Dicotyledons Black & White Stock Photos

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Dicotyledons Black & White Stock Photos

Black and White conversion of a Dandelion seed head Stock Photo

RFDR40WK–Black and White conversion of a Dandelion seed head

. Lessons with plants. Suggestions for seeing and interpreting some of the common forms of vegetation. -pleted. GERMINATION OF BEANS 327 398a. Monoootyledonous plants are less numerous, as to kinds,than the dicotyledons. Here belong all the palms, lilies, grassesand cereal grains, rushes, sedges, orchids, cannas, bananas, arumsand duokmeats. Most bulbous plants are monocotyledons. Someof these plants are illustrated in Pigs. 39, 40, 41, 58, 74, 101, 102,119, 138, 142, 148, 165, 166, 167, 168, 183, 184, 188, 189, 196, 199,212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225,254, Stock Photo

RM2AFNKY0–. Lessons with plants. Suggestions for seeing and interpreting some of the common forms of vegetation. -pleted. GERMINATION OF BEANS 327 398a. Monoootyledonous plants are less numerous, as to kinds,than the dicotyledons. Here belong all the palms, lilies, grassesand cereal grains, rushes, sedges, orchids, cannas, bananas, arumsand duokmeats. Most bulbous plants are monocotyledons. Someof these plants are illustrated in Pigs. 39, 40, 41, 58, 74, 101, 102,119, 138, 142, 148, 165, 166, 167, 168, 183, 184, 188, 189, 196, 199,212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225,254,

Historical illustration, dicotyledons, also known as dicots Stock Photo

RMDW3279–Historical illustration, dicotyledons, also known as dicots

. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 2l8 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS Angiospermous characters, and therefore, while they are not to be considered as the ancestors of the Angiosperms, it is probable that they and the modern dicotyledons are both descended from a common branch of the ancestral tree. Among modern plants, the flower of the magnolias most closely resembles that of Cycadeoidea in the spiral arrangement of its stamens and pistils (Figs. loi and 102). Just what significance should be attached to that fact has been disputed by students of morphology. The older vie Stock Photo

RMPG2R8J–. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 2l8 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS Angiospermous characters, and therefore, while they are not to be considered as the ancestors of the Angiosperms, it is probable that they and the modern dicotyledons are both descended from a common branch of the ancestral tree. Among modern plants, the flower of the magnolias most closely resembles that of Cycadeoidea in the spiral arrangement of its stamens and pistils (Figs. loi and 102). Just what significance should be attached to that fact has been disputed by students of morphology. The older vie

Twin Birch (Betula) trees highlighted snow. Senja, Norway, February. Stock Photo

RME4668C–Twin Birch (Betula) trees highlighted snow. Senja, Norway, February.

. Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood . difference in structure from those later formed. Theelements are usually thinner-walled, of shorter length, and lessdensely aggregated, so that the inner core of wood is comparativelysoft and weak. In the wood of Dicotyledons, although the elementscharacteristic of the species are all present, their characteristic ar-rangement does not appear clearly until later. This is particularlyevident in the distribution of the vessels and wood parenchyma inmany woods. C Stock Photo

RM2CDCY3F–. Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood . difference in structure from those later formed. Theelements are usually thinner-walled, of shorter length, and lessdensely aggregated, so that the inner core of wood is comparativelysoft and weak. In the wood of Dicotyledons, although the elementscharacteristic of the species are all present, their characteristic ar-rangement does not appear clearly until later. This is particularlyevident in the distribution of the vessels and wood parenchyma inmany woods. C

. Lessons in botany. Botany. 272 PLANT FAMILIES: DICOTYLEDONS.. Fig. 234. Evening primrose (CEnothera biennis) showing flower buds, flowers, and seed pods, (From Kerner and Oliver,). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt and company Stock Photo

RMPG00B1–. Lessons in botany. Botany. 272 PLANT FAMILIES: DICOTYLEDONS.. Fig. 234. Evening primrose (CEnothera biennis) showing flower buds, flowers, and seed pods, (From Kerner and Oliver,). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt and company

. Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood . Pseudotsuga) are multiseriate. Thelatter, because of their shape as seen on tangential section, arecalled fusiform rays (Fig. 9). In woody Dicotyledons there is more variation in the rays.In some instances (e.g., JEsculus [Plate VI, Fig. 6], Salix, Populus)low uniseriate rays only are present. At the other extreme isQuercus (Plate III, Fig. 1), where the largest rays are from 25 to 26 ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES 75 cells wide and several hundred high. Stock Photo

RM2CDCYD9–. Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood . Pseudotsuga) are multiseriate. Thelatter, because of their shape as seen on tangential section, arecalled fusiform rays (Fig. 9). In woody Dicotyledons there is more variation in the rays.In some instances (e.g., JEsculus [Plate VI, Fig. 6], Salix, Populus)low uniseriate rays only are present. At the other extreme isQuercus (Plate III, Fig. 1), where the largest rays are from 25 to 26 ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES 75 cells wide and several hundred high.

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 492 ANGIOSPERMS weeds that are poisonous. The Horse Nettle (Solanum caro- linense) {Fig. JfA2) is troublesome on account of its spiny stems, and it has a deep rootstock, which is difficult to eradicate. Another troublesome weed of this family is the Buffalo Bur (Solanum rostratum) {Fig. 443), which has spiny fruits that catch into the wool and hair of livestock. The Madder Family {Rubiaceae). — This is one of the largest families of the Dicotyledons. There are more than 4000 species be- longing to this family, but the majority of them are tropical. Stock Photo

RMPG3PDG–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 492 ANGIOSPERMS weeds that are poisonous. The Horse Nettle (Solanum caro- linense) {Fig. JfA2) is troublesome on account of its spiny stems, and it has a deep rootstock, which is difficult to eradicate. Another troublesome weed of this family is the Buffalo Bur (Solanum rostratum) {Fig. 443), which has spiny fruits that catch into the wool and hair of livestock. The Madder Family {Rubiaceae). — This is one of the largest families of the Dicotyledons. There are more than 4000 species be- longing to this family, but the majority of them are tropical.

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ40MB–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. STEMS OF MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLEDONS. 129 the centre of the stem, and that the hard and thick vascular bundles, situated at the periphery of the stem, are older than the softer ones occupying the centre. For stems like those of Palms he used the term endor/enoics, giving the name exogenous to the other class, in which new layers are added to the outside of the wood. The terms endogenous and exogenous were adopted b3' De Candolle, and have played an importan Stock Photo

RMPG3XAN–. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. STEMS OF MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLEDONS. 129 the centre of the stem, and that the hard and thick vascular bundles, situated at the periphery of the stem, are older than the softer ones occupying the centre. For stems like those of Palms he used the term endor/enoics, giving the name exogenous to the other class, in which new layers are added to the outside of the wood. The terms endogenous and exogenous were adopted b3' De Candolle, and have played an importan

RMRJ40C7–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. DICOTYLEDONS 215 The third order of. the Anisocarpse, the Contortse, includes several characteristic families, among them the milkweeds (Aselepiadacese) and dogbanes (Apo- cynacese). To the latter belong the oleander and periwinkle, while the gentians, and the olive family LI I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Campbell, Douglas Houghton, 1859-1953. New Y Stock Photo

RMPG1XTM–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. DICOTYLEDONS 215 The third order of. the Anisocarpse, the Contortse, includes several characteristic families, among them the milkweeds (Aselepiadacese) and dogbanes (Apo- cynacese). To the latter belong the oleander and periwinkle, while the gentians, and the olive family LI I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Campbell, Douglas Houghton, 1859-1953. New Y

RMRJ40KA–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. STRUCTURE OF WOODY STEMS 197 of cambium. The stems of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, since they increase in diameter by the addition of new layers of xylem or wood on the outside of that previously formed, are called exogenous stems. The stems of Monocotyledons are called endogenous — a term adopted when botanists had the erro- neous notion that monocotyledonous stems grow by the addition of new tissues on the inside of the older ones. Structure of Woody Stems Woody stems, characteristic of the shrubs and trees of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, are fu Stock Photo

RMPG42PA–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. STRUCTURE OF WOODY STEMS 197 of cambium. The stems of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, since they increase in diameter by the addition of new layers of xylem or wood on the outside of that previously formed, are called exogenous stems. The stems of Monocotyledons are called endogenous — a term adopted when botanists had the erro- neous notion that monocotyledonous stems grow by the addition of new tissues on the inside of the older ones. Structure of Woody Stems Woody stems, characteristic of the shrubs and trees of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, are fu

RMRJ40PN–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. DICOTYLEDONS 213. less completely united, and the corolla is " sympetalous," or " gamopetalous." The greater number of these, in addition to their being more highly specialized, indicate that they are, as a whole, a later and more differentiated group than the Cho- ripetalse, although it must be remembered that certain families of the latter are highly specialized. The highest of the Sympetalse, how- ever, are probably the most recent and highly developed of all plants. The Sympetalae fall readily into two main division Stock Photo

RMPG1XW0–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. DICOTYLEDONS 213. less completely united, and the corolla is " sympetalous," or " gamopetalous." The greater number of these, in addition to their being more highly specialized, indicate that they are, as a whole, a later and more differentiated group than the Cho- ripetalse, although it must be remembered that certain families of the latter are highly specialized. The highest of the Sympetalse, how- ever, are probably the most recent and highly developed of all plants. The Sympetalae fall readily into two main division

RMRJ40DG–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. RESTING PERIOD 67 such as Peas, Clover, Alfalfa, Tomatoes, Melons, Cotton, Fruit trees, and many forest trees are Dicotyledons. Each of these classes includes a large number of important cultivated plants as well as many that are regarded as weeds. Since the classification into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons applies only to the Flowering Plants, such plants as the Larch, Pine, Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, which belong to the Gymnosperms where there are no true flowers, are omitted in this classification. The seeds of a number of the Gymnosperms commonly h Stock Photo

RMPG4372–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. RESTING PERIOD 67 such as Peas, Clover, Alfalfa, Tomatoes, Melons, Cotton, Fruit trees, and many forest trees are Dicotyledons. Each of these classes includes a large number of important cultivated plants as well as many that are regarded as weeds. Since the classification into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons applies only to the Flowering Plants, such plants as the Larch, Pine, Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, which belong to the Gymnosperms where there are no true flowers, are omitted in this classification. The seeds of a number of the Gymnosperms commonly h

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. C/a "/, ^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ4092–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. C/a "/, ^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Cr-p. IV. DICOTYLEDONS. 227 served, and some of them with the greatest care, the periodical movements of leaves; bat their attention has been chiefly, though not exclusively, directed to those which move largely and are commonly said to sleep at night. From considerations hereafter to be given, plants of this nature are here excluded, and will be treated of separately. As we wished to ascer- tain whether all young and growing leaves circumnu- tated, we thought that it would be sufficient if we observed between 30 and 40 genera, widely distrib Stock Photo

RMPG1TKE–. The power of movement in plants . Plants; Botany. Cr-p. IV. DICOTYLEDONS. 227 served, and some of them with the greatest care, the periodical movements of leaves; bat their attention has been chiefly, though not exclusively, directed to those which move largely and are commonly said to sleep at night. From considerations hereafter to be given, plants of this nature are here excluded, and will be treated of separately. As we wished to ascer- tain whether all young and growing leaves circumnu- tated, we thought that it would be sufficient if we observed between 30 and 40 genera, widely distrib

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. I 'll. I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ40HN–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. I 'll. I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. xmi] SOURCES OF ERROR 163 vertically than in the rays of a Conifer. Attention has already been called to the difficulty of distinguishing between the fohage-shoots of some Conifers, Dicotyledons and Lycopodiaceous plants. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Seward, A. C. (Albert Charles), 1863-1941. Cambridge : University Press Stock Photo

RMPG0D78–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. xmi] SOURCES OF ERROR 163 vertically than in the rays of a Conifer. Attention has already been called to the difficulty of distinguishing between the fohage-shoots of some Conifers, Dicotyledons and Lycopodiaceous plants. The. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Seward, A. C. (Albert Charles), 1863-1941. Cambridge : University Press

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. ' J. if i L^ t ilk t. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ4088–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. ' J. if i L^ t ilk t. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADOFILICALES 15 been observed. Scott (24) remarks that "it is certainly a fact of great interest that the roots of our fossil, which in their primary condition much resemble those of marattiaceous ferns, or of Helmin- thostachys among Ophioglossaceae, should exhibit a mode of second- ary tissue-formation absolutely indistinguishable from that of typical dicotyledons or gymnosperms." At that time it was not realized that L. Oldhamium was a gymnosperm. There are cases in which. Fig. 12.-—Lyginodendron Oldhamium: part of tra Stock Photo

RMPG2KXY–. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADOFILICALES 15 been observed. Scott (24) remarks that "it is certainly a fact of great interest that the roots of our fossil, which in their primary condition much resemble those of marattiaceous ferns, or of Helmin- thostachys among Ophioglossaceae, should exhibit a mode of second- ary tissue-formation absolutely indistinguishable from that of typical dicotyledons or gymnosperms." At that time it was not realized that L. Oldhamium was a gymnosperm. There are cases in which. Fig. 12.-—Lyginodendron Oldhamium: part of tra

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. li'^ 111. It, PI I' iik. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ407J–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. li'^ 111. It, PI I' iik. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 192 STEMS Closed vascular bundles and their scattered arrangement are the chief distinguishing features of the anatomy of monocotyle- donous stems. Structure of Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems Herbaceous Dicotyledons constitute an important group, for they include many forage plants, notably the Clovers and Alfalfa, some important fiber plants as Flax and Hemp, most vegetables, and many greenhouse plants. In the tropical countries there are a few Gymnosperms that are herbaceous, but in general features their anatomy is quite similar to that of herba Stock Photo

RMPG42RD–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 192 STEMS Closed vascular bundles and their scattered arrangement are the chief distinguishing features of the anatomy of monocotyle- donous stems. Structure of Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems Herbaceous Dicotyledons constitute an important group, for they include many forage plants, notably the Clovers and Alfalfa, some important fiber plants as Flax and Hemp, most vegetables, and many greenhouse plants. In the tropical countries there are a few Gymnosperms that are herbaceous, but in general features their anatomy is quite similar to that of herba

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. V'^lSk. CROSS SECTION STEM OF POLYGONUM PENNSYLVANICUM LINNAEUS. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ405P–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. V'^lSk. CROSS SECTION STEM OF POLYGONUM PENNSYLVANICUM LINNAEUS. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. 200 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS groups of Angiosperms, although at present no such forms are certainly known. The Dicotyledons exhibit great variety in the form of the stem and leaves, and this is correlated with a much more perfect development of the tissues than is found elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom. This is shown especially in the highly de- veloped vascular bundles, which in the stems of the woody forms show a second- ary thickening like that in the coniferous stem, but the tissues of the bundle are much more specialized than in the latt Stock Photo

RMPG1XX2–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. 200 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS groups of Angiosperms, although at present no such forms are certainly known. The Dicotyledons exhibit great variety in the form of the stem and leaves, and this is correlated with a much more perfect development of the tissues than is found elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom. This is shown especially in the highly de- veloped vascular bundles, which in the stems of the woody forms show a second- ary thickening like that in the coniferous stem, but the tissues of the bundle are much more specialized than in the latt

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4i^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ40N5–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4i^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. PEA FAMILY 485 unite (Fig. 432). In the uniting of some of the petals, the plants of the Pea family suggest those of the Sympetalae which is considered the most advanced group of Dicotyledons. Also irregularity in the shape or size of sepals or petals is considered an advanced feature. The pistil consists of one carpel and be- comes the one-celled fruit called legume, which is characteristic of the family. The Beans, Peas, Peanuts, Soy Beans, Cow-peas, Clovers, Alfalfas, and Vetches make this family a noted one. The value of Beans, Peanuts, and Peas Stock Photo

RMPG3R8F–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. PEA FAMILY 485 unite (Fig. 432). In the uniting of some of the petals, the plants of the Pea family suggest those of the Sympetalae which is considered the most advanced group of Dicotyledons. Also irregularity in the shape or size of sepals or petals is considered an advanced feature. The pistil consists of one carpel and be- comes the one-celled fruit called legume, which is characteristic of the family. The Beans, Peas, Peanuts, Soy Beans, Cow-peas, Clovers, Alfalfas, and Vetches make this family a noted one. The value of Beans, Peanuts, and Peas

RMRDG0Y0–. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 2l8 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS Angiospermous characters, and therefore, while they are not to be considered as the ancestors of the Angiosperms, it is probable that they and the modern dicotyledons are both descended from a common branch of the ancestral tree. Among modern plants, the flower of the magnolias most closely resembles that of Cycadeoidea in the spiral arrangement of its stamens and pistils (Figs. loi and 102). Just what significance should be attached to that fact has been disputed by students of morphology. The older vie

. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. BUNDLES OF THE STEM. 123 acter of the latter and the softer texture of the former. As has been before noticed (see 345), in dicotyledons and gymnosperms in whicli there is annual increase in diameter there is a la3er of peculiar merismatic tissue (cambium) between the two parts. It is generally easy to identity the cells of this cambium layer, on account of their elongated foi m and intimate contact with each. other. Their development gives rise (1) to new cell Stock Photo

RMPG3XBC–. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. BUNDLES OF THE STEM. 123 acter of the latter and the softer texture of the former. As has been before noticed (see 345), in dicotyledons and gymnosperms in whicli there is annual increase in diameter there is a la3er of peculiar merismatic tissue (cambium) between the two parts. It is generally easy to identity the cells of this cambium layer, on account of their elongated foi m and intimate contact with each. other. Their development gives rise (1) to new cell

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. iiiiiiiSilll^ XI: mmMMMmiiMimiMMM. LONG SECTION STEM. OF POLYGONUM SCANDENS LlNNAEUS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ4005–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. iiiiiiiSilll^ XI: mmMMMmiiMimiMMM. LONG SECTION STEM. OF POLYGONUM SCANDENS LlNNAEUS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. The essentials of botany. Botany. PHANBROOAMIA. <iQQ hibiting several divergent groups, the one containing the Asterald Cohort rising highest. In such an arrangement the orders of the Apetalse would be placed as degraded or simplified offshoots mainly from the Choripetalse, while a few would doubtless be regarded as directly lower than and preceding the latter group. 537. A great many Dicotyledons show adaptations for pollination by insect agency, and it is safe to say that more than half the species are more or less dependent upon the visits of insects in order that their ovules may be f Stock Photo

RMPG40X1–. The essentials of botany. Botany. PHANBROOAMIA. <iQQ hibiting several divergent groups, the one containing the Asterald Cohort rising highest. In such an arrangement the orders of the Apetalse would be placed as degraded or simplified offshoots mainly from the Choripetalse, while a few would doubtless be regarded as directly lower than and preceding the latter group. 537. A great many Dicotyledons show adaptations for pollination by insect agency, and it is safe to say that more than half the species are more or less dependent upon the visits of insects in order that their ovules may be f

. Elementary botany . Botany. 124 DICOTYLEDONS from the centre of the roof of the ovary. We should expect the stigmas to he above the gaps between the placentae, because a stigma usually stands above the dorsal suture (mid-rib) of the carpel to which it belongs. But in the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Groom, Percy, 1865-1931. London : G. Bell Stock Photo

RMRDHMYP–. Elementary botany . Botany. 124 DICOTYLEDONS from the centre of the roof of the ovary. We should expect the stigmas to he above the gaps between the placentae, because a stigma usually stands above the dorsal suture (mid-rib) of the carpel to which it belongs. But in the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Groom, Percy, 1865-1931. London : G. Bell

. Lessons in botany. Botany. CHAPTER XLIV. DICOTYLEDONS (Continued). Order RosiflorjE. 426. Lesson XI.—The rose-like flowers are an interesting and important group. In all the members the receptacle (the end of the stem which bears the parts of the flower) is an im- portant part of the flower. It is most often widened, and either cup-shaped or urn-shaped, or the centre is elevated. The carpels are borne in the centre in the depression, or on the elevated central part where the receptacle takes on this form. The calyx, corolla, and the stamens are usually borne on the margin of the widened rece Stock Photo

RMPG00BT–. Lessons in botany. Botany. CHAPTER XLIV. DICOTYLEDONS (Continued). Order RosiflorjE. 426. Lesson XI.—The rose-like flowers are an interesting and important group. In all the members the receptacle (the end of the stem which bears the parts of the flower) is an im- portant part of the flower. It is most often widened, and either cup-shaped or urn-shaped, or the centre is elevated. The carpels are borne in the centre in the depression, or on the elevated central part where the receptacle takes on this form. The calyx, corolla, and the stamens are usually borne on the margin of the widened rece

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. Memoirs Department of Botany Columbia College. Vol, 1. Plate 77.. mmmmimfMmmmmmmm. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ4047–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. Memoirs Department of Botany Columbia College. Vol, 1. Plate 77.. mmmmimfMmmmmmmm. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. The origin of floral structures : through insect and other agencies. Plants; Flowers; Flowers. THE RECEPTACULAE TUBE. 95 ferentiated from blades in this class than in Dicotyledons, the inferior ovary may be due to the combination of the pistil with the united sheath-like portion of the perianth, which is prolonged above the summit of the ovary just as it is in Fuchsia, though it is not so prolonged in the Snowdrop. Anatomy of the ReceptaculaeTubb.âTracing the course of the fibro-vascular cords from the pedicel below the flower, say of Prunus Lauro-cerasus, the common laurel, there will be fo Stock Photo

RMPG3KJE–. The origin of floral structures : through insect and other agencies. Plants; Flowers; Flowers. THE RECEPTACULAE TUBE. 95 ferentiated from blades in this class than in Dicotyledons, the inferior ovary may be due to the combination of the pistil with the united sheath-like portion of the perianth, which is prolonged above the summit of the ovary just as it is in Fuchsia, though it is not so prolonged in the Snowdrop. Anatomy of the ReceptaculaeTubb.âTracing the course of the fibro-vascular cords from the pedicel below the flower, say of Prunus Lauro-cerasus, the common laurel, there will be fo

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. 'S^WWWmmSBM!MI. LONG SECTION STEM OF POLYGONUM BISTORTOIDES PURSH.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ406J–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. 'S^WWWmmSBM!MI. LONG SECTION STEM OF POLYGONUM BISTORTOIDES PURSH.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. STEUCTTJEE OP THE STEM. 65 Study the bundles in various portions of the section and notice particu- larly whether the relative amount of surface in each covered by ducts and by thick-walled wood-cells or sclerenchyma cells is everywhere the same. On the whole the structure of monoootyledonous stems is much simpler than that of dicotyledonous stems. The bun- dles which they contain are somewhat similar to those which the exogenous or outside-growing stems of dicotyledons form at a very early period of their growth. But while in exogens these bundles soon un Stock Photo

RMPG4AE5–. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. STEUCTTJEE OP THE STEM. 65 Study the bundles in various portions of the section and notice particu- larly whether the relative amount of surface in each covered by ducts and by thick-walled wood-cells or sclerenchyma cells is everywhere the same. On the whole the structure of monoootyledonous stems is much simpler than that of dicotyledonous stems. The bun- dles which they contain are somewhat similar to those which the exogenous or outside-growing stems of dicotyledons form at a very early period of their growth. But while in exogens these bundles soon un

. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 642 PHANEROGAMS. flower is tetramerous or pentamerous the number of carpels is usually less; when the flower is dimerous or trimerous, or when the parts are arranged spirally, the number of carpels is not unfrequently larger. It will be seen from this brief outline that the relations of number and position in the parts of the flowers of Dicotyledons are very various, and cannot be referred, as is the case with Monocotyledons with but few exceptions, to a single type. Even the establishment of different types for the larger groups Stock Photo

RMRPXF60–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 642 PHANEROGAMS. flower is tetramerous or pentamerous the number of carpels is usually less; when the flower is dimerous or trimerous, or when the parts are arranged spirally, the number of carpels is not unfrequently larger. It will be seen from this brief outline that the relations of number and position in the parts of the flowers of Dicotyledons are very various, and cannot be referred, as is the case with Monocotyledons with but few exceptions, to a single type. Even the establishment of different types for the larger groups

. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: SYMPETAL.T: 31£ should be recognized as Sympetalse, are honeysuckle, elder, lobelia, bluebell, primrose, morning-glory, lilac, milkweed, gentian, phlox, mullein, snapdragon, and verbena. Some additional prominently useful plants are as follows: Sweet -potato belongs to the same genus (Ipomcea) as the morning-glory, having long trailing stems and clusters of the well-known large oblong or elongated roots. It is not known whether it is native to the East Indies or America, but it is extensively cultivated in all warm countries. Stock Photo

RMPG1MDY–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: SYMPETAL.T: 31£ should be recognized as Sympetalse, are honeysuckle, elder, lobelia, bluebell, primrose, morning-glory, lilac, milkweed, gentian, phlox, mullein, snapdragon, and verbena. Some additional prominently useful plants are as follows: Sweet -potato belongs to the same genus (Ipomcea) as the morning-glory, having long trailing stems and clusters of the well-known large oblong or elongated roots. It is not known whether it is native to the East Indies or America, but it is extensively cultivated in all warm countries.

RMRDD9H6–. Lessons in botany. Botany. 272 PLANT FAMILIES: DICOTYLEDONS.. Fig. 234. Evening primrose (CEnothera biennis) showing flower buds, flowers, and seed pods, (From Kerner and Oliver,). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt and company

. Soils and plant life as related to agriculture . Agriculture; Soils; Plants. SEED GERMINATION 63. family, and hence all of our cereal crops, as com, wheat, rice, oats, barley and rye, for they are all grasses. The dicotyledons include the clovers, beans, peas, cotton, the common vegetables, and broad-leaved plants generally. When we ex- amine the seed of either of these two classes of plants, we are usually easily able to distinguish the parts. We find the embryo, or germ, in the mono- cotyledons at the base of the seed, as in the case of corn, and having but one cotyledon, while the stored Stock Photo

RMPG1E3H–. Soils and plant life as related to agriculture . Agriculture; Soils; Plants. SEED GERMINATION 63. family, and hence all of our cereal crops, as com, wheat, rice, oats, barley and rye, for they are all grasses. The dicotyledons include the clovers, beans, peas, cotton, the common vegetables, and broad-leaved plants generally. When we ex- amine the seed of either of these two classes of plants, we are usually easily able to distinguish the parts. We find the embryo, or germ, in the mono- cotyledons at the base of the seed, as in the case of corn, and having but one cotyledon, while the stored

. Morphology of angiosperms (Morphology of spermatophytes. Part II). Angiosperms; Plant morphology. THE MICR0SP0RANGIU3I 29 It is reasonably assured, therefore, that cauline micro- sporangia occur in at least seven genera, both Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons being represented. Upon the whole, they seem more characteristic of the primitive members of these two groups than of the more highly specialized members, but this impression may disappear with further investigation. If the cauline origin of megasporangia be considered, the primi- tive character of this feature becomes increasingly uncert Stock Photo

RMRDXWEP–. Morphology of angiosperms (Morphology of spermatophytes. Part II). Angiosperms; Plant morphology. THE MICR0SP0RANGIU3I 29 It is reasonably assured, therefore, that cauline micro- sporangia occur in at least seven genera, both Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons being represented. Upon the whole, they seem more characteristic of the primitive members of these two groups than of the more highly specialized members, but this impression may disappear with further investigation. If the cauline origin of megasporangia be considered, the primi- tive character of this feature becomes increasingly uncert

. The essentials of botany. Botany. PHANEBOGAMIA. 241 â which lies between the inner solid (woody) mass and the outer softer portion. 610, The Angiosperms are readily separated into two sub-classes, as follows: Sub-Class I. Monocotyledones (the Monocotyledons).â The first leaves produced by the embryo are alternate; the endosperm is usually large and the embryo small. Sub-Class II. Diootyledones (the Dicotyledons).âThe first leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) are opposite; the endosperm is very often rudimentary or entirely wanting, and the embryo is generally large. -. Fio. 136.âLongitudinal s Stock Photo

RMPG40YD–. The essentials of botany. Botany. PHANEBOGAMIA. 241 â which lies between the inner solid (woody) mass and the outer softer portion. 610, The Angiosperms are readily separated into two sub-classes, as follows: Sub-Class I. Monocotyledones (the Monocotyledons).â The first leaves produced by the embryo are alternate; the endosperm is usually large and the embryo small. Sub-Class II. Diootyledones (the Dicotyledons).âThe first leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) are opposite; the endosperm is very often rudimentary or entirely wanting, and the embryo is generally large. -. Fio. 136.âLongitudinal s

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. 1U2 MEMOIKS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTAXY OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE. 'ft! % 'â. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ407X–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. 1U2 MEMOIKS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTAXY OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE. 'ft! % 'â. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: SYMPETALtB 307 ment. To-day Florida, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin lead in the production of the finer grades; while the States producing the other grades are, in their order, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Ohio, In- diana, and Missouri. The finest tobacco in the world is grown in Cuba, that from Florida ranking second; while the tobacco of Borneo, Ceylon, and the Philippine Islands is not much inferior. The growing plant is handsome, with showy flowers, and is often used as an ornamental plant. The Stock Photo

RMPG1MF4–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: SYMPETALtB 307 ment. To-day Florida, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin lead in the production of the finer grades; while the States producing the other grades are, in their order, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Ohio, In- diana, and Missouri. The finest tobacco in the world is grown in Cuba, that from Florida ranking second; while the tobacco of Borneo, Ceylon, and the Philippine Islands is not much inferior. The growing plant is handsome, with showy flowers, and is often used as an ornamental plant. The

. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. rr"'; ^^^^^^jif-jzg^^^^;". LONG SECTION STEM OF POLYGONUM PENNSYLVANICUM LlKNAEUS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n. Stock Photo

RMRJ4051–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. rr"'; ^^^^^^jif-jzg^^^^;". LONG SECTION STEM OF POLYGONUM PENNSYLVANICUM LlKNAEUS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

. Soils and plant life as related to agriculture . Agriculture; Soils; Plants. family, and hence all of our cereal crops, as com, wheat, rice, oats, barley and rye, for they are all grasses. The dicotyledons include the clovers, beans, peas, cotton, the common vegetables, and broad-leaved plants generally. When we ex- amine the seed of either of these two classes of plants, we are usually easily able to distinguish the parts. We find the embryo, or germ, in the mono- cotyledons at the base of the seed, as in the case of corn, and having but one cotyledon, while the stored food occupies a large Stock Photo

RMPG1E3E–. Soils and plant life as related to agriculture . Agriculture; Soils; Plants. family, and hence all of our cereal crops, as com, wheat, rice, oats, barley and rye, for they are all grasses. The dicotyledons include the clovers, beans, peas, cotton, the common vegetables, and broad-leaved plants generally. When we ex- amine the seed of either of these two classes of plants, we are usually easily able to distinguish the parts. We find the embryo, or germ, in the mono- cotyledons at the base of the seed, as in the case of corn, and having but one cotyledon, while the stored food occupies a large

RMRDCXJM–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 492 ANGIOSPERMS weeds that are poisonous. The Horse Nettle (Solanum caro- linense) {Fig. JfA2) is troublesome on account of its spiny stems, and it has a deep rootstock, which is difficult to eradicate. Another troublesome weed of this family is the Buffalo Bur (Solanum rostratum) {Fig. 443), which has spiny fruits that catch into the wool and hair of livestock. The Madder Family {Rubiaceae). — This is one of the largest families of the Dicotyledons. There are more than 4000 species be- longing to this family, but the majority of them are tropical.

. Beginners' botany. Botany. 74 BEGINNERS' BOTANY The method of compounding or branching follows the mode of veining. The veining, or venation, is of two gen- eral kinds: in some plants the main veins diverge, and there is a conspicuous net- work of smaller veins; such leaves are netted-veined. They are characteristic of the dicotyledons. In other plants the main veins are parallel, or nearly so, and there is no conspicuous network; these are parallel-veined leaves (Figs. 89, 102). These leaves are the rule in monocoty- ledonous plants. The venation of netted- veined leaves is pinnate or feath Stock Photo

RMPG26MR–. Beginners' botany. Botany. 74 BEGINNERS' BOTANY The method of compounding or branching follows the mode of veining. The veining, or venation, is of two gen- eral kinds: in some plants the main veins diverge, and there is a conspicuous net- work of smaller veins; such leaves are netted-veined. They are characteristic of the dicotyledons. In other plants the main veins are parallel, or nearly so, and there is no conspicuous network; these are parallel-veined leaves (Figs. 89, 102). These leaves are the rule in monocoty- ledonous plants. The venation of netted- veined leaves is pinnate or feath

. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. /•//.•': :-*%. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin Stock Photo

RMRJ2BXR–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. /•//.•': :-*%. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 188 STEMS as to form distinct regions, such as pith, vascular cylinder, and cortex, which are more or less distinct regions in Dicotyledons. When cross sections of the Corn stem are studied with the microscope, such anatomical features as shown in Figure 166 may be seen. The cells of the rind are rectangular in shape, con- sist of a number of rows, and their walls are thickened and made woody for strength. The woody feature of the rind is character- istic of Grasses and Sedges, being much less prominent in other monocotyledonous stems, as, for examp Stock Photo

RMPG42TG–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 188 STEMS as to form distinct regions, such as pith, vascular cylinder, and cortex, which are more or less distinct regions in Dicotyledons. When cross sections of the Corn stem are studied with the microscope, such anatomical features as shown in Figure 166 may be seen. The cells of the rind are rectangular in shape, con- sist of a number of rows, and their walls are thickened and made woody for strength. The woody feature of the rind is character- istic of Grasses and Sedges, being much less prominent in other monocotyledonous stems, as, for examp

RMRJ18CR–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. -:>':s^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. COMPOSITE FAMILY 493 of Dicotyledons. The most conspicuous character of the family is the grouping of the flowers into a compact head, which is surrounded by bracts forming the structure called involucre {Fig. 44-6). The flowers are epigynous, the corolla is usually tubular or strap-shaped, and the five stamens are in- serted on the corolla and usually have their anthers united in a tube around the style. The calyx is often a tuft of hairs {pappus). They have developed very effective means of dis- seminating their seeds. In msLTiy, as the Dande- lio Stock Photo

RMPG3PFN–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. COMPOSITE FAMILY 493 of Dicotyledons. The most conspicuous character of the family is the grouping of the flowers into a compact head, which is surrounded by bracts forming the structure called involucre {Fig. 44-6). The flowers are epigynous, the corolla is usually tubular or strap-shaped, and the five stamens are in- serted on the corolla and usually have their anthers united in a tube around the style. The calyx is often a tuft of hairs {pappus). They have developed very effective means of dis- seminating their seeds. In msLTiy, as the Dande- lio

RMRJ2C0H–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. DICOTYLEDONS 207 are reduced forms, but this cannot be taken for granted, and further investigation is needed before definite con- clusions can be reached las to their systematic position. The Amentaceae are largely inhabitants of the cooler parts of the world, some of them, like the willows and. Fig. 50 (Polycarpicae). — A, section ol the flower of a buttercup (Ranun- culus) ; the numerous carpels are entirely separate; B, flower of wild columbine (Aquilegia); the petals, p, are modified into tubular necta- ries ; C, flower of a larkspur Stock Photo

RMPG1XWF–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. DICOTYLEDONS 207 are reduced forms, but this cannot be taken for granted, and further investigation is needed before definite con- clusions can be reached las to their systematic position. The Amentaceae are largely inhabitants of the cooler parts of the world, some of them, like the willows and. Fig. 50 (Polycarpicae). — A, section ol the flower of a buttercup (Ranun- culus) ; the numerous carpels are entirely separate; B, flower of wild columbine (Aquilegia); the petals, p, are modified into tubular necta- ries ; C, flower of a larkspur

RMRJ2B06–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. LENTICELS. 151 423. Lenticels are peculiar breaks in the continuity of the periderm of dicotyledons. In some cases they can be detected under minute elevations of the epidermis of the first year, which split open either at the end of that season or during the next, forming a rift running lengthwise of the stem, through this cleft. underlying tissues appear, protruding in an irregular manner, the whole structure constituting a lenticel. According to Stahl,'' the Stock Photo

RMPG3X98–. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. LENTICELS. 151 423. Lenticels are peculiar breaks in the continuity of the periderm of dicotyledons. In some cases they can be detected under minute elevations of the epidermis of the first year, which split open either at the end of that season or during the next, forming a rift running lengthwise of the stem, through this cleft. underlying tissues appear, protruding in an irregular manner, the whole structure constituting a lenticel. According to Stahl,'' the

. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin Stock Photo

RMRJ29EM–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Wood; a manual of the natural history and industrial applications of the timbers of commerce. Wood; Timber. 4 OF WOOD IN GENERAL Dicotyledons are commonly slower of growth than conifers,^ and their wood, especially that near the centre of the stem, is often much harder. They bear as a rule also broad, net-veined leaves ; and are known familiarly, therefore, as " hardwoods,^'' or as " broad-leaved trees.^^ Such are the Oak, Beech, Ash, Elm, Teak, Willow, Alder, etc. It is then only with the two classes of exogenous stems, those of gymnosperms or needle-leaved trees, and those of dic Stock Photo

RMPFXC0T–. Wood; a manual of the natural history and industrial applications of the timbers of commerce. Wood; Timber. 4 OF WOOD IN GENERAL Dicotyledons are commonly slower of growth than conifers,^ and their wood, especially that near the centre of the stem, is often much harder. They bear as a rule also broad, net-veined leaves ; and are known familiarly, therefore, as " hardwoods,^'' or as " broad-leaved trees.^^ Such are the Oak, Beech, Ash, Elm, Teak, Willow, Alder, etc. It is then only with the two classes of exogenous stems, those of gymnosperms or needle-leaved trees, and those of dic

RMRJ2C42–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: ARCHICHLAMYDEili 29Y Hemp.—This well-known fiber comes from an annual plant native to southern Asia, but long cultivated in Europe, and also naturalized in the United States (Fig. 287).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Coulter, John Merle, 1851-1928. New York, D. Appleton Stock Photo

RMPG1MGD–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: ARCHICHLAMYDEili 29Y Hemp.—This well-known fiber comes from an annual plant native to southern Asia, but long cultivated in Europe, and also naturalized in the United States (Fig. 287).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Coulter, John Merle, 1851-1928. New York, D. Appleton

RMRJ1WT7–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . J) ^ ^ ,l;(. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 196 STEMS The vascular bundles of all Dicotyledons are very sim- ilar to those of Monocotyledons in structure and function of conductive vessels, but differ essentially in having cambium. {Fig. 174-) The conductive tissue of the xylem consists chiefly of annular, spiral, pitted, and scalariform vessels — the latter being so named because the thickened areas, separated by slit-like thin areas, are so arranged, one above another, as to resemble the rounds of a ladder. As in Monocotyledons, the xylem vessels, probably assisted by the neighboring parenc Stock Photo

RMPG42PK–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 196 STEMS The vascular bundles of all Dicotyledons are very sim- ilar to those of Monocotyledons in structure and function of conductive vessels, but differ essentially in having cambium. {Fig. 174-) The conductive tissue of the xylem consists chiefly of annular, spiral, pitted, and scalariform vessels — the latter being so named because the thickened areas, separated by slit-like thin areas, are so arranged, one above another, as to resemble the rounds of a ladder. As in Monocotyledons, the xylem vessels, probably assisted by the neighboring parenc

RMRJ1W2W–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 71.—Diagram of Wood Strands or fibro-vascular Bundles in a Root, showing the wood (pc) and bast (/) separated. and strength to the plant, and of long tubtdar interrupted canals that serve to convey sap upward from tlie root and to convey food downward from the leaves to the stem and roots. Monocotyledons, as shown by fossils, existed before dicotyledons appeared, and it is thought that the latter were developed from ancestors of the former. It will be interesting to trace the relationship in stem structure. It will first be necessary to learn something of the Stock Photo

RMPG26WF–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 71.—Diagram of Wood Strands or fibro-vascular Bundles in a Root, showing the wood (pc) and bast (/) separated. and strength to the plant, and of long tubtdar interrupted canals that serve to convey sap upward from tlie root and to convey food downward from the leaves to the stem and roots. Monocotyledons, as shown by fossils, existed before dicotyledons appeared, and it is thought that the latter were developed from ancestors of the former. It will be interesting to trace the relationship in stem structure. It will first be necessary to learn something of the

RMRJ2ABP–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Beginners' botany. Botany. THE STEM—ITS GENERAL STRUCTURE 6l. Fig. 71.—Diagram of Wood Strands or fibro-vascular Bundles in a Root, showing the wood (pc) and bast (/) separated. and strength to the plant, and of long tubtdar interrupted canals that serve to convey sap upward from tlie root and to convey food downward from the leaves to the stem and roots. Monocotyledons, as shown by fossils, existed before dicotyledons appeared, and it is thought that the latter were developed from ancestors of the former. It will be interesting to trace the relationship in stem structure. It will first be n Stock Photo

RMPG26WG–. Beginners' botany. Botany. THE STEM—ITS GENERAL STRUCTURE 6l. Fig. 71.—Diagram of Wood Strands or fibro-vascular Bundles in a Root, showing the wood (pc) and bast (/) separated. and strength to the plant, and of long tubtdar interrupted canals that serve to convey sap upward from tlie root and to convey food downward from the leaves to the stem and roots. Monocotyledons, as shown by fossils, existed before dicotyledons appeared, and it is thought that the latter were developed from ancestors of the former. It will be interesting to trace the relationship in stem structure. It will first be n

RMRJ2FA4–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. 30 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. starting out as expansions of roots, not of underground stems like those of the potato, Mg. 35, and by the irregularity with which buds appear on their surface, if they appear at all. 44. Structure of Boots. — The structure of the very young root has been somewhat explained in §§ 17, 18. That of older woody roots of dicotyledons is somewhat more com- plicated.. Fig. 16.— A Taproot. Tia. 17. —Fibrous Roots. FiG. 18. — Fascicled Boots. Cut thin transverse sections ^ of large and small roots of any hardwood tree 2 and examine them first Stock Photo

RMPG4AHF–. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. 30 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. starting out as expansions of roots, not of underground stems like those of the potato, Mg. 35, and by the irregularity with which buds appear on their surface, if they appear at all. 44. Structure of Boots. — The structure of the very young root has been somewhat explained in §§ 17, 18. That of older woody roots of dicotyledons is somewhat more com- plicated.. Fig. 16.— A Taproot. Tia. 17. —Fibrous Roots. FiG. 18. — Fascicled Boots. Cut thin transverse sections ^ of large and small roots of any hardwood tree 2 and examine them first

RMRJ2EYR–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. K). w 4. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 128 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS monocotyledony seems the simpler, more primitive condi- tion, it is really a later phenomenon, the monocotyledons being derived from the dicotyledons by simplification.^ As a further example there may be cited the application of the method of comparative anatomy to solve the problem. Fig. 65.—Progressive sterilization of tissue in sporophytes. a, Riccia trickocarpa (mature); b, Marchantia polymorpha (embryo); c, Marchantia (mature); d, Porrella, a leafy liverwort (mature); e, anthoceros; /, Lyca- podium Stock Photo

RMPG2RDE–. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 128 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS monocotyledony seems the simpler, more primitive condi- tion, it is really a later phenomenon, the monocotyledons being derived from the dicotyledons by simplification.^ As a further example there may be cited the application of the method of comparative anatomy to solve the problem. Fig. 65.—Progressive sterilization of tissue in sporophytes. a, Riccia trickocarpa (mature); b, Marchantia polymorpha (embryo); c, Marchantia (mature); d, Porrella, a leafy liverwort (mature); e, anthoceros; /, Lyca- podium

RMRJ408X–. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum [microform]. Botany; Dicotyledons; Botanique; Dicotyledones. Memoirs Department of Botany Columbia College, Vol. 1. Plate 63.. POLYGONUM SCANDENS LINNAEUS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Small, John K. (John Kunkel), 1869-1938. [Lancaster, Pa. ? : s. n.

$. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: ARCllICIILAMYDE^ 293 genus {Trifolium) containing many species. The most im- portant one to the farmer is the common red clover, afford- ing valuable pasturage and clover hay, and also improving the soil (§77). The smaller white clover is also a very fa- miliar plant associ- ated with grasses in lawns, pastures, etc.; and its flow- ers are especially attractive to bees. Alfalfa (lucerne) is another important forage plant related to the clovers, and is especially valua- ble in the ^'est where irrigation is employed. It is a n Stock Photo$

RMPG1MGM–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: ARCllICIILAMYDE^ 293 genus {Trifolium) containing many species. The most im- portant one to the farmer is the common red clover, afford- ing valuable pasturage and clover hay, and also improving the soil (§77). The smaller white clover is also a very fa- miliar plant associ- ated with grasses in lawns, pastures, etc.; and its flow- ers are especially attractive to bees. Alfalfa (lucerne) is another important forage plant related to the clovers, and is especially valua- ble in the ^'est where irrigation is employed. It is a n

RMRJ2CH5–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. o:. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: AUCIIIC'HLAMYDE^B 285 It must not be thought that in this family and its allies the sepals and the petals are always just five in number; for. Fig. 280.—Apocarpous flower of a buttercup, showing the head of distinct carpels —.Vfter Baillon. they may be more numerous and may become even in- definitely numerous, as in the water-lily. Other well-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not pe Stock Photo

RMPG1MGR–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: AUCIIIC'HLAMYDE^B 285 It must not be thought that in this family and its allies the sepals and the petals are always just five in number; for. Fig. 280.—Apocarpous flower of a buttercup, showing the head of distinct carpels —.Vfter Baillon. they may be more numerous and may become even in- definitely numerous, as in the water-lily. Other well-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not pe

. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 534 PHANEROGAMS. ANGIOSPERMS1. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons are distinguished from Gymnosperms by the following characters :—their ovules are formed within a receptacle, the Ovary ; the endosperm originates in the embryo-sac only after fertilisation,—characteristics, the importance of which has already been shown in the general introduction to Phanerogams. Concurrently with these distinctions there are however a number of other peculiarities in these plants taken as a whole which distinguish them from. FIG. 3$].—Akebia guinata; Stock Photo

RMRPXJ07–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 534 PHANEROGAMS. ANGIOSPERMS1. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons are distinguished from Gymnosperms by the following characters :—their ovules are formed within a receptacle, the Ovary ; the endosperm originates in the embryo-sac only after fertilisation,—characteristics, the importance of which has already been shown in the general introduction to Phanerogams. Concurrently with these distinctions there are however a number of other peculiarities in these plants taken as a whole which distinguish them from. FIG. 3$].—Akebia guinata;

. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. 246 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS time, by further modifications of their descendants, other adaptations for cross-pollination would arise. There are many genera, especially among the lower Dicotyledons, which exhibit in a most interesting way all gradations between inconspicuous self-pollinated flowers, and showy ones dependent upon insects. This is shown, for example, A „ ^,r . in the genus Ranun- culus, which includes the various species of buttercup. The in- conspicuous R. abor- tivua is entirely in- dependent of insect aid, while such showy s Stock Photo

RMPG1XT4–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. 246 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS time, by further modifications of their descendants, other adaptations for cross-pollination would arise. There are many genera, especially among the lower Dicotyledons, which exhibit in a most interesting way all gradations between inconspicuous self-pollinated flowers, and showy ones dependent upon insects. This is shown, for example, A „ ^,r . in the genus Ranun- culus, which includes the various species of buttercup. The in- conspicuous R. abor- tivua is entirely in- dependent of insect aid, while such showy s

RMRJ2EET–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. 111 I J. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23 Scaly bulbs have narrow imbricated scales, the outer ones not en- closing the inner. Ex.: Lily. Tltbers and corms are annual. Bulbs and Rhizomes are perennial. Exogenous and Endogenous Stems.—Exogenous stems are typical of Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons and can increase materially in thick- ness due to presence of a cambium. Such stems show differentiation into an outer or cortical region and an inner or central cylinder region. Endogenous stems are typical of Monocotyledons .««(^^^^^^^5llBfc^ ^ and cannot in Stock Photo

RMPG2KEP–. Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23 Scaly bulbs have narrow imbricated scales, the outer ones not en- closing the inner. Ex.: Lily. Tltbers and corms are annual. Bulbs and Rhizomes are perennial. Exogenous and Endogenous Stems.—Exogenous stems are typical of Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons and can increase materially in thick- ness due to presence of a cambium. Such stems show differentiation into an outer or cortical region and an inner or central cylinder region. Endogenous stems are typical of Monocotyledons .««(^^^^^^^5llBfc^ ^ and cannot in

RMRJ1TWN–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. ,^L. O ' wr. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. SECONDARY STEUCTUEE. 135 Secondary Structure. 386. It has been noticed that the flbro-vascular bundles of monocotyledons differ from those of dicot3ledons chiefl}- in the possession by the latter of a layer of mcrismatic tissue (cambium) between the cribrose and woody portions. The stems of peren- nial dicotyledons increase in thickness from yeav to j'ear chiefly bj' the annual production of a new mass of wood upon the in- side of this layer, and of liber upon Stock Photo

RMPG3XA2–. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. SECONDARY STEUCTUEE. 135 Secondary Structure. 386. It has been noticed that the flbro-vascular bundles of monocotyledons differ from those of dicot3ledons chiefl}- in the possession by the latter of a layer of mcrismatic tissue (cambium) between the cribrose and woody portions. The stems of peren- nial dicotyledons increase in thickness from yeav to j'ear chiefly bj' the annual production of a new mass of wood upon the in- side of this layer, and of liber upon

RMRJ2AGT–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. fc«. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. (WILLOW FAMILY SALICACEAE) 473 The species may concern us because they are useful for food, fibers, lumber, medicine, etc., or because they are weeds which hinder the growth of cultivated plants, poison live stock, or do damage in other ways. Beginning with one of the lower families of the Dicotyledons, a number of families of Angiosperms having species of consid- erable economic importance are discussed in the following pages.. Fig. 415. — The flowers of a Willow. Above, at the left, a staminate catkin, and below, at the left, a staminate flower, s Stock Photo

RMPG416D–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. (WILLOW FAMILY SALICACEAE) 473 The species may concern us because they are useful for food, fibers, lumber, medicine, etc., or because they are weeds which hinder the growth of cultivated plants, poison live stock, or do damage in other ways. Beginning with one of the lower families of the Dicotyledons, a number of families of Angiosperms having species of consid- erable economic importance are discussed in the following pages.. Fig. 415. — The flowers of a Willow. Above, at the left, a staminate catkin, and below, at the left, a staminate flower, s

. Elementary botany. Botany. 270 DICOTYLEDONS. may be absent, or are very small. The stamens are numerous, as in the members of the crowfoot family. The pistils are also numerous, and the achenes in fruit are tipped with the long plumose, style, which aids them in floating in the air.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt Stock Photo

RMRDWEJJ–. Elementary botany. Botany. 270 DICOTYLEDONS. may be absent, or are very small. The stamens are numerous, as in the members of the crowfoot family. The pistils are also numerous, and the achenes in fruit are tipped with the long plumose, style, which aids them in floating in the air.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt

. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. l82 FRESH-WATER BIOLOGY. Fig. 255. Potamogelon natans. One floating leaf and three submerged leaves, representing the thread-like form of the monocotyledonous type of sub- merged leaf. (After Gobel.) thread-like leaves are very common and may be the only kind occur- ring on the plant, as in Potamogeton pectinatus, or they may occur on the same plant together with floating leaves, as in Potamogeton natans (Fig. 255). It is to be noticed that most of the monocoty- ledons conform to some one of the types mentioned, while the dicotyledons seem to favor an Stock Photo

RMPFYKND–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. l82 FRESH-WATER BIOLOGY. Fig. 255. Potamogelon natans. One floating leaf and three submerged leaves, representing the thread-like form of the monocotyledonous type of sub- merged leaf. (After Gobel.) thread-like leaves are very common and may be the only kind occur- ring on the plant, as in Potamogeton pectinatus, or they may occur on the same plant together with floating leaves, as in Potamogeton natans (Fig. 255). It is to be noticed that most of the monocoty- ledons conform to some one of the types mentioned, while the dicotyledons seem to favor an

. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. QYCADE2E. 505 (as in the sporangia of Lycopodiaceae, Equisetaceae, and Ophioglossaceas) into an outer layer of smaller cells enclosing a larger-celled tissue; the cells of the latter continue to grow and divide in all directions, and the mother-cells of the pollen are finally isolated, but densely crowded together, as in Dicotyledons. The mode of division of the mother-cells is nevertheless more like that of Monocotyledons in this respect, that they first of all divide into two daughter-cells, each of which, again undergoes bipart Stock Photo

RMRPXJ7P–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. QYCADE2E. 505 (as in the sporangia of Lycopodiaceae, Equisetaceae, and Ophioglossaceas) into an outer layer of smaller cells enclosing a larger-celled tissue; the cells of the latter continue to grow and divide in all directions, and the mother-cells of the pollen are finally isolated, but densely crowded together, as in Dicotyledons. The mode of division of the mother-cells is nevertheless more like that of Monocotyledons in this respect, that they first of all divide into two daughter-cells, each of which, again undergoes bipart

. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 255. Potamogelon natans. One floating leaf and three submerged leaves, representing the thread-like form of the monocotyledonous type of sub- merged leaf. (After Gobel.) thread-like leaves are very common and may be the only kind occur- ring on the plant, as in Potamogeton pectinatus, or they may occur on the same plant together with floating leaves, as in Potamogeton natans (Fig. 255). It is to be noticed that most of the monocoty- ledons conform to some one of the types mentioned, while the dicotyledons seem to favor another habit, such as is s Stock Photo

RMPFYKNG–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 255. Potamogelon natans. One floating leaf and three submerged leaves, representing the thread-like form of the monocotyledonous type of sub- merged leaf. (After Gobel.) thread-like leaves are very common and may be the only kind occur- ring on the plant, as in Potamogeton pectinatus, or they may occur on the same plant together with floating leaves, as in Potamogeton natans (Fig. 255). It is to be noticed that most of the monocoty- ledons conform to some one of the types mentioned, while the dicotyledons seem to favor another habit, such as is s

RMRDC2CT–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. STRUCTURE OF WOODY STEMS 197 of cambium. The stems of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, since they increase in diameter by the addition of new layers of xylem or wood on the outside of that previously formed, are called exogenous stems. The stems of Monocotyledons are called endogenous — a term adopted when botanists had the erro- neous notion that monocotyledonous stems grow by the addition of new tissues on the inside of the older ones. Structure of Woody Stems Woody stems, characteristic of the shrubs and trees of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, are fu

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. GRASS FAMILY 495 Some other well-known weeds of the family are the Cockle- burs, Ragweeds, Ironweeds, Spanish Needles, Wild Lettuce, and Beggar-ticks. Monocotyledons Among Monocotyledons about 25,000 species arc recognized, which are distributed among 42 families. They are less than one-fourth as numerous as the Dicotyledons. As previously stated. Monocotyledons differ from Dicotyledons in having flowers with parts usually in threes or sixes, leaves with parallel veins except in rare cases, and vascular bundles with the scattered arrangement. The Mo Stock Photo

RMPG40E4–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. GRASS FAMILY 495 Some other well-known weeds of the family are the Cockle- burs, Ragweeds, Ironweeds, Spanish Needles, Wild Lettuce, and Beggar-ticks. Monocotyledons Among Monocotyledons about 25,000 species arc recognized, which are distributed among 42 families. They are less than one-fourth as numerous as the Dicotyledons. As previously stated. Monocotyledons differ from Dicotyledons in having flowers with parts usually in threes or sixes, leaves with parallel veins except in rare cases, and vascular bundles with the scattered arrangement. The Mo

RMRJ2BRB–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. I I :u. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 227 dicotyledons, by a fusion of the two cotyledons into one. ^ On this basis the single seed-leaf of monocotyledons is interpreted as homologous to the two seed-leaves of di- cotyledons. The evidence supporting this suggestion is derived largely from a study of the anatomy of monocoty- ledonous seedlings. "The young epicotyl of monocotyle- donous seedlings contains a single ring of collateral bundles which may even show traces of cambium, much resembling. Fig. 107.—A-B, embryos of a "dicotyledonous monocot Stock Photo

RMPG2R84–. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 227 dicotyledons, by a fusion of the two cotyledons into one. ^ On this basis the single seed-leaf of monocotyledons is interpreted as homologous to the two seed-leaves of di- cotyledons. The evidence supporting this suggestion is derived largely from a study of the anatomy of monocoty- ledonous seedlings. "The young epicotyl of monocotyle- donous seedlings contains a single ring of collateral bundles which may even show traces of cambium, much resembling. Fig. 107.—A-B, embryos of a "dicotyledonous monocot

RMRJ2EKH–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. t'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: ARCHICHLAMYDE^ 296 tiums, fuchsias, etc.; and some very useful plants also belong to scattered families. These latter may be grouped as follows: (1) Fibers.—The fiber plants are numerous, but there are three very conspicuous ones among the Archichlamydeae. Cotton.—The cotton plant is by far the most important fiber plant grown, being cultivated over a greater area and used for a larger nunaber of purposes than any other fiber plant (Fig. 285). The cultivated va- rieties have originated from several tropical spe- cies, but in Stock Photo

RMPG1MGG–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. DICOTYLEDONS: ARCHICHLAMYDE^ 296 tiums, fuchsias, etc.; and some very useful plants also belong to scattered families. These latter may be grouped as follows: (1) Fibers.—The fiber plants are numerous, but there are three very conspicuous ones among the Archichlamydeae. Cotton.—The cotton plant is by far the most important fiber plant grown, being cultivated over a greater area and used for a larger nunaber of purposes than any other fiber plant (Fig. 285). The cultivated va- rieties have originated from several tropical spe- cies, but in

RMRJ299P–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. POLYEMBRYON'^" 467 from the embryos of Dicotyledons in the relative positions of the cotyledon and plumule. Although the cotyledon apparently arises laterally, it soon becomes terminal and the plumule appears to develop on the side of the em- bryo (Fig. 413). Parthenogenesis. — Partheno- genesis, which is the develop- ment of an embryo from a sup- posedly unfertilized egg, occurs in a number of Angiosperms. In the Dandelion (Taraxacum), Meadow Rue (Thalidrum), Ever- lasting (A ntennaria), Apples, Pears, Quinces, and a few other plants parthenog Stock Photo

RMPG3RR4–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. POLYEMBRYON'^" 467 from the embryos of Dicotyledons in the relative positions of the cotyledon and plumule. Although the cotyledon apparently arises laterally, it soon becomes terminal and the plumule appears to develop on the side of the em- bryo (Fig. 413). Parthenogenesis. — Partheno- genesis, which is the develop- ment of an embryo from a sup- posedly unfertilized egg, occurs in a number of Angiosperms. In the Dandelion (Taraxacum), Meadow Rue (Thalidrum), Ever- lasting (A ntennaria), Apples, Pears, Quinces, and a few other plants parthenog

RMRJ2CAY–. The silva of North America [microform] : a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Trees; Trees; Dicotyledons; Arbres; Arbres; Dicotylédones. r. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1897; Faxon, Charles Edward, 1846-1918. Boston; New York : Houghton, Mifflin

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