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RM2AJ8GX8–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 71.—Dagger, barrow atSnowshill, Gloiies. 4 Fig. 72.—Spear-head, pro-bably from Ireland, i Fig. 73. — Spear-head, Ireland. ?} on that from Fenny Bentley (fig. 75), found with two bronze pins,not so common in this country as elsewhere. The discoverjf in Heathery Burn Cave, Co. Durham, is mostimportant in many ways. It is by far the most instructive ofany Bronze age deposit in this country not of a sepulchral G 2 84 DESCRIPTION OP CASE D character, and comprises the entire equix:)ment of a fa
RM2AJ7R7Y–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . uliar form (fig. 132);sickles (like fig. 67, Taplow) ; chisels (fig. 133) ; gouges : socketedhammers ; saws ; fish-hooks (fig. IBi); horse-bits ; vessels anddishes ; rivets and nails ; tweezers and needles ; armlets andbracelets (solid and hollow) ; finger-rings ; pendants ; buttons ;long hair-pins (very common) ; and brooches of various safety-pintypes (rare). Gold is rarely met with, and then onlj in the formof small objects such as beads, earrings, and iinger-rings ; but tin SWISS LAKE-DWELL
RM2AJ7MTY–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. UO.—Gold fragmpiit,Mountfield, Sussex.. Fre. 139.—Ciold clasp for thedress, Ireland. % Fi.i 141.—GTisl.urv. .Id bra.-elet,Wilts. :i limb, which alone was visible if Sir William Wildes theory as totheir use (fig. 139) is correct, is always striated longitudinally ; andin some cases the bow of the Scandinavian spectacle-brooch (fig.Ill) has the same decoration, while its size and shape are in closeagreement. It is conceivaljle that the idea was imported fromDenmark or Sweden between the nint
RM2AJ9CPA–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . gh,and 16 ft. from east to west.In this mass were foundlarge urns with covers offlint or sandstone, andsmaller vessels, indicatingnearly fifty burials here. A small series of food-vessels from Scotland andIreland, the latter (plate v,4-6) showing certain pecu-liarities, and including a bowl-shaped variety (plate v, 5J confinedto that island. It is on such that the ornamentation of the periodreaches its highest development. In Co. Down more than fiftystone cists containing burnt bones were found
RM2AJ8X45–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . most remarkable of these was made in 1S70 at Gun-geria, aljout forty miles from Boorha, Mhow Taluk, Balaghat,Central India, where more than 400 flat celts (plate vii) and anumber of thin silver ornaments (fig. 42), some circular, others€ut into the outline of the heads <-if oxen, were found togethei-.Analysis of some specimens showed that the nretal was not bmnzebut copper, and this fact, supported by analysis of other inijjle-ments from different localities in the Calcutta Museum, is heldto
RM2AJ7KN4–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fia. 143.—Mold pej-trel on pony. Fig. Hi.—Gold toLc, Boyton,Suffolk, i plate as originally worn, fragments of the lining being shown atthe side ; and was found just seventy years ago with a mans bonesin a cist which had been covered with three or four hundred loadsof pebbles and other stones, forming a cairn called Bryn-yr Ellyllon(Hill of the Fairies or Goblins), near the river Alun at Mold,Flintshire. There were also in the cist many amber beads andremains of coarse cloth, which had been fast
RM2AJ99CA–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fi(i. 2i.—Urn, Broughton, Hants. ; shoulder of an adult skeleton. Another is exhibited in theadjoining Case 21 (plate v, 2), and others are known from Picker-ing, North Kiding of Yorkshire; Brixworth, Northants., and March,Isle of Ely. The drinking-cup from Lambourn Downs, Berks,(plate V, 1), may be taken a.s a good example of one variety. To the right of the Case are vessels from Wales, Scotland, andIreland. One was found in a cist at Inchnacaorach, near CawdorCastle. Co. Nairn, with three rud
RM2AJ90CT–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 32.—CiiKiary urn, Ovingliani, Northumberland. J is the same as at Lake, and the cruciform patterns in both caseswere produced by burning the .surface with a sharp-pointed in-strument. A barrow at Aklbourne, Wilts., contained an exceptionalnumber of articles (in boxes below Case 21), which may bedescribed in some detail as typical of the Round barrows generally.The mound was 90 ft. in diameter, and at the time of opening-was still 6 ft. in height, though much ploughed down. It wascomposed o
RM2AJ7Y2F–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . scoveries have been made. The tombs are rectangular and surrounded by upright slabs ofstone, among which are occasionally found rude statues ofmen and women. On some of these stones and statues areengraved alphabetic characters, as yet undeciphered, whichhave been compared with the runes of Northern Europe,and similar statues are found as far west as Southern Eussia,where they aie known as Kamcnniija Babi, old women of stone.Each grave generallj^ contained several bodies, apparently oncecovered
RM2AJ9DBG–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . uently found. In shape anddecoration they vaiy considerably, but are generally pierced inone or more places as if to assist combustion. The more 46 DESCRIPTION OP CASES 12-20 characteristic forms are illustrated and many have loops forsuspension, while in some cases the bottom is ornamented withcruciform and other designs similar to those already referred tooncertain •food-vessels, but which are in all probability devoid ofany special significance. As some specimens are unpierced, it isunHlvely
RM2AJ8MP8–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Plate VIIL Swords and UaiIi:k. JiiaxisH Isles. Casus C, 6, 7, srr p. 77. CUI-MAKKED STONEy 79 marked stones Irom the novth of Enolaiid, ,sucli as are IVequuutlytoundin connection with burials of the Bronze age. These aresometimes included under the term • cup-marked stones, the sim-plest examples heing merely pitted, and apparently dating from theneolithic period. The more elaborate markings, such r.s the con-centric rings on two of those exhibited, and the rings with a radialgroove on the thir
RM2AJ7N5T–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. UO.—Gold fragmpiit,Mountfield, Sussex.
RM2AJ7K4P–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . n at Mold,Flintshire. There were also in the cist many amber beads andremains of coarse cloth, which had been fastened round the edgesof the peytrel as a fringe (fig. 143). Traces of iron are also said tohave been noticed, and two or three j^ards from the spot was founda cinerary urn. A romantic story is also told of the discovery,which has been attributed to second-sight; and several pieces,including the gold straps for fastening, were lost after the peytrel 150 GOLD ORNAMENT ROOM : CASE K had
RM2AJ83YD–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . ) in association with a burnt body inBerkshire. The bracer (fig. 95) from Brandon was found withvessels exhibited in Case 19 ; and another, with only two holes,was found with a primitive tanged knife and a carved ornamentof bone in a grave at Sittingbourne. On a small dagger fromLambourn Down are clear traces of a textile, and an interestinggroup from Great Shefford in the same county is here shown,including an open incense-cup (fig. 96) and flint scrapers. Asexcejitional relics from barrows in
RM2AJ9HB9–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 11.—Dun Telvo broch, Glenelg, Inverness-shire. different periods and gradually filled up, so that objects of widelydifferent dates may be sometimes found together in the ruins.. Fig. 12.—Ground-plan of Eoad broch, Keiss, Caithness. The most distinctive among these are no doubt of Late Keltic origin, and fragments of Samian ware point unmistakably to con-tact vp^ith Eoman civilisation ; but, on the other hand, a number 36 DESCRIPTION OF CASES 6, 7 of painted pebbles have been found in three
RM2AJ9AGF–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 22.— Incense-cup and design on base, Bulfoid, Wilts, j and } with a cinerary urn, two bronze pins and small beads ; on thebottom are deeply incised concentric rings closely resembling thedesign often seen on cup-marked stones (below Case C). The ornamented cover (fig. 23) of a vase somewhat Uke that
RM2AJ9HPF–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fio. 10.—Plan of workshop, Ty Mawr, Holyhead, a. fire-place ; h, plat-form ; c, hole containing sharpening-stones; d, pounding-stone; e, hole;/, fireplace and chimney ; g, rubbing-stone ; h, mortar. in connection Avitli Roman coins of the first and second centuries,as well as Samian ware and cinerary urns of Roman origin.The quern or hand-mill is generally held to have been introducedabout the Christian era, and Agricola is known to have conqueredand settled Anglesey about a. d. 78 ; but though
RM2AJ8WR3–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fii.. il. — Spear-headwith p;old studs, Tliamesat T.aplow. 70 BESCKIPTION OB^ CASE A pommel on one of tlie swords occurs more thanScotland, but is rare else^^here, though sphericalpommels of bone, &e., must liave Ijeen fairly com-mon. A similar pin was found ^•ith swords ofthis and other kinds at Edinbui-gli. A find fromMerionethshire contained types also found in theThames, and the resemblance of a tanged chiselfrom Ty Mawr and a cylindrical chape from Mont-gomeryshire to specimens on the oth
RM2AJ7TMJ–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . d with a cuneiform inscription,giving the name of an Assyrian king (Adad-nirari I) of the four-teenth century, as well as from the presence of bronze weapons 128 DESCRIPTION OF CASE K in the ruins of Nimrud, a city which was only founded about1300 B.C. But it was evidently introduced within a century orso of the beginning of the first millennium, as an inscription ofTiglath Pileser I, dating from the close of the twelfth century,mentions iron as part of the royal spoils from Commagene, in theno
RM2AJ8NH9–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Ft(.4. tl-J.—FLit lelt, C(i. Tipptrary. 78 DESCRIPTION OF CASE C 111 m;ui) instances (plate viii, uos. 1-3, 6) there are two notchesnear the base of the hhicle, for which no adequate reason has yetIjeen given. The wooden seaLbards then in use might be affectedby the weather, so tliat the tjlade could not be pushed right home.Any risk of injury in that case would be avoided if the cutting-edges stopped short of the grip. This is another characteristic ofthe Hallstatt sword, and justifies the att
RM2AJ8PW5–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fiu. .j7.—Bi-onzu loop, Hand Fig. -58.—Bronze bracelet, Liss, Cross, Sussex. J Hants. I. Fio. .59.—Socketed sliort-sword, Dungivoii, Co. Derry. J
RM2AJ8TMH–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Socketed colt, Tliaincs at Kingston. METALLURGY ?3 The leaden socketed celt from Seamer Moor was no doubt usedas a model for the pro-duction of clay moulds ;and the bronze mouldfrom the Southall hoardhere shown containedwhen found the Iemainsof a similar leaden celt. On the lAist side of theCase are models showingthe various methods ofhafting metallic celts.The illustration of anoriginal handle (fig. 54)for a winged celt or pal-stave, shows the use of theprong : and the method ofsecuring the h
RM2AJ90M4–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fiij. 31.—Cinerary urn, (loodmanhiini,E. R. Yorks. 3 60 DESCRIPTION OF CASES 31-30 skull. The jet ring (fig. 36) was also found resting on a l^utton ofthe same kind at Thwing, East Riding of Yorkshire, on the right armof a skeleton (lx. Case 23). Ornamented bone beads or buttonsof another shape (fig. 37) are remarkably like those from Lake,Wilts. (Case F), which, however, are not perforated. The threewith ornament lay at the right elbow of a young womans skeleton atFolkton, East Eiding of Yorks
RM2AJ8HJX–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . FiG. 69. — Hammer,Tliorndon, Suffolk. Fig. 70.—Hammer,Ireland. tened loops seen on the socket, are found at various points in thebroader part of the blade on either side of the central ridge ; andthese openings in time become larger and often crescent-shaped,while the projections disappear (pi. ii, 1). One of this last patternis known from Central Kussia. It is, however, by no meansimprobable that the openings in the blade were due in the firstjilace to imitation of an early form of spear-head
RM2AJ8BKT–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 83.—Anvil, from theRhone district, France, j; Fig. 84.—Socketed celt, Avignon,Dept. Vaucluse, France. . Fig. 85.—Dagger, La Gnillotiere, D^pt. Rhone, France, i other designs, that show connection with the Aegean culture ofthe Mediterranean. A barrow on Tolkton Wold, E. E. Yorks.,54 ft. in diameter, had been reared over a central cairn contain-ing two adult .skeletons and a drinking-cup; and round thecairn, at a distance of about 12 ft., a trench had been dug belowthe original surface. Out
RM2AJ9MXX–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . sed through the holes, brooches tofasten the dress in the same way as thepenannular brooches of the same countryin the Viking period. The remarkable series of bronzes hereexhibited from the townland of Dowris,Kings Countj^, fornied part of a hoardfound about the year 1825 in a part ofWhigsborough, called Derreens. Thoughnow boggy, the soil was at that time undercultivation, and was no doubt covered withcopse and underwood when the depositwas made, probably by a bronze-founderwho worked on the s
RM2AJ8YTC–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . k, E. R. Yorks. 1 ^^:-- :::Cfiv Fig. 34.—Knife-dag-ger with remains ofhandle, Helperthorpe,E. R. Yorks. l wood-ashes. no doubt collected from the funeral pile. At thesouth end lay the inceuse-cup (Case 2o. fig. ob) and whaseems to have been its cover. Both l.ese part^ were foundmuch broken but in a clayey mass together : and the Icnver poi-tion is very similar to one from Beckhampton, Wilts. (Case 17).The ware is good but soft, and the ornament, which extend.salso to the bottom and the inside
RM2AJ9A2R–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . with a cinerary urn, two bronze pins and small beads ; on thebottom are deeply incised concentric rings closely resembling thedesign often seen on cup-marked stones (below Case C). The ornamented cover (fig. 23) of a vase somewhat Uke that. Fig. 23.—Cover of urn, Durnford, Wilts.E 2 52 DESCRIPTION OF CASES 19, 20 from Broughton, Hants (fig. 24), was found with cremated burialsin one of seven barrows at Durnford, Wilts., and is of comparativerarity. Toed-vessels have been found with covers (fig.
RM2AJ8FDK–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . s formed in the runners of the mould and notremoved after casting, but ham-mered over to form a loop. Itis difScult to see how this couldliave been of any service, as thebutt was entirely covered by theprongs of the handle (cf. fig. 54).Other objects of interest are thesmall anvil (fig. 83), the cylinderwith a number of movable ringsalready referred to (p. 28). andthe socketed celt resembling thatfrom Beverley (fig. 65) but withthe loop on the face instead ofthe side (fig. 84). The largerarmlet
RM2AJ7PB1–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . e main shelf, are other antiquities ofthe Bronze ago from this collection, all being from the Champagnedistrict or the Ijower Rhone, except two primitive copper daggersof a well-known form from Cyprus (like fig. 117). A small seriesof celts contains examples of most of the French forms, and arearranged in their probable chronological order, beginning on theleft. On the back slope with other specimens, on a board, maybe seen a peculiar spear-head with circular holes and slits in theblades (fig.
RM2AJ8NW6–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . gainedfrom the cast exhiliitedhere of a specimen foundin Yorkshire. The ori-ginal has evidently beenmoulded after a leal-shaped sword like somein this Case, which hadhorn or bone plates at-tached by rivets to eitherside of the handle, anda heavy pommel of somekind, probably globular.Two swords have indeedbeen found in Northum-berland with remains otleaden pommels of tliisshape, and some of thoseexhibited would be veryill-balanced weapons without such a counterpoise. How this wasattached to the
RM2AJ7YYF–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . ixth (about 650-500 b. c). The extreme scarcity of pure tin and cojjper in the Scandinavianfinds of the Bronze age suggests that bronze was at that timeimported; and as analysis shows, some came from Central Europeand some from the British Isles, the latter supply being remark- 104 DESCRIPTION OF CASE II ably free from nickel, an alloy which is characteristic of the Germanores. Apart from the obvious Italian productions, the manu-facture of bronze implements and ornaments was local, and manyhoa
RM2AJ82N1–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . it should be mentioned that duringthe developed period of the Bronze age the spiral, so prevalent inAegean and Egyptian art, hardly occurs on the Continent west of the Elbe route just de-scribed ; but as it isclearly seen on the carvedstones of the New Grangebarrow, Co. Meath, andhas been already referredto in connection with thechalk drums from York-shire (p. 90), it probablyreached the North-westin earlier times by a dif-ferent route. Though the Bronzeperiod in Germany hasnever beensjstematic
RM2AJ80EK–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . r. .?-;&,,-.««>«=.--Ti;:A;.;»!v;.. --^^pTms^^^^ Fig. 106.—Bronze bolt, with details, Hungary, i and % armlets i^eft of Case), tores and brooches. A peculiarity of Hun-garian swords {rkjlit of Case) is that the Ijroadest part of the bladeis nearer the point than the hilt (fig. 104), thus giving the weapona clumsy and ill-balanced appearance. Some of the celts {left ofCase) are ornamented with a raised design of straight lines con-verging on concentric circles ; others are sack-shaped (fig. 10
RM2AJ7JWE–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 14.5. — C4old bracelet witli ring-money, Ely, Climbs. a style resembling that seen on the bucklers from Wales andelsewhere (Cases 3, 4, ti, 7) ; but a richer variety of patterns ishere employed, consisting of circular bosses of two sizes, pyra-midal rivet-heads, pointed ovals, and other bosses of quadrangularshape, separated by simple raised lines. It was probably notearlier than the shields, and the presence of iron may indicateeven a later date. A discovery of this kind demonstrates in a
RM2AJ8TXH–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fic. 51,—Socketed colt, Tliaincs at Kingston. METALLURGY ?3 The leaden socketed celt from Seamer Moor was no doubt usedas a model for the pro-duction of clay moulds ;and the bronze mouldfrom the Southall hoardhere shown containedwhen found the Iemainsof a similar leaden celt. On the lAist side of theCase are models showingthe various methods ofhafting metallic celts.The illustration of anoriginal handle (fig. 54)for a winged celt or pal-stave, shows the use of theprong : and the method ofsecuri
RM2AJ7W2A–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . keted hoe closely resembles examples from Cyprus(Case .J) and S. Eussia (Case H); and a number of arrow-headsfrom Naucratis, which was founded in the seventh century b.c,belong to the time when iron was in common use. MESOPOTAMIA 127 Case E. On the West side of this Case, besides the Chinese antiquitiesalready dealt with in connection with Siberia (p. 107), are a fewobjects of importance from Mesopotamia, Persia, and India, to theright. In Babylonia the copper implements (axes, lance-heads, &c.
RM2AJ9P0B–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . FiG. 1.—Dolichocephalic skull, Helperthorpe, K. E. Yorks.
RM2AJ80X9–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . ate descendant of the other.It seems proljable that this Hungarianindustry did not transmit the spiral and other features from south to north, but was rather an isolatedlocal development. Most of these later Hungarian finds are not from graves butdeposits, in which several objects of the same type, sometimesall undamaged, occur together: thus on one occasion as manyas twenty swords were found in one place. Such collections asthese must have been either deposited for votive purposes or elseconce
RM2AJ90Y1–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . per cent,tin. A dagger from Hel-perthorpe. East Eiding ofYorkshire (xlix. Case 28),gives the original propor-tions of the handle, thoughthe ox-horn plates have perished (fig. 34). The point of this, like that of the Butterwickdaggei, was touching the chin of the skeleton ; and the Ijlade wasdoubtless reduced to its present shape by repeated whetting. Conical buttons of jet with V-shaped perforations are commonlyfound in Barrow deposits ; and are shown in the glass-topped boxesin Cases 21-30 as
RM2AJ82D4–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . re elaborate form(fig. 99), the grip cast separately :blades, with piart of the shaft, ofhalberts like the comjjlete one inthis Case (fig. 101) ; and a pick(fig. 100) with comparativelysmall shaft-hole in the centre.In some cases the hole is too small to admit even a metal shaft, and it has Ijeen suggestedthat the raw material was imported in this form (somewhat likethe iron Osmunds of the middle ages), several pieces being heldtogether by a cord passed through the central hole. One specimenwit
RM2AJ9J6Y–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . centralone or arranged round the wall of the building, in some instanceswith a well-formed chimney in the thickness of the hut-wall.The rude stone pounders or mullers, the mortars or basins andheavy flat stones set in the floor for grinding or breaking stoneor some hard material, presented no appearance of having beenused for preparing food. Broken quartz from the copper lode inthe neighbourhood, slag and clay-lined fireplaces, point to thesmelting of copper and iron ore ; and in this connectio
RM2AJ81YT–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 101.—Halbert, Trieplatz,Potsdam, Prussia. J 100 DESCRIPTION OF CASE G ?with very high feet, one of which was painted with semicirclesand spirals in red and yellow. The presence of the spiral in-dicates Aegean influence, which cannot be earlier than the periodbetween 3000-2500 B.C., when this ornament was first used inthe Greek Islands. Within these approximate limits the inhabit-ants of the Danube val-ley probably became ac-quainted with metals,either by independentinvention or instruction
RM2AJ9BNM–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . SEPULCHRAL POTTERY 49 instrument which has left a greenish stain. An urn from Aahfordhas raised semicircles round the upper part that may possiblyrepresent the handles of a basket prototype. Similar examplesmay be seen below Cases B and D. Cases 17, 18. In 1850 eight barrows were examined on Broughton Common,about 25 miles north of Lincoln. They had been much reducedby the plough, none being at that time more than 4 ft. high,and all were circular, with diameters of 60-80 ft. One of thecinerary
RM2AJ8GNC–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . on that from Fenny Bentley (fig. 75), found with two bronze pins,not so common in this country as elsewhere. The discoverjf in Heathery Burn Cave, Co. Durham, is mostimportant in many ways. It is by far the most instructive ofany Bronze age deposit in this country not of a sepulchral G 2 84 DESCRIPTION OP CASE D character, and comprises the entire equix:)ment of a family who hadlived or taken refuge in the cave, and had there been apparentlyoverwhelmed. The various objects may therefore be rega
RM2AJ7PK9–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . and and Scot-land, those in the counties of Ayr, Dumfries, and Wigtownhavino- proved archaeologically the most valuable, but they arealso known in England and Wales. The most striking English 144 DESCKIPTIOX OF CASES N, 75, 76 examples are perhaps those excavated by Mr. Thomas Boyntonin 1880, at Hoklerness in Yorkshire, where, as has )3een aheadystated, both stone and bronze implements were found. The lake-dwellings of these islands were not, however, confinedto the crannog type. At Barton Mere
RM2AJ97YH–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fio. 27.—Section of barrow, Bamtorough, Northumberland (cxcvii).. Fie. 28.—Section of barrow. Ford, Northumberland (clxxxvii). and, on the other hand, barrows were sometimes met with inwhich no human remains could be discovered. In such cases itwas argued, with great probability, that an unburnt intermenthad taken place and that owing to unfavourable conditions thebones had completely decayed ; for examj)le, in sandy soil it isvery rare to find any traces of buried bones even of much morerecent
RM2AJ848P–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . lyhead, wasperhaps attached to a necklace like that illustrated from Scotland(fig. 89), which was found with two bronze armlets in a cistcontaining an unburnt skeleton. Two jet and one bronze ringwith lateral perforations, recalling the heavy bronze rings fromIreland (fig. 5), were found, with a razor, at Heneglwys, AnglesejA remarkably large bead of jet (fig. 90), from a barrow near Brid-lington, resembles some found in Ireland, and there can be no BlilTISH BAEEOWS 93 doubt that most of the o
![A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. .-)3.-Stone mould for spear-heuds, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick. 74 DESCRIPTION OF CASE C Several exainiiles (fig. 55) have been found since, chiefly in thettoiith of England, and one ? is said to have come from Italy ;hut they may be regarded as a local adaptation of the rivetedknife-dagger, a decorated example of which was also found onArreton Down. In 1868 sixteen celts, three daggers, anothertwo-edged weapon, and a chisel, were found piled u]>on a ledge ofrock under a heavy stone slab, t Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AJ8RXK/a-guide-to-the-antiquities-of-the-bronze-age-in-the-department-of-british-and-medival-antiquities-fig-3-stone-mould-for-spear-heuds-lough-gur-co-limerick-74-description-of-case-c-several-exainiiles-fig-55-have-been-found-since-chiefly-in-thettoiith-of-england-and-one-is-said-to-have-come-from-italy-hut-they-may-be-regarded-as-a-local-adaptation-of-the-rivetedknife-dagger-a-decorated-example-of-which-was-also-found-onarreton-down-in-1868-sixteen-celts-three-daggers-anothertwo-edged-weapon-and-a-chisel-were-found-piled-u-gton-a-ledge-ofrock-under-a-heavy-stone-slab-t-2AJ8RXK.jpg "A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. .-)3.-Stone mould for spear-heuds, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick. 74 DESCRIPTION OF CASE C Several exainiiles (fig. 55) have been found since, chiefly in thettoiith of England, and one ? is said to have come from Italy ;hut they may be regarded as a local adaptation of the rivetedknife-dagger, a decorated example of which was also found onArreton Down. In 1868 sixteen celts, three daggers, anothertwo-edged weapon, and a chisel, were found piled u]>on a ledge ofrock under a heavy stone slab, t Stock Photo")
RM2AJ8RXK–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. .-)3.-Stone mould for spear-heuds, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick. 74 DESCRIPTION OF CASE C Several exainiiles (fig. 55) have been found since, chiefly in thettoiith of England, and one ? is said to have come from Italy ;hut they may be regarded as a local adaptation of the rivetedknife-dagger, a decorated example of which was also found onArreton Down. In 1868 sixteen celts, three daggers, anothertwo-edged weapon, and a chisel, were found piled u]>on a ledge ofrock under a heavy stone slab, t
RM2AJ8Y2B–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 35.—.Jet button, Eud-stone, E. R. Yorks. Fig. 36.—Jet ring,Thwing, E. R. Yorks. an encrinite. Close to the beads was a large flat ring of lignite,a pendent ornament of the same material, a conical button ofshale, a cast of a cardium wliell, and a small polished pebble ofhaematite. A few inches beyond the north end of the gravewas another incense-cup with a few scattered burnt bones, with. Flu. .-M.—Buiio Loads, Folkton, E. K. Yorks. similar urnament but of inferior fabric. It had, however,
RM2AJ8MEK–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . ith diameter of2-3 in., are more widely spread, being specially frequent on erraticblocks in Central Europe. The significauce of the geometricaldesigns is veiy uncertain, but a jslausible hypothesis is that therings, whether complete or interrupted, are connected Mith sun-worship ; and their occurrence on the inner walls of burial cistsand on sepulchral pottery (as the ? incense-cup , fig. 22). certainlyfavours that snppf)sition. 80 DESCRIPTION OF CASE I» Case D. West Side. On the left are grou
RM2AJ9B5A–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . nd abovethe human ashes, were deposited in the urn before interment. A group of three vessels was found in ploughing near Wycombe,Bucks., buried in a shallow grave in the chalk. The large cineraryurn at the top of the Case was inverted and contained an incense-cup among the ashes ; while the third vessel lay outside, restingon the shoulder of the urn, also inverted. These three vesselsare in a vertical line to the left. The mound in wliich two incense-cups were found at NorthNewbold, East Eidin
RM2AJ8WW4–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . had a total length of about 24 in.It is of comparatively early date, and is obviously derived froma common form of dagger exhibited next to it, a socket havingbeen added for use on a shaft and the studs no doubt representingthe rivets on the base of the prototype. Pointed blades, called. Plate VII. Copper Implements, Gunueria, Balaghat, Central India.(Coses 47, 48, wc p. 67.) KIVER THAMES 69 knives, knife-diiggers, or rapiers, ucooiding to tlieir leiigtli, are well lepresented, the handles bein
RM2AJ9NHX–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . FiG. 1.—Dolichocephalic skull, Helperthorpe, K. E. Yorks..
RM2AJ9D3C–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . ns. The sides of most were nearly vertical (fig.19), and the ornament consisted of a raised band a little below therim, with finger-indentations or a few bosses in the same position.Two large hollows were found in which cremation had takenplace, the ashes being subsequentljr transferred to the graves,where they were placed in, or covered by, the urns. No metalwas found on this site, though aJjout thirty burials were foundin a space of 50 ft. by 20 ft. Examples of the food-vessel are here arrang
RM2AJ98WA–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Plate V. SEruLCunAL I.inEuv, Bkitisii Isi.e-Casi^s 12-30. -ij |,. 41.! YORKSHIRE BARROWS 53 the excavation of some circular dwellings in which drinking-cups,cinerary urns, and other vessels (Case 13) are said to have come tolight, together with bones of domestic animals, ornamented potteryfragments, and part of a polished stone axe. These hut-circlesor pit-dwellings were formed by sinking a floor 3-7 ft., andthrowing out the earth round the opening which was 14-20 ft.in diameter: on the bank th
RM2AJ7MCB–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . .Ill) has the same decoration, while its size and shape are in closeagreement. It is conceivaljle that the idea was imported fromDenmark or Sweden between the ninth and seventh century b. c:.Part of a rich hoard found at Newmarket-on-Fergus, Co. Clare, ishere shown, consisting of bracelets of a simple character, and alarge series of penannular pieces commonly known as ring-money.Gold rings and bracelets of the true Bronze period are often ofthin strands like wire, while the thick and heavy ring
RM2AJ8C3J–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 83.—Anvil, from theRhone district, France, j; Fig. 84.—Socketed celt, Avignon,Dept. Vaucluse, France.
RM2AJ8BAA–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . with the Aegean culture ofthe Mediterranean. A barrow on Tolkton Wold, E. E. Yorks.,54 ft. in diameter, had been reared over a central cairn contain-ing two adult .skeletons and a drinking-cup; and round thecairn, at a distance of about 12 ft., a trench had been dug belowthe original surface. Outside this, about 22 ft. from the centre,another trench had been driven at the same level, but only on theeastern half of the circle. In this trench, east of the central 90 DESCRIPTION OF CASE F cairn, w
RM2AJ9KH2–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 5.—Ring with transverseperforations, Ireland. | Fig. 6.—Hammer, Dowris,Kin^rs Co. of tin, 1-14 of lead, and traces of sulphur and carbon, while thewaste metal yielded on analysis 89 per cent, of copper, 11 of tin,and a mere trace of lead, iron, and silver. Cases 3, 4. In the lower part of Case 4 are three bronze vessels belongingto the Dowris hoard in Cases 1, 2. The largest is in the form ofa cinerary urn, of a type rarely found in Northern Europe, andevidently derived from Italy. Isolate
RM2AJ7R0E–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 133.—Socketed cliisel,Swiss lake-dwelling. A Flu. loL —Fish-hooks., Swiss hike-dwellings, -i fiint knives and saws, were also used, though more and morerarely as time went on. Stag-horn and bone were in less demand for tools than duringthe Stone age. but were still employed for various purposes, suchas making the side-pieces of horse-bits, for fish-spears, and barljedharpoon-heads. All kinds of things were made of wood, fromdug-out canoes, oars, house-doors, boxes, and yew bows, to dishes,
RM2AJ7WG7–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . ulturewas most widely extendedabout 1500 B.C., and cor-responds in time with themiddle and later Bronzeage of Europe, the olderAegean period coincidingwith the earliest centuries ofEuropean metallurgy. Thepeoples representing thesetwo stages of culture in theLevant are now conjecturedto have been neither ofAsiatic norNorth-Europeanorigin, but to have belongedto the same Eurafrican orMediterranean family which in remoter prehistoric times occupiedboth the northern and southern shores of the Medi
RM2AJ8HA2–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . e due in the firstjilace to imitation of an early form of spear-head found in thesecond city at Hissarlik(2.-;oo-2ooo B.C.)and in the Greek Islands,where the flat lilade was inserted in a cleft stick bound by a cordpassing through the openings (fig. 118). This type may well havel)een transmitted hj sea from the Eastern Mediterranean early inthe Bronze age, and it may be noticed that holes, perhajis relics EVOLUTION OF SPEAR-HEAD 83 of larspearfrom •ger openings, are found at the base of the bla
![A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 00. Halbert-blndc, Slieve Kileta Hill, C. Wexford. J. Fig. UJ.—Knife, CotliiU, Aljiugdon, Berks. smaller examples have been fovuid in Spain (tig. 126), though oneof truly Irish appeaiance may be seen in Case J, from Cremona,Italy. A razor from Ireland, with the peculiar notch at the top HKONZE SWOK-D.S tt ot the blade, lieloiig>s tn ;i type more common on the Continent,and the blade from Cothil], Berks, (fig. 01), may be a copy ofthe later form of razor common in Scandinavia (fig. 109). Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AJ8P9E/a-guide-to-the-antiquities-of-the-bronze-age-in-the-department-of-british-and-medival-antiquities-fig-00-halbert-blndc-slieve-kileta-hill-c-wexford-j-fig-ujknife-cotliiu-aljiugdon-berks-smaller-examples-have-been-fovuid-in-spain-tig-126-though-oneof-truly-irish-appeaiance-may-be-seen-in-case-j-from-cremonaitaly-a-razor-from-ireland-with-the-peculiar-notch-at-the-top-hkonze-swok-ds-tt-ot-the-blade-lieloiiggts-tn-i-type-more-common-on-the-continentand-the-blade-from-cothil-berks-fig-01-may-be-a-copy-ofthe-later-form-of-razor-common-in-scandinavia-fig-109-2AJ8P9E.jpg "A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 00. Halbert-blndc, Slieve Kileta Hill, C. Wexford. J. Fig. UJ.—Knife, CotliiU, Aljiugdon, Berks. smaller examples have been fovuid in Spain (tig. 126), though oneof truly Irish appeaiance may be seen in Case J, from Cremona,Italy. A razor from Ireland, with the peculiar notch at the top HKONZE SWOK-D.S tt ot the blade, lieloiig>s tn ;i type more common on the Continent,and the blade from Cothil], Berks, (fig. 01), may be a copy ofthe later form of razor common in Scandinavia (fig. 109). Stock Photo")
RM2AJ8P9E–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 00. Halbert-blndc, Slieve Kileta Hill, C. Wexford. J. Fig. UJ.—Knife, CotliiU, Aljiugdon, Berks. smaller examples have been fovuid in Spain (tig. 126), though oneof truly Irish appeaiance may be seen in Case J, from Cremona,Italy. A razor from Ireland, with the peculiar notch at the top HKONZE SWOK-D.S tt ot the blade, lieloiig>s tn ;i type more common on the Continent,and the blade from Cothil], Berks, (fig. 01), may be a copy ofthe later form of razor common in Scandinavia (fig. 109).
RM2AJ81AX–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Fig. 102 -Hollow iirmlot, Kissingoii,Bavaria. I. Fic. 10;5.—Battle-axe, Hiiiigary.
![A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Hallstatt, with very similar ornament executed by means ofa finely-pointed punch. SCANDINAVIA ]03 DENMARK: Case H. Situated at one extremity of the Old World, the Scandinaviancountries present certain peculiarities in the neolithic and Bronzeages which are due to their remoteness from the centres of early-civilization. They received their culture at a comparatively latedate, and in their isolation brought the arts of working stone andbronze to a high degree of perfection, while more advanced na Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AJ809K/a-guide-to-the-antiquities-of-the-bronze-age-in-the-department-of-british-and-medival-antiquities-hallstatt-with-very-similar-ornament-executed-by-means-ofa-finely-pointed-punch-scandinavia-03-denmark-case-h-situated-at-one-extremity-of-the-old-world-the-scandinaviancountries-present-certain-peculiarities-in-the-neolithic-and-bronzeages-which-are-due-to-their-remoteness-from-the-centres-of-early-civilization-they-received-their-culture-at-a-comparatively-latedate-and-in-their-isolation-brought-the-arts-of-working-stone-andbronze-to-a-high-degree-of-perfection-while-more-advanced-na-2AJ809K.jpg "A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Hallstatt, with very similar ornament executed by means ofa finely-pointed punch. SCANDINAVIA ]03 DENMARK: Case H. Situated at one extremity of the Old World, the Scandinaviancountries present certain peculiarities in the neolithic and Bronzeages which are due to their remoteness from the centres of early-civilization. They received their culture at a comparatively latedate, and in their isolation brought the arts of working stone andbronze to a high degree of perfection, while more advanced na Stock Photo")
RM2AJ809K–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Hallstatt, with very similar ornament executed by means ofa finely-pointed punch. SCANDINAVIA ]03 DENMARK: Case H. Situated at one extremity of the Old World, the Scandinaviancountries present certain peculiarities in the neolithic and Bronzeages which are due to their remoteness from the centres of early-civilization. They received their culture at a comparatively latedate, and in their isolation brought the arts of working stone andbronze to a high degree of perfection, while more advanced na
RM2AJ8XNE–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . anufacture. It is generally of a yellowcolour and of thin, well-baked ware, superior to that found in thiscountry. The collection was made by Dr. Klemm of Dresden,and is derived from various sites in Saxony and Lower Lausitz. Two groujis of urn-fields dating from the Bronze age are dis-tinguished in this .area, and of these the first is characterised byvases with conical bases [Buckel-urnen, plate vi, 2); by oval-bodiedvases with spreading lip (13); and by a doubly conical form, theupper part d
RM2AJ9DY9–A guide to the antiquities of the bronze age in the Department of British and mediæval antiquities . Grriwth of the wings. belo-. The earliest celts are evidently metal copies of the com-monest stone implement of the neolithic period, and have convexfaces and sides, which are perhaps best illustrated by the Butter-wick example (fig. 33), but may be represented here by fig. 16, ((.It was sul:)sequently found that the same purpose could be servedby reducing the width of the celt, and the hammering necessary. EVOLUTION OF CELT 41 to harden the edge resulted in an expansion of this part of theim