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RMRDHJA3–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 242 DKY-FARMING son with wheat very httle search has been made for dry-farm barleys, and, naturally, the list of tested varieties is very small. Like wheat and oats, barley occm-s in spring and winter varieties, but as in the. J Fig. 57. Dry-farm barley fidd, Washoe Co., Nevada. case of oats only one winter variety has as yet found its way into the approved list of dry-farm crops. The best dry-farm spring barleys are those belonging to the beardless and hull-less types, though the more common varieties also
RMPG20JP–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMREC9T5–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 132 DRY FARMING 103. Don't Backset if Sod has not Rotted.—In very dry summers it is more difficult to backset and less difficult to kill the prairie grasses than in wet summers. In 1914, as in some other dry years, it was physically impossible. Fig. 50.—A Good Job of Breaking on Medium Light Soil. in many areas to backset any breaking except that which had been done early and well packed down. In addition to this difficulty, it was noticed that even where back- setting was done the unrotted sod produced a very un- suitab
RMPG3EF6–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 312 DRY-FARMING spring the land is thoroughly disked and reduced to a fine condition. Following this the smoothing harrow is occasionally used to form a more perfect mulch. When seeding is to be done immediately after plow- ing, the plow is followed by the disk harrow, and that in turn is followed by the smoothing harrow. The ground is then ready for seeding. The disk harrow. Fig. 81. Disk harrow. is also used extensively throughout the summer in maintaining a proper mulch. It does its work more effectively
![. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 356 DRY FARMING (5) Light—for the synthesis or building up, in the leaves, of organic compounds from the inorganic elements of plant food. (6) Air—which not only supplies a large part of the food of plants, but which in small quantity in the soil. Fig. 106.—Cattle on the Eange ill Northern Saskatchewan. provides a desirable environment for plant roots and at the same time plays a large part in the development of "available" plant food. Fortunately for us nature provides most of these re- quirements with a lavis Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REC41D/dry-farming-in-western-canada-canada-agriculture-canada-dry-farming-356-dry-farming-5-lightfor-the-synthesis-or-building-up-in-the-leaves-of-organic-compounds-from-the-inorganic-elements-of-plant-food-6-airwhich-not-only-supplies-a-large-part-of-the-food-of-plants-but-which-in-small-quantity-in-the-soil-fig-106cattle-on-the-eange-ill-northern-saskatchewan-provides-a-desirable-environment-for-plant-roots-and-at-the-same-time-plays-a-large-part-in-the-development-of-quotavailablequot-plant-food-fortunately-for-us-nature-provides-most-of-these-re-quirements-with-a-lavis-REC41D.jpg ". Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 356 DRY FARMING (5) Light—for the synthesis or building up, in the leaves, of organic compounds from the inorganic elements of plant food. (6) Air—which not only supplies a large part of the food of plants, but which in small quantity in the soil. Fig. 106.—Cattle on the Eange ill Northern Saskatchewan. provides a desirable environment for plant roots and at the same time plays a large part in the development of "available" plant food. Fortunately for us nature provides most of these re- quirements with a lavis Stock Photo")
RMREC41D–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 356 DRY FARMING (5) Light—for the synthesis or building up, in the leaves, of organic compounds from the inorganic elements of plant food. (6) Air—which not only supplies a large part of the food of plants, but which in small quantity in the soil. Fig. 106.—Cattle on the Eange ill Northern Saskatchewan. provides a desirable environment for plant roots and at the same time plays a large part in the development of "available" plant food. Fortunately for us nature provides most of these re- quirements with a lavis
RMPG3EJ0–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMREC438–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. PREPARING LAND FOR FIRST CROP 141 is not ready to break the land the first year it is burned over. 114. Plowing Scrub Land.—The common practice in breaking scrub land is to plow about five inches deep, but if the roots are large deeper breaking is necessary. The best depth to plow depends on the size of the roots in the ground, it being necessary to plow that depth. Fig. 56.—Plowing and Disking Burned-over Scrub Land. which will enable the implement to turn a good furrow. Under some conditions a furrow ten inches deep an
RMPG3EF5–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 310 DRY-FARMING Making and maintaining a soil-mulch After the land has been so well plowed that the rains can enter easily, the next operation of impor- tance in dry-farming is the making and maintaining of a soil-mulch over the ground to prevent the evapora- tion of water from the soil. For this purpose some. Fig. 79. Spike tooth harrow. form of harrow is most commonly used. The oldest and best-known harrow is the ordinary smoothing har- row, which is composed of iron or steel teeth of various shapes set i
RMMAB1AM–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation . Fio. 5.—Outline map of the States in the Great Plains region, showing the lines of equal rainfall and lines of equivalent rainfall. The solid lines marked 15 and 20 pass through points of equal rainfall; the corresponding dotted lines pass through points having a rainfall which is equivalent to 15 and 20 inches, respectively, on the Canadian boundary. ration. Their position should be considered as only approximate, but they serve to emphasize the great influence of the increased evaporation upon the amount of water required for crop produ
RMREC514–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 92 DRY FARMING Carefully conducted experiments have also shown that some crops will withstand drought better than others. For instance, brome grass and Western rye grass for some reason withstand more drought than any of the other commonly used grasses. Alfalfa will witli-. ng. 32.—Winter Rye at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Although lower in price than wheat winter rye is a promising crop for the drier areas. stand more drought than clovers, Durum wheat more than common wheat, and Emmer more than oats or barley. It is well
RMPG3EHN–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
![. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 7.—Monthly Distribution of Precipitation in Canada. Note relatively heavy rainfall in the summer months in the Prairie Pro- vinces as compared with low precipitation at Vancouver fur the same months and tho average distribution throughout the year at Toronto. the moisture supply available for crops. The propor- tion that falls in the season the crop is growing is of far greater importance than the annua] amount. Tho following table gives the average precipitation per month for several years at a number of points. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/MAB19D/dry-farming-in-western-canada-fig-7monthly-distribution-of-precipitation-in-canada-note-relatively-heavy-rainfall-in-the-summer-months-in-the-prairie-pro-vinces-as-compared-with-low-precipitation-at-vancouver-fur-the-same-months-and-tho-average-distribution-throughout-the-year-at-toronto-the-moisture-supply-available-for-crops-the-propor-tion-that-falls-in-the-season-the-crop-is-growing-is-of-far-greater-importance-than-the-annua-amount-tho-following-table-gives-the-average-precipitation-per-month-for-several-years-at-a-number-of-points-MAB19D.jpg ". Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 7.—Monthly Distribution of Precipitation in Canada. Note relatively heavy rainfall in the summer months in the Prairie Pro- vinces as compared with low precipitation at Vancouver fur the same months and tho average distribution throughout the year at Toronto. the moisture supply available for crops. The propor- tion that falls in the season the crop is growing is of far greater importance than the annua] amount. Tho following table gives the average precipitation per month for several years at a number of points. Stock Photo")
RMMAB19D–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 7.—Monthly Distribution of Precipitation in Canada. Note relatively heavy rainfall in the summer months in the Prairie Pro- vinces as compared with low precipitation at Vancouver fur the same months and tho average distribution throughout the year at Toronto. the moisture supply available for crops. The propor- tion that falls in the season the crop is growing is of far greater importance than the annua] amount. Tho following table gives the average precipitation per month for several years at a number of points.
RMRDHJGJ–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Fio. 13. Physical features of the dry-farm territory of the United States. Note the great variation of conditions. (After Tarr.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
![. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight they are usually wide open. It is through the stomata that the gases of the air enter the plant through which the discarded oxyg Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3EJD/dry-farming-a-system-of-agriculture-for-countries-under-a-low-rainfall-dry-farming-a-c-fig-41-diagram-of-open-and-partly-closed-breathing-pores-on-leaves-through-these-openings-water-escapes-from-the-plant-from-kings-quot-irrigation-and-drainagequot-or-breathing-pores-are-so-constructed-that-they-may-open-and-close-very-readily-in-wilted-leaves-they-are-prac-tically-closed-often-they-also-close-im-mediately-after-a-rain-but-in-strong-sunlight-they-are-usually-wide-open-it-is-through-the-stomata-that-the-gases-of-the-air-enter-the-plant-through-which-the-discarded-oxyg-PG3EJD.jpg ". Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight they are usually wide open. It is through the stomata that the gases of the air enter the plant through which the discarded oxyg Stock Photo")
RMPG3EJD–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight they are usually wide open. It is through the stomata that the gases of the air enter the plant through which the discarded oxyg
RMMAB15T–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 99.—Black Amber Sorghum in Kansas. This is one of the leading typos of drought-resistant forage crops in the South. after the sorghum crop in place of the fallow. It is only under the most favorable conditions that corn should be used in this way. 250. Kansas Dry Farm Crops.—The best dry farming crops in Kansas arc of two distincl kinds. First, those that are able to withstand extremely hot summer weather and take advantage of moisture whenever rain may occur and second, those thai mature early enough in the spring to escape the hot dry summer weather. Th
RMRDHJGR–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Dry-fanning is a world problem.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMPG20HG–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 384 DRY-FAEMING cropping. All other dry-farm districts should take to heart this lesson, for, though crops may be pra- duced on fertile soils for one, two, or even three gener- ations without manuring, yet the time will come. Fig. 102. Threshing in dry-farm district near Moscow, Idaho. when plant-food must be added, to the soil in return for that which has been removed by the crops, Meanwhile, California offers, also, an excellent example of the possibility of successful dry-farming through long periods and
RMMAB188–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 37c.—Types of Coulters. 1. Blade coulter; 2. Revolving coulter and skimmer; 3. Revolving coulter; 4. Fin coulter. the dry parts of Western Canada some of our soils are not in good condition for plowing. In spring and sum- mer a better condition usually obtains. The type of mouldboard to use should be governed by (1) the kind of soil, (2) whether it is in sod or stubble, and (3) its normal moisture content. There is a type of mouldboard suitable for almost every soil. The more abrupt the slope the better the scouring quality, but, of course, the greater th
RMREC51A–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 72 DRY FAWMIXc Certain plants, the legumes, have the ability when inoculated to draw upon the air for nitrogen. Red clover, sweet clover, alfalfa, peas, beans, and vetch are examples of leguminous plants. These plants do not have the power in themselves to take up free nitrogen gas. It is through certain bacteria, the nodule bacteris, which live in the soil that this is made possible. These bacteria. Fig. 25.—Nodules en the Roots of Alfalfa. These nodules arc the homes of millions of alfalfa bacteria which gather nitroge
RMPG3EK1–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 154 DRY-PARMING In 1868, Nessler found that during six weeks of an ordinary German summer a stirred soil lost 510 grams of water per square foot, while the adjoining compacted soil lost 1680 grams, — a saving due to cultivation of nearly 60 per cent. Wagner, testing. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas,
RMMAB17B–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 62.—Typical Scene at a Plowing Match. the University of Saskatchewan wheat stubble was tilled in from sixteen to fifty different ways during each of five years and the average yields ranged from 11^ to 23^ bushels. In some seasons the range between the lowest and highest yield was 30 bushels per acre. As a result of carefully observing the climate and soil conditions and of keeping an accurate record of the be- havior and yield of the crops in seasons of different character during a period of nine years, we have learned that many unfavorable conditions in
RMREC51C–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bracken, John, 1883-. Winnipeg, Canada : The Grain Growers' Guide, Ltd.
RMPG3EK6–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 156 DRY-FAKMING makes the soil more porous, and, therefore, more ef- fectively worked for the prevention of evaporation. When this practice is continued for considerable periods, the topsoil becomes rich in organic matter.. Fig. 36. Dry-farm flax in Fergus Co., Montana, 1909. Yield, 22 bushels per acre. which assists in retarding evaporation, besides increas- ing the fertility of the land. When straw cannot be fed to advantage, as is yet the case on many of the western dry-farms, it would be better to scatt
RMMAB17M–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 55.—Scrub Cutter. Sometimes used for removing trees in Tark Belt land. Another method frequently followed is to burn over a piece of land for several springs in succession in order to clear it of all the trees and underbrush, and then break the land with a brush breaker hauled either by horses or tractor power. This is a good way when one
RMREC52M–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation. Dry farming. 34 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 40 20. Fig. 7.—Rainfall map of California. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Briggs, Lyman J. (Lyman James), 1874-1963. Washington DC : Government Printing Office
RMPG3EM0–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMMAB15A–. Dry farming in western Canada . I , * Fig. 114.—Precipitation Record—Medicine Hat, Alberta.
RMRDHA6Y–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Fig. 95. Windmill and storage tank. Tucson, Arizona.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMPG3EHP–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. ^^^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMMAB172–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 78.—Blue Burr. A typical tap-rooted winter annual or biennial.
RMRDHA53–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. DRY-PARMING IN A NUTSHELL 415 portant in ordinary years than where the summers are dry and the winters wet. Only an absolutely clean fallow should be permitted. The fertility of dry-farm soils must be maintained. Return the manure; plow under green leguminous. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-19
RMPG20HX–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. THE HISTOEY OF DKY-FARMING 371 of the population along their lines and for the pur- pose of assisting the settlers in the arid West con- siderable sums have been expended by the railroads in cooperation with the stations for the gathering of. ,4Mir 't*>i'^^^ Fig. 100. Using treadmill for threshing grain from small plants on one of the Utah experimental dry-farms. information of value in the reclamation of arid lands without irrigation. It is through the efforts of the experiment stations that the knowled
RMMAB1A5–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation . Fig. 15.—Rainfall map of North Dakota. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.
RMRDHJFC–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. JUDGING DRY-FARM SOILS 79 more on each acre if time and circumstances permit — and the results entered on a map of the farm. The uniformity of the soil is observed as the boring progresses. If gravel layers ex- ist, they will neces- sarily stop the prog- ress of the boring. Hardpans of any kind will also be re- vealed by such an examination. The climatic in- formation must be gathered from the local weather bureau and from older resi- dents of the section. The native vege- tation is always an excellent inde
RMPG3EF1–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 318 DRY-FARMING years ago, which gives the farmer full control over the process of seeding, is the only system to be used. The numerous seed drills on the market all employ the same principles. Their variations are few and simple. In all seed drills the seed is forced into tubes so placed as to enable the seed to fall into the fur- rows in the ground. The drills themselves are distin-. FiG. 84. Disk drill and seeder. guished almost wholly by the type of the furrow opener and the covering devices which are u
RMMAB16A–. Dry farming in western Canada . 4. ** *J ' : Fig. 9-1.—Hauling Manure with a Spreader. The use of fresh manure in thin applications, preferably by ;i manure spreader, is a good practice able that while both of these practices might result ill some improvement to the soil, it would be at present too <-osily a procedure for general use by pioneer settlers. Vigorous floating, planking ami harrowing, deep plow- ing, not permitting the surface to get too fine in the fall. working the land only when in condition, surface drain age of the low spots by furrows and the application of manure seem t
RMRDHA50–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Fig. 111. Homeward bound. Sagebrush in foreground; dry-farms in the distance. crops occasionally and practice rotation. On fertile soils plants mature with the least water. Sow only by the drill method. Wherever possible use fall varieties of crops. Plant deeply — three or four inches for grain. Plant early in the fall, espe- cially if the land has been summer fallowed. Use only about one half as much seed as is recommended for humid-farming. All the ordinary crops may be grown by dry-farm- ing. Secure seed
RMPG3EH9–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMMAB1AJ–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation . Fig. 13.—Rainfall map of Nevada. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 188
RMRDHJD2–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. FUNCTIONS OF ROOT-HAIRS 169 impossible for the plant to continue its life functions. The indispensable plant-foods gathered from the soil by the root-hairs, in addition to water, are: potas- sium, calcium, magnesium, iron, nitrogen, and phos- phorus, — all in their proper combinations. How the plant uses these substances is yet poorly understood.. Fig. 39. Penetration of a root-hair through soil. but we are fairly certain that each one has some particular function in the life of the plant. For instance, nit
![. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. OFFICE OF STOMATA 173 often found per square inch on the under side of the leaves of ordinary cultivated plants. The stomata. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight th Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3EJE/dry-farming-a-system-of-agriculture-for-countries-under-a-low-rainfall-dry-farming-office-of-stomata-173-often-found-per-square-inch-on-the-under-side-of-the-leaves-of-ordinary-cultivated-plants-the-stomata-a-c-fig-41-diagram-of-open-and-partly-closed-breathing-pores-on-leaves-through-these-openings-water-escapes-from-the-plant-from-kings-quot-irrigation-and-drainagequot-or-breathing-pores-are-so-constructed-that-they-may-open-and-close-very-readily-in-wilted-leaves-they-are-prac-tically-closed-often-they-also-close-im-mediately-after-a-rain-but-in-strong-sunlight-th-PG3EJE.jpg ". Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. OFFICE OF STOMATA 173 often found per square inch on the under side of the leaves of ordinary cultivated plants. The stomata. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight th Stock Photo")
RMPG3EJE–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. OFFICE OF STOMATA 173 often found per square inch on the under side of the leaves of ordinary cultivated plants. The stomata. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight th
RMMAB17T–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig 48.—Improper Breaking—after Discing. Showing the loose, open spaces under the furrow slice which are so undesirable in dry areas. that where good plowing is done and the furrow slice turned down flat, rather than on edge, the sod rots bet- ter and larger returns are secured. 99. Pack or Plank after Breaking.—For the same rea- son that sod or prairie land should be turned over flat, it should also be pressed firmly against the subsurface soil. For this purpose the land packer or the home-made planker give excellent results. In the dry summers of 1914 and 19
![. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight they are usually wide open. It is through the stomata that the gases of the air enter the plant through which the discarded oxyg Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHJCM/dry-farming-a-system-of-agriculture-for-countries-under-a-low-rainfall-dry-farming-a-c-fig-41-diagram-of-open-and-partly-closed-breathing-pores-on-leaves-through-these-openings-water-escapes-from-the-plant-from-kings-quot-irrigation-and-drainagequot-or-breathing-pores-are-so-constructed-that-they-may-open-and-close-very-readily-in-wilted-leaves-they-are-prac-tically-closed-often-they-also-close-im-mediately-after-a-rain-but-in-strong-sunlight-they-are-usually-wide-open-it-is-through-the-stomata-that-the-gases-of-the-air-enter-the-plant-through-which-the-discarded-oxyg-RDHJCM.jpg ". Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight they are usually wide open. It is through the stomata that the gases of the air enter the plant through which the discarded oxyg Stock Photo")
RMRDHJCM–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A •' c Fig. 41. Diagram of open and partly closed breathing-pores on leaves. Through these openings water escapes from the plant. (From King's " Irrigation and Drainage.") or breathing-pores are so constructed that they may open and close very readily. In wilted leaves they are prac- tically closed; often they also close im- mediately after a rain; but in strong sunlight they are usually wide open. It is through the stomata that the gases of the air enter the plant through which the discarded oxyg
RMPG3EF8–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. PLOWS FOB DRY-FAKMING 309 the subsoil plow is simply a vertical piece of cutting iron, down to a depth of ten to eighteen inches, at the bottom of which is fastened a triangular piece of iron like a shovel, which, when pulled through the ground, tends to loosen the soil to the full depth of the plow.. Fig. 78. Subsoil plow. The subsoil plow does not turn the soil; it simply loosens the soil so that the air and plant roots can penetrate to greater depths. (See Fig. 78.) In the choice of plows and their prope
RMMAB165–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 93.—Rotary Rod Cultivator. A new machine that is being tried out on soils that are inclined to drift. used as a partial substitute for the fallow. Where fal- low land in such areas drifts badly, the use of corn as a substitute for fallowing lessens the tendency to drift, ruder severe conditions the corn ground will blow, but frequently the corn stubble furnishes sufficient protec- tion to wholly prevent serious injury from this cause. Where corn is grown and the field kept free from w Is, plowing is, as a rule, not necessary or even advisable for iIn- nex
RMREC51W–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 16 DRY FARMING 8. Geographic Distribution of Precipitation.—The fig- ures reported in the preceding section show that all parts of Western Canada are not equally favored with respect to precipitation. The precipitation map shows the outlines of what may be called the moisture zones in the three Prairie Provinces. While insufficient data are available to insure that the boundaries represented are absolutely correct, yet the map is at least a safe general guide to the precipitation zones. 9. Monthly Distribution of Precipi
RMPG3EMH–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. â ; 4. â â '-i§t.. Fio. 19. Typical deep arid soil, well adapted for dry-larming. Utah. Plant-food content. â This condition necessarily leads at once to the suggestion that the soils from the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
![. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. DEY-PARMlNG plies farming under a comparatively small annual rainfall. The term " dry-farming " is, of course, a misnonier. In reality it is farming under drier conditions than ^''^'^ i^^^T"**". Fio. 1. Typical sagebrush land in dry-farm districts of the Great Basin. Utah, 1902. Note the dry-farms in the distance.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations m Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHJK4/dry-farming-a-system-of-agriculture-for-countries-under-a-low-rainfall-dry-farming-dey-parmlng-plies-farming-under-a-comparatively-small-annual-rainfall-the-term-quot-dry-farming-quot-is-of-course-a-misnonier-in-reality-it-is-farming-under-drier-conditions-than-itquotquot-fio-1-typical-sagebrush-land-in-dry-farm-districts-of-the-great-basin-utah-1902-note-the-dry-farms-in-the-distance-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-m-RDHJK4.jpg ". Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. DEY-PARMlNG plies farming under a comparatively small annual rainfall. The term " dry-farming " is, of course, a misnonier. In reality it is farming under drier conditions than ^''^'^ i^^^T"**". Fio. 1. Typical sagebrush land in dry-farm districts of the Great Basin. Utah, 1902. Note the dry-farms in the distance.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations m Stock Photo")
RMRDHJK4–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. DEY-PARMlNG plies farming under a comparatively small annual rainfall. The term " dry-farming " is, of course, a misnonier. In reality it is farming under drier conditions than ^''^'^ i^^^T"**". Fio. 1. Typical sagebrush land in dry-farm districts of the Great Basin. Utah, 1902. Note the dry-farms in the distance.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations m
RMPG3ENX–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 18 DRY-FARMING Crop-producing power of rainfall If this conclusion, that not more than 750 pounds of water are required under ordinary dry-farm conditions for the production of one pound of dry matter, be accepted, certain interesting calcula- tions can be made respecting the pos- sibilities of dry-farm- ing. For example, the production of one bushel of wheat will require 60 times 750, or 45,000 pounds of water. The wheat kernels, however, cannot be produced without a certain amount of straw, which under co
![. Dry farming in western Canada . p^ - 'â - â " ' " ⢠Fig. 116.âPrecipitation RecordâEdmonton, Alberta. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/MAB15G/dry-farming-in-western-canada-p-quot-quot-fig-116precipitation-recordedmonton-alberta-MAB15G.jpg ". Dry farming in western Canada . p^ - 'â - â " ' " ⢠Fig. 116.âPrecipitation RecordâEdmonton, Alberta. Stock Photo")
RMMAB15G–. Dry farming in western Canada . p^ - 'â - â " ' " ⢠Fig. 116.âPrecipitation RecordâEdmonton, Alberta.
RMREC9T7–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. BREAKING THE VIRGIN PRAIRIE 129 98. Turn the Furrow Over Flat.—The furrow slice should be turned over flat on the furrow bottom, other- wise the sod does not rot satisfactorily and the furrow slice itself dries out too much. It has been observed. Fig 48.—Improper Breaking—after Discing. Showing the loose, open spaces under the furrow slice which are so undesirable in dry areas. that where good plowing is done and the furrow slice turned down flat, rather than on edge, the sod rots bet- ter and larger returns are secured.
RMPG3EF2–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 314 DKY-FAEMING made and tried out on the famous dry-farm district at Nephi, Utah, and with the greatest success. Hun- ter reports a similar implement in common use on the dry-farms of the Columbia Basin. Spring tooth har- rows are also used in a small way on the dry-farms.. Fig. 82. Riding cultivator. They have no special advantage over the smoothing harrow or the disk harrow, except in places where the attempt is made to cultivate the soil between the rows of wheat. The curved knife tooth harrow is scarce
RMMAB170–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 72.—Wheat After Alfalfa on Brandon Experimental Farm. over 14 bus. During the last 20 years of the sixty-year period wheat in the rotation averaged 24 bus. while on the continuously cropped land it averaged only 12 bus. This is probably the best information the world affords on the relative values of a good crop rotation and con- tinuous cropping. Corn grown continuously at Urbana, 111., for 29 years produced an average yield of 27 bus. On adjoining land in a rotation of corn and oats it gave an average of 4G bus., while in a rotation of corn, oats and cl
RMREC52D–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation. Dry farming. Fig. 15.—Rainfall map of North Dakota. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.. Fig. 16.—Rainfall map of Oklahoma. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 188. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Briggs, Lyman J. (Lyman James), 1874-1963. Washington DC : Government Printing Office
RMPG3ENB–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Dry-fanning is a world problem.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMMAB196–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 16.—Hours of Possible Sunshine Daily in Summer. 26a. The Effect of Latitude and Altitude on Tempera- ture.—Where no other factors interfere the average de- crease in temperature is approximately three degrees for every 100 miles one goes in a northerly direction. It is seldom, however, that this ratio is not affected by changes in altitude or relation to forests or large bodies of water. The lowering of temperature as a result of increase in elevation averages one degree for every 300 feet. The effect of latitude and altitude is clearly shown by the heigh
RMREC42F–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. WEEDS AND THE IK CONTROL 22.3 10. Mowing weeds on roads around fences and in waste places before seeds develop on them. 176. How to Kill Perennial Weeds.—Some of our perennial weeds arc the most difficult of all to control, while some are quite easily eradicated. The tap or fibrous rooted perenni- als can be killed by deep plowing and careful cov- ering of all vege- tation, followed by surface culti- v a t ion. The creeping - rooted ones are not so easily dealt with. One plow- ing is seldom sufficient to kill them and fr
RMPG20K6–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMRDHA95–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. HARROWS FOR DRY-FARMING 311 thinned effectively. At other times it may be observed in the spring that the rains and winds have led to the formation of a crust over the soil, which must be broken to let the plants have full freedom of growth and development. This is accomplished by slanting. Fig. 80. Spring tooth harrow. the harrow teeth backward, and the crust may then be broken without serious injury to the plants. The smoothing harrow is a very useful implement on the dry-farm. For following the plow, how
RMPG20GN–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A DROUTH-EESISTING FARM 407. Fig. 109. Carting macaroni wheat to the wharves in southern Russia. Plains area. According to Alway, the country is in appearance very much like western Nebraska and Kansas; the climate is distinctly arid, and the pre- cipitation comes mainly in the spring and summer. It is the only experimental dry-farm in the Great Plains area with records that go back before the dry years of the early '90's. In 1882 the soil of this farrn was broken, and it was farmed continuously until 1888,
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RMMAB156–. Dry farming in western Canada . |»,da*a*fe*«g*K«l***K*»|8*3*S8^888*!"s*!ll*St,8 Fig. 111.âPrecipitation RecordâWinnipeg, Man.
RMRDHJDK–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Fig. 3S. Tillage forms a loose dry mulch on the land surface, which prevents evaporation. the correctness' of Nessler's work, found, in 1874, that cultivation reduced the evaporation a little more than 60 per cent; Johnson, in 1878, confirmed the truth of the principle on American soils, and Levi Stockbridge, working about the same time, also on American soils, found that cultivation diminished evaporation on a clay soil about 23 per cent, on a sandy loam 55 per cent, and on a heavy loam nearly 13 per cent.
RMPG20H0–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. A DKOUTH-EESISTINa FAEM 403 The Barnes farm The first record was made by Senator J. G. M. Barnes of Kaysville, Utah, Kaysville is located in the Great Salt Lake Valley, about fifteen miles north. Fig. 108. Field of dry-farm wheat. Utah 1909. of Salt Lake City. The climate is semiarid; the pre- cipitation comes mainly in the winter and early spring;. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these
RMMAB17G–. Dry farming in western Canada . Fig. 56.—Plowing and Disking Burned-over Scrub Land. which will enable the implement to turn a good furrow. Under some conditions a furrow ten inches deep and two feet wide is turned. The plowing is usually done in June and July. The drier the district the earlier the land should be broken and the more moist the district the longer it may be de- layed. In the more favored parts and in favorable sea- sons elsewhere the land is sometimes broken early and after being well worked down is sown to oats for feed. Where the soil is rich and the rainfall sufficient thi
RMREC41K–. Dry farming in western Canada. Canada. Agriculture Canada; Dry farming. 314 DKY FARMING northwest section. Most of the rain comes during the spring and summer months. There is usually a light snow-fall and comparatively little rain in the autumn. The months of April, May and June are generally well provided with moisture and occasionally g'ood rains occur in July and August, but there are short periods of drouth. Fig. 101.—Sweet Clover. A crop thai is coming into popular use in parts of Nebraska ami South Dakota. in some parts of the state nearly every season and suc- cessful farming or crop
RMPG3EM3–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. EOOT SYSTEMS IN ARID SOILS 91 Nebraska to a depth of fifty feet. Hilgard further declares that in Cahfornia fibrous-rooted plants, such as wheat and barley, may descend in sandy soils from four to seven feet. Orchard trees in the. Fig. 26. Difference in root systems under humid and arid conditions. arid West, grown properly, are similarly observed to send their roots down to great depths. In fact, it has become a custom in many arid regions where the soils are easily penetrable to say that the root system o
RMMAB1B7–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation . Fig. 3-Chart Showing the Average Monthly Precipitation at Different Points in the Western United States. The Length of the Black Lines in the Little Diagrams on the Map Shows the Monthly Precipitation, Beginning with January on the Left. A Scale in Inches is Given on the Right of Each Little Diagram. 62102-10. (Face p. 14.)
RMRDHJBE–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
RMPG3EK4–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Fig. 3S. Tillage forms a loose dry mulch on the land surface, which prevents evaporation. the correctness' of Nessler's work, found, in 1874, that cultivation reduced the evaporation a little more than 60 per cent; Johnson, in 1878, confirmed the truth of the principle on American soils, and Levi Stockbridge, working about the same time, also on American soils, found that cultivation diminished evaporation on a clay soil about 23 per cent, on a sandy loam 55 per cent, and on a heavy loam nearly 13 per cent.
RMMAB1A6–. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation . 10 ^ig. 9.-Rainfall map of Idaho. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 188
RMRDHJE3–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. 142 DRY-FARMING. Fig. 33. Many soils check badly. The cracks cause a loss of soil mois- ture. Arid soils (this picture represents a heavy clay as depicted by Lyon and Fippin) often crack extensively. Cultivation wUl prevent the loss of soil-moisture. almost wholly at the surface. Yet it is well known that evaporation from the soil surface may continue until the soil-moisture to a depth of eight or ten. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced
RMPG3EG4–. Dry-farming; a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall. Dry farming. Fig. 66. Dry-farm oats. New Mexico.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952. New York, The Macmillan company
