Stock photos, 360° images, vectors and videos
Filters
Page 1 of 17
RM2AFN36B–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. theiradventurous steps. Famine, plague, leprosy, and fever destroyed the Christianarmies on their journey to Palestine, and during their stay there; and theseevils would have been greater still had it not been for the creation of thedifferent military orders which sprang into existence under the pressure ofthese almost inevitable calamities, and which supplied hospital attendants,chaplains, and soldiers. The continuation of the feudal wars (Fig. 43) inEurope gave the last blow to the disorganization of the a
RM2AFJDMY–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. it is practised m Fig 189.—Three Sacraments: Baptism, which inaugurates life ; Confirma-OUr own day Hon, which strengthens childhood; and Penance, which reconcilesmanhood. Left portion of the triptych painted on panel by Roger Van der Weyden(Rogier del Pasturle).—From the Antwerp Museum (Fifteenth Century). (Figs.190). 189 and 232 LITURGY AND CEREMONIES. 2. Confirmation wasadministered imme-diately after baptism,when only adults wereadmitted to the lattersacrament; but whenbaptism was adminis-tered to new-bo
RM2AFM018–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. an his orders. His three sons, the Counts of Toulouse, of Champagne,and of Flanders, took up the cross, as well as his brother, Charles of Anjou,who had recently been raised to the throne of Sicily, and many other princesof the royal house of France. The preparations for the crusade required three years, during whichSt. Louis, in the hope of persuading every Christian state to send its troops THE CRUSADES. against the infidels, did his best, but without success, to put an end to thepolitical quarrels that di
RM2AFN2T2–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. the Castle of Chalus, in Limousin(1199).—Chroniqucs do Normandie, Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century (Library ofM. Ambroise Firmin-Didot). the requirements of the sovereign, he set to work on the definitive organiza-tion of a permanent paid army (Fig. 44). He fixed the age of military serviceat eighteen, and decreed that none of his subjects, except the old and thesick, should be exempt from it, unless they paid a certain sum to the royaltreasury, and supplied, according to their rank and means, one or more
RM2AFMXK2–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. was a. Fig. 52.—Knight in complete Armour. Fig. 53— Arquebusier of the Sixteenth Century. After Cesare Vecellio, Degli Habiti Antichi e Moderni : 8vo, 1590. third stronger than it really was. At last, however, in 1517, there issuedfrom this chaotic confusion the first germ of a proper system of supervisionand control of all matters relating to war. If the tacticians of Italy were the first to fathom theoretically thescience of war, it was the Swiss, under Marshal Trivulce, the Spaniards, 62 WAR AND ARMIES. u
RM2AFKG19–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. THE TOURNAMENT PRIZE.Miniature from the Tournaments of King Rene, manuscript of the xv* century in the Biblioth. nationale (Pans). CHIVALRY. 169 religious charm which still pervaded the chivalric sports of this epoch, toperpetuate with pen and pencil, in prose and in verse, the memory of amagnificent festival over which he presided, and which may be consideredan unsurpassed example of the ceremonies of the time. All who take aninterest in the. subject should read this curious manuscript, which describesamong
RM2AFJNNN–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. LITURGY AND CEREMONIES. 2:7. free, but in the others,partitions six feet highcompletely divided offthe catechumens, thepenitents, the virginsconsecrated to God, themonks, and the mass ofthe congregation. At theend of the nave was thechoir (in Greek bema), infront of which stood thesolea (the cellar or wine-press, in allusion to whatwas called the vineyard ofthe Lord), surrounded bya chancel, an open-workpartition, in the centreof which one or moregates opened into theinterior. One or some-times two stands (c
RM2AFK0WK–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. BETHLEHEM AND THE SHEPHERDS.The Virgin, with Sl Joseph, adores her Son, according to the saying : <« A virgin has con-1 ceived and borne a child and after having brought him into the world she adores him of: whom she is the mother. » liniature of Jehan Foucquet, taken from the Heuree of maitre Estienne Chevalier, treasurer of kings Charles VII and Louis XI ,In the collection of Herr Brentano at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Fifteenth century.
RM2AFK2JX–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ost descends from the mouth ofthe Father and settles on the head of theSon, and proceeds from both. Copied froma French Miniature by Count Horace deVielcastel (Fourteenth Century). Fig. 161.—The three faces of the Trinity onone head and body. At first sight is read— The Father is not the Son ; the Father isnot the Holy Ghost; the Holy Ghost is notthe Son. But, from the angles to thecentre, is also read— The Father is God;the Son is God; the Holy Ghost is God.Printed by Simon Vostre in 1524. the end of the se
RM2AFMKKP–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. oyed to throw into besieged strongholds the dead bodiesof horses and other animals, fire-balls, and cases of inflammable matter; butthey were generally used to shatter the roofs of the buildings inside thewalls, and to crush the protecting wooden sheds constructed on the ramparts. Their use was still continued long after the invention of gunpowder. Inthe wars of the fourteenth century, particularly in the sieges of Tarazonia,Barcelona, and Burgos, bricoles were made use of side by side with cannonsdischarged
RM2AFM4DC–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ity, but events, as they developed themselves, modified its aim, and thequestion of the holy places having become abandoned, it ended, after thetaking of Constantinople (Fig. 106), in the overthrow of the dynasty ofthe successors of Constantine, and its being replaced by a French dynasty>the founders of the Latin Empire of Byzantium. Following the example ofBaudouin, Count of Flanders, the principal nobles of the crusading armydivided among themselves the spoils of the Greek Empire, and ceased tothink of
RM2AFN9TY–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ys so highly exalted the sentimentof local patriotism, the struggle of the villains against the nobles, whether layor ecclesiastic, differed but little from the struggle of the towns in the northof France against the seigniors, but it assumed larger proportions in accordancewith the immense resources of every kind which they had at their disposal.The feudal lord had his drawbridge, his battlements, and his men-at-arms D t8 FEUDALISM. cased in iron; but his rebellious vassal could boast on bis side, besidesth
RM2AFN6CT–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. rmies, as well as of the system which these armies represented, andwhich they had failed in sustaining. French feudalism had already ceased to beanything more than a storehouse of traditions which were still held in respect,and of old customs which had fallen into disuse among the ancient nobility. In England, Scotland, and Ireland, high feudalism was rapidly in courseof decay, before Henry VIII. dealt it its death-blow; in Germany itstruggled for existence during the reign of Maximilian (Fig. 31) ; inFrance
RM2AFM791–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. Christendom. This time the cry of sorrow and indig-nation was uttered by Pope Gregory VIL, that illustrious pontiff whoseardent and resolute nature, in the midst of the universal disorder anddisorganization of government and society, seemed to have a divine missionto fulfil in settling upon an indestructible basis the supreme authority ofthe Church. The miseries suffered by the Eastern Christians, he wrote, have so stirred up my heart that I almost long for death, and I wouldrather expose my life in deliveri
RM2AFHT34–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. t Julius II., worn out by his exertions, died in 1513. His successor,Leo X., who had effected a reconciliation with Louis XII., was obligedto head the Italian league against Francis I. An understanding hadbeen brought about after the battle of Marignano, and the PragmaticSanction, which had been the pretext of so many disputes since the daysof Philippe le Bel, was given up and replaced by a concordat concluded in1516 between France and the Holy See. Leo X., continuing the Italianpolicy of his predecessor, al
RM2AFHJRB–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. y St. Gery.—Miniature from the Chroniques du Hainaut (Manuscript of theFifteenth Century), Burgundian Library, Brussels. oath which I undertake to observe. It is worthy of notice that this formulawas already in use in the time of Pope Gelasius, in the fifth century. From the sixth century, the influence which the bishops enjoyedunder the Eoman empire went on increasing. Chilperic I. was alarmed atits progress, declaring that the bishops alone were supreme in the cities.Each one administered the affairs of hi
RM2AFJBJR–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. was distinguished by many names; by some it wastermed the Hosanna, in memory of the acclamations with which Jesus wasreceived in Jerusalem; by others the Sunday of Indulgences, on account ofthe indulgences distributed by the Church on that holy day. In old timesverses from the Gospels, inscribed upon a richly ornamented banner sur-rounded with palm-leaves, were carried in this procession, and it was fre-quently also accompanied by the chalice containing the host, in the midstof consecrated branches. It was,
RM2AFKGBB–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. THE TOURNAMENT PRIZE.Miniature from the Tournaments of King Rene, manuscript of the xv* century in the Biblioth. nationale (Pans)
RM2AFKPF8–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. gird to his side, suspended fromhis neck—received from the hands of some noble or of some noble lady hisspurs, his helmet, his cuirass, his gauntlets, and his sword. The ceremonywas completed by the colee; that is to say, the investing knight, beforepresenting him with the sword, struck him across the shoulder with its flatside, and then gave him the accolade as a sign of brotherly adoption. Hisshield, his lance, and his charger, were then brought to the new-madeknight, and he was thenceforward at liberty to
RM2AFJYEK–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. BETHLEHEM AND THE SHEPHERDS.The Virgin, with Sl Joseph, adores her Son, according to the saying : <« A virgin has con-1 ceived and borne a child and after having brought him into the world she adores him of: whom she is the mother. » liniature of Jehan Foucquet, taken from the Heuree of maitre Estienne Chevalier, treasurer of kings Charles VII and Louis XI ,In the collection of Herr Brentano at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Fifteenth century.. LITURGY AND CEREMONIES. 205 prayer, and religious chants which were u
RM2AFK62E–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. er of St. Michael were termed ordersof the king. Henry III., in 1579, created the order in honour of God, andparticularly in that of the Holy Ghost, under whose inspiration he had accom-plished his best and most fortunate exploits, to use the exact words ofthe statutes of the order. From the day of his ascending the throne he hadalways intended to found this order, which had been suggested to him inhis childhood by the perusal of the statutes of the first Order of the HolyGhost, instituted at Naples, in 1352
RM2AFMXBK–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. lete Armour. Fig. 53— Arquebusier of the Sixteenth Century. After Cesare Vecellio, Degli Habiti Antichi e Moderni : 8vo, 1590. third stronger than it really was. At last, however, in 1517, there issuedfrom this chaotic confusion the first germ of a proper system of supervisionand control of all matters relating to war. If the tacticians of Italy were the first to fathom theoretically thescience of war, it was the Swiss, under Marshal Trivulce, the Spaniards, 62 WAR AND ARMIES. under Gonzalvez of Cordova, and
RM2AFJ70R–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. e the change inreligious belief, was swal-lowed up by the invasionof these Northerners,Avhose institutions facili-tated the triumph of theideas of political libertyand equality, the germ ofwhich was deposited inthe Gospel. Fig. 203.—The Christian Religion assisting at the death of Jesus Christ. Crowned and triumphant,the figure holds in one hand the standard of the cross, and in the other the chalice of theeucharist.—Sculpture in Strashurg Cathedral (Thirteenth Century).—From a Photograph byCharles do Winter
RM2AFHG5M–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. THE SECULAR CLERGY. 2Q7 The desire to remedy this general disorder was at that time uppermost inevery Christian mind, for the question as to the territorial possessions of thetwo Churches had long heen settled. Rome possessed nearly all Italy, exceptthe manufacturing and maritime States of the peninsula ; she also hadGermany, a part of Switzerland, Bohemia, Hungary, England, and Holland.The other Church was recognised by France, French or Vaudois Switzerland,Savoy, Lorraine, Luxemburg, the Metz district, Sco
RM2AFNDFT–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. r to the fief—modifications that the vassal was incompetent to undertake. These gave riseto new rights, and became a fresh source of revenue to the seignior. Forinstance, the seignior was entitled—first, to the right of relief, a sum ofmoney payable by every person of full age who succeeded to the possessionof a fief, which sum became larger as the line of succession became lessdirect; secondly, to the right of alienation, payable by those who soldor alienated the fief in any way; thirdly, to the rights of e
RM2AFHM9D–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. se themto deacons, or upon dea-cons to raise them to thepriesthood, should alwaystake place in public (co-ram populo) and at fixedperiods. The epoch chosenwas at first the calends ofDecember, afterwards ex-tended to each of the fourseasons. The iconography of theofficers of the sanctuarynearly always representsthe bishop as seated uponan elevated chair, laying hands upon clerks of a graduallydescending order ; the priest raising his arms and spreadingthem out to give the benediction; the deacon, bearing acro
RM2AFMC9E–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. or, if possible, in still larger numbers. When alarge powerful ship fell in with a smaller vessel which claimed its protection,it was bound to throw it a hawser so as to fasten the two vessels together,and enable them to assist one another in case of need. A ships captainwho refused to render this service to a smaller craft than his own, wouldhave run the risk of a very heavy punishment. The maritime code, whoseregulations were decided by the overseers, laid down that all merchandiseentrusted to a ships capt
RM2AFHRF4–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. THE POPES. given to Don John of Austria. It encountered the Turkish fleet, which con-sisted of two hundred and twenty-four vessels, in the Gulf of Lepanto, onOctober 7th, 1571. The infidels were annihilated, losing twenty-five thou-sand men and ten thousand prisoners, while fifteen thousand Christians whomthey had chained to their galleys were set at liberty (Fig. 215). Catholic. Fig. 215.—Iron shield presented to Don John of Austria by Pius V., in recognition of his servicesto Christendom by the victory at
RM2AFHW78–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ign of Calixtus II. The second object which Gregory VII. had in view, was the preservationof Christian civilisation from the Mussulman yoke, by carrying the warinto the East; and the Crusades realised this great design. We may nowsketch in a few lines the part played by the popes during the last centuriesof the Middle Ages. The great Roman families, anxious to obtain power, elected an anti-pope.By means of these agitations, Arnold of Brescia, under the pretext ofcreating a Soman republic, established a kind
RM2AFJXM9–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. it was customary nearly everywhere, in the Westas well as in the East, after having sung the praises of God, to put upprayers for the reigning sovereign and the leading potentates of thecivilised world. For instance, when St. Athanasius cried out in thepresence of the faithful, assembled in the splendid basilica of the Csesars,Let us pray for the safety of the very pious Emperor Constantine, thewhole assembly answered with one resounding voice, Christe, auxiliareConstantio ! ( Help Constantine, 0 Christ! ) L
RM2AFKX0E–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. noble and knightly descendants of the Goths and Iberians, whosestruggle with the Arabs was one long tournament that lasted for morethan seven centuries (Fig. 116). In religious countries chivalry assumedmonastic characteristics ; among nations of a gay and lively disposition itverged on the voluptuous and licentious. Alphonso X., King of Leon andCastile, forced his subjects to submit to monkish regulations, and prescribedthe shape of their clothes as well as the manner in which they were to spendtheir time.
RM2AFJKDM–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. 8e. jOomiirecu) aftiutianftume . y — v>-->— :— 77 fef^inaQTonapatrietfitioet —^^ ss-g - Tiers fuf facfmm^a^ocf^vafeSieuSVf
RM2AFKPX1–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. e Count of Artois, who has come from Arras to take part in the tournament atBoulogne, presents himself at the Castle of the Count of Boulogne, and is received by theCountess and her daughter.—Fac-simile of a Miniature in the Livre du tres-chevalereuxComte dArtois et de sa Femme, Barrois Manuscript (Fifteenth Century). duties instilled into each youthful aspirant, it must be owned that theeducation received by the former was one calculated to make them in everyway worthy of such homage. To fit ladies for the
RM2AFK217–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ost descends from the mouth ofthe Father and settles on the head of theSon, and proceeds from both. Copied froma French Miniature by Count Horace deVielcastel (Fourteenth Century). Fig. 161.—The three faces of the Trinity onone head and body. At first sight is read— The Father is not the Son ; the Father isnot the Holy Ghost; the Holy Ghost is notthe Son. But, from the angles to thecentre, is also read— The Father is God;the Son is God; the Holy Ghost is God.Printed by Simon Vostre in 1524. the end of the se
RM2AFN8CJ–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. TRIAL OF JOHN, DUC DALENCON, scused of having conspired with the English against France, he was brought before Charles VII holding a bed of justice at Vendome in 1456.Miniature by Jehan Foucquet in the collection of Herr Brentano at Francfort-on-the Main. xv,h century.
RM2AFMYA4–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. WAR AND ARMIES. 57 Francis I. replaced them by the light horse, a body chiefly composed ofmercenaries of different nations. In England, ever since the thirteenthcentury, the mounted archers formed a considerable portion of the nationalforces. An army of fifteen hundred complete lances, which represented a totalof six or seven thousand horsemen, required a complement of at least fivethousand mounted archers, who were all skilful marksmen. In the timeof Henry VIII., an English bowman could discharge as many as
RM2AFHWP1–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ed that he had failed in his duty, whereupon the council, with hisconsent, condemned afresh the ecclesiastical investitures conferred by thecivil power. Another council, held in France, excommunicated the emperor,who succeeded in taking Rome. Pascal being dead, Gelasius II. had to takerefuge at Cluny, and Henry V. appointed an anti-pope, who assumed the titleof Gregory VIII. At the death of Gelasius II., the cardinals who had followed him intoFrance elected as his successor a Frenchman—Calixtus II., to whomb
RM2AFHD4J–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. Good-natured became members of the royal monastery of St. Denis underthe title of conscript brothers (fratrcs comcripti)—^ academical ratherthan a religious title, but one which nevertheless admitted them to certainliturgical privileges. The Emperor Lothair, in imitation of his father andancestor, also got himself invested with this title by the monastery ofSt. Martin-lez-Metz. The Norman invasion, the feudal wars, the encroachment of the greatvassals, and even of the kings, upon ecclesiastical domains and r
RM2AFHCXK–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. and skilful clerks, who went from one community toanother to give it the benefit of their learning or manual ability. It wasm this way that the conventual churches and buildings were erected andkept in repair; that they became rich in paintings, statues, and mosaics;that the treasury was filled, and the library founded and maintained. THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. 37 Rupert, a monk of the Abbey of St. Gall (Switzerland), before his elevationto the bishopric of Metz, a learned linguist, poet, and man of letters;Tutil
RM2AFMFNT–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. fleets were not a whit more numerous or morepowerful, though better equipped and organized. In 1570, Sultan Selim sentfrom Constantinople, against the island of Rhodes, a fleet of a hundred andsixteen galleys, thirty galliots, thirteen fustes, six large ships, one galleon,eight mahones, forty passe-chevmz (horse transports), and a great number ofcaramoimats, laden with provisions, with artillery, and with stores of all 8+ NAVAL MATTERS kinds. The Christians, under Marco-Antonio Colonna, could only oppose tot
RM2AFNF20–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. 2 FEUDALISM. of the sword. Conspiracies, bloodthirsty executions, continual revolts, diversplots, in which were concerned at one time the kings leudes, at another theprincipal clergy; ecclesiastical censures, ceaselessly threatening these blind andsavage tyrants, who, while bending to the reproof, at the same time panted for. F,ig. 1.—Battle of Tolbiac and Baptism of King Clovis.— Fac-simile of a Woodcut in the MirouerHistorial de France, in folio, printed in Paris by Galliot du Pre in 1516. revenge; curbles
RM2AFKWG4–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. Fig. 116.—Sword of Isabella the Catholic. Upon the hilt is the following inscription, partly inSpanish and partly in Latin:—I am always desiring honour; now I am watching, peacebe with me (Deseo sienpre onera; nunc caveo, pax con migo).—From the ArmeriaReal of Madrid, a publication of M. Ach. Jubinals. to sovereigns, who constantly endeavoured to create beside it, and sometimesabove it, a nobility of the sword, an individual and personal rank that couldnot be handed down from father to son (Fig. 118). Thus P
RM2AFHXNC–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. al troops, transported his seat of government to Benevento, where hedisplayed more resolution than before, crowning Conrad, son of the emperor,King of the Romans, after getting him to abjure the schism, and excom-municated Philip I., who had sent away his wife in order to marry hisconcubine. After this, he returned to Rome in time to celebrate theChristmas services. He expelled the anti-pope, Guibert, and his followers,recovered the independence of the tiara, and assembled at Placentia, amidstthe schismatica
RM2AFHEA1–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. stles of St. Paul, who alludes to it as especially worn by holymen and prophets, when they were driven by threats of persecution intothe desert. The cuculla covered the head, and came half-way over theshoulders. St. Benedict, who borrowed it from the early monks, had it somuch lengthened as to envelop the whole body; but as in this shape itwould have embarrassed the monks in their manual labour, he made it agarment only to be worn at ceremonials, and replaced it for ordinarywear by the scapulary (scapulum),
RM2AFKD0J–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. MILITARY ORDERS. 177 of the highest courage to his knights: Here, said he, is the only postof honour worthy of your grand master. Exasperated by such an energetic resistance, the vizier determined to ridhimself by foul means of Pierre dAubusson ; but an engineer who hadundertaken the treacherous commission was detected, and torn in pieces bythe inhabitants of Rhodes on his way to the scaffold. Misach Paleologus proposed to hold a conference to discuss terms ofcapitulation. To this the grand master gave his c
RM2AFHFBA–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. Bishop of Vercelli, was the first Western prelate whoassociated monastic and clerical life. His clergy passed their existence infasting, praying, reading, and labour. St. Ambrosius says, These clergyonly changed their condition for a bishopric or martyrdom. At about the 302 THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. same period (352-—360) St. Martin founded, in the neighbourhood ofPoitiers, the most ancient of the monasteries in Gaul (MonasteriumLocociagense), and twelve years afterwards, the famous Abbey of Marmou-tiers, which
RM2AFKXY3–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. alry, according to M.Philarete Chasles, whose ingeniousopinions we often borrow, expresses amixture of manners, of ideas, and ofcustoms peculiar to the Middle Agesof Europe, and to which no analogyis to be traced in the annals of thehuman race. The Eddas, Tacitus, and the Dano-Anglo-Saxon poems of Beowulf con-tain the only positive documents con-cerning the origin of chivalry. It reached its apogee rapidly after its birth,and gradually declined towards the close of the thirteenth century. Atthat period ladie
RM2AFJYN7–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. LITURGY AND CEREMONIES. 205 prayer, and religious chants which were used according to certain ritesauthorised in the Latin Church, amongst which may be distinguished thePater of the New Testament, that simple and yet sublime and touchinginvocation of feeble humanity prostrated before the Almighty. The Church of Neo-Cesarea used from the first the liturgy of St. James,the earliest of the Eastern liturgies, until St. Basil, justly surnamed thegreat, for he was one of the most illustrious Fathers of the Greek C
RM2AFHHEE–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. al domain of the diocesan chapter. When the Crusades brought about the concord, or rather the calm, ofwhich the Church had so long been deprived, its progress became moreregular, more marked, and more easy; it also suffered less from the encroach-ment of laymen upon its rights and privileges (Fig. 233), but the enormousexpenses of these distant expeditions had ruined it. There was not, indeed,a single diocese where the property was not loaded with mortgages, norwhere the services were not crippled by the red
RM2AFHK0T–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. I cotiDianottftmo eft*ticftito 10010 ntcmmnv timmrume l^abttuafm carrmcftito amrnme ttftrufu touutue mfcSfa> mums ettamsimilac Fig. 227.—Ceremony of robing a Bishop for his consecration.—From the Eationale DivinorumOfficiorum of William Durand (Manuscript of the Fourteenth Century), Library ofM. Ambroise Firmin-Didot. 286 THE SECULAR CLERGY. and Sapphira, who were guilty of fraud in the declaration of their goods. I,Boniface, a humble bishop, have written with my own hand the text of thisoath, which I lay
RM2AFKFCW–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ).—From anEngraving of the Sixteenth Century in the possession of M. Ambr. Firmin-Didot. and its incidents ; in it appear careful comments upon every trifle thatincreased the brilliancy or added to the effect of this courtly festival, as wellas everything that threw a light upon the spirit in which it was carried out,or the usages that regulated every detail, from the armour of the knightsto the smallest incidents of the ceremonial. In its pages illustrationsreproduce with exact truthfulness the helmets of t
RM2AFJTFJ–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. cost; in the Gallican Church, at Christmas, as inthe case of King Clovis. Private baptism might be administered at any periodwhenever it was deemed necessary. 2 I 2 LITURGY AND CEREMONIES. On the day set apart for baptism, the chosen catechumens met in thechurch at noon to undergo a final examination (Fig. 177); at midnight theyagain assembled there, the paschal taper and the water were consecrated, andthe officiating priest asked the catechumens if they renounced the devil,the world, and its pomps. They mad
RM2AFJ9KR–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. from the Psalmody of St. Louis.—Manuscriptof the Thirteenth Century, in the National Library, Paris. precede the feast of the Ascension. This procession was ordered for thewhole of France by the Council of Orleans in 511 ; but it only came intouse at Rome towards the close of the eighth century, under Pope Leo III. The procession which precedes the mass of Ascension Thursday is ofthe highest antiquity; but nowhere was it carried out with greaterceremony, or attended by a larger number of pilgrims, than at th
RM2AFHNKX–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. hed even before the Protestantscould draw attention to them. The catalogue of holy books which werereceived as canonical was inserted in one of the first decrees of the council;and it was there declared, that the interpretation of these sacred worksshould be given by the Church, to whom alone it belonged to decide what wasthe true meaning of Scripture. The questions at issue were then gone intominutely ; original sin, the justification of the sinner, the seven sacraments,the mass, purgatory, indulgences, the
RM2AFKR7K–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. eceived at the court of a powerful noble, the next beingsimply entertained in the lowly manor of a poor gentleman ; acting, whereverthey might be, honourably both in word and in deed, observing scrupulouslythe precepts both of honour and virtue, showing themselves to be noble,brave, and devoted, and seeking every opportunity of proving themselvesworthy of ranking with the noble knights whose deeds and whose nameswere, the theme of constant and universal praise. Chance alone was not allowed to direct their wa
RM2AFHE9M–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ic of certain communities subject to themost austere regulations. In the country districts the monasteries possessedvast domains which yielded wheat, rye, oats, hay, vegetables, and fruits ;and on which were produced wine, beer, cider, and hydromel; they weretilled by numerous labourers in bands of tens and hundreds, who while atwork sang hymns and prayers—a veritable religious militia, grouped beneaththe banner of faith in the populous centres and in the neighbourhood of thetowns. These monasteries were gen
RM2AFMT72–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. —From an Oil Painting by Joachim Bueclear(Frankfort, 1548—1596), in the possession of M. Paul de Saint-Victor. century, that traces can be found of any regulations imposing on command-ing officers the duties of teaching and drilling their soldiers. We have attempted to outline the general military physiognomy of theMiddle Ages; we will now rapidly examine the weapons and warlikeengines that were invented for the attack and defence of fortified places. WAR AND ARMIES. £>5 Until the invention of gunpowder,
RM2AFKA3W–. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. markable manner, by donations and legacies, that some historiansdeclare that the revenue of the order amounted to four and a half millionssterling; others merely observe that the Templars possessed enormouswealth in Christendom, one item being nine thousand houses. In 1129 theyalready had several establishments in the Low Countries ; six years later theKing of Navarre and of Aragon, Alphonso I., bequeathed his states to theorder; but it was with great difficulty that the knights obtained possession ofeven a
