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RMP5X262–Black and white portrait photograph of German economist and philosopher Karl Marx (circa 1875) seated, in three-quarter view, with a bushy white beard, dark mustache, and receding hairline, wearing a dark suit, with a serious expression on his face, from the volume 'Men and Thought in Modern History, ' authored by Ernest Scott and published by Macmillan, California, 1920. Courtesy Internet Archive. ()
RM2AKKFM8–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e churchservices must have sadlyshocked a great part of theEnglish people, who had beenaccustomed to watch with aweand expectancy the variousacts associated with the manychurch ceremonies and festi-vals. Earnest men who de-plored the misrule of thosewho conducted Edwards gov-ernment in the name ofProtestantism must have con-cluded that the reformerswere chiefly intent upon ad-vancing their own interests by plundering the Church. We getsome idea of the desecrations of the time from the fact that Ed-ward was for
RMP845JB–Black and white photograph depicting an early eighteenth-century iron gate and railing, with foliage in the background, leading to Trinity College in Cambridge, England, 1922. Courtesy Internet Archive. ()
RM2AKNY4T–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . tantly obliged to defend theirfrontiers against both their own kindred of the desert on oneside and the mountaineers on the other. Thus the Assyrians weretoughened by the strain of frequent wars. 75. Foundation of the Assyrian Empire, Eighth Century b.c.Gradually tiie Assyrians conquered much additional territoryall around their formerly small city-kingdom. By iioo B.C.their peasant militia had beaten the western kings in Syria, wherethe Egyptian Empire had fallen two generations earlier (§54).There Assyrian s
RM2AKNCY2–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . cles plan of campaign ? What disaster overtookAthens ? How did this affect the fortunes of Pericles ? What was theresult ? What young leader now came forward ? What business mannow tried to lead the nation ? What was the result of ten years war ?Who arranged the peace ? When ? II. Who was chiefly responsible for the reopening of the war ? Whatgreat expedition did the Athenians plan ? Who were the commanders ?Tell the story of its expedition and its end. What did Sparta now do ?What was now the internal conditi
RM2AKN1FW–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . life of the provincialtowns, especially education. What was the language of the West ?Describe its surviving monuments. What do the Roman buildingsstill show regarding the position and the extent of the Roman Empire ? III. Tell about the buildings of the emperors at Rome; sculptureand painting ; literature and science ; the cosmopolitan life of Rome;its oriental luxuries. IV. What was the state of rehgion in the Empire ? What was thesituation of the oriental religions among the Romans ? Mention theleading ones
RM2AKN4B7–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Figs. 63 and 64. Sculptures of Hellenistic Pergamum Above (Fig. 63) is a Gallic trumpeter, as he sinks in death with histrumpet at his feet (§ 278). Below (Fig. 64) is a part of the friezearound the great altar of Zeus at Pergamum (Fig. 52). It pictures themythical struggle between gods and giants. A giant at the left, whoselimbs end in serpents, raises over his head a great stone to hurl it atthe goddess on the right (§ 278). Fig. 65. The Roman Forum and its Public Buildings in the Early Empire. (After Lucken
RM2AJF336–The foreign trade of the United States; its character, organization and methods . that country buys only a little over one-third ofher imports from us. The condition in regard to our tradewith every one of the important South American republicsis the same, our exports falling far below our imports invalue, although this was not the case with respect to Argen-tina imtil after the outbreak of the World War. The result is that while we regularly obtain from one-fourth to one-third of our imports from Latin Americancountries, these countries afford a market for only one-tenth to one-eighth of our
RM2AKKW67–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . aiice^mftartti rttogt3ttamiir.1 jartaCTntfRd (wuticrblnia Eannflun-nraucHnCquujU nxtr fto^vmrnr^^aDtt- iiw^tartom eimfiut eAr t|im dttitaeltet^ Tuect^u4^w^ dutfiitu Fig. 123. Page from a Copy of the Bible made in the ThikteexthCentury, showing Perfection of the Best Work (see note, p. 480) 482 History of Europe 707. Errors of Copyists. Moreover, it was impossible beforethe invention of printing to have two copies of the same workexactly alike. Even with the greatest care a scribe could notavoid making some mis
RM2AJF37D–The foreign trade of the United States; its character, organization and methods . CORN COTTON PETROLEUM. WHEAT
RM2AKMY62–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . t which the Goths,Lombards, and Vandals hadadopted. Instead of severing theirconnection with Germany and be-coming an island in the sea of theEmpire, they conquered by degreesthe territory about them. How-ever far they might extend theircontrol, they remained in constanttouch with their fellow barbariansbehind them. In this way theyretained the warlike vigor that waslost by the races who were com-pletely surrounded by the luxuriesof Roman civilization. In the early part of the fifthcentury they had occupied th
RM2AKMBH1–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . : The Christian who slays theunbeliever in the Holy War is sure of his reward, the more sure ifhe himself be slain. The Christian glories in the death of theinfidel, because Christ is glorified. The king of France readilyconsented to take the cross, but the emperor, Conrad III, appearsto have yielded only after St. Bernard had preached before himand given a vivid picture of the terrors of the Judgment Day. In regard to the less distinguished recruits, a historian of thetime tells us that so many thieves and ro
RM2AKK1AT–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . to the exacting and dullbusiness of government, care-fully considering the reportslaid before her relating to thearmy, the navy, finances, andforeign affairs. Catherine II showed her-self almost as interested inthe French philosophers andreformers of the time^ asdid Frederick. In her fre-quent letters to Voltaire sheexplained to him her variousplans for reform. 918. Catherine maintainsSerfdom but seizes theChurch Lands. There wassome talk of abolishing serf-dom in Russia, but Catherinerather increased than de-
RM2AKMHKT–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . lve, which actually tried the accused, its origin and history areobscure. The juries ofHenry II left the verdictfor Heaven to pronouncein the ordeal; but a cen-tury later we find the juryof twelve itself renderingverdicts. The plan ofdelegating to twelve menthe duty of deciding onthe guilt or innocence ofa suspected person wasvery different from theearlier systems. It resem-bled neither the Romantrial, where the judgesmade the decision, northe medieval compurga-tion and ordeals (§472).The decisions of Henrysju
RM2AKMEPX–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . wer of the nobleshad, it is true, been begun. Theyhad been forbidden to coin money,to maintain armies, and to taxtheir subjects ; and the powers ofthe kings judges had been ex-tended over all the realm. Butthe task of consolidating Francewas reserved for the son ofCharles VII, the shrewd andtreacherous Louis XI (1461-1483). 581. Work of Louis XI. The most powerful and dangerousof Louis XIs vassals were the dukes of Burgundy, and they gavehim a great deal of trouble. Of Burgundy something will be saidin later c
RM2AKNJ9K–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Fig. 35. An Athenian Painted VaseOF THE Early Sixth Century b. c. This magnificent work (over thirty incheshigh) was found in an Etruscan tomb inItaly (see map, p. 192), whither it had beenexported (§ 161) by the Athenian makers inthe days of Solon no History of Europe with producing the first decked warships, a great improvement,which gave the warriors above more room and better footing andprotected the oarsmen below. For warships must be independent ofthe wind, and hence they were still driven by oars. The o
RM2AKK5TJ–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ver half a century. The distinguished generals wholed his newly organized troops, and the wily diplomats who ar-ranged his alliances and negotiated his treaties, made Francefeared and respectedby even the mostpowerful of the otherEuropean states. 859. The Theoryof the Divine Rightof Kings in France.Louis XIV had thesame idea of kingshipthat James I had triedin vain to induce theEnglish people to ac-cept (§§ 827-828).God had given kingsto men, and. it wasHis will that monarchsshould be regarded asHis lieutenant
RM2AKMF3D–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . y each partyafter it gained a victory.This left the king far morepowerful than ever before.He could now control Parlia-ment, even if he could notdo away with it. For acentury and more after theaccession of Henry VII theTudor kings exercised almostdespotic power. England ceased for a time to enjoy the freegovernment for which the foundations had been laid under theEdwards, whose embarrassments at home and abroad had madethem constantly dependent upon the aid of the nation. 579. France establishes a Standing Arm
RM2AKNGT6–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . the roadto the city. This bold and resolute move roused courage andenthusiasm in the downcast ranks of the Greeks. Nevertheless, when they issued between the hills and lookeddown upon the Persian host encamped upon the Plain of Mara-thon, flanked by a fleet of hundreds of vessels, misgiving anddespair chilled the hearts of the little Attic army. But Miltiadesheld the leaders firmly in hand, and the arrival of a thousandGreeks from Plataea revived the courage of the Athenians. 184. The Battle of Marathon (490 B
RM2AKNG3C–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . after the repulse of Persia,relinquished the command of the combined Greek fleets, thegreat Athenian navy, his own creation, was master of the .iEgean. 195. Aristides and the Establishment of the Dalian League(478-477 B.C.). As the Greek cities of Asia still feared thevengeance of the Persian king, it was easy for the Athenians toform a permanent defensive league with the cities of their Greekkindred in Asia and the ^gean islands. The wealthier of thesecities contributed ships, while others paid a sum of money
RM2AKK0J1–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ependence. By the end of the Seven Years War (1763) thecolonists numbered over two millions. Their rapidly increasing How England became Queen of the Ocean 639 wealth and strength, their free life in a new land, the confidencethey had gained in their successful conflict with the French,—all combined to render interference of the home governmentintolerable to them. 948. Navigation Laws.England had, like Spain,France, and other colonizingcountries, enacted a numberof navigation and trade lawsby which she tried t
RM2AKNYEJ–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . picked up every morning and set up somewhere else at night. Atfirst they did not even know how to write, and they had no in-dustries. Some of them now learned to write their Semitic tongueby using the Sumerian wedge-form signs for the purpose. Then itwas, therefore, that a Semitic language began to be written forthe first time. The Akkadians likewise learned Sumerian art, es-pecially sculpture (Fig. 23), in which they far surpassed theirSumerian teachers. Thus the Akkadians took over and adaptedthe civilizatio
RM2AKK2DR–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . tantsand the Russians adhered to the Greek Church. These dif-ferences in religion, added to those of race, created endless prob-lems and dissensions and explain many of the difficulties involvedin the attempt to reestablish an independent Polish republic afterthe great World War. The government of Poland was the worst imaginable. Insteadof having developed a strong monarchy, as her neighbors—Prussia, Russia, and Austria—had done, she remained in a stateof feudal anarchy, which the nobles had taken the greatest
RM2AKM2W6–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Fig. 110. Romanesque Church of Chatel-Montagne in theDepartment of Allier, France This is a pure Romanesque building with no alterations in a later style, such as are common. Heavy as the walls are, they are reenforced by buttresses along the side. All the arches are round, none of them pointed houses have been torn down in order to widen and straighten thestreets and permit the construction of modern dwellings. Hereand there one can still find a walled town, but they are few innumber and are merely curiositie
RM2AX4GFN–The life of Joseph Hodges Choate as gathered chiefly from his letters . iplomatist, and I hope he will carry awayfrom this country much more than merely diplomaticideas. He represents, and worthily represents, a coun-try which is bound to us by ties far more permanentthan those of interest, far deeper than those which areborn of common objects which may unite, and do unite,nations of different culture and race to attain some com-mon end. I do not think the matter could be put morehappily than it has already been put tonight by Sir HenryCampbell-Bannerman, when he reminded his audiencethat howe
RM2AKMWBE–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Rome during thefirst three or four centuries of the Churchs existence. It is onlywith the accession of Leo the Great (440-461) that our knowledgeof the history of the papacy may, in one sense, be said to begin(§456). 485. Title of Pope. The name pope (Latin papa, father )was originally and quite naturally given to all bishops, and evento priests. It began to be especially applied to the bishops ofRome, perhaps as early as the sixth century, but was not ap-parently confined to them until two or three hundred ye
RM2AKNJXR–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Describe theirsituation. What is democracy ? Discuss the power of the Greeknobles. What was the situation of the peasants financially ? politically ?What happened to the Greek kings ? II. Discuss the rise of Greek sea trade. Trace the spread of Greekcolonies. What can you say of this movement as a racial matter ?What racial contest arose ? III. Mention the several influences leading toward Greek unity.What names arose for Greeks and non-Greeks ? Discuss the architec-ture and sculpture of this age ; its literat
RM2AKN3W4–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . an experienced man of affairs.He gave the provinces wise and efficient governors and showed him-self a skilled and successful ruler. Tiberius no longer allowed theRoman rabble to go through the farce of voting on what the em-peror had already decided, and even the appearance of a govern-ment by the Roman people thus finally disappeared forever. As Tiberius had lost his son, the choice for his successor fellupon Gains Caesar, a great-grandson of Augustus, nicknamedCaligula (little boot) by the soldiers among wh
RM2AKM7YY–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . -jnA. CHAPTER XXIXMEDIEVAL TOWNS-THEIR BUSINESS AND BUILDINGS I. The Towns and Guilds 638. Reappearance of Towns and their Importance. Indiscussing tlie Middle Ages we have hitherto dealt mainly withkings and emperors, and with the popes and the Church of whichthey were the chief rulers ; we have also described the monks andmonasteries, the warlike feudal lords and their castles, and thehard-working serfs who farmed the manors ; but nothing has beensaid about the people who lived in the towns. Towns have alway
RM2AKMFB4–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . rt of the revolutionary Es-tates, but the violence of its alliesdiscredited rather than helped themovement, and France was soonglad to accept the unrestrictedrule of its king once more. 567. Contrast between theEstates General and the EnglishParliament. The history of theEstates General forms a curiouscontrast to that of the EnglishParliament, which was laying thefoundation of its later power during this very period. While theFrench king occasionally summoned the Estates when he neededmoney, he did so only in
RM2AX4JCE–The life of Joseph Hodges Choate as gathered chiefly from his letters . ink between man & the monkey, butwhich Prof. Lankester thinks is only a very low type ofman. The brain cavity is extremely flat & small. * * * Papa. American Embassy, London. .. ,, 16 Decr. iooo. Dearest Mabel:— What a shock it was this morning to get a cable fromNew York announcing that our dear Beaman had justdied. I had heard of him constantly this winter as beingin remarkably good health and spirits, and so this suddennews was all the more appalling. I really dont knowwhat we shall do without him. I must have time to
RM2AKM313–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Fig. 109. North Porch of Chartres Cathedral(Fourteenth Century) Medieval Towns—their Business and Buildings 443 III. Gothic Architecture 656. Medieval Buildings. Almost all the medieval buildingshave disappeared in the ancient towns of Europe. The stonetown walls, no longer adequate in our times, have been removed,and their place taken by broad and handsome avenues. The old. Fig. 110. Romanesque Church of Chatel-Montagne in theDepartment of Allier, France This is a pure Romanesque building with no alterations
RM2AKKXDJ–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . A Map of the Globe in the Time of Columbus In 1492 a German mariner, Behaim, made a globe which is still preserved inNuremberg. He did not know of the existence of the American continents or ofthe vast Pacific Ocean. It will be noticed that he places Japan (Cipango) whereMexico lies. In the reproduction many names are omitted and the outlines ofNorth and South America are sketched in so as to make clear the misconceptionsof Columbuss time. 460 History of Europe For a generation the Portuguese ventured farther
RM2AX4HNJ–The life of Joseph Hodges Choate as gathered chiefly from his letters . her sentence. American Embassy, London. „„ ,, 24 January 1002. Dear Mabel:— The evening of life for me begins today at 70, and you will soon have to determine whether we shall settle in Salem finally or not. * * * pApA „ Mr. Choate used to threaten to go back to Salem tospend the evening of his days, a plan his family didnot favor. Partly to wean him from this inclination,they named the place at Stockbridge Naumkeag,which is the Indian name for Salem, and means Havenof Rest. American Embassy, London. Dear Jo:- ^ Feby ^ * *
RM2AKN5MN–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . remnant of thekingdom of the Seleucids (§ 272)and made Syria a Roman province.He entered Jerusalem and broughtthe home of the Jews under Romancontrol. Before he turned back, thelegions under his leadership hadmarched along the Euphrates andhad looked down upon the Caspian.There had been no such conquestsin the Orient since the campaignsof the Great Macedonian, and tothe popular imagination Pompeyseemed a new Alexander marchingin triumph through the East. 366. Rise of Caesar ; his Election as Consul (59 B.C.).
RM2AKKDED–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ople at largemight come to doubt what the theologians and universities wereteaching. Galileo was finally summoned before the Inquisition;some of his theories were condemned, and he was imprisoned bythe Church authorities. 822. Descartes. Just as the Thirty Years War was beginning,a young Frenchman by the name of Descartes had finished hiseducation at a Jesuit college and decided to get some knowledgeof the world by going into the war for a short time. He did muchmore thinking than fighting, however. Sitting by
RM2AKM0AT–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . quietly at home under the government Medieval Towns—their Business and Buildings 453 of its senate, theCouncil of Ten, andthe doge. The otherItalian towns werenot only fighting oneanother much of thetime but their govern-ment was often in thepossession of despots,somewhat like the oldGreek tyrants, whogot control of townsand managed them intheir own interest. 665, Position ofthe Italian Despots.There are numerousstories of the incred-ible ferocity exhibitedby the Italian despots.It must be remem-bered that the
RM2AKNE1H–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e sunk into the boys soul! Because like.(Eschylus—the first great writer of tragedies—he too sees the willof the gods in all that happens to men. He uplifts his audienceto worship Zeus, however dark the destiny which the great godlays upon men. For Sophocles is no friend of the Sophists, whoscoff at the gods. 219. Euripides. But our citizen is inclined to distrust thenew sensational plays of Euripides, the son of a farmer who liveson the island of Salamis (Fig. 40). He is a friend and companionof the Sophists,
RM2AKMM7G–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . became greater, the variouscounts and dukes and even other large landowners began tobuild forts for themselves, usually nothing miore thana great round mound ofearth surrounded by adeep ditch and a wallmade of stakes interwovenwith twigs. On the topof the mound was awooden fortress, sur-rounded by a fence or pali-sade similar to the oneat the foot of the mound.This was the type ofcastle that prevailedfor several centuries afterthe death of Charlemagne.There are no remains ofthese wooden castles inexistence, fo
RM2AKKX0K–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . xploration of the globe. Thismotive led European navigators to try in succession every pos-sible way to reach the East—by going around Africa, by sailingwest in the hope of reaching the Indies (before they knew of theexistence of America), then, after America was discovered, bysailing around it to the north or south, and even sailing aroundEurope to the north. It is hard for us to understand this enthusiasm for spices, forwhich we care much less nowadays. One former use of spices wasto preserve food, which cou
RM2AKMN0X–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ts of the Prankish domains and was later crownedemperor. Louis, called the pious, proved a feeble ruler. He tried allsorts of ways of dividing the Empire peaceably among his rebel-lious and unruly sons, but he did not succeed, and after hisdeath they, and their sons as well, continued to fight over thequestion of how much each should have. It is not necessaryto speak of the various temporary arrangements that were made.Finally it was agreed in 870, by the Treaty of Mersen, that thereshould be three states, a W
RM2AKNEJR–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . brick or, at the most, of rough rubble.The idea of great and beautiful buildings for the offices of thegovernment was still unknown in the Mediterranean world, andno such building yet existed in Europe. Thus far the great publicbuildings of Greece were temples and not quarters for the officesof the government. 215. Pericles New Buildings on the Acropolis. As the citizenturns from the Painted Porch the height of the Acropolis towersabove him. There, on its summit, has always been the dwellingplace of Athena, wh
RM2AKKCKC–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . my, which wasestablished in Londonsome fifty years afterBacons death. It stillexists and still publishesits proceedings regularly. 824. Scientific So-cieties Founded. Theearliest societies forscientific research grewup in Italy. Later theEnglish Royal Societyand the French Insti-tute were established, aswell as similar associa-tions in Germany. Thesewere the first things ofthe kind in the historyof the world—exceptperhaps the ancientMuseum at Alexandria(§277). Their objectwas not, like that of theold Greek sch
RM2AKN51C–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . CHAPTER XVII THE FIRST CENTURY OF PEACE: THE AGE OF AUGUSTUSAND THE SUCCESSORS OF HIS LINE I. The Rule of Augustus (30B.C.-A.D. 14) and theBeginning of Two Centuries of Peace 378. Octavians Moderate Policy. When Octavian returned toItaly all classes rejoiced at the termination of a hundred yearsof revolution, civil war, and devastation. The great majority ofRomans now felt that an individual ruler was necessary for thecontrol of the vast Roman dominions. Octavian therefore enteredupon forty-four years of peace
RM2AX4G2B–The life of Joseph Hodges Choate as gathered chiefly from his letters . ed on the place, men, women, andchildren, got a golden coin from Mr. or Mrs. Choate,who met and greeted them all on the piazza at Naum-keag. The dinner the night before—it was Sunday night—is recorded as a very notable social event in the BerkshireHills. The Springfield Republican says that the cakewas about three feet high and that Mrs. Choate cut itwith a golden knife. The most difficult thing of all onsuch an occasion is to have what needs to be said, saidacceptably. On this occasion the necessary remarkswere made, for
RM2AKN1YY–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . apitals. Then anolder boy, who could do more than writecapitals, has pushed the little chap asideand proudljr demonstrated his superiorityby writing in two lines an exercise in tonguegymnastics (like Peter Piper picked a peckof pickled peppers, etc.), which in our let-ters is as follows : Nai neai nea naia neoi temon, hos neoi ha naus This means : Boys cut new planks for anew ship, that the ship might float. Athird boy then added two lines at the bot-tom. The brick illustrates the spread of theGreek language (
RM2AKK87X–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Fig. 149. Oliver CromwellThis portrait is by Peter Lely and was painted in 1653 between Europe and the colonies. In order to put an end to this,the English Parliament passed the Navigation Act (1651), whichpermitted only English vessels to bring goods to England, unlessthe goods came in vessels belonging to the country which had pro-duced them. This led to a commercial war between Holland andEngland, and a series of battles was fought between the Englishand Dutch fleets with indecisive results. This war is not
RM2AKPEWM–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . S SLCM O w £ ^og-°o3»g a U, £• • o- aSo ^? ff 5 EL n ^x- S tl*0*J^wfBCtim (t. S- S ti- a re ijg2 Is. S TO 2 M- — ^ m p ^ . e^3.<),pog.pg-|3 33-^3 3 s- S a S 5 i- S- 3 ^3e5-3»a5 1=^ !:*? yot3re o> o 3 ^J p Z3 -I fi) M m r r:;* M, n- p ^ ^ ^ S^P ^Zll PREFACE General European history is one of the most perplexing sub-jects to deal wdth in the high school. It seems absolutely essen-tial that boys and girls should have some knowledge of the wholepast of mankind ; without that they can have no real understa
RM2AKK7DN–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . gnia. He did not suc-ceed in permanently organiz-ing the government at home,but he showed remarkableability in his foreign negotia-tions. He promptly formed analliance with France, andEnglish troops aided theFrench in winning a greatvictory over Spain. Englandgained thereby Dunkirk andthe West Indian island ofJamaica. The French king,Louis XIV, at first hesitatedto address Cromwell, in theusual courteous way ofmonarchs, as my cousin,but soon admitted that heshould have even to callCromwell father should the En
RM2AKP2GB–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . hough they weresometimes eighty or ninety feet high and weighed as much as athousand tons. This is a burden equal to a great transcontinentaltrain of eleven steel sleeping cars each weighing ninety tons.Unlike the train, however, the statue was not cut up into smallerunits, but had to be handled as a single vast burden. Neverthe-less, the engineers of the Empire moved many such giganticfigures for hundreds of miles.^ It is in works of this massive,monumental character that the art of Egypt excelled. 52. Life a
RM2AKKNH2–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . rs be-tween them. Francewas clamped in be-tween the northern andsouthern possessions ofCharles and had atthat time no naturalboundaries. Moreover, there wasa standing dispute over portionsof the Burgundian realms. Charlesalso believed that, through hisgrandfather, Maximilian, he wasentitled to Milan, which theFrench kings had set their heartsupon retaining. For a generationthe rivals fought over these andother matters, and the wars be-tween Charles and Francis werebut the prelude to a conflict last-ing over tw
RM2AKKTKP–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . tivity during thefifteenth century. The greatest sculptors and almost all of themost famous painters and architects of the time either were nativesof Florence or did their best work there. During the first half ofthe century sculpture again took the lead. The bronze doors ofthe baptistery at Florence by Ghiberti, which were completed in1452, are among the finest products of Renaissance sculpture(Fig. 126).^ Florence reached the height of its preeminence as an art centerduring the reign of Lorenzo the Magnifice
RM2AKKMR2–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e letters of Paul translated into the language of the peopleso that men and women who did not know Latin could read themand be helped by them. Er2ismus believed, moreover, that the time was favorable forreform. As he looked about him he beheld intelligent rulers onthe thrones of Europe, men interested in books and art and readyto help scholars and writers. There were Henry VIII of Englandand Francis I of France. Then the Pope himself, Leo X, theson of Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a friend and admirer ofErasmus
RM2AKNT5T–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e must now turn. QUESTIONS I. Summarize the history of the Fertile Crescent. Describe thenomads life ; their religion. Describe the Babylonian plain, givingsize, climate, and products. II. Describe Sumerian civilization. Tell about the earliest Semitesin Babylonia and their first great leader. How did these Semites gaincivilization ; for example, writing ? III. Who was Hammurapi ? Give an account of his laws. DescribeBabylonian commerce in his age. How can we summarize Babylonianhistory ? IV. Locate Assyria on
RM2AKNN8N–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ftheir land lay outside of the^gean world, nevertheless oneend of it formed the easternshores of the .^^gean Sea. AsiaMinor, their land, is a vastpeninsula from six hundredand fifty to seven hundredmiles long and from three tofour hundred miles wide, beingabout as large as the state ofTexas. It is capable of sup- porting a large and prosperouspopulation. Especially important were the rich deposits of ironat the northeastern corner. The Hittites thus became the earliestdistributors of iron when it began to disp
RM2AKM9MG–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . usiness to look after the lands and other possessions which be-longed to the bishopric. Lastly, the bishop was usually a feudallord, with the obligations which that implied. He might havevassals and subvassals, and often was himself a vassal, not onlyof the king but also of some neighboring lord. 621. The Parish Priest and his Duties. The lowest divisionof the Church was the parish. At the head of the parish was theparish priest, who conducted services in the parish church and ab-solved, baptized, married, and
RM2AKMDGP–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . />- CHAPTER XXVII THE CRUSADES I. Origin of the Crusades 601. Fascination of the Crusades. Of all the events of theMiddle Ages the most romantic and fascinating are the Crusades,the adventurous expeditions to Syria and Palestine, undertakenby devout and warlike kings and knights with the hope of perma-nently reclaiming the Holy Land from the infidel Turks. Allthrough the twelfth and thirteenth centuries each generation be-held at least one great army of crusaders gathering from every partof the West and sta
RM2AKNBD5–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . -barians in the tragic moment of death in battle (Fig. 63 ; see alsoAncient Times, Figs. 215 and 216). This same struggle with theGauls was also suggested by an enormous band of relief sculpturedepicting the mythical battle between the gods and the giants(Fig. 64). This vast work extended almost entirely around acolossal altar (Fig. 52, ^4) erected by the kings of Pergamum inhonor of Zeus, to adorn the market place of the city. Among thebest works of the Athenian sculptors of this age were also thereliefs on a
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RM2AKM91E–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . EiKS :-51 wet ofsUhmfJrJptftiaofgoii- iflttai-Wrwoucoiaim-iailcii -oii«f Chfciitjoitttfta icmflJg-aJiB ?i|*ceeui!Kaa« Soujicf (;cw«(i!P. fcfealQ>ni£afnrtiK:ljfis^Oin/taif I gvCpcLiTUiuitpsXCthmtitfiiCts (etta^SMUct.-UtxfCtimtttitesa!) t^atK to (If cw^scpeUim tBctatiirJpH^c^-^KD irtus Cntrio ftmiir<r£ atftt, pi i»mt{%j)t-mto af«nultt«a.Sisjh&optlj lieitia5«tii;Vast]y£ma. Fig. 102. Page fkom Wycuffes Translation of the Bible This is the upper half of the first page of the Gospel according to Mark andcontai
RM2AKNJ4G–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . poets was Pindar of Thebes (see Ancient Times, § 482).Another great lyric singer of the age was the poetess Sappho, theearliest woman to gain undying fame in literature. Another favorite form of song was the chorus, with whichthe country folk loved to celebrate their rustic feasts. The singersas they marched in rustic procession wore goatskins, and theirfaces were concealed by masks. Some of the songs were sungresponsively by the chorus and their leader. For the diversionof the listening peasants the leader wo
RM2AKKGD3–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e shores of the winding Lake ofLucern formed a union to protect their liberties against theencroachments of their neighbors, the Hapsburgs (§715)- I*was about this tiny nucleus that Switzerland gradually consoli-dated. Lucern and the free towns of Zurich and Bern soonjoined the Swiss league. By brave fighting the Swiss were able tofrustrate the renewed efforts of the Hapsburgs to subjugate them. Various districts in the neighborhood joined the Swiss unionin succession, and even the region lying on the Italian
RM2AKMC45–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . solate region where neitherfood nor water nor the materials to construct the siege apparatusnecessary for the cap-ture of the Holy Citywere to be found.However, the oppor-tune arrival at Jaffaof galleys sent fromGenoa furnished thebesiegers with sup-plies, and, in spiteof all the difficulties,the place was taken ina couple of months.The crusaders showedno mercy to the peopleof the city, but withshocking barbaritycruelly massacred theinhabitants. Godfreyof Bouillon was chosenruler of Jerusalemand took the modes
RM2AKPDXP–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . advance of the ice therefore took place between us and them.It is perhaps some thirty thousand years ago that the ice began to come south for thelast time. See map and diagram in Ancient TimcSj p. 8. Earliest Man in Europe on the cavern floor, and in one case it was as much as forty feetdeep. To-day we find among all this rubbish also many layers ofashes and charcoal from the cave-dwellers fire (see Ancient Times,Fig. 9), besides nu-merous tools, weapons,and implements whichhe used. These thingsdisclose mans f
RM2AKN902–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . omans, like Julius Csesar, whose names are familiar to us, must often havecrossed this bridge city of Rome. These Etruscan kings soon extended their powerover the Latin tribes of the plain of Latium. The town of AlbaLonga, which once led the Latins, disappeared. Thus Rome be-came a city-kingdom under an Etruscan king, like the otherEtruscan cities which stretched from Capua far north to theharbor of Genoa (see map, p. 192). Although Rome was thenruled by a line of Etruscan kings for probably two centuries anda
RM2AKK3ED–History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . Prussia, whose beginnings we mustnow consider. III. Origin of the Kingdom of Prussia 891. Brandenburg and the HohenzoUerns. The electorateof Brandenburg had figured on the map of Germany for cen-turies, and there was no particular reason to suppose that it wasto become one day the dominant state in Germany and, finally,a great menace to the world. Early in the fifteenth century the Russia and Prussia become European Powers 605 old line of electors had died out, and Emperor Sigismund had soldBrandenburg to a hi