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New Creative Relevant Search filters Bookauthorknoxrobert18681928 Stock Photos and Images  (720) Page 1 of 8 . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . FlG. 19.—Single-point electrolyticinterrupter. (Siemens.) «, Glass vessel. b, Porcelain diaphragm. c, Adjustable ebonite collar. d, Terminal. e, Lead electrode.. Fig. 20. -Three-point electrolytic interrupter.(Siemens.) . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . FlG. 19.—Single-point electrolyticinterrupter. (Siemens.) «, Glass vessel. b, Porcelain diaphragm. c, Adjustable ebonite collar. d, Terminal. e, Lead electrode.. Fig. 20. -Three-point electrolytic interrupter.(Siemens.)https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-flg-19single-point-electrolyticinterrupter-siemens-glass-vessel-b-porcelain-diaphragm-c-adjustable-ebonite-collar-d-terminal-e-lead-electrode-fig-20-three-point-electrolytic-interruptersiemens-image375977656.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . t the majority of patients have no actual knowledge of what has beendone. The radiographer has then to demonstrate the presence or absence ofthe kidney on the side which has been operated upon. If he finds the kidneyhas been removed, then he proceeds to examine the other kidney. Shouldthe patient have symptoms of disease on this side, the knowledge that onekidney has been already removed will be of great service to the surgeon. Occlusion of the Ureter.—The ureter may be occluded as a result ofcicatricial changes in its walls following laceration from the . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . t the majority of patients have no actual knowledge of what has beendone. The radiographer has then to demonstrate the presence or absence ofthe kidney on the side which has been operated upon. If he finds the kidneyhas been removed, then he proceeds to examine the other kidney. Shouldthe patient have symptoms of disease on this side, the knowledge that onekidney has been already removed will be of great service to the surgeon. Occlusion of the Ureter.—The ureter may be occluded as a result ofcicatricial changes in its walls following laceration from thehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-t-the-majority-of-patients-have-no-actual-knowledge-of-what-has-beendone-the-radiographer-has-then-to-demonstrate-the-presence-or-absence-ofthe-kidney-on-the-side-which-has-been-operated-upon-if-he-finds-the-kidneyhas-been-removed-then-he-proceeds-to-examine-the-other-kidney-shouldthe-patient-have-symptoms-of-disease-on-this-side-the-knowledge-that-onekidney-has-been-already-removed-will-be-of-great-service-to-the-surgeon-occlusion-of-the-ureterthe-ureter-may-be-occluded-as-a-result-ofcicatricial-changes-in-its-walls-following-laceration-from-the-image375992505.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Lateral, (2) antero-posterior. Shadows ofthe foreign body areobtained in two posi-tions on one plate bymaking the first ex-posure with the eye ,.,,-.• i *^ f , . 1 A. ^^^- 158-—•^lu^li reduced facsimile of a locali.sation chart. lookmg upwards, tJie ^^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -^^g j^^^^ ^^^ ^een supplied by second with the eye the Suook Rdntgeu Manufacturing Co., who are the makers ofIT- J ,„^„r^,.Jc, this instrument.) looking downwards. Movement indicates the position of the body in relation to the eyeball.An antero-posterior plate should also help . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Lateral, (2) antero-posterior. Shadows ofthe foreign body areobtained in two posi-tions on one plate bymaking the first ex-posure with the eye ,.,,-.• i *^ f , . 1 A. ^^^- 158-—•^lu^li reduced facsimile of a locali.sation chart. lookmg upwards, tJie ^^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -^^g j^^^^ ^^^ ^een supplied by second with the eye the Suook Rdntgeu Manufacturing Co., who are the makers ofIT- J ,„^„r^,.Jc, this instrument.) looking downwards. Movement indicates the position of the body in relation to the eyeball.An antero-posterior plate should also helphttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-lateral-2-antero-posterior-shadows-ofthe-foreign-body-areobtained-in-two-posi-tions-on-one-plate-bymaking-the-first-ex-posure-with-the-eye-i-f-1-a-158-luli-reduced-facsimile-of-a-localisation-chart-lookmg-upwards-tjie-g-j-een-supplied-by-second-with-the-eye-the-suook-rdntgeu-manufacturing-co-who-are-the-makers-ofit-j-rjc-this-instrument-looking-downwards-movement-indicates-the-position-of-the-body-in-relation-to-the-eyeballan-antero-posterior-plate-should-also-help-image376020429.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . rator should be familiar with the appearancesshown in any departures from the normal when they are subjected to anX-ray examination. The technique of this method has developed rapidlywith the improvements in apparatus, and, as experience accumulates, thevalue of an individual operator increases proportionately with the numberof cases he is called upon to examine. Greater accuracy in diagnosis mustfollow upon the accumulation of experience, and when it is possible tostandardise methods the value of X-ray examination will be correspondinglygreater. A doubtf . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . rator should be familiar with the appearancesshown in any departures from the normal when they are subjected to anX-ray examination. The technique of this method has developed rapidlywith the improvements in apparatus, and, as experience accumulates, thevalue of an individual operator increases proportionately with the numberof cases he is called upon to examine. Greater accuracy in diagnosis mustfollow upon the accumulation of experience, and when it is possible tostandardise methods the value of X-ray examination will be correspondinglygreater. A doubtfhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-rator-should-be-familiar-with-the-appearancesshown-in-any-departures-from-the-normal-when-they-are-subjected-to-anx-ray-examination-the-technique-of-this-method-has-developed-rapidlywith-the-improvements-in-apparatus-and-as-experience-accumulates-thevalue-of-an-individual-operator-increases-proportionately-with-the-numberof-cases-he-is-called-upon-to-examine-greater-accuracy-in-diagnosis-mustfollow-upon-the-accumulation-of-experience-and-when-it-is-possible-tostandardise-methods-the-value-of-x-ray-examination-will-be-correspondinglygreater-a-doubtf-image376007383.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . «. -> *-*. . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . «. -> *-*.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-gt-image375942971.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Vic. 206. —Plain strips, exposed and developed. Dose atdepth of 1 em.. Envelopescontaining strip andarranged medium Fig. 207.—Strips exposed with 1 mm.aluminium and developed. which are obtained onstrips exposed under ablock of aluminium 10mm. thick. In this waythe action on the strip islessened and the latterdoes not become so dark,although large doses aregiven. Quantities up to30 or 40 x can be con-veniently estimated. The comparison, develop-ment, etc., of the stripsis exactly the same as ifthe 10 mm. aluminiumwere not used. The dosewhi . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Vic. 206. —Plain strips, exposed and developed. Dose atdepth of 1 em.. Envelopescontaining strip andarranged medium Fig. 207.—Strips exposed with 1 mm.aluminium and developed. which are obtained onstrips exposed under ablock of aluminium 10mm. thick. In this waythe action on the strip islessened and the latterdoes not become so dark,although large doses aregiven. Quantities up to30 or 40 x can be con-veniently estimated. The comparison, develop-ment, etc., of the stripsis exactly the same as ifthe 10 mm. aluminiumwere not used. The dosewhihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-vic-206-plain-strips-exposed-and-developed-dose-atdepth-of-1-em-envelopescontaining-strip-andarranged-medium-fig-207strips-exposed-with-1-mmaluminium-and-developed-which-are-obtained-onstrips-exposed-under-ablock-of-aluminium-10mm-thick-in-this-waythe-action-on-the-strip-islessened-and-the-latterdoes-not-become-so-darkalthough-large-doses-aregiven-quantities-up-to30-or-40-x-can-be-con-veniently-estimated-the-comparison-develop-ment-etc-of-the-stripsis-exactly-the-same-as-ifthe-10-mm-aluminiumwere-not-used-the-dosewhi-image375939674.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375959470.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . i . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-i-image375950221.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . vely rarely seen in the humansubject, the condition should not be altogether ignored as a source of disease of bone. The lower orupper jaw may be involved, theappearances presented being some-what similar to those of tuber-culosis ; the tendency in the- earlystages is toward hyperplasia of*. WKk T.-^ 1^ 3m bone, with considerable increase ^^ ■^,> of the periosteal element; later on necrosis may supervene and apersistent sinus occur. An examin-ation of the pus should always bemade in doubtful cases. Otherparts of the body likely to be in-volved are the . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . vely rarely seen in the humansubject, the condition should not be altogether ignored as a source of disease of bone. The lower orupper jaw may be involved, theappearances presented being some-what similar to those of tuber-culosis ; the tendency in the- earlystages is toward hyperplasia of*. WKk T.-^ 1^ 3m bone, with considerable increase ^^ ■^,> of the periosteal element; later on necrosis may supervene and apersistent sinus occur. An examin-ation of the pus should always bemade in doubtful cases. Otherparts of the body likely to be in-volved are thehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-vely-rarely-seen-in-the-humansubject-the-condition-should-not-be-altogether-ignored-as-a-source-of-disease-of-bone-the-lower-orupper-jaw-may-be-involved-theappearances-presented-being-some-what-similar-to-those-of-tuber-culosis-the-tendency-in-the-earlystages-is-toward-hyperplasia-of-wkk-t-1-3m-bone-with-considerable-increase-gt-of-the-periosteal-element-later-on-necrosis-may-supervene-and-apersistent-sinus-occur-an-examin-ation-of-the-pus-should-always-bemade-in-doubtful-cases-otherparts-of-the-body-likely-to-be-in-volved-are-the-image376013500.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 89.—Tube-box with e.xtension tube.. Fig. 90.—Tube-bo. witli rectauguhirdiaphragm. ■centre of the box. The tube-holder can be fixed by turning the wood screwto the right. 7 98 RADIOGKAPHY In order that neither the operator nor the patient may receive shocksdue to sparks jumping from the tube to any part of the stand, a terminalis mounted on the pedestal, which is connected with all the metalparts of the stand, and also with the accessories, which are inserted inthe front opening of the box through the metal strip which runs alongthe tube-box. This te . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 89.—Tube-box with e.xtension tube.. Fig. 90.—Tube-bo. witli rectauguhirdiaphragm. ■centre of the box. The tube-holder can be fixed by turning the wood screwto the right. 7 98 RADIOGKAPHY In order that neither the operator nor the patient may receive shocksdue to sparks jumping from the tube to any part of the stand, a terminalis mounted on the pedestal, which is connected with all the metalparts of the stand, and also with the accessories, which are inserted inthe front opening of the box through the metal strip which runs alongthe tube-box. This tehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-89tube-box-with-extension-tube-fig-90tube-bo-witli-rectauguhirdiaphragm-centre-of-the-box-the-tube-holder-can-be-fixed-by-turning-the-wood-screwto-the-right-7-98-radiogkaphy-in-order-that-neither-the-operator-nor-the-patient-may-receive-shocksdue-to-sparks-jumping-from-the-tube-to-any-part-of-the-stand-a-terminalis-mounted-on-the-pedestal-which-is-connected-with-all-the-metalparts-of-the-stand-and-also-with-the-accessories-which-are-inserted-inthe-front-opening-of-the-box-through-the-metal-strip-which-runs-alongthe-tube-box-this-te-image376024215.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . nd the fluorescent screen or photographic plate, they have become verymuch diffused, and the thicker the subject the greater the diffusion. Theprimary object, therefore, is to reduce this distance in order to obtain quickerexposure and sharper and more brilliant radiographs, and for this purposeit is necesary to combine a compressor with the cylinder. The end of thecylinder is fitted with an ebonite rim, and the whole apparatus is raisedand lowered by a lever. Some parts of the human body can be compressed three or four incheswithout causi . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . nd the fluorescent screen or photographic plate, they have become verymuch diffused, and the thicker the subject the greater the diffusion. Theprimary object, therefore, is to reduce this distance in order to obtain quickerexposure and sharper and more brilliant radiographs, and for this purposeit is necesary to combine a compressor with the cylinder. The end of thecylinder is fitted with an ebonite rim, and the whole apparatus is raisedand lowered by a lever. Some parts of the human body can be compressed three or four incheswithout causihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-nd-the-fluorescent-screen-or-photographic-plate-they-have-become-verymuch-diffused-and-the-thicker-the-subject-the-greater-the-diffusion-theprimary-object-therefore-is-to-reduce-this-distance-in-order-to-obtain-quickerexposure-and-sharper-and-more-brilliant-radiographs-and-for-this-purposeit-is-necesary-to-combine-a-compressor-with-the-cylinder-the-end-of-thecylinder-is-fitted-with-an-ebonite-rim-and-the-whole-apparatus-is-raisedand-lowered-by-a-lever-some-parts-of-the-human-body-can-be-compressed-three-or-four-incheswithout-causi-image375973373.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 218.—Fracture of shaft of humerus ; rotation oflower fragment and elbow-joint. Fig. 217.—Fracture of lower end ofhumerus, with backward displacementof the lower frasTment.. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 218.—Fracture of shaft of humerus ; rotation oflower fragment and elbow-joint. Fig. 217.—Fracture of lower end ofhumerus, with backward displacementof the lower frasTment..https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-218fracture-of-shaft-of-humerus-rotation-oflower-fragment-and-elbow-joint-fig-217fracture-of-lower-end-ofhumerus-with-backward-displacementof-the-lower-frastment-image376015749.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . / / . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . / /https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375950290.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . eater the voltage the greater the reverse discharge.The only means, therefore, of combating the evil is to introduce some devicewhich shall rectify the discharge, e.g. eliminate the reverse current whileinterfering with the proper current as little as possible. In order to effect this, many contrivances have been tried, notably asimple spark-gap and various forms of mechanical rectifiers. The mostusual and most efficient method is, however, the valve tube, a vacuum 6 82 RADIOGRAPHY tube which permits the current to pass unobstructed in the right direction . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . eater the voltage the greater the reverse discharge.The only means, therefore, of combating the evil is to introduce some devicewhich shall rectify the discharge, e.g. eliminate the reverse current whileinterfering with the proper current as little as possible. In order to effect this, many contrivances have been tried, notably asimple spark-gap and various forms of mechanical rectifiers. The mostusual and most efficient method is, however, the valve tube, a vacuum 6 82 RADIOGRAPHY tube which permits the current to pass unobstructed in the right directionhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-eater-the-voltage-the-greater-the-reverse-dischargethe-only-means-therefore-of-combating-the-evil-is-to-introduce-some-devicewhich-shall-rectify-the-discharge-eg-eliminate-the-reverse-current-whileinterfering-with-the-proper-current-as-little-as-possible-in-order-to-effect-this-many-contrivances-have-been-tried-notably-asimple-spark-gap-and-various-forms-of-mechanical-rectifiers-the-mostusual-and-most-efficient-method-is-however-the-valve-tube-a-vacuum-6-82-radiography-tube-which-permits-the-current-to-pass-unobstructed-in-the-right-direction-image376024814.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . y give an indicationof the position of the aneurism. Ashadow projecting to the right andlying nearer to the front than the back indicates an aneurism of the ascend-ing aorta, whereas a similar bulge to the left, and lying nearer the backthan the front, indicates the presence of an aneurism of the descendingaorta. There are other methods of detecting the position and origin of an aorticaneurism : (1) The tube may be moved from side to side or up and down. (2) The patient may be rotated, and observations made of the changein shape of the sha . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . y give an indicationof the position of the aneurism. Ashadow projecting to the right andlying nearer to the front than the back indicates an aneurism of the ascend-ing aorta, whereas a similar bulge to the left, and lying nearer the backthan the front, indicates the presence of an aneurism of the descendingaorta. There are other methods of detecting the position and origin of an aorticaneurism : (1) The tube may be moved from side to side or up and down. (2) The patient may be rotated, and observations made of the changein shape of the shahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-y-give-an-indicationof-the-position-of-the-aneurism-ashadow-projecting-to-the-right-andlying-nearer-to-the-front-than-the-back-indicates-an-aneurism-of-the-ascend-ing-aorta-whereas-a-similar-bulge-to-the-left-and-lying-nearer-the-backthan-the-front-indicates-the-presence-of-an-aneurism-of-the-descendingaorta-there-are-other-methods-of-detecting-the-position-and-origin-of-an-aorticaneurism-1-the-tube-may-be-moved-from-side-to-side-or-up-and-down-2-the-patient-may-be-rotated-and-observations-made-of-the-changein-shape-of-the-sha-image375950795.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ioned above. This is very efiicacious, but necessary only whenvery lengthy runs are being undertaken. AIR-COOLED TUBES 61 There is another type of tube made by several makers which is veryefficient and convenient for treatment. This tube has a diameter of about5 inches (125 mm.). An auxiliary bulb (having a diameter of about6^ inches) is connected to the tube, thus forming a reserve air-chamber.This construction results in the tube possessing all the advantagesinseparable from one having a Jarge cubic capacity ; while the fact ofthe anti-cathode being onl . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ioned above. This is very efiicacious, but necessary only whenvery lengthy runs are being undertaken. AIR-COOLED TUBES 61 There is another type of tube made by several makers which is veryefficient and convenient for treatment. This tube has a diameter of about5 inches (125 mm.). An auxiliary bulb (having a diameter of about6^ inches) is connected to the tube, thus forming a reserve air-chamber.This construction results in the tube possessing all the advantagesinseparable from one having a Jarge cubic capacity ; while the fact ofthe anti-cathode being onlhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ioned-above-this-is-very-efiicacious-but-necessary-only-whenvery-lengthy-runs-are-being-undertaken-air-cooled-tubes-61-there-is-another-type-of-tube-made-by-several-makers-which-is-veryefficient-and-convenient-for-treatment-this-tube-has-a-diameter-of-about5-inches-125-mm-an-auxiliary-bulb-having-a-diameter-of-about6-inches-is-connected-to-the-tube-thus-forming-a-reserve-air-chamberthis-construction-results-in-the-tube-possessing-all-the-advantagesinseparable-from-one-having-a-jarge-cubic-capacity-while-the-fact-ofthe-anti-cathode-being-onl-image376025383.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . fl . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . flhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-fl-image375959988.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig 13.—Dreaduouglit inter-rupter. 26 RADIOGRAPHY paid to the cleanliness not only of the interrupter but also of the motor,and especially of the commutator and oil cups. To fill the interrupter withgas, one tap is connected to the gas supply by a rubber tube and the othertap is left open for a few moments in order to expel the air. The gas jetmay be ignited and allowed to burn mitil all air has been expelled This is. Fig. 14.—Dreadnought interrupter showing detail. A, Container. F, Shaft bearing. B, Jet. H, Oil cups. C, Contact teeth. K, Motor brushes.E, . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig 13.—Dreaduouglit inter-rupter. 26 RADIOGRAPHY paid to the cleanliness not only of the interrupter but also of the motor,and especially of the commutator and oil cups. To fill the interrupter withgas, one tap is connected to the gas supply by a rubber tube and the othertap is left open for a few moments in order to expel the air. The gas jetmay be ignited and allowed to burn mitil all air has been expelled This is. Fig. 14.—Dreadnought interrupter showing detail. A, Container. F, Shaft bearing. B, Jet. H, Oil cups. C, Contact teeth. K, Motor brushes.E,https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-13dreaduouglit-inter-rupter-26-radiography-paid-to-the-cleanliness-not-only-of-the-interrupter-but-also-of-the-motorand-especially-of-the-commutator-and-oil-cups-to-fill-the-interrupter-withgas-one-tap-is-connected-to-the-gas-supply-by-a-rubber-tube-and-the-othertap-is-left-open-for-a-few-moments-in-order-to-expel-the-air-the-gas-jetmay-be-ignited-and-allowed-to-burn-mitil-all-air-has-been-expelled-this-is-fig-14dreadnought-interrupter-showing-detail-a-container-f-shaft-bearing-b-jet-h-oil-cups-c-contact-teeth-k-motor-brushese-image376026505.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ortant cases the radiographer should develop the platehimself. In hospital practice this is not possible, but there one generallyhas a nurse or photographer who looks after the development. In any caseit is of importance that the person who develops the plate should have someknowledge of the conditions under which the radiograph has been taken.The developer is usually one containing metol and hydroquinone, thoughin some cases pyro-soda may be employed. In a properly exposed plate, thedevelopment is generally completed in about five to ten minutes. The pla . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ortant cases the radiographer should develop the platehimself. In hospital practice this is not possible, but there one generallyhas a nurse or photographer who looks after the development. In any caseit is of importance that the person who develops the plate should have someknowledge of the conditions under which the radiograph has been taken.The developer is usually one containing metol and hydroquinone, thoughin some cases pyro-soda may be employed. In a properly exposed plate, thedevelopment is generally completed in about five to ten minutes. The plahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ortant-cases-the-radiographer-should-develop-the-platehimself-in-hospital-practice-this-is-not-possible-but-there-one-generallyhas-a-nurse-or-photographer-who-looks-after-the-development-in-any-caseit-is-of-importance-that-the-person-who-develops-the-plate-should-have-someknowledge-of-the-conditions-under-which-the-radiograph-has-been-takenthe-developer-is-usually-one-containing-metol-and-hydroquinone-thoughin-some-cases-pyro-soda-may-be-employed-in-a-properly-exposed-plate-thedevelopment-is-generally-completed-in-about-five-to-ten-minutes-the-pla-image375994123.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . filled with water, the third with fixing solution, and thefourth again with water. The strips are taken out of the envelope either in the dark room or in thedark box mentionedabove, and are immersedin the developer for acertain time, as statedon the instructions withthe strips. The stripmust be kept in motionwhile in the developer.The same developer canbe used for several strips,but it deteriorates gradu-ally in contact with air.As in photography, greatcare must be taken thatthe developer is not contaminated with hypo, and it must be at th . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . filled with water, the third with fixing solution, and thefourth again with water. The strips are taken out of the envelope either in the dark room or in thedark box mentionedabove, and are immersedin the developer for acertain time, as statedon the instructions withthe strips. The stripmust be kept in motionwhile in the developer.The same developer canbe used for several strips,but it deteriorates gradu-ally in contact with air.As in photography, greatcare must be taken thatthe developer is not contaminated with hypo, and it must be at thhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-filled-with-water-the-third-with-fixing-solution-and-thefourth-again-with-water-the-strips-are-taken-out-of-the-envelope-either-in-the-dark-room-or-in-thedark-box-mentionedabove-and-are-immersedin-the-developer-for-acertain-time-as-statedon-the-instructions-withthe-strips-the-stripmust-be-kept-in-motionwhile-in-the-developerthe-same-developer-canbe-used-for-several-stripsbut-it-deteriorates-gradu-ally-in-contact-with-airas-in-photography-greatcare-must-be-taken-thatthe-developer-is-not-contaminated-with-hypo-and-it-must-be-at-th-image375940115.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . , and states thatnearly all the cases he examined showed a condition of this kind. Whenthese bronchial shadows are accompanied by mottling the condition issaid to be active. He also contends that in the majority of cases thedisease started at the hilus by an infection of the bronchial glands, andan extension from these glands takes place towards and involving theapex. Bythell records the results of an examination of several hundreds ofchildren. He found in a large percentage of these cases signs of tubercu-lous infection in the glands at the roots of the . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . , and states thatnearly all the cases he examined showed a condition of this kind. Whenthese bronchial shadows are accompanied by mottling the condition issaid to be active. He also contends that in the majority of cases thedisease started at the hilus by an infection of the bronchial glands, andan extension from these glands takes place towards and involving theapex. Bythell records the results of an examination of several hundreds ofchildren. He found in a large percentage of these cases signs of tubercu-lous infection in the glands at the roots of thehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-and-states-thatnearly-all-the-cases-he-examined-showed-a-condition-of-this-kind-whenthese-bronchial-shadows-are-accompanied-by-mottling-the-condition-issaid-to-be-active-he-also-contends-that-in-the-majority-of-cases-thedisease-started-at-the-hilus-by-an-infection-of-the-bronchial-glands-andan-extension-from-these-glands-takes-place-towards-and-involving-theapex-bythell-records-the-results-of-an-examination-of-several-hundreds-ofchildren-he-found-in-a-large-percentage-of-these-cases-signs-of-tubercu-lous-infection-in-the-glands-at-the-roots-of-the-image376009112.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ric Stenosis. a, Marked delay in emptying caused by cicatricial contraction resulting from healed gastric ulcer./.. Fou] hours after—food taken. Shows food passing along duodenum. c, Eight hours after—food still in stomach. The organ is not now contracting well. POSITION OF THE STOMACH 213 pyloric vestibule becomes slightly smaller as it approaches the pyloric canal.The pyloric canal is always closed, except when chyme is passing through it intothe duodenum, although its cavity is generally more or less expanded in post-mortem specimens. E . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ric Stenosis. a, Marked delay in emptying caused by cicatricial contraction resulting from healed gastric ulcer./.. Fou] hours after—food taken. Shows food passing along duodenum. c, Eight hours after—food still in stomach. The organ is not now contracting well. POSITION OF THE STOMACH 213 pyloric vestibule becomes slightly smaller as it approaches the pyloric canal.The pyloric canal is always closed, except when chyme is passing through it intothe duodenum, although its cavity is generally more or less expanded in post-mortem specimens. Ehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-ric-stenosis-a-marked-delay-in-emptying-caused-by-cicatricial-contraction-resulting-from-healed-gastric-ulcer-fou-hours-afterfood-taken-shows-food-passing-along-duodenum-c-eight-hours-afterfood-still-in-stomach-the-organ-is-not-now-contracting-well-position-of-the-stomach-213-pyloric-vestibule-becomes-slightly-smaller-as-it-approaches-the-pyloric-canalthe-pyloric-canal-is-always-closed-except-when-chyme-is-passing-through-it-intothe-duodenum-although-its-cavity-is-generally-more-or-less-expanded-in-post-mortem-specimens-e-image375949244.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Zh Fig. 193.—Diagram of connections for Morton rectifier. gas jetfrom a the valve tube, with awhich can be regulateddistance, is very useful. A triple valve tube will besufficient to check a moderateamount of inverse current. Thisshould have a regulating deviceattached to it. A good one, whichis now being attached to a greatmany X-ray bulbs and valve tubes,is that introduced by Bauer (seeFig. 41, page 46). These tubes arecapable of regulation from a dis-tance, a length of rubber tubingbeing attached to the air valve,while at the other end . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Zh Fig. 193.—Diagram of connections for Morton rectifier. gas jetfrom a the valve tube, with awhich can be regulateddistance, is very useful. A triple valve tube will besufficient to check a moderateamount of inverse current. Thisshould have a regulating deviceattached to it. A good one, whichis now being attached to a greatmany X-ray bulbs and valve tubes,is that introduced by Bauer (seeFig. 41, page 46). These tubes arecapable of regulation from a dis-tance, a length of rubber tubingbeing attached to the air valve,while at the other endhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-zh-fig-193diagram-of-connections-for-morton-rectifier-gas-jetfrom-a-the-valve-tube-with-awhich-can-be-regulateddistance-is-very-useful-a-triple-valve-tube-will-besufficient-to-check-a-moderateamount-of-inverse-current-thisshould-have-a-regulating-deviceattached-to-it-a-good-one-whichis-now-being-attached-to-a-greatmany-x-ray-bulbs-and-valve-tubesis-that-introduced-by-bauer-seefig-41-page-46-these-tubes-arecapable-of-regulation-from-a-dis-tance-a-length-of-rubber-tubingbeing-attached-to-the-air-valvewhile-at-the-other-end-image375941051.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375943455.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . stment, which is fittedby means of a bracket, with a vertical rack-and-pinion movement attached toa wooden upright, which in turn should be mounted on a solid metal base,not a wooden one, so as to make a stable and fairly rigid apparatus. Alladjustments can then be conveniently made. An elaboration of this is thepillar tube-stand, suitable for use with much larger outfits and for all kindsof work. Description and Use of Pillar Stands.—The pillar stand (Fig. 61)consists of a solid pedestal with castors, which carries a vertical column of 62 . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . stment, which is fittedby means of a bracket, with a vertical rack-and-pinion movement attached toa wooden upright, which in turn should be mounted on a solid metal base,not a wooden one, so as to make a stable and fairly rigid apparatus. Alladjustments can then be conveniently made. An elaboration of this is thepillar tube-stand, suitable for use with much larger outfits and for all kindsof work. Description and Use of Pillar Stands.—The pillar stand (Fig. 61)consists of a solid pedestal with castors, which carries a vertical column of 62https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-stment-which-is-fittedby-means-of-a-bracket-with-a-vertical-rack-and-pinion-movement-attached-toa-wooden-upright-which-in-turn-should-be-mounted-on-a-solid-metal-basenot-a-wooden-one-so-as-to-make-a-stable-and-fairly-rigid-apparatus-alladjustments-can-then-be-conveniently-made-an-elaboration-of-this-is-thepillar-tube-stand-suitable-for-use-with-much-larger-outfits-and-for-all-kindsof-work-description-and-use-of-pillar-standsthe-pillar-stand-fig-61consists-of-a-solid-pedestal-with-castors-which-carries-a-vertical-column-of-62-image375974362.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . er for most purposes.These are photographed togetheron one whole plate. A special table has beendesigned to facilitate the trac-ings of the negatives. Figs. 282, 283, and 284 illustrate the yw,. 281.—Showing diagram ilrawn in hy means of thegeneral plan of the table ; the pantograph, particulars of case, and description of the- , . , , . conditions found. table top IS drawn to scale, as is also the elevation plan, and all the necessary dimensions are figured, so that anv one can con- ■ ■ - struct it from the plan. On the right-hand sideof the table top a . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . er for most purposes.These are photographed togetheron one whole plate. A special table has beendesigned to facilitate the trac-ings of the negatives. Figs. 282, 283, and 284 illustrate the yw,. 281.—Showing diagram ilrawn in hy means of thegeneral plan of the table ; the pantograph, particulars of case, and description of the- , . , , . conditions found. table top IS drawn to scale, as is also the elevation plan, and all the necessary dimensions are figured, so that anv one can con- ■ ■ - struct it from the plan. On the right-hand sideof the table top ahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-er-for-most-purposesthese-are-photographed-togetheron-one-whole-plate-a-special-table-has-beendesigned-to-facilitate-the-trac-ings-of-the-negatives-figs-282-283-and-284-illustrate-the-yw-281showing-diagram-ilrawn-in-hy-means-of-thegeneral-plan-of-the-table-the-pantograph-particulars-of-case-and-description-of-the-conditions-found-table-top-is-drawn-to-scale-as-is-also-the-elevation-plan-and-all-the-necessary-dimensions-are-figured-so-that-anv-one-can-con-struct-it-from-the-plan-on-the-right-hand-sideof-the-table-top-a-image376002949.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fk;. 232.—View of tlie affected hip taken withan extension tube. This shows more detailof the bone. Fu;. 233.—The same hip taken about two monthslater. Showing slight displacement of tlieliead upwards. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fk;. 232.—View of tlie affected hip taken withan extension tube. This shows more detailof the bone. Fu;. 233.—The same hip taken about two monthslater. Showing slight displacement of tlieliead upwards.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fk-232view-of-tlie-affected-hip-taken-withan-extension-tube-this-shows-more-detailof-the-bone-fu-233the-same-hip-taken-about-two-monthslater-showing-slight-displacement-of-tlieliead-upwards-image376012937.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Spine Diaphragm Fig. 160. — Diagrammatic repre-sentation of the lateral view ofthorax. The Subdivisions of the Stomach.—The oesophagus enters the stomachvery obliquely, the acute angle itforms being called the incisura cardiaca. The cardiac orifice, though notsurrounded by a definite sphincter, has a much smaller diameter than thelower extremity of the oesophagus, as great a period being consequently requiredfor the passage of a mouthful of food through the cardia as for its passagedown the whole length of the oesophagus. The stomach can b . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Spine Diaphragm Fig. 160. — Diagrammatic repre-sentation of the lateral view ofthorax. The Subdivisions of the Stomach.—The oesophagus enters the stomachvery obliquely, the acute angle itforms being called the incisura cardiaca. The cardiac orifice, though notsurrounded by a definite sphincter, has a much smaller diameter than thelower extremity of the oesophagus, as great a period being consequently requiredfor the passage of a mouthful of food through the cardia as for its passagedown the whole length of the oesophagus. The stomach can bhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-spine-diaphragm-fig-160-diagrammatic-repre-sentation-of-the-lateral-view-ofthorax-the-subdivisions-of-the-stomachthe-oesophagus-enters-the-stomachvery-obliquely-the-acute-angle-itforms-being-called-the-incisura-cardiaca-the-cardiac-orifice-though-notsurrounded-by-a-definite-sphincter-has-a-much-smaller-diameter-than-thelower-extremity-of-the-oesophagus-as-great-a-period-being-consequently-requiredfor-the-passage-of-a-mouthful-of-food-through-the-cardia-as-for-its-passagedown-the-whole-length-of-the-oesophagus-the-stomach-can-b-image375949751.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . the articular cartilage, so that the joint escapes, althoughit may be distended with fluid. Dr. Emery, of Kings College Hospital, hasbeen good enough to report on the tumour shoAvn in Fig. 238. It consistsof a cellular matrix, composed for the most part of large, round, or oval cells,having large nuclei, sometimes multiple. There are also a few myeloplaxes.This part of the tumour is sarcomatous in type. Set in this tissue arenumerous masses of cartilage, fairly well formed, but with tumour cells(like those of the matrix) instead of ordinary cartilage cell . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . the articular cartilage, so that the joint escapes, althoughit may be distended with fluid. Dr. Emery, of Kings College Hospital, hasbeen good enough to report on the tumour shoAvn in Fig. 238. It consistsof a cellular matrix, composed for the most part of large, round, or oval cells,having large nuclei, sometimes multiple. There are also a few myeloplaxes.This part of the tumour is sarcomatous in type. Set in this tissue arenumerous masses of cartilage, fairly well formed, but with tumour cells(like those of the matrix) instead of ordinary cartilage cellhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-the-articular-cartilage-so-that-the-joint-escapes-althoughit-may-be-distended-with-fluid-dr-emery-of-kings-college-hospital-hasbeen-good-enough-to-report-on-the-tumour-shoavn-in-fig-238-it-consistsof-a-cellular-matrix-composed-for-the-most-part-of-large-round-or-oval-cellshaving-large-nuclei-sometimes-multiple-there-are-also-a-few-myeloplaxesthis-part-of-the-tumour-is-sarcomatous-in-type-set-in-this-tissue-arenumerous-masses-of-cartilage-fairly-well-formed-but-with-tumour-cellslike-those-of-the-matrix-instead-of-ordinary-cartilage-cell-image376011644.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ng to dampness cannot take place. When the X-rays reach thisionising chamber the electrometer begins to discharge, and the index of theneedle moves from 0 towards 10. The division of the scale has been calibrated to agree with the Kienbockquantimeter. When the needle reaches 10, the ionising chamber, whichcan be exposed on the skin of the patient, has received a full erythemadose. The instrument is so sensitive that half an x, i.e. the twentieth partof an erythema dose, can be measured. The degree of ionisation varies withthe penetrating p . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ng to dampness cannot take place. When the X-rays reach thisionising chamber the electrometer begins to discharge, and the index of theneedle moves from 0 towards 10. The division of the scale has been calibrated to agree with the Kienbockquantimeter. When the needle reaches 10, the ionising chamber, whichcan be exposed on the skin of the patient, has received a full erythemadose. The instrument is so sensitive that half an x, i.e. the twentieth partof an erythema dose, can be measured. The degree of ionisation varies withthe penetrating phttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-ng-to-dampness-cannot-take-place-when-the-x-rays-reach-thisionising-chamber-the-electrometer-begins-to-discharge-and-the-index-of-theneedle-moves-from-0-towards-10-the-division-of-the-scale-has-been-calibrated-to-agree-with-the-kienbockquantimeter-when-the-needle-reaches-10-the-ionising-chamber-whichcan-be-exposed-on-the-skin-of-the-patient-has-received-a-full-erythemadose-the-instrument-is-so-sensitive-that-half-an-x-ie-the-twentieth-partof-an-erythema-dose-can-be-measured-the-degree-of-ionisation-varies-withthe-penetrating-p-image375939705.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ded with fluid.Dr. Emery, of Kings College Hospital, has been good enough to report on thetumour shown in Fig. 148. It consists of a cellular matrix, composed for 184 RADIOGRAPHY the most part of large, round, or oval cells, having large nuclei, sometimesmultiple. There are also a few myeloplaxes. This part of the tumour issarcomatous in type. Set in this tissue are numerous masses of cartilage,Eairly well formed, but with tumour cells (like those of the matrix) insteadof ordinary cartilage cells. The tumour is a chondro-sarcoma. Spontaneo . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ded with fluid.Dr. Emery, of Kings College Hospital, has been good enough to report on thetumour shown in Fig. 148. It consists of a cellular matrix, composed for 184 RADIOGRAPHY the most part of large, round, or oval cells, having large nuclei, sometimesmultiple. There are also a few myeloplaxes. This part of the tumour issarcomatous in type. Set in this tissue are numerous masses of cartilage,Eairly well formed, but with tumour cells (like those of the matrix) insteadof ordinary cartilage cells. The tumour is a chondro-sarcoma. Spontaneohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-ded-with-fluiddr-emery-of-kings-college-hospital-has-been-good-enough-to-report-on-thetumour-shown-in-fig-148-it-consists-of-a-cellular-matrix-composed-for-184-radiography-the-most-part-of-large-round-or-oval-cells-having-large-nuclei-sometimesmultiple-there-are-also-a-few-myeloplaxes-this-part-of-the-tumour-issarcomatous-in-type-set-in-this-tissue-are-numerous-masses-of-cartilageeairly-well-formed-but-with-tumour-cells-like-those-of-the-matrix-insteadof-ordinary-cartilage-cells-the-tumour-is-a-chondro-sarcoma-spontaneo-image375953472.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ILATE XFiV.—DisEASKs and Curvatoke of thi: Siwnk. , Caries of cervical vertebrae, lateral vifw. /, Curvature of ujjper dorsal spine (scoliosis). c, Curvature of spine, involving lower dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. , Caries of lumbar vertebrae and sacrum. CHARCOTS DISEASE 269 of the preceding types, characterised by a tendency to the formation of newtissue between bone and articular cartilage, which becomes calcified. Theremay be marked disorganisation of the bones. Spondylitis Deformans.—Osteoarthritis affecting the spinal column.The pathological changes m . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ILATE XFiV.—DisEASKs and Curvatoke of thi: Siwnk. , Caries of cervical vertebrae, lateral vifw. /, Curvature of ujjper dorsal spine (scoliosis). c, Curvature of spine, involving lower dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. , Caries of lumbar vertebrae and sacrum. CHARCOTS DISEASE 269 of the preceding types, characterised by a tendency to the formation of newtissue between bone and articular cartilage, which becomes calcified. Theremay be marked disorganisation of the bones. Spondylitis Deformans.—Osteoarthritis affecting the spinal column.The pathological changes mhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ilate-xfivdiseasks-and-curvatoke-of-thi-siwnk-caries-of-cervical-vertebrae-lateral-vifw-curvature-of-ujjper-dorsal-spine-scoliosis-c-curvature-of-spine-involving-lower-dorsal-and-lumbar-vertebrae-caries-of-lumbar-vertebrae-and-sacrum-charcots-disease-269-of-the-preceding-types-characterised-by-a-tendency-to-the-formation-of-newtissue-between-bone-and-articular-cartilage-which-becomes-calcified-theremay-be-marked-disorganisation-of-the-bones-spondylitis-deformansosteoarthritis-affecting-the-spinal-columnthe-pathological-changes-m-image376012306.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . emulsified. Practicallyevery maker manufacturesan interrupter of this type,and a general descriptionwill apply to all. The prin-ciple is the same in each—a mercury jet rotating in a vessel with a gas 2 m, Motor. C1 and r Contacts. (/] and <P, Mercury jets. q, Mercury. s, Adjustable contact. /■, Funnel for di-elecl ric, r. Safety valve. /, (ias tap. e, (lontaining vessel. g, Closing valve. 18 RADIOGRAPHY Motor Resistance AAAAAAAA. AAAAA^ i oil ...Mark I. Mot<<r resistance AAA/WW Ot—O Switch for O Second Contact . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . emulsified. Practicallyevery maker manufacturesan interrupter of this type,and a general descriptionwill apply to all. The prin-ciple is the same in each—a mercury jet rotating in a vessel with a gas 2 m, Motor. C1 and r Contacts. (/] and <P, Mercury jets. q, Mercury. s, Adjustable contact. /■, Funnel for di-elecl ric, r. Safety valve. /, (ias tap. e, (lontaining vessel. g, Closing valve. 18 RADIOGRAPHY Motor Resistance AAAAAAAA. AAAAA^ i oil ...Mark I. Mot<<r resistance AAA/WW Ot—O Switch for O Second Contacthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-emulsified-practicallyevery-maker-manufacturesan-interrupter-of-this-typeand-a-general-descriptionwill-apply-to-all-the-prin-ciple-is-the-same-in-eacha-mercury-jet-rotating-in-a-vessel-with-a-gas-2-m-motor-c1-and-r-contacts-and-ltp-mercury-jets-q-mercury-s-adjustable-contact-funnel-for-di-elecl-ric-r-safety-valve-ias-tap-e-lontaining-vessel-g-closing-valve-18-radiography-motor-resistance-aaaaaaaa-aaaaa-i-oil-mark-i-motltltr-resistance-aaaww-oto-switch-for-o-second-contact-image375978648.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . hich may be of a fairly thick consistence. The oesophagus may be examined in two positions : 1. The Anterior, when shadows of tumours may sometimes be shown. 2. The Right Antero-lateral.—This is the important position. Thepatient stands upright with the tube behind, and the fluorescent screen placedin front. The patient is then adjusted so that the position of the spinerelative to the heart and aorta gives the maximum clear space between thetwo, this clear space containing the oesophagus. A little practice enablesthe operator to get the be . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . hich may be of a fairly thick consistence. The oesophagus may be examined in two positions : 1. The Anterior, when shadows of tumours may sometimes be shown. 2. The Right Antero-lateral.—This is the important position. Thepatient stands upright with the tube behind, and the fluorescent screen placedin front. The patient is then adjusted so that the position of the spinerelative to the heart and aorta gives the maximum clear space between thetwo, this clear space containing the oesophagus. A little practice enablesthe operator to get the behttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-hich-may-be-of-a-fairly-thick-consistence-the-oesophagus-may-be-examined-in-two-positions-1-the-anterior-when-shadows-of-tumours-may-sometimes-be-shown-2-the-right-antero-lateralthis-is-the-important-position-thepatient-stands-upright-with-the-tube-behind-and-the-fluorescent-screen-placedin-front-the-patient-is-then-adjusted-so-that-the-position-of-the-spinerelative-to-the-heart-and-aorta-gives-the-maximum-clear-space-between-thetwo-this-clear-space-containing-the-oesophagus-a-little-practice-enablesthe-operator-to-get-the-be-image375950271.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375944455.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . wire should beplaced well back from the cathode—say, at a distance of 6 or 7 inches.The point is emphasised in another portion of this work. There are exceptions to this rule in the manipulationof those tubes which work best with the regulator at a fixed distance fromthe cathode, according to the hardness of the particular tube and thepurpose for which it is being used. The current may now be switched on, starting with all resistance in,and gradually cutting this out until the tube fluoresces brightly and steadily.If the tube is inclined t . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . wire should beplaced well back from the cathode—say, at a distance of 6 or 7 inches.The point is emphasised in another portion of this work. There are exceptions to this rule in the manipulationof those tubes which work best with the regulator at a fixed distance fromthe cathode, according to the hardness of the particular tube and thepurpose for which it is being used. The current may now be switched on, starting with all resistance in,and gradually cutting this out until the tube fluoresces brightly and steadily.If the tube is inclined thttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-wire-should-beplaced-well-back-from-the-cathodesay-at-a-distance-of-6-or-7-inchesthe-point-is-emphasised-in-another-portion-of-this-work-there-are-exceptions-to-this-rule-in-the-manipulationof-those-tubes-which-work-best-with-the-regulator-at-a-fixed-distance-fromthe-cathode-according-to-the-hardness-of-the-particular-tube-and-thepurpose-for-which-it-is-being-used-the-current-may-now-be-switched-on-starting-with-all-resistance-inand-gradually-cutting-this-out-until-the-tube-fluoresces-brightly-and-steadilyif-the-tube-is-inclined-t-image375976154.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . FiG. 207.— lUiiliograiu offinger : aiitero - posteriorview. The fractui-e is notvisible in this position. Fuj. 208.—Ilit saiiu linger: lateral view. Showing fracture of posterior aspect at base of terminal phalanx of index finger. placement, are frequently unrecognisable under the screen. Figs. 207 to 209illustrate the difficulties of diagnosis if the screen is used with the hmb mone position only. Either of these injuries might have escaped detectionunder those circumstances. Figs. 207 and 208 show a fracture of the bone of the terminal phalanxof the ind . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . FiG. 207.— lUiiliograiu offinger : aiitero - posteriorview. The fractui-e is notvisible in this position. Fuj. 208.—Ilit saiiu linger: lateral view. Showing fracture of posterior aspect at base of terminal phalanx of index finger. placement, are frequently unrecognisable under the screen. Figs. 207 to 209illustrate the difficulties of diagnosis if the screen is used with the hmb mone position only. Either of these injuries might have escaped detectionunder those circumstances. Figs. 207 and 208 show a fracture of the bone of the terminal phalanxof the indhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-207-luiiliograiu-offinger-aiitero-posteriorview-the-fractui-e-is-notvisible-in-this-position-fuj-208ilit-saiiu-linger-lateral-view-showing-fracture-of-posterior-aspect-at-base-of-terminal-phalanx-of-index-finger-placement-are-frequently-unrecognisable-under-the-screen-figs-207-to-209illustrate-the-difficulties-of-diagnosis-if-the-screen-is-used-with-the-hmb-mone-position-only-either-of-these-injuries-might-have-escaped-detectionunder-those-circumstances-figs-207-and-208-show-a-fracture-of-the-bone-of-the-terminal-phalanxof-the-ind-image376016322.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . [PLATE XL.—TuiiEKCULAR Disease of the Hip-Joint. a. Tubercular disease of hip-ioint affecting chiefly the upper part of acetabulum. b. Tubercular disease of hip, absorption of head and greater part of neck, ujjward displacement of femur.(Radiograph by Dr. Salmond.) „ x. ■> ^ i c. Later stage of tubercular disease of hip-joint, disorganisation and displacement of head, large aljscesson outer side of shaft of femur.. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . [PLATE XL.—TuiiEKCULAR Disease of the Hip-Joint. a. Tubercular disease of hip-ioint affecting chiefly the upper part of acetabulum. b. Tubercular disease of hip, absorption of head and greater part of neck, ujjward displacement of femur.(Radiograph by Dr. Salmond.) „ x. ■> ^ i c. Later stage of tubercular disease of hip-joint, disorganisation and displacement of head, large aljscesson outer side of shaft of femur..https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-xltuiiekcular-disease-of-the-hip-joint-a-tubercular-disease-of-hip-ioint-affecting-chiefly-the-upper-part-of-acetabulum-b-tubercular-disease-of-hip-absorption-of-head-and-greater-part-of-neck-ujjward-displacement-of-femurradiograph-by-dr-salmond-x-gt-i-c-later-stage-of-tubercular-disease-of-hip-joint-disorganisation-and-displacement-of-head-large-aljscesson-outer-side-of-shaft-of-femur-image376013502.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ig. 154) contains inits interior a cross wire and a smallreflecting mirror, and is adjusted bya screw. On looking down the eye-piece, one adjusts the telescope untilthe reflecting mirror shows the crosswire to be exactly tangent to the sum-mit of the cornea ; the metal indicatorwill then be 10 mm. from the centre ofthe cornea of the eye under examina-tion. A small incandescent lamp isattached so that the adjustment may bemore readily observed. The positionof the indicator is further verified bymeans of a small hole in the overheadmirror (Fig. 155). By an . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ig. 154) contains inits interior a cross wire and a smallreflecting mirror, and is adjusted bya screw. On looking down the eye-piece, one adjusts the telescope untilthe reflecting mirror shows the crosswire to be exactly tangent to the sum-mit of the cornea ; the metal indicatorwill then be 10 mm. from the centre ofthe cornea of the eye under examina-tion. A small incandescent lamp isattached so that the adjustment may bemore readily observed. The positionof the indicator is further verified bymeans of a small hole in the overheadmirror (Fig. 155). By anhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ig-154-contains-inits-interior-a-cross-wire-and-a-smallreflecting-mirror-and-is-adjusted-bya-screw-on-looking-down-the-eye-piece-one-adjusts-the-telescope-untilthe-reflecting-mirror-shows-the-crosswire-to-be-exactly-tangent-to-the-sum-mit-of-the-cornea-the-metal-indicatorwill-then-be-10-mm-from-the-centre-ofthe-cornea-of-the-eye-under-examina-tion-a-small-incandescent-lamp-isattached-so-that-the-adjustment-may-bemore-readily-observed-the-positionof-the-indicator-is-further-verified-bymeans-of-a-small-hole-in-the-overheadmirror-fig-155-by-an-image376020416.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Appearsbefore orshortlyafterbirth.. Joins body about201year Lower end of feniui. Upjier end of tibia. Upper end of fibnla. Fig. 190.—Diagram to show tlie epiphyses entering into llie knee-joint. to have a tongue-like projection extending down the front of the bone to . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Appearsbefore orshortlyafterbirth.. Joins body about201year Lower end of feniui. Upjier end of tibia. Upper end of fibnla. Fig. 190.—Diagram to show tlie epiphyses entering into llie knee-joint. to have a tongue-like projection extending down the front of the bone tohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-appearsbefore-orshortlyafterbirth-joins-body-about201year-lower-end-of-feniui-upjier-end-of-tibia-upper-end-of-fibnla-fig-190diagram-to-show-tlie-epiphyses-entering-into-llie-knee-joint-to-have-a-tongue-like-projection-extending-down-the-front-of-the-bone-to-image376017090.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . use operation, or arefor other reasons not suitable for operation, radium is a useful remedy. Ininoperable cases radium may help to render the case operable, and failingthat it is undoubtedly useful as a palliative measure. When a large tumour of the inoperable type has to be treated, it isuseful to combine X-rays with radium. The former can be used to irradiaterapidly the tumour area and the lymphatics draining it, and after a time,when the tumour has subsided, radium tubes may be introduced into thesubstance of the growth and left in sit . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . use operation, or arefor other reasons not suitable for operation, radium is a useful remedy. Ininoperable cases radium may help to render the case operable, and failingthat it is undoubtedly useful as a palliative measure. When a large tumour of the inoperable type has to be treated, it isuseful to combine X-rays with radium. The former can be used to irradiaterapidly the tumour area and the lymphatics draining it, and after a time,when the tumour has subsided, radium tubes may be introduced into thesubstance of the growth and left in sithttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-use-operation-or-arefor-other-reasons-not-suitable-for-operation-radium-is-a-useful-remedy-ininoperable-cases-radium-may-help-to-render-the-case-operable-and-failingthat-it-is-undoubtedly-useful-as-a-palliative-measure-when-a-large-tumour-of-the-inoperable-type-has-to-be-treated-it-isuseful-to-combine-x-rays-with-radium-the-former-can-be-used-to-irradiaterapidly-the-tumour-area-and-the-lymphatics-draining-it-and-after-a-timewhen-the-tumour-has-subsided-radium-tubes-may-be-introduced-into-thesubstance-of-the-growth-and-left-in-sit-image375933187.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . the side of the nose will give a sharp picture. Injuries of the Cervical Vertebrae.—Two positions have already been described. The lateral is the most useful, for it shows readily very slight de-partures from the normal. Fracture dislocation of the cervical vertebra3 is a not un-common injury. Any part of the cervical region may be the seat of a dislocation. The appearances are unmistakable when wellmarked, but the doubt-ful cases give rise toconsiderable difficulty indiagnosis. Fig. 212 illus-trates a j)artial fracturedislocation of the uppercervical ver . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . the side of the nose will give a sharp picture. Injuries of the Cervical Vertebrae.—Two positions have already been described. The lateral is the most useful, for it shows readily very slight de-partures from the normal. Fracture dislocation of the cervical vertebra3 is a not un-common injury. Any part of the cervical region may be the seat of a dislocation. The appearances are unmistakable when wellmarked, but the doubt-ful cases give rise toconsiderable difficulty indiagnosis. Fig. 212 illus-trates a j)artial fracturedislocation of the uppercervical verhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-the-side-of-the-nose-will-give-a-sharp-picture-injuries-of-the-cervical-vertebraetwo-positions-have-already-been-described-the-lateral-is-the-most-useful-for-it-shows-readily-very-slight-de-partures-from-the-normal-fracture-dislocation-of-the-cervical-vertebra3-is-a-not-un-common-injury-any-part-of-the-cervical-region-may-be-the-seat-of-a-dislocation-the-appearances-are-unmistakable-when-wellmarked-but-the-doubt-ful-cases-give-rise-toconsiderable-difficulty-indiagnosis-fig-212-illus-trates-a-jartial-fracturedislocation-of-the-uppercervical-ver-image376015817.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 238.- -Chomlro-sarcoma of lowerend of tibia. Fig. 239.—Sarcoma at upper end of humerus. Thisis a form of periosteal sarcoma which rapidlyinvolved the soft parts. Kadiographically, thehumerus showed very faint in-egularity at theperiphery with thickening of the bone. structures, extending into them in some instances,show thickening, whichwill be revealed radio-graphically. Myeloid sarcoma inits least malignant formmay simulate a cyst ofthe bone. It is of slowgrowth, and occurs atthe ends of long bones.Spontaneous fracturemay occur in this asin cystic . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 238.- -Chomlro-sarcoma of lowerend of tibia. Fig. 239.—Sarcoma at upper end of humerus. Thisis a form of periosteal sarcoma which rapidlyinvolved the soft parts. Kadiographically, thehumerus showed very faint in-egularity at theperiphery with thickening of the bone. structures, extending into them in some instances,show thickening, whichwill be revealed radio-graphically. Myeloid sarcoma inits least malignant formmay simulate a cyst ofthe bone. It is of slowgrowth, and occurs atthe ends of long bones.Spontaneous fracturemay occur in this asin cystichttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-238-chomlro-sarcoma-of-lowerend-of-tibia-fig-239sarcoma-at-upper-end-of-humerus-thisis-a-form-of-periosteal-sarcoma-which-rapidlyinvolved-the-soft-parts-kadiographically-thehumerus-showed-very-faint-in-egularity-at-theperiphery-with-thickening-of-the-bone-structures-extending-into-them-in-some-instancesshow-thickening-whichwill-be-revealed-radio-graphically-myeloid-sarcoma-inits-least-malignant-formmay-simulate-a-cyst-ofthe-bone-it-is-of-slowgrowth-and-occurs-atthe-ends-of-long-bonesspontaneous-fracturemay-occur-in-this-asin-cystic-image376011588.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . be inserted between the tube and the patient.Pictures obtained in this way will be found to give much finer detail thanthose taken with a wide diaphragm. It is important to note that in radio-graphs of the skull as much detail as can be obtained is desirable. (3) The Examination of the Frontal Air Sinuses.—Two methodsmay be employed: (a) alateral view of the skull,showing the air sinuses inprofile ; (6) antero-posterior,the plate on the front of theskull and the tube behind.A direct antero - posteriorview does not show thesinuses at all well, theoverlappi . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . be inserted between the tube and the patient.Pictures obtained in this way will be found to give much finer detail thanthose taken with a wide diaphragm. It is important to note that in radio-graphs of the skull as much detail as can be obtained is desirable. (3) The Examination of the Frontal Air Sinuses.—Two methodsmay be employed: (a) alateral view of the skull,showing the air sinuses inprofile ; (6) antero-posterior,the plate on the front of theskull and the tube behind.A direct antero - posteriorview does not show thesinuses at all well, theoverlappihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-be-inserted-between-the-tube-and-the-patientpictures-obtained-in-this-way-will-be-found-to-give-much-finer-detail-thanthose-taken-with-a-wide-diaphragm-it-is-important-to-note-that-in-radio-graphs-of-the-skull-as-much-detail-as-can-be-obtained-is-desirable-3-the-examination-of-the-frontal-air-sinusestwo-methodsmay-be-employed-a-alateral-view-of-the-skullshowing-the-air-sinuses-inprofile-6-antero-posteriorthe-plate-on-the-front-of-theskull-and-the-tube-behinda-direct-antero-posteriorview-does-not-show-thesinuses-at-all-well-theoverlappi-image376018730.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . teeth, calcified cervical glands. d. Calculus in submaxillary duct, probe leads to calculus. (Radiogram by Dr. Harvey. THE CERVICAL REGION 213 Spinous processes Cervical transverse processes Dorsal transverseprocess ascertaining the condition of the bodies of the cervical vertebrae, the integrityof the spinal canal, and the presence of abnormalities of the region. Thepresence of cerical ribs canbest be shown by the antero-posterior position. The cervical region hasbeen partially shown inFig. 182, but it is necessaryto illustrate this particularregion ful . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . teeth, calcified cervical glands. d. Calculus in submaxillary duct, probe leads to calculus. (Radiogram by Dr. Harvey. THE CERVICAL REGION 213 Spinous processes Cervical transverse processes Dorsal transverseprocess ascertaining the condition of the bodies of the cervical vertebrae, the integrityof the spinal canal, and the presence of abnormalities of the region. Thepresence of cerical ribs canbest be shown by the antero-posterior position. The cervical region hasbeen partially shown inFig. 182, but it is necessaryto illustrate this particularregion fulhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-teeth-calcified-cervical-glands-d-calculus-in-submaxillary-duct-probe-leads-to-calculus-radiogram-by-dr-harvey-the-cervical-region-213-spinous-processes-cervical-transverse-processes-dorsal-transverseprocess-ascertaining-the-condition-of-the-bodies-of-the-cervical-vertebrae-the-integrityof-the-spinal-canal-and-the-presence-of-abnormalities-of-the-region-thepresence-of-cerical-ribs-canbest-be-shown-by-the-antero-posterior-position-the-cervical-region-hasbeen-partially-shown-infig-182-but-it-is-necessaryto-illustrate-this-particularregion-ful-image376017676.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . , shuwiiig switrli [-Zj. ami ^vltl■ll-tul>le vitli time v]. ( 1),for using outfit as a rotating high-tension rectifier. Cabinet (3) contains single-impulsetransformer and rectifier, connected to an X-ray tube (1). portioned that the current may be adjusted from I milliampere to about80 milliamperes. When the apparatus is used for the taking of single-impulse radiogra])hsthe rotary rectifier is no longer used, hut only the high-voltage transformerbuilt into the apparatus. For single-impulse operation the transformer isno longer excited by the alter . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . , shuwiiig switrli [-Zj. ami ^vltl■ll-tul>le vitli time v]. ( 1),for using outfit as a rotating high-tension rectifier. Cabinet (3) contains single-impulsetransformer and rectifier, connected to an X-ray tube (1). portioned that the current may be adjusted from I milliampere to about80 milliamperes. When the apparatus is used for the taking of single-impulse radiogra])hsthe rotary rectifier is no longer used, hut only the high-voltage transformerbuilt into the apparatus. For single-impulse operation the transformer isno longer excited by the alterhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-shuwiiig-switrli-zj-ami-vltlll-tulgtle-vitli-time-v-1for-using-outfit-as-a-rotating-high-tension-rectifier-cabinet-3-contains-single-impulsetransformer-and-rectifier-connected-to-an-x-ray-tube-1-portioned-that-the-current-may-be-adjusted-from-i-milliampere-to-about80-milliamperes-when-the-apparatus-is-used-for-the-taking-of-single-impulse-radiogra-hsthe-rotary-rectifier-is-no-longer-used-hut-only-the-high-voltage-transformerbuilt-into-the-apparatus-for-single-impulse-operation-the-transformer-isno-longer-excited-by-the-alter-image376025463.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375958970.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . orts for removal may be facilitated by a screenexamination, and the forceps guided to the tube. Irregularities in the Outline of the Diaphragm, to whatevercause they may be due, will often give appearances which lead to difficultiesin diagnosis ; moreover, a secondary involvement of the liver is not at alluncommon in cases where a growth in the lung exists. Tumours of the chest ivall may also have to be excluded. Hydatid cyst, though not common in this country, must not be over-looked. The appearance of such a cyst is diagnostic, and a rou . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . orts for removal may be facilitated by a screenexamination, and the forceps guided to the tube. Irregularities in the Outline of the Diaphragm, to whatevercause they may be due, will often give appearances which lead to difficultiesin diagnosis ; moreover, a secondary involvement of the liver is not at alluncommon in cases where a growth in the lung exists. Tumours of the chest ivall may also have to be excluded. Hydatid cyst, though not common in this country, must not be over-looked. The appearance of such a cyst is diagnostic, and a rouhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-orts-for-removal-may-be-facilitated-by-a-screenexamination-and-the-forceps-guided-to-the-tube-irregularities-in-the-outline-of-the-diaphragm-to-whatevercause-they-may-be-due-will-often-give-appearances-which-lead-to-difficultiesin-diagnosis-moreover-a-secondary-involvement-of-the-liver-is-not-at-alluncommon-in-cases-where-a-growth-in-the-lung-exists-tumours-of-the-chest-ivall-may-also-have-to-be-excluded-hydatid-cyst-though-not-common-in-this-country-must-not-be-over-looked-the-appearance-of-such-a-cyst-is-diagnostic-and-a-rou-image375951253.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . following procedure is followed. The T-shaped piece of the locahser (see Fig. 130) is adjusted tocorrespond to the distance between the anti-cathode of the tube and theX-ray plate ; for convenience in general work a distance of 50 centimetresis chosen and a predetermined displacement of the tube used. This isthe method adopted by Hampson and others for the rapid locahsation ofa foreign body. The cross threads are arranged on needle points and the followingmeasurements made : A corresponding point on the two shadows is selected,the needle points are placed . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . following procedure is followed. The T-shaped piece of the locahser (see Fig. 130) is adjusted tocorrespond to the distance between the anti-cathode of the tube and theX-ray plate ; for convenience in general work a distance of 50 centimetresis chosen and a predetermined displacement of the tube used. This isthe method adopted by Hampson and others for the rapid locahsation ofa foreign body. The cross threads are arranged on needle points and the followingmeasurements made : A corresponding point on the two shadows is selected,the needle points are placedhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-following-procedure-is-followed-the-t-shaped-piece-of-the-locahser-see-fig-130-is-adjusted-tocorrespond-to-the-distance-between-the-anti-cathode-of-the-tube-and-thex-ray-plate-for-convenience-in-general-work-a-distance-of-50-centimetresis-chosen-and-a-predetermined-displacement-of-the-tube-used-this-isthe-method-adopted-by-hampson-and-others-for-the-rapid-locahsation-ofa-foreign-body-the-cross-threads-are-arranged-on-needle-points-and-the-followingmeasurements-made-a-corresponding-point-on-the-two-shadows-is-selectedthe-needle-points-are-placed-image376021491.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . shownon examination. The Neck of the Femur is frequently broken when, especially in oldpeople, there may be impaction. Traumatic coxa vara is a fairly commonoccurrence. Fracture through the Great Trochanter is also common. It maybe localised to the trochanter or may extend downwards obliquely into theshaft. Fractures of the Femur Fracture through the Shaft below the lesser trochanter is an injuryoften met with. Fractures of the Lower End. — (1) Transverse supra - condyloidfracture is practically identical withthat involving the lower third . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . shownon examination. The Neck of the Femur is frequently broken when, especially in oldpeople, there may be impaction. Traumatic coxa vara is a fairly commonoccurrence. Fracture through the Great Trochanter is also common. It maybe localised to the trochanter or may extend downwards obliquely into theshaft. Fractures of the Femur Fracture through the Shaft below the lesser trochanter is an injuryoften met with. Fractures of the Lower End. — (1) Transverse supra - condyloidfracture is practically identical withthat involving the lower thirdhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-shownon-examination-the-neck-of-the-femur-is-frequently-broken-when-especially-in-oldpeople-there-may-be-impaction-traumatic-coxa-vara-is-a-fairly-commonoccurrence-fracture-through-the-great-trochanter-is-also-common-it-maybe-localised-to-the-trochanter-or-may-extend-downwards-obliquely-into-theshaft-fractures-of-the-femur-fracture-through-the-shaft-below-the-lesser-trochanter-is-an-injuryoften-met-with-fractures-of-the-lower-end-1-transverse-supra-condyloidfracture-is-practically-identical-withthat-involving-the-lower-third-image375959527.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . l auditory meatus to the other. Three platesare taken and compared. When the foreign body is sharper on one platethan on the others it indicates that it is nearer to the side on which it issharpest. The antero-posterior plate confirms this observation. The lateralpictures also serve to show the relationship of the foreign body to a well-known landmark at the base of the skull. Localisation of Foreign Bodies in Reg-ion of Hip and Shoulder.—In these regions it is impossible to get more than one position, so stereo-scopic radiographs should b . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . l auditory meatus to the other. Three platesare taken and compared. When the foreign body is sharper on one platethan on the others it indicates that it is nearer to the side on which it issharpest. The antero-posterior plate confirms this observation. The lateralpictures also serve to show the relationship of the foreign body to a well-known landmark at the base of the skull. Localisation of Foreign Bodies in Reg-ion of Hip and Shoulder.—In these regions it is impossible to get more than one position, so stereo-scopic radiographs should bhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-l-auditory-meatus-to-the-other-three-platesare-taken-and-compared-when-the-foreign-body-is-sharper-on-one-platethan-on-the-others-it-indicates-that-it-is-nearer-to-the-side-on-which-it-issharpest-the-antero-posterior-plate-confirms-this-observation-the-lateralpictures-also-serve-to-show-the-relationship-of-the-foreign-body-to-a-well-known-landmark-at-the-base-of-the-skull-localisation-of-foreign-bodies-in-reg-ion-of-hip-and-shoulderin-these-regions-it-is-impossible-to-get-more-than-one-position-so-stereo-scopic-radiographs-should-b-image375968865.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . hour. 1 hour.. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . hour. 1 hour..https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-hour-1-hour-image375998725.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . M^: Fk;. 155.—Diagram of the optical sjsteni.(Dr. A. W. Salnioud.) Y, vertical image of ball as seen byuninjured eye ; M, mirror ; X, injured eye ;Y, uninjured eye. 184 RADIOGRAPHY the tube, carrying with it the indicator and the plate, is moved a definitedistance towards the patients feet and the second exposure at once madeon the previously protected portion of the plate.. Fig. 156.—Facsimile reproduction of double radiogram of the eye, showingposition of indicator ball in relation to foreign body in two planes. It is clamied that efficient protection t . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . M^: Fk;. 155.—Diagram of the optical sjsteni.(Dr. A. W. Salnioud.) Y, vertical image of ball as seen byuninjured eye ; M, mirror ; X, injured eye ;Y, uninjured eye. 184 RADIOGRAPHY the tube, carrying with it the indicator and the plate, is moved a definitedistance towards the patients feet and the second exposure at once madeon the previously protected portion of the plate.. Fig. 156.—Facsimile reproduction of double radiogram of the eye, showingposition of indicator ball in relation to foreign body in two planes. It is clamied that efficient protection thttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-m-fk-155diagram-of-the-optical-sjstenidr-a-w-salnioud-y-vertical-image-of-ball-as-seen-byuninjured-eye-m-mirror-x-injured-eye-y-uninjured-eye-184-radiography-the-tube-carrying-with-it-the-indicator-and-the-plate-is-moved-a-definitedistance-towards-the-patients-feet-and-the-second-exposure-at-once-madeon-the-previously-protected-portion-of-the-plate-fig-156facsimile-reproduction-of-double-radiogram-of-the-eye-showingposition-of-indicator-ball-in-relation-to-foreign-body-in-two-planes-it-is-clamied-that-efficient-protection-t-image376020397.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ined of thecervical vertebrae and theupper dorsal, the apices ofthe lungs coming into thepicture, as do also thesternal ends of the clavi-cles and the manubriumsterni. The upper cer-vical vertebrae are ob-scured by the basi occiputand the lower maxilla. Should it be necessaryto obtain an impression Fig. 182.—Upper cervical region, antero-posterior view. of the first three CCrvical Taken with plate bebind and an extension tube iu front of the vertebrae other methodsopen month. must be adopted. The base ofthe occiput and the first andsecond cervical vertebr . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ined of thecervical vertebrae and theupper dorsal, the apices ofthe lungs coming into thepicture, as do also thesternal ends of the clavi-cles and the manubriumsterni. The upper cer-vical vertebrae are ob-scured by the basi occiputand the lower maxilla. Should it be necessaryto obtain an impression Fig. 182.—Upper cervical region, antero-posterior view. of the first three CCrvical Taken with plate bebind and an extension tube iu front of the vertebrae other methodsopen month. must be adopted. The base ofthe occiput and the first andsecond cervical vertebrhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ined-of-thecervical-vertebrae-and-theupper-dorsal-the-apices-ofthe-lungs-coming-into-thepicture-as-do-also-thesternal-ends-of-the-clavi-cles-and-the-manubriumsterni-the-upper-cer-vical-vertebrae-are-ob-scured-by-the-basi-occiputand-the-lower-maxilla-should-it-be-necessaryto-obtain-an-impression-fig-182upper-cervical-region-antero-posterior-view-of-the-first-three-ccrvical-taken-with-plate-bebind-and-an-extension-tube-iu-front-of-the-vertebrae-other-methodsopen-month-must-be-adopted-the-base-ofthe-occiput-and-the-first-andsecond-cervical-vertebr-image376018177.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fk;. 232.—View of tlie affected hip taken withan extension tube. This shows more detailof the bone. Fu;. 233.—The same hip taken about two monthslater. Showing slight displacement of tlieliead upwards.. PLATE XLII.—Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints. «, Tubercular disease of bones ol lianil, eharacterised by new bone formatiou aflectiug nietararpal bonesand jilialanges. h. Tubercular disease at end of radius, localised abscess. (Radiograph by Dr. R. W. A. Salmoud.) f, Tubercular dactylitis aHecting 2nd and ;Jrd metacarpal bones. d, Tubercular disease at upp . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fk;. 232.—View of tlie affected hip taken withan extension tube. This shows more detailof the bone. Fu;. 233.—The same hip taken about two monthslater. Showing slight displacement of tlieliead upwards.. PLATE XLII.—Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints. «, Tubercular disease of bones ol lianil, eharacterised by new bone formatiou aflectiug nietararpal bonesand jilialanges. h. Tubercular disease at end of radius, localised abscess. (Radiograph by Dr. R. W. A. Salmoud.) f, Tubercular dactylitis aHecting 2nd and ;Jrd metacarpal bones. d, Tubercular disease at upphttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fk-232view-of-tlie-affected-hip-taken-withan-extension-tube-this-shows-more-detailof-the-bone-fu-233the-same-hip-taken-about-two-monthslater-showing-slight-displacement-of-tlieliead-upwards-plate-xliituberculosis-of-bones-and-joints-tubercular-disease-of-bones-ol-lianil-eharacterised-by-new-bone-formatiou-aflectiug-nietararpal-bonesand-jilialanges-h-tubercular-disease-at-end-of-radius-localised-abscess-radiograph-by-dr-r-w-a-salmoud-f-tubercular-dactylitis-ahecting-2nd-and-jrd-metacarpal-bones-d-tubercular-disease-at-upp-image376012842.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375933586.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . . Radiography and radio-therapeutics .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-image375991920.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ssure of Rolando, and below the base hue with theposterior margin of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw. The perpendicular at the two-thirds distance bisects the parietal lobeof the brain. These three lines divide the head into four regions which may be calledA, B, C, D, from before backwards. Region A contains the anterior fossa of the skull with the anterior halfof the frontal lobe, the orbits and the facial bones with the exception of theascending rami of the lower jaws and the palate bones. Region B contains the body of the sphenoid and the greater . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ssure of Rolando, and below the base hue with theposterior margin of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw. The perpendicular at the two-thirds distance bisects the parietal lobeof the brain. These three lines divide the head into four regions which may be calledA, B, C, D, from before backwards. Region A contains the anterior fossa of the skull with the anterior halfof the frontal lobe, the orbits and the facial bones with the exception of theascending rami of the lower jaws and the palate bones. Region B contains the body of the sphenoid and the greaterhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ssure-of-rolando-and-below-the-base-hue-with-theposterior-margin-of-the-ascending-ramus-of-the-lower-jaw-the-perpendicular-at-the-two-thirds-distance-bisects-the-parietal-lobeof-the-brain-these-three-lines-divide-the-head-into-four-regions-which-may-be-calleda-b-c-d-from-before-backwards-region-a-contains-the-anterior-fossa-of-the-skull-with-the-anterior-halfof-the-frontal-lobe-the-orbits-and-the-facial-bones-with-the-exception-of-theascending-rami-of-the-lower-jaws-and-the-palate-bones-region-b-contains-the-body-of-the-sphenoid-and-the-greater-image376018856.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 70.—French valve. (C. Andrews.). Fig. 69.—Correct method of connectingAsta valve tube in circuit. the Fig. 71.—Oliver Lodge valve tube.(A. C. Cossor, Ltd.) Regulation of the Valve Tubes.—The regulation of valve tubes iseffected in a similar way to that of X-ray tubes, according to the type ofregulator in use. In the case of the mica or carbon patterns, the lead whichis normally attached to the anode should be attached to the ring of theregulator, and current passed until the blue appearance has been restoredto the valve tube. The lead must then be re . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 70.—French valve. (C. Andrews.). Fig. 69.—Correct method of connectingAsta valve tube in circuit. the Fig. 71.—Oliver Lodge valve tube.(A. C. Cossor, Ltd.) Regulation of the Valve Tubes.—The regulation of valve tubes iseffected in a similar way to that of X-ray tubes, according to the type ofregulator in use. In the case of the mica or carbon patterns, the lead whichis normally attached to the anode should be attached to the ring of theregulator, and current passed until the blue appearance has been restoredto the valve tube. The lead must then be rehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-70french-valve-c-andrews-fig-69correct-method-of-connectingasta-valve-tube-in-circuit-the-fig-71oliver-lodge-valve-tubea-c-cossor-ltd-regulation-of-the-valve-tubesthe-regulation-of-valve-tubes-iseffected-in-a-similar-way-to-that-of-x-ray-tubes-according-to-the-type-ofregulator-in-use-in-the-case-of-the-mica-or-carbon-patterns-the-lead-whichis-normally-attached-to-the-anode-should-be-attached-to-the-ring-of-theregulator-and-current-passed-until-the-blue-appearance-has-been-restoredto-the-valve-tube-the-lead-must-then-be-re-image376024875.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Transverse Colon. fl^plenic Flex Ascending Colo. Fig. 285. -To show the marking of the parts ; this is arranged for by having a complete set ofrubber stamps prepared. A further advantage will be found when it is desired to prepare casesfor publication. In order to illustrate further the advantages of a technique of this kind,a number of reductions from 15 by 12 plates are shown (see Plates LXIII. andLXIV.). The reduced prints are undoubtedly the more complete so far as therecord is concerned, but it is not always possible to get a uniform set of nega-tive . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Transverse Colon. fl^plenic Flex Ascending Colo. Fig. 285. -To show the marking of the parts ; this is arranged for by having a complete set ofrubber stamps prepared. A further advantage will be found when it is desired to prepare casesfor publication. In order to illustrate further the advantages of a technique of this kind,a number of reductions from 15 by 12 plates are shown (see Plates LXIII. andLXIV.). The reduced prints are undoubtedly the more complete so far as therecord is concerned, but it is not always possible to get a uniform set of nega-tivehttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-transverse-colon-flplenic-flex-ascending-colo-fig-285-to-show-the-marking-of-the-parts-this-is-arranged-for-by-having-a-complete-set-ofrubber-stamps-prepared-a-further-advantage-will-be-found-when-it-is-desired-to-prepare-casesfor-publication-in-order-to-illustrate-further-the-advantages-of-a-technique-of-this-kinda-number-of-reductions-from-15-by-12-plates-are-shown-see-plates-lxiii-andlxiv-the-reduced-prints-are-undoubtedly-the-more-complete-so-far-as-therecord-is-concerned-but-it-is-not-always-possible-to-get-a-uniform-set-of-nega-tive-image376001945.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Fig. 57.—Benoist radiometer.(Siemens.) PlG. 58.—Protected frontfor Fie. 57. A simple form of Benoist radiometer, with slots for screws, may be fixedon the fluorescent screen; the lead glass covering the latter protects theoperator. WehneWs Cryplo-Radiometer is an improvement on the foregoing radio-meters. It is provided with a wedge-shaped aluminium strip, and alongsidethis a flat silver strip, both of which can be moved by means of a ratchel oveia brass plate provided with a thin slit. The apparatus is adjusted untilboth strips show the s . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Fig. 57.—Benoist radiometer.(Siemens.) PlG. 58.—Protected frontfor Fie. 57. A simple form of Benoist radiometer, with slots for screws, may be fixedon the fluorescent screen; the lead glass covering the latter protects theoperator. WehneWs Cryplo-Radiometer is an improvement on the foregoing radio-meters. It is provided with a wedge-shaped aluminium strip, and alongsidethis a flat silver strip, both of which can be moved by means of a ratchel oveia brass plate provided with a thin slit. The apparatus is adjusted untilboth strips show the shttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-fig-57benoist-radiometersiemens-plg-58protected-frontfor-fie-57-a-simple-form-of-benoist-radiometer-with-slots-for-screws-may-be-fixedon-the-fluorescent-screen-the-lead-glass-covering-the-latter-protects-theoperator-wehnews-cryplo-radiometer-is-an-improvement-on-the-foregoing-radio-meters-it-is-provided-with-a-wedge-shaped-aluminium-strip-and-alongsidethis-a-flat-silver-strip-both-of-which-can-be-moved-by-means-of-a-ratchel-oveia-brass-plate-provided-with-a-thin-slit-the-apparatus-is-adjusted-untilboth-strips-show-the-s-image375974331.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ;. .il I.—X-ray couch to illustnite iiictlioJ ot compre.s.siou The next important point in the taking of good radiographs lies in the 24 370 KADIOGKAPHY management of the X-ray tube. Here, again, a great deal depends uponthe operator and his knowledge of the apparatus at his command. Goodpictures can be obtained with almost any ordinary apparatus. It is notnecessary to have elaborate installations in order to get good results. Manyof our radiographs have been obtained by the use of a 10-inch coil, a mercuryinterrupter, and an ordinary X-ray tube. The expo . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ;. .il I.—X-ray couch to illustnite iiictlioJ ot compre.s.siou The next important point in the taking of good radiographs lies in the 24 370 KADIOGKAPHY management of the X-ray tube. Here, again, a great deal depends uponthe operator and his knowledge of the apparatus at his command. Goodpictures can be obtained with almost any ordinary apparatus. It is notnecessary to have elaborate installations in order to get good results. Manyof our radiographs have been obtained by the use of a 10-inch coil, a mercuryinterrupter, and an ordinary X-ray tube. The expohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-il-ix-ray-couch-to-illustnite-iiictlioj-ot-compressiou-the-next-important-point-in-the-taking-of-good-radiographs-lies-in-the-24-370-kadiogkaphy-management-of-the-x-ray-tube-here-again-a-great-deal-depends-uponthe-operator-and-his-knowledge-of-the-apparatus-at-his-command-goodpictures-can-be-obtained-with-almost-any-ordinary-apparatus-it-is-notnecessary-to-have-elaborate-installations-in-order-to-get-good-results-manyof-our-radiographs-have-been-obtained-by-the-use-of-a-10-inch-coil-a-mercuryinterrupter-and-an-ordinary-x-ray-tube-the-expo-image375994162.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Joins body about201year Lower end of feniui. Upjier end of tibia. Upper end of fibnla. Fig. 190.—Diagram to show tlie epiphyses entering into llie knee-joint. to have a tongue-like projection extending down the front of the bone to. PLATE XXIV.—Showing Ei-iiHt.ses ok Hii, Knek, and Anki.e Joints. rt, Pelvis and hip-joints in a child of 5-6 years. Knee-joint in a child 10-12 years, b, Lateral view, c, Antero-posterior view. Ankle-joint in a child 10-12 years, d. Lateral aspect, e, Antero-posterior aspect. THE KNEE-JOIXT 229 the tubercle of the tibia. In so . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Joins body about201year Lower end of feniui. Upjier end of tibia. Upper end of fibnla. Fig. 190.—Diagram to show tlie epiphyses entering into llie knee-joint. to have a tongue-like projection extending down the front of the bone to. PLATE XXIV.—Showing Ei-iiHt.ses ok Hii, Knek, and Anki.e Joints. rt, Pelvis and hip-joints in a child of 5-6 years. Knee-joint in a child 10-12 years, b, Lateral view, c, Antero-posterior view. Ankle-joint in a child 10-12 years, d. Lateral aspect, e, Antero-posterior aspect. THE KNEE-JOIXT 229 the tubercle of the tibia. In sohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-joins-body-about201year-lower-end-of-feniui-upjier-end-of-tibia-upper-end-of-fibnla-fig-190diagram-to-show-tlie-epiphyses-entering-into-llie-knee-joint-to-have-a-tongue-like-projection-extending-down-the-front-of-the-bone-to-plate-xxivshowing-ei-iihtses-ok-hii-knek-and-ankie-joints-rt-pelvis-and-hip-joints-in-a-child-of-5-6-years-knee-joint-in-a-child-10-12-years-b-lateral-view-c-antero-posterior-view-ankle-joint-in-a-child-10-12-years-d-lateral-aspect-e-antero-posterior-aspect-the-knee-joixt-229-the-tubercle-of-the-tibia-in-so-image376017061.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Joins bodyabout AppearsNat 2-ayr. I Unitesabout>201-hyr.. FlG. 111.—Showing bones at ankle and foot with epiphyses, anddates at which they unite with the diaphyses. entirely composed of the lower epiphysis of the fibula. The latter epiphysisis greatly concerned in the increase in length of the fibula. Table of Development of the Tarsus The tarsal bones develop by a single centre. They appear approximately as follows :— Os calcia ..... Sixth month of foetal life. Sometimes this bone develops from two or three centres of ossification. Ast . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Joins bodyabout AppearsNat 2-ayr. I Unitesabout>201-hyr.. FlG. 111.—Showing bones at ankle and foot with epiphyses, anddates at which they unite with the diaphyses. entirely composed of the lower epiphysis of the fibula. The latter epiphysisis greatly concerned in the increase in length of the fibula. Table of Development of the Tarsus The tarsal bones develop by a single centre. They appear approximately as follows :— Os calcia ..... Sixth month of foetal life. Sometimes this bone develops from two or three centres of ossification. Asthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-joins-bodyabout-appearsnat-2-ayr-i-unitesaboutgt201-hyr-flg-111showing-bones-at-ankle-and-foot-with-epiphyses-anddates-at-which-they-unite-with-the-diaphyses-entirely-composed-of-the-lower-epiphysis-of-the-fibula-the-latter-epiphysisis-greatly-concerned-in-the-increase-in-length-of-the-fibula-table-of-development-of-the-tarsus-the-tarsal-bones-develop-by-a-single-centre-they-appear-approximately-as-follows-os-calcia-sixth-month-of-foetal-life-sometimes-this-bone-develops-from-two-or-three-centres-of-ossification-ast-image375964882.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . the citrate solution.) The solution is then made neutral to litmus by the careful addition ofa normal solution of sodium hydroxite, and made up to the required volumeof 100 c.c. with distilled water. On filtration a clear limpid solution isobtained, which, when sterilised either by boiling or steam pressure, isready for use. This solution contains approximately 15 per cent of thorium nitrate,about 9 per cent of sodium nitrate, and 21 per cent of sodium citrate, thethorium being most probably in the form of a double citrate of sodium andthorium. The thoriu . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . the citrate solution.) The solution is then made neutral to litmus by the careful addition ofa normal solution of sodium hydroxite, and made up to the required volumeof 100 c.c. with distilled water. On filtration a clear limpid solution isobtained, which, when sterilised either by boiling or steam pressure, isready for use. This solution contains approximately 15 per cent of thorium nitrate,about 9 per cent of sodium nitrate, and 21 per cent of sodium citrate, thethorium being most probably in the form of a double citrate of sodium andthorium. The thoriuhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-the-citrate-solution-the-solution-is-then-made-neutral-to-litmus-by-the-careful-addition-ofa-normal-solution-of-sodium-hydroxite-and-made-up-to-the-required-volumeof-100-cc-with-distilled-water-on-filtration-a-clear-limpid-solution-isobtained-which-when-sterilised-either-by-boiling-or-steam-pressure-isready-for-use-this-solution-contains-approximately-15-per-cent-of-thorium-nitrateabout-9-per-cent-of-sodium-nitrate-and-21-per-cent-of-sodium-citrate-thethorium-being-most-probably-in-the-form-of-a-double-citrate-of-sodium-andthorium-the-thoriu-image375991363.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ned for the reaccumulation ofsecretion. The patient should be given several doses of morphia, when itmay be possible to show the dilated bronchi filled with secretion. Diflferential Diag-nosis in Diseases of the Pleura.—Acute pleurisyis frequently characterised by an effusion of serum into the pleural cavity. Serous pleural effusion is readily recognised. It may obscure the wholeof the lung shadow, or the lung may be pushed upward and inward towardsthe middle line. Chronic Pleurisy.—When this involves the parietal and visceral layersconsiderable thickenin . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . ned for the reaccumulation ofsecretion. The patient should be given several doses of morphia, when itmay be possible to show the dilated bronchi filled with secretion. Diflferential Diag-nosis in Diseases of the Pleura.—Acute pleurisyis frequently characterised by an effusion of serum into the pleural cavity. Serous pleural effusion is readily recognised. It may obscure the wholeof the lung shadow, or the lung may be pushed upward and inward towardsthe middle line. Chronic Pleurisy.—When this involves the parietal and visceral layersconsiderable thickeninhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ned-for-the-reaccumulation-ofsecretion-the-patient-should-be-given-several-doses-of-morphia-when-itmay-be-possible-to-show-the-dilated-bronchi-filled-with-secretion-diflferential-diag-nosis-in-diseases-of-the-pleuraacute-pleurisyis-frequently-characterised-by-an-effusion-of-serum-into-the-pleural-cavity-serous-pleural-effusion-is-readily-recognised-it-may-obscure-the-wholeof-the-lung-shadow-or-the-lung-may-be-pushed-upward-and-inward-towardsthe-middle-line-chronic-pleurisywhen-this-involves-the-parietal-and-visceral-layersconsiderable-thickenin-image376008581.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . simple ulcer involving only the gastric mucosa being themost difficult to distinguish. Perforating ulcers that involve the muscularwall can be recognised in a much larger percentage of cases, while perforatingulcer of the callous type can be detected in the majority of cases. Chroniculcers with or without perforation that have produced contractions, presenta picture of hour-glass contraction, and are easily recognised. Care should be taken to watch the meal entering the stomach. Hour-glass contraction can readily be recognised, and the presence of a narro . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . simple ulcer involving only the gastric mucosa being themost difficult to distinguish. Perforating ulcers that involve the muscularwall can be recognised in a much larger percentage of cases, while perforatingulcer of the callous type can be detected in the majority of cases. Chroniculcers with or without perforation that have produced contractions, presenta picture of hour-glass contraction, and are easily recognised. Care should be taken to watch the meal entering the stomach. Hour-glass contraction can readily be recognised, and the presence of a narrohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-simple-ulcer-involving-only-the-gastric-mucosa-being-themost-difficult-to-distinguish-perforating-ulcers-that-involve-the-muscularwall-can-be-recognised-in-a-much-larger-percentage-of-cases-while-perforatingulcer-of-the-callous-type-can-be-detected-in-the-majority-of-cases-chroniculcers-with-or-without-perforation-that-have-produced-contractions-presenta-picture-of-hour-glass-contraction-and-are-easily-recognised-care-should-be-taken-to-watch-the-meal-entering-the-stomach-hour-glass-contraction-can-readily-be-recognised-and-the-presence-of-a-narro-image375999256.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 153.—Sweets improved eye localiser. (Snook Rontgen Manufacturing Co.) Patient in position, awaiting adjustment of apparatus, with the upper jointed portion turnedback. 1, Wheel controlling head clamps ; 2, wheel controlling lateral movement of platform onwhich head rests ; 3, wheel controlling vertical movement of entire optical system ; 4, wheel con-trolling longitudinal adjustment of platform on which head rests ; 6, strap maintaining chin infixed position ; G, indicating ball of lead ; H, mirror ; J, frame supporting entire optical system ;S, shut . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 153.—Sweets improved eye localiser. (Snook Rontgen Manufacturing Co.) Patient in position, awaiting adjustment of apparatus, with the upper jointed portion turnedback. 1, Wheel controlling head clamps ; 2, wheel controlling lateral movement of platform onwhich head rests ; 3, wheel controlling vertical movement of entire optical system ; 4, wheel con-trolling longitudinal adjustment of platform on which head rests ; 6, strap maintaining chin infixed position ; G, indicating ball of lead ; H, mirror ; J, frame supporting entire optical system ;S, shuthttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-153sweets-improved-eye-localiser-snook-rontgen-manufacturing-co-patient-in-position-awaiting-adjustment-of-apparatus-with-the-upper-jointed-portion-turnedback-1-wheel-controlling-head-clamps-2-wheel-controlling-lateral-movement-of-platform-onwhich-head-rests-3-wheel-controlling-vertical-movement-of-entire-optical-system-4-wheel-con-trolling-longitudinal-adjustment-of-platform-on-which-head-rests-6-strap-maintaining-chin-infixed-position-g-indicating-ball-of-lead-h-mirror-j-frame-supporting-entire-optical-system-s-shut-image376020423.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . *vi . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . *vihttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-vi-image376007977.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . O —» « Sic 5 c 2: o> 3 XI _• - X o — w 08 .— Eh .5 : 2h - _ 5 .£. sq .S J ^ o3 «*! > o S- - Eh - • CO E Z ^ 5 . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . O —» « Sic 5 c 2: o> 3 XI _• - X o — w 08 .— Eh .5 : 2h - _ 5 .£. sq .S J ^ o3 «*! > o S- - Eh - • CO E Z ^ 5https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-o-sic-5-c-2-ogt-3-xi-x-o-w-08-eh-5-2h-5-sq-s-j-o3-!-gt-o-s-eh-co-e-z-5-image375957265.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . its socket. The temporo-maxillaryarticulation of either side can be satisfactorily shown by centering the tubebehind and a little below the angle of the jaw on the more distant aspectfrom the plate. The most satisfactory method of showing injuries in theregion of the upper or lower jaw is undoubtedly the stereoscopic, the advan-tage being that by this method the parts may be viewed in the stereoscopefrom either side by changing the plates, i.e. in one position the film surfaceis outwards and in the second the glass surface of the plate is outwards. Itis p . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . its socket. The temporo-maxillaryarticulation of either side can be satisfactorily shown by centering the tubebehind and a little below the angle of the jaw on the more distant aspectfrom the plate. The most satisfactory method of showing injuries in theregion of the upper or lower jaw is undoubtedly the stereoscopic, the advan-tage being that by this method the parts may be viewed in the stereoscopefrom either side by changing the plates, i.e. in one position the film surfaceis outwards and in the second the glass surface of the plate is outwards. Itis phttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-its-socket-the-temporo-maxillaryarticulation-of-either-side-can-be-satisfactorily-shown-by-centering-the-tubebehind-and-a-little-below-the-angle-of-the-jaw-on-the-more-distant-aspectfrom-the-plate-the-most-satisfactory-method-of-showing-injuries-in-theregion-of-the-upper-or-lower-jaw-is-undoubtedly-the-stereoscopic-the-advan-tage-being-that-by-this-method-the-parts-may-be-viewed-in-the-stereoscopefrom-either-side-by-changing-the-plates-ie-in-one-position-the-film-surfaceis-outwards-and-in-the-second-the-glass-surface-of-the-plate-is-outwards-itis-p-image376018302.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . directed from aboveand behind, entering obliquely below the parietal eminence of the side mostdistant from the plate and pointing towards the mastoid of the opposite side.The axis of the compression cyHnder is tilted at an angle of 25 degrees fromthe plane of the base of the skull (Reids hue) and inclined backwards20 degrees from a plane passing vertically through both external auditory meata. Pfeiffer suggestedthat the rays may beprojected through thevertex of the skull, thepatient sitting on a stoolresting the chin on theplate ; the tube is centredon th . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . directed from aboveand behind, entering obliquely below the parietal eminence of the side mostdistant from the plate and pointing towards the mastoid of the opposite side.The axis of the compression cyHnder is tilted at an angle of 25 degrees fromthe plane of the base of the skull (Reids hue) and inclined backwards20 degrees from a plane passing vertically through both external auditory meata. Pfeiffer suggestedthat the rays may beprojected through thevertex of the skull, thepatient sitting on a stoolresting the chin on theplate ; the tube is centredon thhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-directed-from-aboveand-behind-entering-obliquely-below-the-parietal-eminence-of-the-side-mostdistant-from-the-plate-and-pointing-towards-the-mastoid-of-the-opposite-sidethe-axis-of-the-compression-cyhnder-is-tilted-at-an-angle-of-25-degrees-fromthe-plane-of-the-base-of-the-skull-reids-hue-and-inclined-backwards20-degrees-from-a-plane-passing-vertically-through-both-external-auditory-meata-pfeiffer-suggestedthat-the-rays-may-beprojected-through-thevertex-of-the-skull-thepatient-sitting-on-a-stoolresting-the-chin-on-theplate-the-tube-is-centredon-th-image376018811.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . y of the focus tube is all-important for success in X-ray work, Anticatliodc Terminal. Anticathode supporting lube. Junction ol anticathodesupport and bulb. Anode Terminal. Anode Exliaust Point.Glass Mantle.Dark Hemisphere.Anticathode.TargetRegulator Tube. Active Hemisphere Cathode Stream Cathode. Cathode stemRegulating .rm. Cathode Termiial. Fig. 39.—Diagram of an X-ray tube with parts named, showing the paths of the cathode .streamfrom the cathode impinging on the anti-cathode ; tlie active henii.sphere shows the paths ofmost of the X-rays generated. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . y of the focus tube is all-important for success in X-ray work, Anticatliodc Terminal. Anticathode supporting lube. Junction ol anticathodesupport and bulb. Anode Terminal. Anode Exliaust Point.Glass Mantle.Dark Hemisphere.Anticathode.TargetRegulator Tube. Active Hemisphere Cathode Stream Cathode. Cathode stemRegulating .rm. Cathode Termiial. Fig. 39.—Diagram of an X-ray tube with parts named, showing the paths of the cathode .streamfrom the cathode impinging on the anti-cathode ; tlie active henii.sphere shows the paths ofmost of the X-rays generated.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-y-of-the-focus-tube-is-all-important-for-success-in-x-ray-work-anticatliodc-terminal-anticathode-supporting-lube-junction-ol-anticathodesupport-and-bulb-anode-terminal-anode-exliaust-pointglass-mantledark-hemisphereanticathodetargetregulator-tube-active-hemisphere-cathode-stream-cathode-cathode-stemregulating-rm-cathode-termiial-fig-39diagram-of-an-x-ray-tube-with-parts-named-showing-the-paths-of-the-cathode-streamfrom-the-cathode-impinging-on-the-anti-cathode-tlie-active-heniisphere-shows-the-paths-ofmost-of-the-x-rays-generated-image376025433.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . w-ever, of the initial quantitydecays in both cases. An exact analogy exists in the lending of moneyat compound interest if we can imagine the capital decreased insteadof being added to in proportion to the amount at the moment. Thus,£100 lent at 10 per cent interest payable yearly, on this plan, wouldmean that at the end of the first year £10 must be deducted fromthe capital, leaving £90 to pay interest on for the next year. Atthe beginning of the third year the capital would be reduced to £81after the deduction of 10 per cent on the £90, . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . w-ever, of the initial quantitydecays in both cases. An exact analogy exists in the lending of moneyat compound interest if we can imagine the capital decreased insteadof being added to in proportion to the amount at the moment. Thus,£100 lent at 10 per cent interest payable yearly, on this plan, wouldmean that at the end of the first year £10 must be deducted fromthe capital, leaving £90 to pay interest on for the next year. Atthe beginning of the third year the capital would be reduced to £81after the deduction of 10 per cent on the £90,https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-w-ever-of-the-initial-quantitydecays-in-both-cases-an-exact-analogy-exists-in-the-lending-of-moneyat-compound-interest-if-we-can-imagine-the-capital-decreased-insteadof-being-added-to-in-proportion-to-the-amount-at-the-moment-thus100-lent-at-10-per-cent-interest-payable-yearly-on-this-plan-wouldmean-that-at-the-end-of-the-first-year-10-must-be-deducted-fromthe-capital-leaving-90-to-pay-interest-on-for-the-next-year-atthe-beginning-of-the-third-year-the-capital-would-be-reduced-to-81after-the-deduction-of-10-per-cent-on-the-90-image375935471.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . . Radiography and radio-therapeutics .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-image376015176.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . PLATE WII.—Injuries and Disease of Pelvis and Hip-joint. a, Fracture of pelvis in a child ; the injury lias occurred a1 both puhic bones, and on one sidethrough the ischium. b, Fracture of neck of femur, impaction into great trochanter. c, Displacement of ripper end of femur in a child. The acetabulum is eroded and the head of femursent. This is probably the result of tuberculosis. The appearances are similar to those of con- gi nii.ll dislocation. DISEASES OF BONE All varieties of bone disease are met with in the radiographic examinationo . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . PLATE WII.—Injuries and Disease of Pelvis and Hip-joint. a, Fracture of pelvis in a child ; the injury lias occurred a1 both puhic bones, and on one sidethrough the ischium. b, Fracture of neck of femur, impaction into great trochanter. c, Displacement of ripper end of femur in a child. The acetabulum is eroded and the head of femursent. This is probably the result of tuberculosis. The appearances are similar to those of con- gi nii.ll dislocation. DISEASES OF BONE All varieties of bone disease are met with in the radiographic examinationohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-plate-wiiinjuries-and-disease-of-pelvis-and-hip-joint-a-fracture-of-pelvis-in-a-child-the-injury-lias-occurred-a1-both-puhic-bones-and-on-one-sidethrough-the-ischium-b-fracture-of-neck-of-femur-impaction-into-great-trochanter-c-displacement-of-ripper-end-of-femur-in-a-child-the-acetabulum-is-eroded-and-the-head-of-femursent-this-is-probably-the-result-of-tuberculosis-the-appearances-are-similar-to-those-of-con-gi-niill-dislocation-diseases-of-bone-all-varieties-of-bone-disease-are-met-with-in-the-radiographic-examinationo-image375958525.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . > > Z. !D a) u S 2 -; ^ 3 s - 2-^ rt a Tf ^n r- •^ O t„ - o t-. ^ ri?/l n ^ rt u ^ o ;:: a DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TUMOURS OF BONE 277. Fic;. 2-13.—Eiichoiidromata of Ijoiies of band.The metacarpal bone of the index finger is exten.sivelyinvolved by an expanding growth which is in partsossified.* The first and second phalanges show an earlierstage of the same condition, characterised by rarefactionof the area involved, which has not yet begun to ex-jiand. The second i)hahanx on its ulnar side shows abud-like projection at the proximal end of the r . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . > > Z. !D a) u S 2 -; ^ 3 s - 2-^ rt a Tf ^n r- •^ O t„ - o t-. ^ ri?/l n ^ rt u ^ o ;:: a DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TUMOURS OF BONE 277. Fic;. 2-13.—Eiichoiidromata of Ijoiies of band.The metacarpal bone of the index finger is exten.sivelyinvolved by an expanding growth which is in partsossified.* The first and second phalanges show an earlierstage of the same condition, characterised by rarefactionof the area involved, which has not yet begun to ex-jiand. The second i)hahanx on its ulnar side shows abud-like projection at the proximal end of the rhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-gt-gt-z-!d-a-u-s-2-3-s-2-rt-a-tf-n-r-o-t-o-t-ril-n-rt-u-o-a-differential-diagnosis-of-tumours-of-bone-277-fic-2-13eiichoiidromata-of-ijoiies-of-bandthe-metacarpal-bone-of-the-index-finger-is-extensivelyinvolved-by-an-expanding-growth-which-is-in-partsossified-the-first-and-second-phalanges-show-an-earlierstage-of-the-same-condition-characterised-by-rarefactionof-the-area-involved-which-has-not-yet-begun-to-ex-jiand-the-second-ihahanx-on-its-ulnar-side-shows-abud-like-projection-at-the-proximal-end-of-the-r-image376010944.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE XLVI.—TuMoiHs of Bonk. (, Periosteal sarcoma of sliaft of humerus. Plate L. fig. a, shows recurrence iti lung two years afteramputation of arm. /), Myeloid sarcoma of shaft of humerus coutirmed by microscopic examination. Thereliave lieen several fractures at the seat of growth. r. Sarcoma of lower end of femur (alter removal), d, Sarcoma of head of tibuhi. (Radiograph by Dr. Reid.) e. Lateral view of r, from living subject. /, Antero-posterior view of c.. ILATE XLV11.--Tumours ui- Bone. a, .Secondary sarcoma affecting uiJi.cr encl of lemur, fractur . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE XLVI.—TuMoiHs of Bonk. (, Periosteal sarcoma of sliaft of humerus. Plate L. fig. a, shows recurrence iti lung two years afteramputation of arm. /), Myeloid sarcoma of shaft of humerus coutirmed by microscopic examination. Thereliave lieen several fractures at the seat of growth. r. Sarcoma of lower end of femur (alter removal), d, Sarcoma of head of tibuhi. (Radiograph by Dr. Reid.) e. Lateral view of r, from living subject. /, Antero-posterior view of c.. ILATE XLV11.--Tumours ui- Bone. a, .Secondary sarcoma affecting uiJi.cr encl of lemur, fracturhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-xlvitumoihs-of-bonk-periosteal-sarcoma-of-sliaft-of-humerus-plate-l-fig-a-shows-recurrence-iti-lung-two-years-afteramputation-of-arm-myeloid-sarcoma-of-shaft-of-humerus-coutirmed-by-microscopic-examination-thereliave-lieen-several-fractures-at-the-seat-of-growth-r-sarcoma-of-lower-end-of-femur-alter-removal-d-sarcoma-of-head-of-tibuhi-radiograph-by-dr-reid-e-lateral-view-of-r-from-living-subject-antero-posterior-view-of-c-ilate-xlv11-tumours-ui-bone-a-secondary-sarcoma-affecting-uijicr-encl-of-lemur-fractur-image376012270.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Lines offracture Fig. 116.—Antero-posterior view of knee-joint showingepiphyses. Plate on posterior aspect of joint. PlG. 117.—Fracture of tibia andfibula. Practically no displace-ment. The appearances of theepiphyses at both ends of the]bones indicate the age of thepatient to be about 3 years.The fibula has a convexity to-wards the tibia. horizontal. The epiphysis of the upper end of the tibia is seen to have atongue - like projec-tion extending downthe front of the boneto the tubercle ofthe tibia. In someinstances this projec-tion does n . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Lines offracture Fig. 116.—Antero-posterior view of knee-joint showingepiphyses. Plate on posterior aspect of joint. PlG. 117.—Fracture of tibia andfibula. Practically no displace-ment. The appearances of theepiphyses at both ends of the]bones indicate the age of thepatient to be about 3 years.The fibula has a convexity to-wards the tibia. horizontal. The epiphysis of the upper end of the tibia is seen to have atongue - like projec-tion extending downthe front of the boneto the tubercle ofthe tibia. In someinstances this projec-tion does nhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-lines-offracture-fig-116antero-posterior-view-of-knee-joint-showingepiphyses-plate-on-posterior-aspect-of-joint-plg-117fracture-of-tibia-andfibula-practically-no-displace-ment-the-appearances-of-theepiphyses-at-both-ends-of-the-bones-indicate-the-age-of-thepatient-to-be-about-3-yearsthe-fibula-has-a-convexity-to-wards-the-tibia-horizontal-the-epiphysis-of-the-upper-end-of-the-tibia-is-seen-to-have-atongue-like-projec-tion-extending-downthe-front-of-the-boneto-the-tubercle-ofthe-tibia-in-someinstances-this-projec-tion-does-n-image375963382.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . the joint shows marked disintegration, with a synovial cavity filledwith caseous material, this showing in the radiograph as faintly markedirregular shading within a greatly swollen joint. The surrounding bones, especially those below the joint, show atrophicchanges. All the bones entering into the joint become affected. All stages inthe history of tuberculous disease of joints may be demonstrated by radio-graphy. The very early stages are, however, the most difficult on which togive an opinion, and clinical evidence should always be taken . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . the joint shows marked disintegration, with a synovial cavity filledwith caseous material, this showing in the radiograph as faintly markedirregular shading within a greatly swollen joint. The surrounding bones, especially those below the joint, show atrophicchanges. All the bones entering into the joint become affected. All stages inthe history of tuberculous disease of joints may be demonstrated by radio-graphy. The very early stages are, however, the most difficult on which togive an opinion, and clinical evidence should always be takenhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-the-joint-shows-marked-disintegration-with-a-synovial-cavity-filledwith-caseous-material-this-showing-in-the-radiograph-as-faintly-markedirregular-shading-within-a-greatly-swollen-joint-the-surrounding-bones-especially-those-below-the-joint-show-atrophicchanges-all-the-bones-entering-into-the-joint-become-affected-all-stages-inthe-history-of-tuberculous-disease-of-joints-may-be-demonstrated-by-radio-graphy-the-very-early-stages-are-however-the-most-difficult-on-which-togive-an-opinion-and-clinical-evidence-should-always-be-taken-image375956295.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375938186.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Fig. 100.—Fracture of tibia,portions of shell in limb. Fig. 101.—Fragments of bullet in limb ; arrows indicateposition of wounds. Graduated scale over bone. Hori-zontal line indicates distance from edge of bone, obliqueline distance from upper arrow. in relation to a bony landmark, but for exact localisation it is necessary to use the cross thread method. It has been suggested that X-ray localisation in several cases has complicated the removal rather than been helpful. In order to obviate such complications the following method might be a . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Fig. 100.—Fracture of tibia,portions of shell in limb. Fig. 101.—Fragments of bullet in limb ; arrows indicateposition of wounds. Graduated scale over bone. Hori-zontal line indicates distance from edge of bone, obliqueline distance from upper arrow. in relation to a bony landmark, but for exact localisation it is necessary to use the cross thread method. It has been suggested that X-ray localisation in several cases has complicated the removal rather than been helpful. In order to obviate such complications the following method might be ahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-fig-100fracture-of-tibiaportions-of-shell-in-limb-fig-101fragments-of-bullet-in-limb-arrows-indicateposition-of-wounds-graduated-scale-over-bone-hori-zontal-line-indicates-distance-from-edge-of-bone-obliqueline-distance-from-upper-arrow-in-relation-to-a-bony-landmark-but-for-exact-localisation-it-is-necessary-to-use-the-cross-thread-method-it-has-been-suggested-that-x-ray-localisation-in-several-cases-has-complicated-the-removal-rather-than-been-helpful-in-order-to-obviate-such-complications-the-following-method-might-be-a-image375968392.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE LIX.—ItADiOGRAMs SHOWING ChaN(;ks in Position of Diaphragm and CALCARF.ors Glands. a, The aruh of the diaphraaiu on tlie left side is high, the clear area is caused by gas in a distendedstomach. Note fluid level at the lower limit of the clear area. /;, Extensive distribution of calcareous glands in thorax, axillw, and cervical regions. Healed tubercu-losis ol many years standing. c. Calcified glands at roots of both lungs. Healed tuberculosis.. ILATK LX.—Chests showing Aneurism and New Urowth. a. Aneurism of descending aorta, lateral. h. Same case, . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE LIX.—ItADiOGRAMs SHOWING ChaN(;ks in Position of Diaphragm and CALCARF.ors Glands. a, The aruh of the diaphraaiu on tlie left side is high, the clear area is caused by gas in a distendedstomach. Note fluid level at the lower limit of the clear area. /;, Extensive distribution of calcareous glands in thorax, axillw, and cervical regions. Healed tubercu-losis ol many years standing. c. Calcified glands at roots of both lungs. Healed tuberculosis.. ILATK LX.—Chests showing Aneurism and New Urowth. a. Aneurism of descending aorta, lateral. h. Same case,https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-lixitadiograms-showing-chanks-in-position-of-diaphragm-and-calcarfors-glands-a-the-aruh-of-the-diaphraaiu-on-tlie-left-side-is-high-the-clear-area-is-caused-by-gas-in-a-distendedstomach-note-fluid-level-at-the-lower-limit-of-the-clear-area-extensive-distribution-of-calcareous-glands-in-thorax-axillw-and-cervical-regions-healed-tubercu-losis-ol-many-years-standing-c-calcified-glands-at-roots-of-both-lungs-healed-tuberculosis-ilatk-lxchests-showing-aneurism-and-new-urowth-a-aneurism-of-descending-aorta-lateral-h-same-case-image376007342.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ,and the tube thenpassed over to theother side. Differ-ences between thetwo apices should be f carefully noted. The current pass-ing through thetube should be regu-lated by the operator,and this is best doneby an adjustablerheostat close to hishand. With a softtube and a smallprimary current, verytine detail in the lungsubstance can bemade out. This ismost important, forit is often by theexamination of this detail that a diagnosis of early tubercular disease mayhave to be determined. Diagrams may be made on the lead glass in front of the f . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . ,and the tube thenpassed over to theother side. Differ-ences between thetwo apices should be f carefully noted. The current pass-ing through thetube should be regu-lated by the operator,and this is best doneby an adjustablerheostat close to hishand. With a softtube and a smallprimary current, verytine detail in the lungsubstance can bemade out. This ismost important, forit is often by theexamination of this detail that a diagnosis of early tubercular disease mayhave to be determined. Diagrams may be made on the lead glass in front of the fhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-and-the-tube-thenpassed-over-to-theother-side-differ-ences-between-thetwo-apices-should-be-f-carefully-noted-the-current-pass-ing-through-thetube-should-be-regu-lated-by-the-operatorand-this-is-best-doneby-an-adjustablerheostat-close-to-hishand-with-a-softtube-and-a-smallprimary-current-verytine-detail-in-the-lungsubstance-can-bemade-out-this-ismost-important-forit-is-often-by-theexamination-of-this-detail-that-a-diagnosis-of-early-tubercular-disease-mayhave-to-be-determined-diagrams-may-be-made-on-the-lead-glass-in-front-of-the-f-image375952401.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . accompanying degree of rarefaction of the bones entering into the jointresults from the restriction of movement, and need not necessarily be takenas an indication of the extent of the disease. Ankylosis of the joint mayfollow the healing of the inflammatory process. Displacements of the bonesmay result from destruction of the ends, in the hip-joint this being fre-quently shown as a dislocation upwards. Figures 231 to 234, from a case of infective osteitis of the neck of thefemur, is an instance of non-tuberculous condition of joint involvementwhich clinic . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . accompanying degree of rarefaction of the bones entering into the jointresults from the restriction of movement, and need not necessarily be takenas an indication of the extent of the disease. Ankylosis of the joint mayfollow the healing of the inflammatory process. Displacements of the bonesmay result from destruction of the ends, in the hip-joint this being fre-quently shown as a dislocation upwards. Figures 231 to 234, from a case of infective osteitis of the neck of thefemur, is an instance of non-tuberculous condition of joint involvementwhich clinichttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-accompanying-degree-of-rarefaction-of-the-bones-entering-into-the-jointresults-from-the-restriction-of-movement-and-need-not-necessarily-be-takenas-an-indication-of-the-extent-of-the-disease-ankylosis-of-the-joint-mayfollow-the-healing-of-the-inflammatory-process-displacements-of-the-bonesmay-result-from-destruction-of-the-ends-in-the-hip-joint-this-being-fre-quently-shown-as-a-dislocation-upwards-figures-231-to-234-from-a-case-of-infective-osteitis-of-the-neck-of-thefemur-is-an-instance-of-non-tuberculous-condition-of-joint-involvementwhich-clinic-image376013426.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . AlIKAKANC KS OK X-R.V TlBE IN AcTlON. Reprodiuod from roloiirt-d dr.iwinyfs kindly lent by Mr. C. Andrews. 1. H.^Kl) (ONI)ITION. .cnrc of blue (las in reirion of aiioclf. aUoliari>ly-c(it iipppr limit of (trocn lifmisv)heri. Tin-i-onilitiiiii iiiiliiatcs absciu-f of rcvt-rse current. 2. l0R.M.L CONDITIO.N. .Note faint blue cloud in retfion of anode. Iecurrent is iiractically absent. .{. Soft ( oMurroN. I.iint blue cl,)iid has increased and is now verynoticeable. Ilie (rreen hemisphere is still shirplymt. but a distinct cathode stream appears b:-t . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . AlIKAKANC KS OK X-R.V TlBE IN AcTlON. Reprodiuod from roloiirt-d dr.iwinyfs kindly lent by Mr. C. Andrews. 1. H.^Kl) (ONI)ITION. .cnrc of blue (las in reirion of aiioclf. aUoliari>ly-c(it iipppr limit of (trocn lifmisv)heri. Tin-i-onilitiiiii iiiiliiatcs absciu-f of rcvt-rse current. 2. l0R.M.L CONDITIO.N. .Note faint blue cloud in retfion of anode. Iecurrent is iiractically absent. .{. Soft ( oMurroN. I.iint blue cl,)iid has increased and is now verynoticeable. Ilie (rreen hemisphere is still shirplymt. but a distinct cathode stream appears b:-thttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-alikakanc-ks-ok-x-rv-tlbe-in-actlon-reprodiuod-from-roloiirt-d-driwinyfs-kindly-lent-by-mr-c-andrews-1-hkl-oniition-cnrc-of-blue-las-in-reirion-of-aiioclf-auoliarigtly-cit-iipppr-limit-of-trocn-lifmisvheri-tin-i-onilitiiiii-iiiiliiatcs-absciu-f-of-rcvt-rse-current-2-l0rml-condition-note-faint-blue-cloud-in-retfion-of-anode-iecurrent-is-iiractically-absent-soft-omurron-iiint-blue-cliid-has-increased-and-is-now-verynoticeable-ilie-rreen-hemisphere-is-still-shirplymt-but-a-distinct-cathode-stream-appears-b-t-image376025058.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . on. When in proper posi-tion the tube is centredover the base line of oneside, and the two lineswill be found to coincide exactly ; or if the tube Fig. 171.—Figure to illustnite tlie radiogiaphic l.ase lint- andis ppnfrpd nvpr thp npr- ^^ divisions in relation to the skull and brain. (After IS Centiea over tne pei- Cuumngham.) ¥vom Archives of liadiolog,,. pendicular drawn at the one-half distance, then both perpendiculars at that point on the two sides of the head will be found to coincide. In the localisation of bullets or shrapnel in the brain this sys . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . on. When in proper posi-tion the tube is centredover the base line of oneside, and the two lineswill be found to coincide exactly ; or if the tube Fig. 171.—Figure to illustnite tlie radiogiaphic l.ase lint- andis ppnfrpd nvpr thp npr- ^^ divisions in relation to the skull and brain. (After IS Centiea over tne pei- Cuumngham.) ¥vom Archives of liadiolog,,. pendicular drawn at the one-half distance, then both perpendiculars at that point on the two sides of the head will be found to coincide. In the localisation of bullets or shrapnel in the brain this syshttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-on-when-in-proper-posi-tion-the-tube-is-centredover-the-base-line-of-oneside-and-the-two-lineswill-be-found-to-coincide-exactly-or-if-the-tube-fig-171figure-to-illustnite-tlie-radiogiaphic-lase-lint-andis-ppnfrpd-nvpr-thp-npr-divisions-in-relation-to-the-skull-and-brain-after-is-centiea-over-tne-pei-cuumngham-vom-archives-of-liadiolog-pendicular-drawn-at-the-one-half-distance-then-both-perpendiculars-at-that-point-on-the-two-sides-of-the-head-will-be-found-to-coincide-in-the-localisation-of-bullets-or-shrapnel-in-the-brain-this-sys-image376018815.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . . Radiography and radio-therapeutics .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-image376000395.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE XXIX.—Fractures at Wrist-juint. Fracture of lower end of radius. «, Lateral view showing displacenieut. h, Antero-posterior viewshowing nature of fracture. c, Autero-posterior view of separated epiphjsis of lower end of radius, d, Lateral view to showdisplacement. e, Fracture through lower end of radius. /, Colless fracture, antero-i)Osterior view.. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE XXIX.—Fractures at Wrist-juint. Fracture of lower end of radius. «, Lateral view showing displacenieut. h, Antero-posterior viewshowing nature of fracture. c, Autero-posterior view of separated epiphjsis of lower end of radius, d, Lateral view to showdisplacement. e, Fracture through lower end of radius. /, Colless fracture, antero-i)Osterior view..https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-xxixfractures-at-wrist-juint-fracture-of-lower-end-of-radius-lateral-view-showing-displacenieut-h-antero-posterior-viewshowing-nature-of-fracture-c-autero-posterior-view-of-separated-epiphjsis-of-lower-end-of-radius-d-lateral-view-to-showdisplacement-e-fracture-through-lower-end-of-radius-colless-fracture-antero-iosterior-view-image376015276.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 218.—Fracture of shaft of humerus ; rotation oflower fragment and elbow-joint. Fig. 217.—Fracture of lower end ofhumerus, with backward displacementof the lower frasTment. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 218.—Fracture of shaft of humerus ; rotation oflower fragment and elbow-joint. Fig. 217.—Fracture of lower end ofhumerus, with backward displacementof the lower frasTment.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-218fracture-of-shaft-of-humerus-rotation-oflower-fragment-and-elbow-joint-fig-217fracture-of-lower-end-ofhumerus-with-backward-displacementof-the-lower-frastment-image376015777.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . o possible to economise instaff, for two competent men attached to the unit should be able to do allthe work at the smaller hospitals,—where without such an outfit possiblysix or more men would be employed. The following description is given of a mobile unit of sufficient powerto do high-class work. This is provided with a tent, but, as is explained inthe description, the latter is not the most satisfactory arrangement. An outfit similar to that described would be very useful also in largetowns where there are a number of private hospitals which have no X . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . o possible to economise instaff, for two competent men attached to the unit should be able to do allthe work at the smaller hospitals,—where without such an outfit possiblysix or more men would be employed. The following description is given of a mobile unit of sufficient powerto do high-class work. This is provided with a tent, but, as is explained inthe description, the latter is not the most satisfactory arrangement. An outfit similar to that described would be very useful also in largetowns where there are a number of private hospitals which have no Xhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-o-possible-to-economise-instaff-for-two-competent-men-attached-to-the-unit-should-be-able-to-do-allthe-work-at-the-smaller-hospitalswhere-without-such-an-outfit-possiblysix-or-more-men-would-be-employed-the-following-description-is-given-of-a-mobile-unit-of-sufficient-powerto-do-high-class-work-this-is-provided-with-a-tent-but-as-is-explained-inthe-description-the-latter-is-not-the-most-satisfactory-arrangement-an-outfit-similar-to-that-described-would-be-very-useful-also-in-largetowns-where-there-are-a-number-of-private-hospitals-which-have-no-x-image376022694.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . PLATK XVI. Normal Eip, Dislocation, and Fracture at Eip-joint. a, Normal hip-joiut, showing the head of the femur ; the acetabulum is seen surrounding pari of the head. li. Dislocation a1 hip-joint.c, Fracture through neck of femur (intracapsular).. M . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . PLATK XVI. Normal Eip, Dislocation, and Fracture at Eip-joint. a, Normal hip-joiut, showing the head of the femur ; the acetabulum is seen surrounding pari of the head. li. Dislocation a1 hip-joint.c, Fracture through neck of femur (intracapsular).. Mhttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-platk-xvi-normal-eip-dislocation-and-fracture-at-eip-joint-a-normal-hip-joiut-showing-the-head-of-the-femur-the-acetabulum-is-seen-surrounding-pari-of-the-head-li-dislocation-a1-hip-jointc-fracture-through-neck-of-femur-intracapsular-m-image375959013.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . uld beincluded. A candle will give sufficient illumination. (11) Developingdishes of sizes up to 12 inches by 14 inches, also draining racks, etc. (12) Asupply of X-ray plates and X-ray paper. The latter is useful when it is not PORTABLE FIELD OUTFIT 89 convenient to use plates. An X-ray paper for direct radiography has beenprepared. This, though not so good as the plate, is much more convenientfor transport. (13) A supply of chemicals. The tabloid developers are veryuseful, as they are readily made up in a few minutes. The installation ma . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . uld beincluded. A candle will give sufficient illumination. (11) Developingdishes of sizes up to 12 inches by 14 inches, also draining racks, etc. (12) Asupply of X-ray plates and X-ray paper. The latter is useful when it is not PORTABLE FIELD OUTFIT 89 convenient to use plates. An X-ray paper for direct radiography has beenprepared. This, though not so good as the plate, is much more convenientfor transport. (13) A supply of chemicals. The tabloid developers are veryuseful, as they are readily made up in a few minutes. The installation mahttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-uld-beincluded-a-candle-will-give-sufficient-illumination-11-developingdishes-of-sizes-up-to-12-inches-by-14-inches-also-draining-racks-etc-12-asupply-of-x-ray-plates-and-x-ray-paper-the-latter-is-useful-when-it-is-not-portable-field-outfit-89-convenient-to-use-plates-an-x-ray-paper-for-direct-radiography-has-beenprepared-this-though-not-so-good-as-the-plate-is-much-more-convenientfor-transport-13-a-supply-of-chemicals-the-tabloid-developers-are-veryuseful-as-they-are-readily-made-up-in-a-few-minutes-the-installation-ma-image375970394.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Fig 176. Opaque meal in ileum and caecum, five hoursafter ingestion. Stomach was completely emptied.Note the contracted ileum entering caecum, dilata-tion behind tin- contraction, ami stasis of food in smallintestine. Figs. 17*i ami 177 being reproduced frompositives the position of the caecum is reversed.. PLATE XLVI] -Stomaob showing. Obstruction at Pyi.outs. a, Stomach showing marked delay in emptying time, due to cicatricial < traction at pylorus. Diag-nosis, pyloric ulcer, confirmed .-it operation. //, Showing prolonged delay .-it . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . Fig 176. Opaque meal in ileum and caecum, five hoursafter ingestion. Stomach was completely emptied.Note the contracted ileum entering caecum, dilata-tion behind tin- contraction, ami stasis of food in smallintestine. Figs. 17*i ami 177 being reproduced frompositives the position of the caecum is reversed.. PLATE XLVI] -Stomaob showing. Obstruction at Pyi.outs. a, Stomach showing marked delay in emptying time, due to cicatricial < traction at pylorus. Diag-nosis, pyloric ulcer, confirmed .-it operation. //, Showing prolonged delay .-ithttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-fig-176-opaque-meal-in-ileum-and-caecum-five-hoursafter-ingestion-stomach-was-completely-emptiednote-the-contracted-ileum-entering-caecum-dilata-tion-behind-tin-contraction-ami-stasis-of-food-in-smallintestine-figs-17i-ami-177-being-reproduced-frompositives-the-position-of-the-caecum-is-reversed-plate-xlvi-stomaob-showing-obstruction-at-pyiouts-a-stomach-showing-marked-delay-in-emptying-time-due-to-cicatricial-lt-traction-at-pylorus-diag-nosis-pyloric-ulcer-confirmed-it-operation-showing-prolonged-delay-it-image375947149.html . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy . . Radiography, X-ray therapeutics and radium therapy .https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-x-ray-therapeutics-and-radium-therapy-image375959049.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE LXXIV.—UuiNARY Calculi. t(, Calculi in kidiu-y. b. Calculi in kidney. (Radiograph by C. Thurstau Holland. c, Fscal mass in kidney area simulating calculus.. ILATl*; LXX. — Uri.narv Calculi and Gallstones. rt, Small calculus in lilaiMci. Plileltolitlis on riylit ami Iclt .sides of i)elvis. b. Gallstones in gall bladdci-. Ilate on anterior aspect of abdomen. c, Two gallstones ; note position below the kidney shadow. (Radiograph by C. Thurstan Holland.) DISEASES OF THE URINARY TRACT 373 . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE LXXIV.—UuiNARY Calculi. t(, Calculi in kidiu-y. b. Calculi in kidney. (Radiograph by C. Thurstau Holland. c, Fscal mass in kidney area simulating calculus.. ILATl*; LXX. — Uri.narv Calculi and Gallstones. rt, Small calculus in lilaiMci. Plileltolitlis on riylit ami Iclt .sides of i)elvis. b. Gallstones in gall bladdci-. Ilate on anterior aspect of abdomen. c, Two gallstones ; note position below the kidney shadow. (Radiograph by C. Thurstan Holland.) DISEASES OF THE URINARY TRACT 373https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-lxxivuuinary-calculi-t-calculi-in-kidiu-y-b-calculi-in-kidney-radiograph-by-c-thurstau-holland-c-fscal-mass-in-kidney-area-simulating-calculus-ilatl-lxx-urinarv-calculi-and-gallstones-rt-small-calculus-in-lilaimci-plileltolitlis-on-riylit-ami-iclt-sides-of-ielvis-b-gallstones-in-gall-bladdci-ilate-on-anterior-aspect-of-abdomen-c-two-gallstones-note-position-below-the-kidney-shadow-radiograph-by-c-thurstan-holland-diseases-of-the-urinary-tract-373-image375993579.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 86.—Pillar htaml, protected tube-boxand accessories. (A. GaiHe.) THE TUBE-STAND 97 The latter must be so mounted that the anti-cathode is turned towards thefront of the box (with the opening for the X-rays), and occupies about the. . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . Fig. 86.—Pillar htaml, protected tube-boxand accessories. (A. GaiHe.) THE TUBE-STAND 97 The latter must be so mounted that the anti-cathode is turned towards thefront of the box (with the opening for the X-rays), and occupies about the.https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-fig-86pillar-htaml-protected-tube-boxand-accessories-a-gaihe-the-tube-stand-97-the-latter-must-be-so-mounted-that-the-anti-cathode-is-turned-towards-thefront-of-the-box-with-the-opening-for-the-x-rays-and-occupies-about-the-image376024266.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE LXXH.—Fokkkjn Body in the Alimkntahv Canal. This radiograph was taken with a single impulse exjiostire. The patient, aliont live years of age, was lyingon the couch and the exposure was niadi while the child was moving. A halfpenny in stomach. Note the detail in the alidomen, jiarticularly the outline of liver and kidneys.In the radiogram the coin was enlarged al)Out one-third, showing that it was situated at some distance fromthe plate. The coin was situated in the stomach toward the pyloric end. THE X-RAY EXAMINATION OF THE URINARY TRACT Radiograp . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE LXXH.—Fokkkjn Body in the Alimkntahv Canal. This radiograph was taken with a single impulse exjiostire. The patient, aliont live years of age, was lyingon the couch and the exposure was niadi while the child was moving. A halfpenny in stomach. Note the detail in the alidomen, jiarticularly the outline of liver and kidneys.In the radiogram the coin was enlarged al)Out one-third, showing that it was situated at some distance fromthe plate. The coin was situated in the stomach toward the pyloric end. THE X-RAY EXAMINATION OF THE URINARY TRACT Radiographttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-lxxhfokkkjn-body-in-the-alimkntahv-canal-this-radiograph-was-taken-with-a-single-impulse-exjiostire-the-patient-aliont-live-years-of-age-was-lyingon-the-couch-and-the-exposure-was-niadi-while-the-child-was-moving-a-halfpenny-in-stomach-note-the-detail-in-the-alidomen-jiarticularly-the-outline-of-liver-and-kidneysin-the-radiogram-the-coin-was-enlarged-alout-one-third-showing-that-it-was-situated-at-some-distance-fromthe-plate-the-coin-was-situated-in-the-stomach-toward-the-pyloric-end-the-x-ray-examination-of-the-urinary-tract-radiograp-image375994693.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE XXVII.—Fkactdues in Region ok Elbow-joint. a, Vertical fracture of head of radius. 6, Fracture through head of radius, displacement forwards of fragment. c. Fracture through lower end of humerus above epiphyseal line, displacement backwards. d, Fracture dislocation at elbow-joint. INJURIES IN REGION OF ELBOW-JOINT 245. Fig. 216.—Fracture of shaft of humerusand upper end of radius (shrapnel wound). . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . PLATE XXVII.—Fkactdues in Region ok Elbow-joint. a, Vertical fracture of head of radius. 6, Fracture through head of radius, displacement forwards of fragment. c. Fracture through lower end of humerus above epiphyseal line, displacement backwards. d, Fracture dislocation at elbow-joint. INJURIES IN REGION OF ELBOW-JOINT 245. Fig. 216.—Fracture of shaft of humerusand upper end of radius (shrapnel wound).https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-plate-xxviifkactdues-in-region-ok-elbow-joint-a-vertical-fracture-of-head-of-radius-6-fracture-through-head-of-radius-displacement-forwards-of-fragment-c-fracture-through-lower-end-of-humerus-above-epiphyseal-line-displacement-backwards-d-fracture-dislocation-at-elbow-joint-injuries-in-region-of-elbow-joint-245-fig-216fracture-of-shaft-of-humerusand-upper-end-of-radius-shrapnel-wound-image376015748.html . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . IJ^ATE LI 11.—KADlOCiKAM.S SHOWINi; PULMONzVRY TUBERCULOSIS. a, Post-inorteiii subject. Note fine shading in lung substance. Tuberculous bronclio-pneumonia.h, Early tuberculosis of lungs, peribronchial thickening, irregularity of diaphragmatic sliadow ou rightside, with sharpness of all detail. Exposure liTi second, intensifying screen used.c, Acute general tuberculosis of both lungs (miliary tubercle). TUMOURS OF THE THORAX 289. Fig. 248.—Post-inortem specimenmediastinal tumour. Lympho-sarcoma. Tumours of the Mediastinum.—Cancer is the most common form o . Radiography and radio-therapeutics . IJ^ATE LI 11.—KADlOCiKAM.S SHOWINi; PULMONzVRY TUBERCULOSIS. a, Post-inorteiii subject. Note fine shading in lung substance. Tuberculous bronclio-pneumonia.h, Early tuberculosis of lungs, peribronchial thickening, irregularity of diaphragmatic sliadow ou rightside, with sharpness of all detail. Exposure liTi second, intensifying screen used.c, Acute general tuberculosis of both lungs (miliary tubercle). TUMOURS OF THE THORAX 289. Fig. 248.—Post-inortem specimenmediastinal tumour. Lympho-sarcoma. Tumours of the Mediastinum.—Cancer is the most common form ohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/radiography-and-radio-therapeutics-ijate-li-11kadlocikams-showini-pulmonzvry-tuberculosis-a-post-inorteiii-subject-note-fine-shading-in-lung-substance-tuberculous-bronclio-pneumoniah-early-tuberculosis-of-lungs-peribronchial-thickening-irregularity-of-diaphragmatic-sliadow-ou-rightside-with-sharpness-of-all-detail-exposure-liti-second-intensifying-screen-usedc-acute-general-tuberculosis-of-both-lungs-miliary-tubercle-tumours-of-the-thorax-289-fig-248post-inortem-specimenmediastinal-tumour-lympho-sarcoma-tumours-of-the-mediastinumcancer-is-the-most-common-form-o-image376009875.html Next page Recent searches: Search Results for Bookauthorknoxrobert18681928 Stock Photos and Images  (720) Page 1 of 8 12345678