nucleus (0), the remains of a neck cell {nc), and antipodal haustorial cells (Jir); also the tip of a pollen tube in contact with the egg, showing stalk nucleus (ite), tube nucleus {tn), and the two unequal male cells (m' and m^); the upward growth of the endosperm cells forms a sheath around the pollen tube; August 12, 1904; X460.—After Coulter and Land (ioi).. Please note that these images are extracted . Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CONIFERALES (TAXACEAE) 337. Fig. 386.—Torreya taxifolia: median longitudinal section of female gametophyte, showing egg with large nucleus (0), the remains of a neck cell {nc), and antipodal haustorial cells (Jir); also the tip of a pollen tube in contact with the egg, showing stalk nucleus (ite), tube nucleus {tn), and the two unequal male cells (m' and m^); the upward growth of the endosperm cells forms a sheath around the pollen tube; August 12, 1904; X460.—After Coulter and Land (ioi).. Please note that these images are extracted https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/morphology-of-gymnosperms-gymnosperms-plant-morphology-coniferales-taxaceae-337-fig-386torreya-taxifolia-median-longitudinal-section-of-female-gametophyte-showing-egg-with-large-nucleus-0-the-remains-of-a-neck-cell-nc-and-antipodal-haustorial-cells-jir-also-the-tip-of-a-pollen-tube-in-contact-with-the-egg-showing-stalk-nucleus-ite-tube-nucleus-tn-and-the-two-unequal-male-cells-m-and-m-the-upward-growth-of-the-endosperm-cells-forms-a-sheath-around-the-pollen-tube-august-12-1904-x460after-coulter-and-land-ioi-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-image232103258.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL ]^ OEM ALLOW BY DLVLSLON. 43 one mass before escaping ; wliile in Rejuvenescence the whole proto- plasm escapes without dividing. Rej uvenescence may then be regarded. Fisr, 33.—Endosperm-cells of Phaseolus muWflorus. A, the production of new cells in the protoplasm of the embryo sac ; n, n, ??., nuclei; a, a, a, masses of protoplasm gathered around the nuclei ; 6, young: cell, but without a wall of cellulose ; c. young cell with a wall ; c', (/, young cells with walls and vacuoles. B, two cells of the endosperm in a much later sta'ie ; ihe . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL ]^ OEM ALLOW BY DLVLSLON. 43 one mass before escaping ; wliile in Rejuvenescence the whole proto- plasm escapes without dividing. Rej uvenescence may then be regarded. Fisr, 33.—Endosperm-cells of Phaseolus muWflorus. A, the production of new cells in the protoplasm of the embryo sac ; n, n, ??., nuclei; a, a, a, masses of protoplasm gathered around the nuclei ; 6, young: cell, but without a wall of cellulose ; c. young cell with a wall ; c', (/, young cells with walls and vacuoles. B, two cells of the endosperm in a much later sta'ie ; ihe https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-cell-oem-allow-by-dlvlslon-43-one-mass-before-escaping-wliile-in-rejuvenescence-the-whole-proto-plasm-escapes-without-dividing-rej-uvenescence-may-then-be-regarded-fisr-33endosperm-cells-of-phaseolus-muwflorus-a-the-production-of-new-cells-in-the-protoplasm-of-the-embryo-sac-n-n-nuclei-a-a-a-masses-of-protoplasm-gathered-around-the-nuclei-6-young-cell-but-without-a-wall-of-cellulose-c-young-cell-with-a-wall-c-young-cells-with-walls-and-vacuoles-b-two-cells-of-the-endosperm-in-a-much-later-staie-ihe-image234394525.html Nature and development of plants . B Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid-iiim. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy,and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule.r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lyingone upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem intothe cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endo-sperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, sur-rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells of the mega Nature and development of plants . B Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid-iiim. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy,and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule.r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lyingone upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem intothe cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endo-sperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, sur-rounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells of the megahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nature-and-development-of-plants-b-fig-276-seed-structure-a-section-of-a-nearly-mature-seed-of-lepid-iiim-the-stem-of-the-embryo-is-differentiated-below-into-a-hypocotyl-hyand-above-into-an-epicotyl-pi-commonly-known-in-the-seed-as-the-plumuler-root-with-root-cap-c-the-two-cotyledons-which-are-bent-over-lyingone-upon-the-other-v-vascular-bundles-extending-through-the-stem-intothe-cotyledons-where-they-form-a-network-of-veins-en-remains-of-endo-sperm-b-section-of-seed-of-water-lily-after-conarde-embryo-sur-rounded-by-a-layer-of-endosperm-cells-mg-cells-of-the-mega-image343335688.html . The botany of crop plants : a text and reference book. Botany, Economic. 98 BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS In the milk-ripe or green-ripe stage, the embryo is already fully developed. The grain changes from pale green to dark green in color, which change Nowacki explains as being due to the resorption of several layers of the ovary wall, through which the chlorophyll layer now shows. The endosperm cells are filled with a watery sap in which are suspended a number of starch grains; hence, when the grain is squeezed a white, milky juice comes out. In the yellow-ripe, gold-ripe, or "dough" sta . The botany of crop plants : a text and reference book. Botany, Economic. 98 BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS In the milk-ripe or green-ripe stage, the embryo is already fully developed. The grain changes from pale green to dark green in color, which change Nowacki explains as being due to the resorption of several layers of the ovary wall, through which the chlorophyll layer now shows. The endosperm cells are filled with a watery sap in which are suspended a number of starch grains; hence, when the grain is squeezed a white, milky juice comes out. In the yellow-ripe, gold-ripe, or "dough" stahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-botany-of-crop-plants-a-text-and-reference-book-botany-economic-98-botany-of-crop-plants-in-the-milk-ripe-or-green-ripe-stage-the-embryo-is-already-fully-developed-the-grain-changes-from-pale-green-to-dark-green-in-color-which-change-nowacki-explains-as-being-due-to-the-resorption-of-several-layers-of-the-ovary-wall-through-which-the-chlorophyll-layer-now-shows-the-endosperm-cells-are-filled-with-a-watery-sap-in-which-are-suspended-a-number-of-starch-grains-hence-when-the-grain-is-squeezed-a-white-milky-juice-comes-out-in-the-yellow-ripe-gold-ripe-or-quotdoughquot-sta-image231979295.html . A compendium of general botany. Plants. FiG. 91.âSection of the peripheral portion of a grain of wheat. 5, Seed-coat; kl. Kluten-bearing layer; z, starch-beariner endo.sperm-cells. (X 300.) (After Haberlaudt.) Fig. 92. A, Jrjs-seed in tangential longitudinal sec- tion. B. Cross-section of the same in the direction ab. C, Seed of Anetlium Sova in cross-section. The arrangement of the endosperm-cells is indicated by the lines. (Scliematic.) (After Haberlandt.) ous pores form the storage-tissue of Fritillaria imperialism of the date-palm, of Phytelajfhas macrocarpa {'â 'â Yegei?ihe ivory" . A compendium of general botany. Plants. FiG. 91.âSection of the peripheral portion of a grain of wheat. 5, Seed-coat; kl. Kluten-bearing layer; z, starch-beariner endo.sperm-cells. (X 300.) (After Haberlaudt.) Fig. 92. A, Jrjs-seed in tangential longitudinal sec- tion. B. Cross-section of the same in the direction ab. C, Seed of Anetlium Sova in cross-section. The arrangement of the endosperm-cells is indicated by the lines. (Scliematic.) (After Haberlandt.) ous pores form the storage-tissue of Fritillaria imperialism of the date-palm, of Phytelajfhas macrocarpa {'â 'â Yegei?ihe ivory"https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-compendium-of-general-botany-plants-fig-91section-of-the-peripheral-portion-of-a-grain-of-wheat-5-seed-coat-kl-kluten-bearing-layer-z-starch-beariner-endosperm-cells-x-300-after-haberlaudt-fig-92-a-jrjs-seed-in-tangential-longitudinal-sec-tion-b-cross-section-of-the-same-in-the-direction-ab-c-seed-of-anetlium-sova-in-cross-section-the-arrangement-of-the-endosperm-cells-is-indicated-by-the-lines-scliematic-after-haberlandt-ous-pores-form-the-storage-tissue-of-fritillaria-imperialism-of-the-date-palm-of-phytelajfhas-macrocarpa-yegeiihe-ivoryquot-image232672618.html . A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. GERMINATION OP SEEDS 89 plant in various compounds found in the soil. The white of an egg is an illustration of a proteid; and meat in general is a proteid food, as contrasted with bread, which is a car- bohydrate food. In many seeds proteid food is stored in the form of uleuronc grains. For example, a section of a wheat grain, or the grain of any common cereal, shows aleurone grains in the outer layer of endosperm cells, just inside of the testa; while the other endosperm cells contain starch grains. 50. Fats.âIn addition to carbohydrates . A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. GERMINATION OP SEEDS 89 plant in various compounds found in the soil. The white of an egg is an illustration of a proteid; and meat in general is a proteid food, as contrasted with bread, which is a car- bohydrate food. In many seeds proteid food is stored in the form of uleuronc grains. For example, a section of a wheat grain, or the grain of any common cereal, shows aleurone grains in the outer layer of endosperm cells, just inside of the testa; while the other endosperm cells contain starch grains. 50. Fats.âIn addition to carbohydrateshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/a-text-book-of-botany-for-secondary-schools-botany-germination-op-seeds-89-plant-in-various-compounds-found-in-the-soil-the-white-of-an-egg-is-an-illustration-of-a-proteid-and-meat-in-general-is-a-proteid-food-as-contrasted-with-bread-which-is-a-car-bohydrate-food-in-many-seeds-proteid-food-is-stored-in-the-form-of-uleuronc-grains-for-example-a-section-of-a-wheat-grain-or-the-grain-of-any-common-cereal-shows-aleurone-grains-in-the-outer-layer-of-endosperm-cells-just-inside-of-the-testa-while-the-other-endosperm-cells-contain-starch-grains-50-fatsin-addition-to-carbohydrates-image231953443.html . The elements of vegetable histology. Plant anatomy. Plate 65.—Fruit Structure. A. Transverse Section, Fennel Fruit. 1. Epicarp or epidermis. 2. Fibrovas- cular bundle. 3. Mesocarp parenchyma., 4. Secretion cavity or vitta. 5. Endo- carp layers. 6. Seed coat layers. 7. Endosperm of seed parenchyma. B. Powdered Fennel Fruit. 1. Epicarp adherent to dark cells lining vittae. 2. Porous parenchyma of mesocarp. 3. Endosperm cells. 4. Parenchyma of mesocarp. 5. Fibrovascular elements. 6. Endocarp cells. 7. Aleuronc grains from seed parenchyma. 200. Please note that these images are extracted from sc . The elements of vegetable histology. Plant anatomy. Plate 65.—Fruit Structure. A. Transverse Section, Fennel Fruit. 1. Epicarp or epidermis. 2. Fibrovas- cular bundle. 3. Mesocarp parenchyma., 4. Secretion cavity or vitta. 5. Endo- carp layers. 6. Seed coat layers. 7. Endosperm of seed parenchyma. B. Powdered Fennel Fruit. 1. Epicarp adherent to dark cells lining vittae. 2. Porous parenchyma of mesocarp. 3. Endosperm cells. 4. Parenchyma of mesocarp. 5. Fibrovascular elements. 6. Endocarp cells. 7. Aleuronc grains from seed parenchyma. 200. Please note that these images are extracted from schttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-elements-of-vegetable-histology-plant-anatomy-plate-65fruit-structure-a-transverse-section-fennel-fruit-1-epicarp-or-epidermis-2-fibrovas-cular-bundle-3-mesocarp-parenchyma-4-secretion-cavity-or-vitta-5-endo-carp-layers-6-seed-coat-layers-7-endosperm-of-seed-parenchyma-b-powdered-fennel-fruit-1-epicarp-adherent-to-dark-cells-lining-vittae-2-porous-parenchyma-of-mesocarp-3-endosperm-cells-4-parenchyma-of-mesocarp-5-fibrovascular-elements-6-endocarp-cells-7-aleuronc-grains-from-seed-parenchyma-200-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-sc-image232288085.html . The classification of flowering plants. Plants. GENTIANACEAE 467 the fertile develop seeds which contain only a few endosperm cells and an undifferentiated embryo consisting of a row of cells (1-4). Giierin has observed the frequent occurrence of numerous antipodal cells in the embryo-sac.. Fig. 220. Leiphaimos aphylla. A. Plant shewing flower and fruit, x |. B. Flower in longitudinal section, x C, D. Front and back views of stamen, x 15. E, Fruit surrounded by withered corolla, cut open sheAving placentas bearing the thread-like seeds, x F. Transverse section of fruit, x 7. G. Seed, X 45. ( . The classification of flowering plants. Plants. GENTIANACEAE 467 the fertile develop seeds which contain only a few endosperm cells and an undifferentiated embryo consisting of a row of cells (1-4). Giierin has observed the frequent occurrence of numerous antipodal cells in the embryo-sac.. Fig. 220. Leiphaimos aphylla. A. Plant shewing flower and fruit, x |. B. Flower in longitudinal section, x C, D. Front and back views of stamen, x 15. E, Fruit surrounded by withered corolla, cut open sheAving placentas bearing the thread-like seeds, x F. Transverse section of fruit, x 7. G. Seed, X 45. (https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-classification-of-flowering-plants-plants-gentianaceae-467-the-fertile-develop-seeds-which-contain-only-a-few-endosperm-cells-and-an-undifferentiated-embryo-consisting-of-a-row-of-cells-1-4-giierin-has-observed-the-frequent-occurrence-of-numerous-antipodal-cells-in-the-embryo-sac-fig-220-leiphaimos-aphylla-a-plant-shewing-flower-and-fruit-x-b-flower-in-longitudinal-section-x-c-d-front-and-back-views-of-stamen-x-15-e-fruit-surrounded-by-withered-corolla-cut-open-sheaving-placentas-bearing-the-thread-like-seeds-x-f-transverse-section-of-fruit-x-7-g-seed-x-45-image232762112.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. OELL FORMATION BT DIVISION. 43 one mass before escaping ; while in Rejuvenescence the whole proto- plasm escapes without dividing. Rej uvenescence may then be regarded. Fi?. 33.—Endosperm-cells of Phaeeohis muWflorus. A, the production of new cells in the protoplasm of the embryo sac ; n, n, ?i, nuclei; a, a, a, masses of protoplasm grtthereil around the nuclei; &, younp cell, but without a wall of cellulose ; c-, young cell with a wall; c', d, young cells with walls and vacuoles. B, two cells of the endosperm in a much later stase ; ihe cell . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. OELL FORMATION BT DIVISION. 43 one mass before escaping ; while in Rejuvenescence the whole proto- plasm escapes without dividing. Rej uvenescence may then be regarded. Fi?. 33.—Endosperm-cells of Phaeeohis muWflorus. A, the production of new cells in the protoplasm of the embryo sac ; n, n, ?i, nuclei; a, a, a, masses of protoplasm grtthereil around the nuclei; &, younp cell, but without a wall of cellulose ; c-, young cell with a wall; c', d, young cells with walls and vacuoles. B, two cells of the endosperm in a much later stase ; ihe cellhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-oell-formation-bt-division-43-one-mass-before-escaping-while-in-rejuvenescence-the-whole-proto-plasm-escapes-without-dividing-rej-uvenescence-may-then-be-regarded-fi-33endosperm-cells-of-phaeeohis-muwflorus-a-the-production-of-new-cells-in-the-protoplasm-of-the-embryo-sac-n-n-i-nuclei-a-a-a-masses-of-protoplasm-grtthereil-around-the-nuclei-amp-younp-cell-but-without-a-wall-of-cellulose-c-young-cell-with-a-wall-c-d-young-cells-with-walls-and-vacuoles-b-two-cells-of-the-endosperm-in-a-much-later-stase-ihe-cell-image232272153.html . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL XOBMATION BY DIVISIOJST. 43 one mass before escaping ; while in Rejuvenescence the whole proto- plasm escapes without dividing. Rejuvenescence may then be regarded. Pig. 33.—Endosperm-cells of Phaseolua wuWfiorus. A, the production of new cells in the protoplasm of the embryo sac ; n, n, n, nuclei; a, o, a, masses of protoplasm gathered around the nuclei; ft, younp cell, hut without a wall of cellulose ; c, young cell with a wall; c', d, young cells with walls and vacuoles. B, two cells of the end08;)erm in a much later stane ; ihe cells hav . Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. CELL XOBMATION BY DIVISIOJST. 43 one mass before escaping ; while in Rejuvenescence the whole proto- plasm escapes without dividing. Rejuvenescence may then be regarded. Pig. 33.—Endosperm-cells of Phaseolua wuWfiorus. A, the production of new cells in the protoplasm of the embryo sac ; n, n, n, nuclei; a, o, a, masses of protoplasm gathered around the nuclei; ft, younp cell, hut without a wall of cellulose ; c, young cell with a wall; c', d, young cells with walls and vacuoles. B, two cells of the end08;)erm in a much later stane ; ihe cells havhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/botany-for-high-schools-and-colleges-botany-cell-xobmation-by-divisiojst-43-one-mass-before-escaping-while-in-rejuvenescence-the-whole-proto-plasm-escapes-without-dividing-rejuvenescence-may-then-be-regarded-pig-33endosperm-cells-of-phaseolua-wuwfiorus-a-the-production-of-new-cells-in-the-protoplasm-of-the-embryo-sac-n-n-n-nuclei-a-o-a-masses-of-protoplasm-gathered-around-the-nuclei-ft-younp-cell-hut-without-a-wall-of-cellulose-c-young-cell-with-a-wall-c-d-young-cells-with-walls-and-vacuoles-b-two-cells-of-the-end08erm-in-a-much-later-stane-ihe-cells-hav-image232283013.html . The Scottish botanical review . f Ac/laonema PLATE III. Figs. 20, 21. Four sections of an embryo-sac of A. sirnflex containing an egtjapparatus and two free nuclei which were in process of division, a, b,X 120 ; c, d, X 250 : c, the egg ; d, one of the synergids. Figs. 22, 23. The dividing free nuclei. x 650. x starch granule (?) at one poleof the nuclear spindle. Fig. 24, a-c. Three sections of an embryo-sac of A. simplex in which the eggapparatus was lateral in position ; </, outline of the egg apparatus.The endosperm {en.) is beginning to form. x 90. Fig. 25. Young endosperm-cells from . The Scottish botanical review . f Ac/laonema PLATE III. Figs. 20, 21. Four sections of an embryo-sac of A. sirnflex containing an egtjapparatus and two free nuclei which were in process of division, a, b,X 120 ; c, d, X 250 : c, the egg ; d, one of the synergids. Figs. 22, 23. The dividing free nuclei. x 650. x starch granule (?) at one poleof the nuclear spindle. Fig. 24, a-c. Three sections of an embryo-sac of A. simplex in which the eggapparatus was lateral in position ; </, outline of the egg apparatus.The endosperm {en.) is beginning to form. x 90. Fig. 25. Young endosperm-cells fromhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-scottish-botanical-review-f-aclaonema-plate-iii-figs-20-21-four-sections-of-an-embryo-sac-of-a-sirnflex-containing-an-egtjapparatus-and-two-free-nuclei-which-were-in-process-of-division-a-bx-120-c-d-x-250-c-the-egg-d-one-of-the-synergids-figs-22-23-the-dividing-free-nuclei-x-650-x-starch-granule-at-one-poleof-the-nuclear-spindle-fig-24-a-c-three-sections-of-an-embryo-sac-of-a-simplex-in-which-the-eggapparatus-was-lateral-in-position-lt-outline-of-the-egg-apparatusthe-endosperm-en-is-beginning-to-form-x-90-fig-25-young-endosperm-cells-from-image369727354.html . High school botanical note book [microform]. Botany; Botanique. â ^fxrr/: srnrcrri;/' tlie iiml.iction of i.ollen, liowever. iiiul of tlio si^oics of vascular ciyj.tOKams, four now inid..i me fonntMl in tlio 'â¢1^11, aiul tlie proioi.lasin collectsabouttlic.se. eventually secreting walls, so that four :iew ami comj.lete cells'an. formed u-if/un the original one, and tliese sooner or later make their escape. This mode is known as //ve a/t- fovwathm. T^. 070 ,,,oâ.g ^,,g fonnaiion of pollen- Krain.s of Hollyhock in four stages. In the production of the endosperm cells in the embryo-sac. and . High school botanical note book [microform]. Botany; Botanique. â ^fxrr/: srnrcrri;/' tlie iiml.iction of i.ollen, liowever. iiiul of tlio si^oics of vascular ciyj.tOKams, four now inid..i me fonntMl in tlio 'â¢1^11, aiul tlie proioi.lasin collectsabouttlic.se. eventually secreting walls, so that four :iew ami comj.lete cells'an. formed u-if/un the original one, and tliese sooner or later make their escape. This mode is known as //ve a/t- fovwathm. T^. 070 ,,,oâ.g ^,,g fonnaiion of pollen- Krain.s of Hollyhock in four stages. In the production of the endosperm cells in the embryo-sac. and https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/high-school-botanical-note-book-microform-botany-botanique-fxrr-srnrcrri-tlie-iimliction-of-iollen-liowever-iiiul-of-tlio-sioics-of-vascular-ciyjtokams-four-now-inidi-me-fonntml-in-tlio-111-aiul-tlie-proioilasin-collectsabouttlicse-eventually-secreting-walls-so-that-four-iew-ami-comjlete-cellsan-formed-u-ifun-the-original-one-and-tliese-sooner-or-later-make-their-escape-this-mode-is-known-as-ve-at-fovwathm-t-070-og-g-fonnaiion-of-pollen-krains-of-hollyhock-in-four-stages-in-the-production-of-the-endosperm-cells-in-the-embryo-sac-and-image232796345.html . The cell; outlines of general anatomy and physiology. for examination in the animal kingdom are the tissue cells ofyoung larvae of Salamandra maculata, of Triton, the spermatozoaof mature animals, the segmentation spheres of small transparenteggs, especially of Nematodes (Ascaris megalocephala), and ofEchinoderms (Toxopneustes lividus). Amongst plants the proto-plasm of the endosperm of the embryo sac, especially of Fritil-laria imperiaiis, and the developing pollen cells of Liliacese, areespecially to be recommended. a. Cell division, as it occurs in the Salamandramaculata, as an example of . The cell; outlines of general anatomy and physiology. for examination in the animal kingdom are the tissue cells ofyoung larvae of Salamandra maculata, of Triton, the spermatozoaof mature animals, the segmentation spheres of small transparenteggs, especially of Nematodes (Ascaris megalocephala), and ofEchinoderms (Toxopneustes lividus). Amongst plants the proto-plasm of the endosperm of the embryo sac, especially of Fritil-laria imperiaiis, and the developing pollen cells of Liliacese, areespecially to be recommended. a. Cell division, as it occurs in the Salamandramaculata, as an example ofhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-cell-outlines-of-general-anatomy-and-physiology-for-examination-in-the-animal-kingdom-are-the-tissue-cells-ofyoung-larvae-of-salamandra-maculata-of-triton-the-spermatozoaof-mature-animals-the-segmentation-spheres-of-small-transparenteggs-especially-of-nematodes-ascaris-megalocephala-and-ofechinoderms-toxopneustes-lividus-amongst-plants-the-proto-plasm-of-the-endosperm-of-the-embryo-sac-especially-of-fritil-laria-imperiaiis-and-the-developing-pollen-cells-of-liliacese-areespecially-to-be-recommended-a-cell-division-as-it-occurs-in-the-salamandramaculata-as-an-example-of-image336847535.html Next page Recent searches: Search Results for Endosperm Cells Stock Photos and Images  (337) Page 1 of 4 1234