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RM2AJD268–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . thic, or black letter. In Italy, however, where the first Black letterprinting press was set upin 1466, a type was soonadopted which resembledthe letters used in ancientRoman inscriptions. Thiswas quite similar to thestyle of letter commonlyused to-day. The Italiansalso invented the com-pressed italic type, whichenabled them to get agreat many words on apage. The early printersgenerally did their workconscientiously, and thevery first book printed isin mos
RM2AJDM1G–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . restless nobility whose chief interest in life consisted in fighting. In addition to the weakness and poverty of the kings there Newwas another trouble, — and that the worst of all, — namely, theconstant new invasions from all directions which kept all threeparts of Charlemagnes empire, and England besides, in a con-stant state of terror and disaster. These invasions were almostas bad as those which had occurred before Charlemagnes time ;they prevented wes
RM2AJDK5X–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . he missile wentsailing against the wall or over it among the defenders of the castle pour lighted pitch or melted lead dovra on their enemies if theywere so bold as to get close enough to the walls. The Romans had been accustomed to build walls around theircamps, and a walled camp was called castrum; and in suchnames as Rochester, Winchester, Gloucester, Worcester, wehave reminders of the-fact that these towns were once fort-resses. These camps, however, w
RM2AJDME4–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . mental training. But the break-up ofCharlemagnes empire, the struggles between his descendants,the coming of new barbarians, and the disorder caused by theunruly feudal lords, who were not inclined to recognize anymaster, all combined to keep Europe back for at least two cen-turies more. Indeed, the tenth and the first half of the eleventhcentury seem, at first sight, little better than the seventh andthe eighth. Yet ignorance and disorder never were quite
RM2AJCT57–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . nd not those estab-lished by great rivers and mountains. She therefore longed toweaken her enemy and strengthen herself by winning Roussillonon the south, and so make the crest of the Pyrenees the line ofdemarcation between France and Spain. She dreamed, too, of ex-tending her sway toward the Rhine by adding the county of Bur-gundy (that is, Franche-Comt^) and a number of fortified townswhich would afford protection against the Spanish Netherlands. Richeli
RM2AJE191–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . °: s ^=3-9 6,„ S n - o 3-a (§B ^ •£ . Pi S § s »> >^ y o s s O o ?a :§>•§ I s^?- e s g fe ^ a e §2 »•^ 1 -S -S p3 rt ^ c «i s .a O G a; iM s s O S 3 S -O u ?»-> rt r^ PJ OJ o rH ^ W O ?f. M> O «?« ?^ g ?3 2 ^ - 3 O O ^^ bo-s<J3 fi 6 o C T3 P^ i; 3 S o 5; -g g 16 Medieval and Modem Times Resemblance to it if it changed hands. Like the medieval serf,^ they couldwSmdthe not be deprived of their fields so long as they paid the ownerlater
RM2AJE1T2–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ze, and to the left a circular bath. Over the whole, a fine hall wasbuilt, with recesses on either side of the big pool where one might sitand talk with his friends These villas were cultivated and managed by armies of slaves,who not only tilled the land, but supplied their master, his house-hold, and themselves with much that was needed on the planta-tion. The workmen among them made the tools, garments, andother manufactured articles necessary for the wh
RM2AJBH8G–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ent of the emperor, rendered the further existence of the Holy Roman Empire impossible. The emperor, Francis II, accordingly abdicated, August 6, 1806. Thus the most imposing and enduring political office known to history was formally abolished. Francis II Francis II did not, however, lose his title of Emperor. tWeor ^ Shortly after the First Consul had received that title, Francis AusTna °^ adopted the formula Emperor of Austria, to designate him as the r
RM2AJDYY1–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . The German Invasions 25 the Vandalsin Africa the Vandals determined to move on across the Strait of Gibraltar Kingdom ofinto northern Africa, where they established a kingdom and con-quered the neigh-boring islands in theMediterranean (seemap, p. 29). Having rid them-selves of the Van-dals, the West Gothstook possession of agreat part of the Span-ish peninsula, andthis they added totheir conquests acrossthe Pyrenees in Gaul,so that their kingdomextended fr
RM2AJE2YC–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ieved to hold whether the Roman citizen livedupon the Euphrates or the Thames. The law of the RomanEmpire is its chief legacy to posterity. Its provisions are stillin force in many of the states of Europe to-day, and it is one ofthe subjects of study in our American universities. Wives andchildren were protected from the cruelty of the head of thehouse, who, in earlier centuries, had been privileged to treatthe members of his family as slaves. The law held
RM2AJDXJB–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . the history of the West Goths.Where did they finally establish their kingdom. Why has the The Germmi Imiasiofis 59 year 476 been regarded as the date of the fall of the Roman Empire ?Tell what you can of Theodoric and his kingdom. Contrast theLombard invaders of Italy with the East Goths. Section 7. Who were the Franks, and how did their invasiondiffer from that of the other German peoples? What did Clovisaccomplish, and what was the extent of the kingdom
RM2AJD8F2–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . d! But thebuilders knew well enough that the pillars and ribs would bepushed over by the weight and outward thrust of the stonevaulting if they were not firmly supported from the outside.Instead of erecting . heavy walls to insurethis support theyhad recourse to but-tresses (/?), whichthey built quite out-side the walls of thechurch, and con-nected them bymeans of fl3nng buttresses (C) withthe points where thepillars and ribs hadthe most tendencyto push ou
RM2AJDG4H–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Henry VII, of thehouse of Tudor, thirtyyears later. (See tableon page 139.) The Wars of theRoses had importantresults. Nearly all thepowerful families ofEngland had been drawninto the war, and a great part of the nobility, whom the kingshad formerly feared, had perished on the battlefield or losttheir heads in the ruthless executions carried out by eachparty after it gained a victory. This left the king far morepowerful than ever before- He could now contr
RM2AJDNH3–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . nointed. The pope threatenedwith Gods anger any one whoshould attempt to supplant theconsecrated family of Pippin. It thus became a religious dutyto obey the king and his succes-sors. He came to be regardedby the Church, when he hadreceived its approval, as Godsrepresentative on earth. Herewe have the beginning of thelater theory of kings by thegrace of God, against whom itwas a sin to revolt, however bad they might be. We shall seepresently how Pippins fa
RM2AJD987–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . valquate in our times, have been removed, and their place taken buildingsby broad and handsome avenues. The old houses have beentorn down in order to widen and straighten the streets andpermit the construction of modern dwellings. Here and thereone can still find a walled town, but they are few in numberand are merely curiosities (see Fig. 77). Of the buildings erected in towns during the Middle Ages The churchesonly the churches remain, but these fill the
RM2AJB951–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ld to keep the parliament and thenewspapers from advocating any changes which the progres-sive parties demanded.Nevertheless, the strengthof the republicans gradu-ally increased. Theyfound allies in the newgroup of socialistic writ-ers who desired a fun-damental reorganizationof the State (see previouschapter). On February 2 4,18 48,a mob attacked theTvule-ries. The king abdicatedin favor of his grandson,but it was too late; heand his whole familywere forc
RM2AJAG0F–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ect them-selves against European encroachments. In 1871 feudalismwas abolished, serf-dom was done awaywith, and the armyand navy were rap-idly remodeled on aEuropean pattern. In1889 a constitutionwas established pro-viding for a parlia-ment. Factories werebuilt, several thou-sand miles of railroadswere constructed, andJapan was prettythoroughly modern-ized within a gen-eration. Japan, having be-come a manufactur-ing people, wished toextend her trade andwas
RM2AJBMMC–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . part of the queensbrother, Leopold II, emperor of Germany, he might marchback and check the further progress of the revolutionary move-ment with which he could no longer sympathize. He and the queen were, however, arrestedon the way, at Varennes, andspeedily brought back to Paris.The desertion of the king ap-pears to have terrified rather thanangered the nation. The griefof the people at the thought oflosing, and their joy at regaining,a poor weak ruler li
RM2AJB8B3–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . nd Napoleon III, emperor of the French, like his far more dis-Napoleonlli tinguished uncle, was a usurper. He knew that he could notrely upon mere tradition, but must maintain his popularity bydeeds that should redound to the glory of France. A war withAustria for the liberation of the Italians, who like the Frenchwere a Latin race, would be popular; especially if Francecould thereby add a bit of territory to her realms and perhapsbecome the protector of t
RM2AJDJF4–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . remains or good pictures of the early woodencastles on a mound, we must get our notions of the arrangement of a castle from thelater stone fortresses,many of which can stillbe found in Europe.When the castle wasnot on a steep rockyhill, which made it veryhard to approach, adeep ditch was con-structed outside thewalls, called the moat.This was filled withwater and crossed bya bridge, which couldbe drawn up when thecastle was attacked,leaving no way ofgettin
RM2AJDJ2B–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . of holy war, and as the expedition hadbeen well advertised, many adventurers flocked to Williamsstandard. During the spring and summer of 1066 ships werebuilding in the various Norman harbors for the purpose ofcarrying Williams army across the Channel. claim 114 Medieval and Modem Times Unfavorableposition ofHarold Harold, the English king, was in a very unfavorable positionto defend his crown. In the first place, while he was expectingWilliams coming, he
RM2AJBA46–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . s ordinarily too heavyto be run by hand or foot. Of course windmills were common,and waterfalls and running streams had long been used toturn water wheels, but these forces were too restricted anduncertain to suffice forthe rapid developmentof machinery which re-sulted from the begin-nings we have described.Consequently while Ark-wright, Hargreaves, andCrompton were success-fully solving the prob-lem of new methodsof spinning and weav-ing, other inventorsw
RM2AJD7FP–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Rose Window of Rheims Cathedral, nearly FortyFEET IN Diameter, from the Inside. Interior of Exeter Cathedral (Early FourteenthCenturyI
RM2AJB8HR–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . among the people ofPrague and gave General Windischgratz, the commander ofthe Austrian forces, a sufficient excuse for intervening. Heestablished a military government, and the prospect of inde-pendence for Bohemia vanished. This was Austrias first realvictory. The eastern and southern portion of the Hapsburg domainswere not more homogeneous than the west and north. Whena constitution was granted to Hungary it was inevitable thatthe races which the Hungari
RM2AJBXNB–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . T3 S t> crowy shath th •^ S.a 0) => a 5 ii s « s s o & ^ 10 CO bo ?c -S Ji o 2 o 5 — o >, . o X -B oj w 2 o o a> S t3 ^ -S H « a -S I H amousn theraneeresen ^ fe s M *r , C >^ a o J3 O m c C u o c S 2 « F 43°- M 2 «.2 § a u u§5 « ^ c -o 3 OJ CU ?^ -13 U ?E. D. o. b;i The French Revolution 497 to come together wherever circumstances may dictate, untilthe constitution of the kingdom shall be established. Consequently, when the king finished hi
RM2AJCMTF–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . to the terrible civil wars of the sixteenth century, were reducedin numbers and no longer held fortified towns from which theycould defy the kings officers. Richelieu and Mazarin had suc-cessfully taken a hand in the Thirty Years War, and Francehad come out of it with enlarged territory and increased impor-tance in European affairs. Louis XIV carried the work of these great ministers still The govern-farther. He gave that form to the French monarchy which
RM2AJCP6G–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . e to maintain himself so long, considering what a smallportion of the English people was in sympathy with the religiousideas of that sect and with the abolition of kingship. Even thePresbyterians were on the side of Charles Is son, Charles II,the legal heir to the throne. Cromwell was a vigorous andskillful administrator and had a well-organized army of fiftythousand men at his command, otherwise the republic couldscarcely have lasted more than a few month
RM2AJBJ4G–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . e was the master of the French Republic. Bonaparte was a short man, at this time extremely thin, buthis striking features, quick, searching eye, abrupt, animatedgestures and rapid speech, incorrect as it was, made a deepimpression upon those who came in contact with him. Hepossessed in a supreme degree two qualities that are ordinarilyincompatible. He was a dreamer, and at the same time aman whose practical skill and mastery of detail amounted togenius. He
RM2AJBB72–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ngland eighteen hundred yearslater, he would have recognizedthe famihar flail, forge, distaff,and hand loom of his own day. Suddenly, however, a seriesof ingenious devices were in-vented, which in a few genera-tions eclipsed the achievementsof ages and revolutionized everybranch of business. This Indus-trial Revolution serves to explainthe world in which we live, withits busy cities, its gigantic factoriesfilled with complicated machinery,its commerce and
RM2AJAC2A–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . orocco, and they demanded stronger action in future. Im-perialists in France and England were angered at the bold wayGermany had apparently tried to humble them before the worldand disgusted that Germany got any satisfaction at all. Theresult was that all nations increased their warlike preparations. The Near-Eastern Question 156. Although war between Germany and England andFrance over the occupation of Morocco was avoided in 1911,another great danger appe
RM2AJDBGW–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . hurch were the ju-ch-bishops and bishops. An archbishop was a bishop whose powerextended beyond the boundaries of his own diocese and whoexercised a certain control over all the bishops within hisprovince. There is perhaps no class of persons in medieval times whoseposition it is so necessary to understand as that of the bishops.They were regarded as the successors of the apostles, whosepowers were held to be divinely transmitted to them. Theyrepresented t
RM2AJDP6A–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . The Mohammedans 71 cross into Gaul. For some yearsthe Duke of Aquitaine kept themin check; but in 732 they col-lected a large army, defeated theduke near Bordeaux, advancedto Poitiers, and then set out forTours. Here they met the army ofthe Franks which Charles theHammer (Martel), the kingschief minister, had brought to-gether to meet the new danger.We know very little indeed ofthis famous battle of Tours, ex-cept that the Mohammedanswere repulsed, and tha
RM2AJCGK4–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . sea. In maimers and cus-toms the kingdom was Asiatic, and its government was likethat of a Tartar prince. Peter had no objection to the despoticpower which fell to him, but he knew that Russia was verymuch behind the rest of Europe and that his crudely equippedsoldiers could never make head against the well-armed andwell-disciplined troops of the West He had no seaport andno ships, and without these Russia could never hope to takepart in the worlds affairs
RM2AJDE95–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ading knights, on thecontrary, dreamed of carving outprincipalities for themselves in theformer dominions of the emperor,and proposed to control them byright of conquest. Later we findboth Greeks and western Christiansshamelessly allying themselves withthe Mohammedans against eachother. The relations of the easternand Western enemies of the Turkswere well illustrated when the cru-saders besieged their first town,Nicaea. When it was just ready tosurrender,
RM2AJCACK–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . andthe seat of an ancient and highly developed civilization. Onemay gain some idea of the extent of India by laying the map ofHindustan upon that of the United States. If the southern-most point. Cape Comorin, be placed over New Orleans, Cal-cutta will lie nearly over New York City, and Bombay in theneighborhood of Des Moines, Iowa. A generation after Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape, aMongolian conqueror, Baber, had established his empire in The Mongo-India
RM2AJDW7D–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ut the Middle Ages. 1 He is reckoned, along with Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome, as one of thefour great Latin fathers of the Church. For extracts from Gregorys writings,see Readings, chap. iv. The Rise of the Papacy 5 3 QUESTIONS Section 9. Why is it essential to know about the history of theChurch in order to understand the Middle Ages? Compare theChristian idea of the importance of life in this world and the nextwith the pagan views. Describe a basilica
RM2AJAYX5–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ing adjusted to the satisfaction of the Irish farmers. In addition to their demand for fair treatment in the matterof religion and land, the Irish leaders have unceasingly clamoredfor Home Rule. This question has divided the English Parlia-ment for years. Until 1801 Ireland had maintained a separateparliament of her own; but in that year the English govern-ment determined to suppress it because it enjoyed a largerdegree of independence than was deemed comp
RM2AJC1X3–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . H z MOtn w <Hen w w XH O O g Sw. T3 S t> crowy shath th •^ S.a 0) => a 5 ii s « s s o & ^ 10 CO bo ?c -S Ji o 2 o 5 — o >, . o X -B oj w 2 o o a> S t3 ^ -S H « a -S I H amousn theraneeresen ^ fe s M *r , C >^ a o J3 O m c C u o c S 2 « F 43°- M 2 «.2 § a u u§5 « ^ c -o 3 OJ CU ?^ -13 U ?E. D. o. b;i The French Revolution 497 to come together wherever circumstances may dictate, untilthe constitution of the kingdom shall be established. Con
RM2AJB9FC–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . conditions upon which thiswork should be done. Marx, in an eloquent appeal to them in1847,* called upon the members of this proletariat, who 1 This does not mean that socialists would divide up all private property.Socialists claim only that there shall be no unearned wealth in private hands, con-troUing, as now, the industries of the country. Brain workers are also workers. 3 The French term bmirgetnsie is often used by socialists for this class. 8 The Co
RM2AJD91N–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . rches usually hadstone ceilings (see Figs.36, 38, 56), and it wasnecessary to make thewalls very thick and solidto support them. Therewas a main aisle in thecenter, called the nave,and a narrower aisle oneither side, separatedfrom the nave by massivestone pillars, which helpedhold up the heavy ceiKng.These pillars were con-nected by round archesof stone above them. Thetops of the windows wereround, and the ceilingwas constructed of roundvaults, somewhat li
RM2AJD89K–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . WsDI^^ Fig. ig. Flying Buttresses of NotreDame, Paris The size of the buttresses and the height of the clerestory windows of a great cathedral are well shown here arch 220 Medieval and Modem Times the windows and vaulting. So pointed arches came into generaluse, and the Gothic is often called the pointed style on thisaccount, although the use of the ribs and buttresses is the chiefpeculiarity of that form of architecture, not the pointed arch. The light fr
RM2AJB833–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Fig. 163. Cavour By April, 1859, Victor Emmanuel had managed to involve Victories himself in a war with Austria. The French army promptly Emmanuel ioined forces with the Piedmontese, defeated the Austrians at f^ ^5??° ? leon III over Magenta, and on June 8 Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel Austriaentered Milan amid the rejoicings of the people. The Aus-trians managed the campaign very badly and were againdefeated at Solferino (June 24). Suddenly Europe was
RM2AJC2X1–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . care to sharein the amusements which pleased her best. She did not hesitateto interfere in the government when she wished to help one ofher favorites or to make trouble for some one she disliked. At first Loiais XVI took his duties very seriously. It seemed Turgot, confor a time that he might find a place among the benevolent erai^Cif?™despots who were then ruling in Europe. He almost immedi- 776)ately placed the ablest of all the French economists, Turgot
RM2AJD7X8–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Facade of the Cathedral at Rheims (ThirteenthCentury). Rose Window of Rheims Cathedral, nearly FortyFEET IN Diameter, from the Inside
RM2AJCTMP–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . n thousandmore Protestants were put to death outside of the capital.Civil war again broke out, and the Catholics formed the famousHoly League, under the leadership of Henry of Guise, for theadvancement of their interests, the destruction of the Hugue-nots, and the extirpation of heresy. Henry III (1574-1589), the last of the sons of Henry II,who succeeded Charles IX, had no heirs, and the great questionof succession arose. The Huguenot Henry of Navarre was
RM2AJCR1E–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ntry ? We have seen how the English Parliament originated in the The attitudetime of Edward I and how his successors were forced to pay towardattention to its wishes (see abov.e, pp. 127 ff.). Under theTudors—that is, from the time of Henry VII to Elizabeth—themonarchs had been able to manage Parliament so that it did,in general, just what they wished. Henry VIII was a heartlesstyrant, and his daughter Elizabeth, like her father, had ruled thenation in a h
RM2AJDHW0–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . e the wide realms on the Continent which he had either inherited or gained through his marriagewith a French heiress.In order to avoidall excuse for the pri-vate warfare whichwas such a persistentevU on the Continent,he undertook to im-prove and reform thelaw courts. He ar-ranged that his judgesshould make regularcircuits throughoutthe country, so thatthey might try caseson the spot at leastonce a year. Wefind, too, the begin-ning of our grandjury in a bod
RM2AJD4R2–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . of Medici was Lorenzo theMagnificent (d. 1492) ; under his rule Florence reached theheight of its glory in art and literature. As one wanders about Florence to-day, he is impressed wdththe contradictions of the Renaissance period. The streets are Medieval Towns — their Business and Buildings 229 fNi lined with the palaces of the noble families to whose rivalriesmuch of the continual disturbance was due. The lower storiesof these build-ings are con-structed
RM2AJC2K0–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . rward their destruc-tion not many years after his retirement. Necker, who after a brief interval succeeded Turgot, con- Neckersuc-tributed to the progress of the coming revolution in two ways. ^^^ ^ ^^^°He borrowed vast sums of money in order to carry on the war 1 See Turgots letter to the king, August, 1774, in Readings in EuropeanHistory, Vol. II, pp. 386 ff. 2 Turgot succeeded in inducing the king to abolish the guilds and the forcedlabor on the roads,
RM2AJBHP2–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Napoleon I. Europe and Napoleon 531 with an individual or a nation, and appears to have been abso-lutely without any sense of moral responsibility. Affection forhis friends and relatives never stood in the way of his personalaggrandizement. To these traits must be added unrivaled mili-tary genius and the power of intense and almost uninter-rupted work. But even Bonaparte, unexampled as were his abilities, could The politicalnever have extended his power ov
RM2AJDY7Y–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . e how this was accomplished. 32 Medieval and Modem Times When the Franks are first heard of in history they were set-tled along the lower Rhine, from Cologne to the North Sea.Their method of getting a foothold in the Empire was essen-tially different from that whichthe Goths, Lombards, andVandals had adopted. Insteadof severing their connectionwith Germany and becomingan island in the sea of theEmpire, they conquered by de-grees the territory about them.Ho
RM2AJDTC7–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . a from the region southof Denmark. Almost all record of what went on during the twocenturies following the departure of the Romans has disap-peared. No one knows the fate of the original Celtic inhabitantsof England. It was formerly supposed that they were all killedor driven to the mountain districts of Wales, but this seems un-likely. More probably they were gradually lost among the dom-inating Germans with whom they merged into one people. TheSaxon and
RM2AJDK1C–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . undled up to the walls of a besieged castle and then swung back and forth by a group of soldiers, with the hope of making a breach. The men were often protected by a covering over the ram similar to the one at the foot of the mound. This was the typeof castle that prevailed for several centuries after Charle-magnes death. There are no remains of these wooden castlesin existence, for they were not the kind of thing to last very long,and those that escaped b
RM2AJCN79–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . as the Protector was undoubtedlythe most powerful person in Europe. Indeed, he found himselfforced to play the part of a monarch, and it seemed to manypersons that he was quite as despotic as James I and Charles I. In May, 1658, Crom-well fell ill, and as a greatstorm passed over Eng-land at that time, theCavaliers asserted thatthe devil had come tofetch home the soul ofthe usurper. Cromwellwas dying, it is true, buthe was no instrument ofthe devil. He clo
RM2AJDB7M–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . p. 124. 2 For extracts, see Readings, chap. xxi. 8 See above, pp. 136-137. 202 Medieval and Modem Times QUESTIONS Section 38. In what ways did the Medieval Church differ fromthe modem churches with which we are familiar? In what ways didthe Medieval Church resemble a State ? What were the powers of thepope ? What were the duties of a bishop in the Middle Ages ? Whywas the clergy the most powerful class in the Middle Ages ? Section 39. What were the views o
RM2AJDJ88–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . f the ?.?,?.- r i • i • serfs the ancient descnptions of manors, which give an exact account of what each member of a particular community owed to thelord. For example, we find that the abbot of Peterboroughheld a manor upon which Hugh Miller and seventeen otherserfs, mentioned by name, were required to work for him threedays in each week during the whole year, except one week atChristmas, one at Easter, and one at Whitsuntide. Each serfwas to give the lor
RM2AJCYPY–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Eaat 20° from Greenwich -I Emperor Charles V and his Vast Realms 2JJ It would be wearisome and unprofitable to follow the at-tempts of the French to get a foothold in Milan. Suffice itto say that Charles VIII soon died and that his successorLouis XII laid claim to the duchy of Milan in the noith as well asto Naples in the south. But he concluded to sell his claim to. t^t.Ja/iftD UilJ- Fig. 75. Francis I Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon and centered his attent
RM2AJDBE8–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . the success of their missionary work ledthe pope to bestow many privileges upon them. It grievedFrancis, however, to think of his littie band of companionsbeing converted into a great and powerful order. He foresawthat they would soon cease to lead their simple, holy life, andwould become ambitious and perhaps rich. I, littie BrotherFrancis, he writes, desire to follow the life and the poverty6f Jesus Christ, persevering therein until the end; and I begyou
RM2AJCW43–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ad grouped them together andarranged that the German Empire should protect them. In thenorth the hardy Germanic population had been able, by. meansof dikes which kept out the sea, to reclaim large tracts of low-lands. Here considerable cities had grown up — Harlem,Leyden, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam. To the south were theflourishing towns of Ghent, Bruges, Brussels, and Antwerp,which had for hundreds of years been centers of manufactureand trade. Charles V, i
RM2AJC902–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Fig. 119. Monument ON THE Site of the Black Hole The prison where one hun-dred and forty-five men andone woman were confinedwas only 18 feet by 14 feet,with two small windows^ ^ See Readings in European Hisiory, Vol. II, pp. 339 ff.2 See Readings in Modem European History, Vol, I, p. 107. 436 Medieval and Modem Times Englands When the Seven Years War was brought to an end, in levenYeare 1763, by the treaty of Paris, it was clear that England hadgained far
RM2AJDNXG–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . pt themin check; but in 732 they col-lected a large army, defeated theduke near Bordeaux, advancedto Poitiers, and then set out forTours. Here they met the army ofthe Franks which Charles theHammer (Martel), the kingschief minister, had brought to-gether to meet the new danger.We know very little indeed ofthis famous battle of Tours, ex-cept that the Mohammedanswere repulsed, and that theynever again made any seriousattempt to conquer westernEurope beyond
RM2AJCNGD–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . ned the membersout of the House and sent them home. Having thus made anend of the Long Parliament (April, 1653), he summoned aParliament of his own, made up of God-fearing men whomhe and the officers of his army chose. This extraordinary bodyis known as Barebones Parliament, from a distinguished mem-ber, a London merchant, with the characteristically Puritanname of Praisegod Barebone. Many of these godly men wereunpractical and hard to deal with. A minorit
RM2AJDYT0–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . among the rivalGerman generals in Italy, banished the last of the emperors ofthe West and ruled in his stead.^ It was not, however, given to Odoacer to establish an endur-ing German kingdom on Italian soil, for he was conquered bythe great Theodoric, the king of the East Goths (or Ostro-goths). Theodoric had spent ten years of his early youth inConstantinople and had thus become familiar with Roman lifeand was on friendly terms with the emperor of the East
RM2AJDGFE–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . stoms, and his policy of conciliation was so successful thatthere was but a single rising in the country for a whole century.He later presented his son to the Welsh as their prince, and fromthat time down to the present the title of Prince of Wales The title ofhas usually been conferred upon the heir to the English throne, waies The conquest of Scotland proved a far more difficult matterthan that of Wales. I30 Medieval and Modem Times Lowlands andHighlands
RM2AJE16A–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . at is meant by the continuity of history i What werethe Middle Ages? Section 2. Mention some of the peoples included in the boundsof the Roman Empire. What were the bonds that held the vastRoman Empire together? How far is it from York to Babylon?What can you tell about the Roman government and the Romanlaw V What kinds of public buildings were to be found in a flourish-ing Roman colony? 22 Medieval and Modem Times Section 3. What troubles did the Roman me
RM2AJDRW7–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . the worshiper kneels to pray, turning hisface toward Meccaand bowing his headto the ground. Thepattern on the rugindicates the placewhere the bowedhead is to be placed.Thirdly, the Moham-medan must fastduring the wholemonth of ramadan ;he may neither eatnor drink from sun-rise to sunset, forthis is the monthin which God sent Gabriel down from the seventh heaven to bring the Koran,which he revealed, paragraph by paragraph, to Mohammed.Fourthly, the Mohammed
RM2AJAWPX–Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . th a wise liberality toward the conquered Boers, Britain.frican proceeded to give them self-government like other parts of the empire. In 1910 an act of Parliament formed a SoutivAfricanUnion on the model of Canada and Australia. This includesthe flourishing Cape Colony, with its great diamond minesabout Kimberley, Xatal to the northeast, and the two Boer re-publics — the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. These arenow managed as a single federation by
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