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RF2JMWAEE–The 1884 caption reads: 'Septimius Severus Bust in Museum in Louvre.' Lucius Septimius Severus (AD 145–211) was born in what is now Libya and became Roman emperor in AD 193 after a ruthless campaign against his rivals. He rose from relative mediocrity to start a new dynasty and his tenure as emperor was characterized by battling usurpers and brutal military campaigns in Parthia and Britain.
RF2JMWAEG–The 1884 caption reads: 'Septimius Severus Bust in Museum in Louvre.' Lucius Septimius Severus (AD 145–211) was born in what is now Libya and became Roman emperor in AD 193 after a ruthless campaign against his rivals. He rose from relative mediocrity to start a new dynasty and his tenure as emperor was characterized by battling usurpers and brutal military campaigns in Parthia and Britain.
RF2JMWAEH–This 1910 image shows refugees swimming along a river on inflated sheep skins. The time period is that of ancient Assyria around 800s BC. The relief is in the British Museum in London.
RF2JMWAHC–This 1910 image shows the plundering of a fort/castle by the Assyrians. The relief is in the British Museum in London.
RF2JMWAHD–The 1910 caption reads a prince from Musri bringing tribute to the Assyrian king. The relief is in the Mritish Museum in London.
RF2JMWAHE–The 1910 caption reads: Assyrian king, killing a lion. A relief in the royal museum in Berlin.
RF2JK1810–The 1884 caption reads: 'Commodus - marble bust found at Ostia- in Vatican.' Commodus was the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius' only surviving son and was hand-picked to succeed his father as emperor. When Commodus was 15, his father named him as co-emperor, and at 17 Commodus joined his father at the frontier encampments where Marcus Aurelius was leading Roman troops to battle. Commodus was crowned emperor at 19, when Marcus Aurelius died. Commodus ruled til he was assassinated in 192.
RF2JK1813–The 1884 caption reads: 'Emperor Pertinax - colossal marble bust found at Pozzuoli.' Publius Helvius Pertinax was the son of a humble charcoal-burner. After a successful career in the military, as a senator and then as praefect of the city of Rome, he reluctantly accepted the throne offered by the murderers of Commodus. Pertinax immediately began a campaign of reform, which made him quite unpopular. After 86 days in office, a group of mutinous Praetorians broke into the palace and murdered Pertinax in 193 AD
RF2JK181B–The 1906 caption reads: “ALEXANDER'S OATH AT THE TOMB OF FREDERICK THE GREAT.—Alexander I., who became Czar through the tragic death of Paul, joined Austria and Prussia in opposing Napoleon. With Louise and Frederick William, the sovereigns of Prussia, he went down into the tomb of Prussia's hero, Frederick the Great, and there with solemn enthusiasm the monarchs swore to stand together in resistance to French aggression.” Alexander I was Emperor of Russia from 1801 to his death in 1825.
RF2JK180W–The 1884 caption reads: 'Restoration of the Villa Quintilii on the Appian Way by Canina.' Located at the fifth mile of the Via Appia Antica, the Villa dei Quintili, the largest residential complex in the suburb of Rome, is part of the Archaeological Park of Appia Antica. Thanks to the discovery of a lead pipe bearing the name of the owners, it is certain that the complex belonged to the brothers Sesto Quintilio Condiano and Sesto Quintilio Valerio Massimo, members of a senatorial family and consuls in 151 AD. In 182-183 AD, the Quintilii were killed by Emperor Commodus for plotting a conspirac
![This 1884 image shows: 'Commodus in a hunting costume - a statue of Pentelic Marble in the Vatican Braccio Nuovo [New Wing of Vatican Museum] No 8.' Commodus was the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius' only surviving son and was hand-picked to succeed his father as emperor. When Commodus was 15, his father named him as co-emperor, and at 17 Commodus joined his father at the frontier encampments where Marcus Aurelius was leading Roman troops to battle. Commodus was crowned emperor at 19, when Marcus Aurelius died. Commodus ruled til he was assassinated in 192. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2JK180N/this-1884-image-shows-commodus-in-a-hunting-costume-a-statue-of-pentelic-marble-in-the-vatican-braccio-nuovo-new-wing-of-vatican-museum-no-8-commodus-was-the-roman-emperor-marcus-aurelius-only-surviving-son-and-was-hand-picked-to-succeed-his-father-as-emperor-when-commodus-was-15-his-father-named-him-as-co-emperor-and-at-17-commodus-joined-his-father-at-the-frontier-encampments-where-marcus-aurelius-was-leading-roman-troops-to-battle-commodus-was-crowned-emperor-at-19-when-marcus-aurelius-died-commodus-ruled-til-he-was-assassinated-in-192-2JK180N.jpg "This 1884 image shows: 'Commodus in a hunting costume - a statue of Pentelic Marble in the Vatican Braccio Nuovo [New Wing of Vatican Museum] No 8.' Commodus was the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius' only surviving son and was hand-picked to succeed his father as emperor. When Commodus was 15, his father named him as co-emperor, and at 17 Commodus joined his father at the frontier encampments where Marcus Aurelius was leading Roman troops to battle. Commodus was crowned emperor at 19, when Marcus Aurelius died. Commodus ruled til he was assassinated in 192. Stock Photo")
RF2JK180N–This 1884 image shows: 'Commodus in a hunting costume - a statue of Pentelic Marble in the Vatican Braccio Nuovo [New Wing of Vatican Museum] No 8.' Commodus was the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius' only surviving son and was hand-picked to succeed his father as emperor. When Commodus was 15, his father named him as co-emperor, and at 17 Commodus joined his father at the frontier encampments where Marcus Aurelius was leading Roman troops to battle. Commodus was crowned emperor at 19, when Marcus Aurelius died. Commodus ruled til he was assassinated in 192.
RF2JK182H–The 1906 caption reads: “MEETING OF NAPOLEON AND ALEXANDER ON THE NIEMEN.—Alexander perforce broke the oath he had sworn to Prussia. Napoleon defeated him at Austerlitz, and then at Eylau and Friedland; and Alexander, feeling his means of resistance at an end, sought peace. The two emperors had a celebrated conference on a float moored midway on the Niemen, the Russian boundary river. The armies of each were gathered on the opposite banks. Alexander seems to have fallen completely under the influence of Napoleon, and for years helped him in his plans.” Napoleon and Alexander I met on the raft
RF2JK182W–The 1906 caption reads: “FINAL ASSAULT AT SEBASTOPOL.—This brings us down to the war in the Crimea when, in 1854, England, France, and Italy united to check the Russian advance on Constantinople. Sebastopol, the chief Russian stronghold on the Black Sea, was besieged for a year before it was finally captured. We see here the English column of the besiegers swarming up the walls in the final and successful assault.” In 1854-55, thirteen Allied divisions and one Allied brigade (total strength 60,000) began the last assault on the Crimean port city of Sebastapol. The British assault on the Great
RF2JK1818–The 1884 caption reads: Septimius severus - bust of marble with alabaster chlamys, found at Rome under church of St Francis of Assisi. Capitol Hall of Emperor.' Lucius Septimius Severus (AD 145–211) was born in what is now Libya and became Roman emperor in AD 193 after a ruthless campaign against his rivals. He rose from relative mediocrity to start a new dynasty and his tenure as emperor was characterized by battling usurpers and brutal military campaigns in Parthia and Britain.
RF2JJ0NGG–The 1906 caption reads: “EUDOXIA PREPARING FOR HER WEDDING TO PETER.—Eudoxia Fedorovna was the Russian- princess whom Peter the Great married. He was at the time still under the regency of his sister Sophia, who disapproved the match. So the wedding was hurried forward with dispatch and secrecy. It was the beginning of Peter's struggle for independence.” Tsarina Eudoxia Fyodorovna Lopukhina was a Russian Tsaritsa as the first wife of Peter I of Russia, and the last ethnic Russian and non-foreign wife of a Russian monarch. She was the mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and the paternal grandm
RF2JJ0NGD–The 1906 caption reads: “DIMITRI DONSKI REFUSING THE TARTAR TRIBUTE.—Russia was for over two centuries subject to the tyranny of the Asiatic Tartars. Dimitri, Grand Duke of Moscow, was the first to rebel against them and refuse the accustomed tribute, which included doing homage to a little figure of the Tartar Khan. Dimitri trampled on the mannikin, amid the applause of his court. He defeated the Tartars in a great battle on the Don River, and so acquired his surname, Donski; but they afterward defeated him and burned his capital.” Saint Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, or Dmitry of the Don, sometim
RF2JJ0NGK–The 1906 caption reads: “IVAN III. TEARING THE LETTER OF THE TARTAR KHAN.—It was not until a century after Di Donski that the Tartars were finally driven out of Russia. Another Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan the Great tore to pieces the letter demanding tribute, subjected the ambassadors to every indignity, and freed Russia forever from the Tartar curse.” Ivan III (1440-1505), called Ivan the Great, was grand duke of Moscow from 1462 to 1505. He completed the unification of Russian lands, and his reign marks the beginning of Muscovite Russia. Though the Mongol Horde was already weakened by this ti
![The 1906 caption reads: “DEATH OF PAUL I.—Paul I., Czar of Russia in Napoleon's early days of triumph, was half insane, and so wavering in his attitude toward France that his subjects were in despair. The leading men of the empire went one night to his bedroom to persuade him to abdicate in favor of his son Alexander. Just what happened at that interview the public may never know; but Paul became violent, there was a struggle, the lights went out, and when they were relit the Czar lay upon the floor strangled to death [1801].” Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2JJ0NGN/the-1906-caption-reads-death-of-paul-ipaul-i-czar-of-russia-in-napoleons-early-days-of-triumph-was-half-insane-and-so-wavering-in-his-attitude-toward-france-that-his-subjects-were-in-despair-the-leading-men-of-the-empire-went-one-night-to-his-bedroom-to-persuade-him-to-abdicate-in-favor-of-his-son-alexander-just-what-happened-at-that-interview-the-public-may-never-know-but-paul-became-violent-there-was-a-struggle-the-lights-went-out-and-when-they-were-relit-the-czar-lay-upon-the-floor-strangled-to-death-1801-2JJ0NGN.jpg "The 1906 caption reads: “DEATH OF PAUL I.—Paul I., Czar of Russia in Napoleon's early days of triumph, was half insane, and so wavering in his attitude toward France that his subjects were in despair. The leading men of the empire went one night to his bedroom to persuade him to abdicate in favor of his son Alexander. Just what happened at that interview the public may never know; but Paul became violent, there was a struggle, the lights went out, and when they were relit the Czar lay upon the floor strangled to death [1801].” Stock Photo")
RF2JJ0NGN–The 1906 caption reads: “DEATH OF PAUL I.—Paul I., Czar of Russia in Napoleon's early days of triumph, was half insane, and so wavering in his attitude toward France that his subjects were in despair. The leading men of the empire went one night to his bedroom to persuade him to abdicate in favor of his son Alexander. Just what happened at that interview the public may never know; but Paul became violent, there was a struggle, the lights went out, and when they were relit the Czar lay upon the floor strangled to death [1801].”
RF2JJ0NGA–This 1910 image shows an Arab horseback rider. It is part of an Arabian papyrus from the 10th century. It is part f the Archduke Rainer’s collection in Vienna, Austria.
RF2JJ0NGB–This 1910 image shows the mosque of Bayezid II in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). Bayezid II (died 1512) was the elder son of the sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople in 1453. On the death of his father in 1481, his brother Cem contested the succession. Bayezid, supported by a strong faction of court officials at Constantinople, succeeded in taking the throne
RF2JH8GBC–This 1910 image shows a painted potsherd from Palestine — Tel Megiddo, the site of the ancient city of Megiddo, the remains of which form a tell, situated in northern Israel near Kibbutz Megiddo to the southeast of Haifa. Megiddo is known for its historical, geographical, and theological importance, especially under its Greek name Armageddon. The site was abandoned in 350 BC.
RF2JH8GEB–This 1910 image shows a camel herd with a caravan of camels. This Arab miniature accompanied Maqamat al-Hariri (also known as the ‘'Assemblies of Hariri'’), a collection of some 50 stories written in the Maqama style, a mix of verse and literary prose, by Al-Hariri of Basra (died 1122), an Arab poet, scholar of the Arabic language, and high government official of the Seljuks.
RF2JH8GBJ–This 1910 image shows Qusayr 'Amra (also spelled Quseir Amra and sometimes named Qasr Amra. It is the best-known of the desert castles located in present-day eastern Jordan. It was built between 723 and 743, by Walid Ibn Yazid, the future Umayyad caliph Walid II, whose dominance of the region was rising at the time. It is considered one of the most important examples of early Islamic art and architecture.
RF2JH8GD2–Muhammad, Mohammed, Muhammad siege of castle, arab miniature, royal Asiatic society, Fountain of Paradise, Islam, Ali, Hassan, Hussein, Muslim, Islamic religion, al-Hariri, Islamic
RF2JH8GWG–This 1910 image shows a drawing of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (died 479 BC) taken from a stele in the year 1734 in Pe-Lin in Shensi (also Shaanxi) province of China.
RF2JH8GBW–This 1910 image shows a view of Mecca in from the 1790 work “General chart of the Ottoman Empire, divided into two parts, one of which includes the Mohammedan legislation; the other, the history of the Ottoman Empire,” by Ignatius Mouradgea d'Ohsson, an Armenian
RF2JGC3EJ–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The cat that walked by himself. Originally all the tame animals were wild, but especially the Cat: he walked by himself and all places were alike to him. The Man was wild too until he met the Woman, who chose a Cave for them to live in, lit a fire in it and hung a horsehide over the opening. She cooked a meal of wild ingredients. While the Man slept, she took the bladebone of a shoulder of mutton and made a Singing Magic. This attracted the Dog, and on the next two nights she similarly lured the Horse and the Cow to visit the cave. They agre
![The 1906 caption reads ” PETER EMBRACING LOUIS XV. OF FRANCE.—In his travels through Europe, Peter came to the French court [this was in 1717] where the King, Louis XV., was still a child. Peter carefully maintained the dignity of superior rank toward all the French courtiers, even the Prince Regent; but toward little Louis he displayed a much admired mingling- of the superiority of age, the equality of rank, and the respect due the most powerful of European monarchs.” Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2JGAXRJ/the-1906-caption-reads-peter-embracing-louis-xv-of-francein-his-travels-through-europe-peter-came-to-the-french-court-this-was-in-1717-where-the-king-louis-xv-was-still-a-child-peter-carefully-maintained-the-dignity-of-superior-rank-toward-all-the-french-courtiers-even-the-prince-regent-but-toward-little-louis-he-displayed-a-much-admired-mingling-of-the-superiority-of-age-the-equality-of-rank-and-the-respect-due-the-most-powerful-of-european-monarchs-2JGAXRJ.jpg "The 1906 caption reads ” PETER EMBRACING LOUIS XV. OF FRANCE.—In his travels through Europe, Peter came to the French court [this was in 1717] where the King, Louis XV., was still a child. Peter carefully maintained the dignity of superior rank toward all the French courtiers, even the Prince Regent; but toward little Louis he displayed a much admired mingling- of the superiority of age, the equality of rank, and the respect due the most powerful of European monarchs.” Stock Photo"){kind=icon}
RF2JGAXRJ–The 1906 caption reads ” PETER EMBRACING LOUIS XV. OF FRANCE.—In his travels through Europe, Peter came to the French court [this was in 1717] where the King, Louis XV., was still a child. Peter carefully maintained the dignity of superior rank toward all the French courtiers, even the Prince Regent; but toward little Louis he displayed a much admired mingling- of the superiority of age, the equality of rank, and the respect due the most powerful of European monarchs.”
RF2JGAXT3–The 1906 caption reads ” SAINT ANDREW PREACHING CHRISTIANITY TO The RUSSIANS.—While historically we have no evidence that the Russians learned Christianity before the ninth century, they have a legend that Saint Andrew, one of the seventy-two apostles of Christ, visited their land in the first Christian century and was gladly welcomed by the natives. He taught them the rudiments of the faith, and although most of these were gradually forgotten, the natives always continued to use the sign of the cross and to look upon the symbol with deep reverence. Oddly enough, their ancient crucifix had, as
RF2JGB57W–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The butterfly that stamped. King Solomon was so wise he could understand what all creatures said, as well as rocks, trees, plants and people, and his Head Queen Balkis was nearly as wise as he. He wore a magic ring that gave him power to summon Djinns, Afrits, Fairies and the Archangel Gabriel. But he was not proud, and if he ever showed off he repented it. Once he tried to feed all the world’s animals in a day, but an Animal came out of the sea and gobbled up all the food, commenting that in his family that was barely a snack, a lesson that
RF2JGB57K–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The cat that walked by himself. Originally all the tame animals were wild, but especially the Cat: he walked by himself and all places were alike to him. The Man was wild too until he met the Woman, who chose a Cave for them to live in, lit a fire in it and hung a horsehide over the opening. She cooked a meal of wild ingredients. While the Man slept, she took the bladebone of a shoulder of mutton and made a Singing Magic. This attracted the Dog, and on the next two nights she similarly lured the Horse and the Cow to visit the cave. They agre
RF2JGAXWE–The 1906 caption reads “DEATH OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE.—This hideous tyrant in one of his rages slew his eldest and favorite son. Remorse for the deed weighed on him, he became subject to fainting spells, and finally expired in one of these. He had just interrupted a game of chess to berate his only surviving son, a half imbecile; and it may have been the mingled rage and despair at this incapable heir which overpowered the monarch. His son, protected able woman to whom he had been wedded, stares helplessly at his dying parent.” Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible,
RF2JGAXTB–The 1906 caption reads ” CORONATION OF MICHAEL III. FIRST OF THE ROMANOFF CZARS.—The present royalty of Russia came to the throne in 1613, when, after a time of terrible disaster and civil war, the aroused people elected a Czar of their own. They chose Michael Romanoff, son of one of their most noble and patriotic bishops.”
RF2JGAXTM–The 1906 caption reads “MAZEPPA.—The poet Byron has made this strange bit of Russian history celebrated by his poem upon it. Mazeppa, having injured a mighty lord, was seized and bound naked upon the back of a fierce horse, which he then scourged into flight. It rushed out into the wilderness and was pursued by wolves. Mazeppa, however, did not die, but lived to be a great Cossack chief.” This image is based on the c. 1823 painting Mazeppa by Theodore Gericault. Mazeppa is a narrative poem written by the English Romantic poet Lord Byron in 1819. It is based on a popular legend about the early
![The 1906 caption reads” HIGH PRIEST PHILIP REBUKING IVAN THE TERRIBLE.—Ivan IV [died 1584] was the most bloody of Russia's many tyrants. He always pretended to deep religious feeling, yet he is said to have put to death more than sixty thousand of his subjects. His high priest, or 'Metropolitan,' though knowing that the act meant death, finally felt compelled to rebuke and condemn the monster. Ivan, pretending great horror that any one should find fault with so holy a man as he, tried to compel Philip to retract his words, and, failing, had the priest cruelly executed. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2JGAXPT/the-1906-caption-reads-high-priest-philip-rebuking-ivan-the-terribleivan-iv-died-1584-was-the-most-bloody-of-russias-many-tyrants-he-always-pretended-to-deep-religious-feeling-yet-he-is-said-to-have-put-to-death-more-than-sixty-thousand-of-his-subjects-his-high-priest-or-metropolitan-though-knowing-that-the-act-meant-death-finally-felt-compelled-to-rebuke-and-condemn-the-monster-ivan-pretending-great-horror-that-any-one-should-find-fault-with-so-holy-a-man-as-he-tried-to-compel-philip-to-retract-his-words-and-failing-had-the-priest-cruelly-executed-2JGAXPT.jpg "The 1906 caption reads” HIGH PRIEST PHILIP REBUKING IVAN THE TERRIBLE.—Ivan IV [died 1584] was the most bloody of Russia's many tyrants. He always pretended to deep religious feeling, yet he is said to have put to death more than sixty thousand of his subjects. His high priest, or 'Metropolitan,' though knowing that the act meant death, finally felt compelled to rebuke and condemn the monster. Ivan, pretending great horror that any one should find fault with so holy a man as he, tried to compel Philip to retract his words, and, failing, had the priest cruelly executed. Stock Photo")
RF2JGAXPT–The 1906 caption reads” HIGH PRIEST PHILIP REBUKING IVAN THE TERRIBLE.—Ivan IV [died 1584] was the most bloody of Russia's many tyrants. He always pretended to deep religious feeling, yet he is said to have put to death more than sixty thousand of his subjects. His high priest, or 'Metropolitan,' though knowing that the act meant death, finally felt compelled to rebuke and condemn the monster. Ivan, pretending great horror that any one should find fault with so holy a man as he, tried to compel Philip to retract his words, and, failing, had the priest cruelly executed.
![The 1906 caption reads ”PETER THE GREAT [died 1725] LEARNING SHIP-BUILDING IN HOLLAND.—It was this sovereign who made Russia the vast power it is to-day. Its people were a mere tribe of barbarians until he came to the front, civilized himself, and then civilized them. He was one of the world's wonderful men. He found none of his people capable of doing anything, so he did it all himself. He went abroad for years to study the arts of more advanced lands, and brought, them home to his own kingdom. In this picture you see Peter in Holland [went there in 1697] toiling as a common workman in shipy Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2JGAXR5/the-1906-caption-reads-peter-the-great-died-1725-learning-ship-building-in-hollandit-was-this-sovereign-who-made-russia-the-vast-power-it-is-to-day-its-people-were-a-mere-tribe-of-barbarians-until-he-came-to-the-front-civilized-himself-and-then-civilized-them-he-was-one-of-the-worlds-wonderful-men-he-found-none-of-his-people-capable-of-doing-anything-so-he-did-it-all-himself-he-went-abroad-for-years-to-study-the-arts-of-more-advanced-lands-and-brought-them-home-to-his-own-kingdom-in-this-picture-you-see-peter-in-holland-went-there-in-1697-toiling-as-a-common-workman-in-shipy-2JGAXR5.jpg "The 1906 caption reads ”PETER THE GREAT [died 1725] LEARNING SHIP-BUILDING IN HOLLAND.—It was this sovereign who made Russia the vast power it is to-day. Its people were a mere tribe of barbarians until he came to the front, civilized himself, and then civilized them. He was one of the world's wonderful men. He found none of his people capable of doing anything, so he did it all himself. He went abroad for years to study the arts of more advanced lands, and brought, them home to his own kingdom. In this picture you see Peter in Holland [went there in 1697] toiling as a common workman in shipy Stock Photo")
RF2JGAXR5–The 1906 caption reads ”PETER THE GREAT [died 1725] LEARNING SHIP-BUILDING IN HOLLAND.—It was this sovereign who made Russia the vast power it is to-day. Its people were a mere tribe of barbarians until he came to the front, civilized himself, and then civilized them. He was one of the world's wonderful men. He found none of his people capable of doing anything, so he did it all himself. He went abroad for years to study the arts of more advanced lands, and brought, them home to his own kingdom. In this picture you see Peter in Holland [went there in 1697] toiling as a common workman in shipy
RF2JGB581–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How whale got its throat. Once upon a time the Whale ate fishes of all kinds and sizes. At last there was only one left in the sea, a small astute fish that hid behind the whale’s ear and advised him to eat a shipwrecked mariner, to be found at Latitude 50 North and Longitude 40 West. The Whale swallowed the mariner and the raft he was sitting on. But once inside, the mariner jumped about so much that the Whale got hiccups and asked him to come out. He answered that he would not, unless he was taken to the shore of his British home, and dan
RF2JFP463–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The crab that played with the sea. In the very beginning, the Eldest Magician made ready the Earth and the Seas. He called the animals and instructed each one to play at being itself. Then the Man came, bringing his little daughter, and while the magician was promising that all animals obey the Man, the Crab slipped away, vowing to take instructions from nobody. Only the little girl saw him go. When all the other animals had been given their orders, the Magician went round the earth to check what they were doing, and to turn the areas they h
RF2JFP42M–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The Beginning of the armadilloes. Stickly-Prickly Hedgehog and Slow-Solid Tortoise lived on the banks of the Amazon river. Painted Jaguar also lived there. He was told by his Mother how to catch hedgehogs and tortoises so that he could eat them, by dropping the Hedgehog into water and scooping the Tortoise out of his shell. He found them, and the Hedgehog curled up while the Tortoise hid in his shell. Painted Jaguar repeated his mother’s advice and asked them which of them was which. They answered by scrambling her words until the Jaguar was
RF2JFP42T–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the first letter was written. Tegumai Bopsulai, a neolithic man, lived in a cave with his wife Teshumai Tewindrow and their daughter Taffy. One day he and Taffy went to the Wagai river to catch fish. He accidentally broke his fishing-spear. He started to mend it, having left his other spear at home. A stranger came along who did not speak their language. Taffy asked him to take a message to her mother and bring Tegumai’s other spear. The stranger gave her a piece of birch bark to show his good intent. She thought he meant her to draw her
RF2JFP42Y–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the alphabet was made. Neolithic man Tegumai Bopsulai is out fishing with his daughter Taffy. They talk about the episode in “How the First Letter was written”, when Taffy’s attempt to send a message in a drawing led to complete misunderstanding. Taffy suggests a way of representing the sounds of the Tegumai language in pictograms. Together she and her father evolve a system using familiar objects and facial expressions, which when simplified become letters of the alphabet. The system was adopted and improved for thousands of years and n
RF2JFP418–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The Elephant’s Child tale: Originally the elephant had a short nose the size of a boot, flexible but useless for grasping things. One little elephant was insatiably inquisitive. He asked so many questions that all his relations spanked him. One day he asked: “What does the Crocodile have for dinner?” They all spanked him and told him to hush. Then he asked Kolokolo Bird, who told him to go the Limpopo River and find out. On the way there he met and asked the Bi-Colored-Python-Rock-Snake, who also spanked him. Then he came to the river and fo
RF2JFP41D–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s The Sing Song of Old Man Kanagroo. The Kangaroo used to have four short legs. He asked Little God Nqa to make him different from all other animals by five o’clock that afternoon and was told to go away. He asked Middle God Nquing the same, also to be “wonderfully popular,” and received the same answer. But when he asked Big God Nqong to be different, popular and “wonderfully run after” Nqong called up Yellow Dog Dingo. The Kangaroo was chased by the Dingo all across Australia till his legs ached. He came to a river and hopped across it on hi
RF2JECWBM–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the Camel Got Its Lump tale: When the animals began to work for Man, the Camel lived in a desert because he was idle and refused to help. The Dog, the Horse and the Ox all urged him to join in their work, but he only answered “Humph!” They complained to the Man, who said he was sorry, but they would just have to work longer hours themselves. Then they complained to the Djinn in charge of All Deserts. So the Djinn went to see the Camel and told him to work, but still all he would say was “Humph!” The Djinn made a magic that puffed up the
RF2JECWHE–The 1912 caption reads: How Camel got its hump by Kipling - towelly thing is magic and humph on its shoulder. The illustrarion by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the Camel Got Its Lump tale: When the animals began to work for Man, the Camel lived in a desert because he was idle and refused to help. The Dog, the Horse and the Ox all urged him to join in their work, but he only answered “Humph!” They complained to the Man, who said he was sorry, but they would just have to work longer hours themselves. Then they complained to the Djinn in charge of All Deserts. So the Djinn went to see th
RF2JECWB1–This 1908 image shows representative Asian coast people (Philistines) as prisoners of the king Ramses III. A wall relief in a temple at Medinet Habu (ancient Thebes). Medinet Habu is the mortuary temple of the Egyptian 20th Dynasty pharaoh Ramesses III (c. 1150 B.C.) on the West Bank of ancient Thebes (present-day Luxor).
RF2JECWBB–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the Camel Got Its Lump tale: When the animals began to work for Man, the Camel lived in a desert because he was idle and refused to help. The Dog, the Horse and the Ox all urged him to join in their work, but he only answered “Humph!” They complained to the Man, who said he was sorry, but they would just have to work longer hours themselves. Then they complained to the Djinn in charge of All Deserts. So the Djinn went to see the Camel and told him to work, but still all he would say was “Humph!” The Djinn made a magic that puffed up the
RF2JECWM1–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the Leopard Got Its Spots tale: The Leopard used to live on the sandy-colored High Veldt. He too was sandy-colored, and so was hard for prey animals like Giraffe and Zebra to see when he lay in wait for them. The Ethiopian lived there too and was similarly colored. He, with his bow and arrows, used to hunt with the Leopard. Then the prey animals left the High Veldt to live in a forest and grew blotches, stripes and other forms of camouflage. The Leopard and the Ethiopian were hungry and consulted Baviaan, the wise baboon, who said the pr
RF2JECWB8–This 1910 image shows a wall panel relief in the South West Palace at Nineveh at the time of the Assyrian ruler Sennacherib. It shows coracles on the river bringing materials and passing some fishermen who float on inflated skins. The full relief shows a sculpture of a human-headed winged bull for Sennacherib's palace. The bull is on a sledge, with three officers standing on the bull, one holding a trumpet. Workers bring equipment including saws, hatchets, picks and shovels. The time period of its making is 700-692 BC.
RF2JECWKW–This 1912 image by J M Gleeson illustrates Kipling’s How the Rhinoceros Got Its Skin tale: There was once a Parsee living on an uninhabited island in the Red Sea, with a shiny hat, a knife and a cooking-stove. One day he mixed a fruit cake and put it in the stove to bake. When it was done, a Rhinoceros with a smooth, tightly-fitting skin came along, upset the stove and ate the cake, while the Parsee took refuge up a tree. On a very hot day five weeks later, the Rhinoceros took off his skin, which buttoned underneath, and left it on the beach while he bathed. The Parsee filled it full of stale
RF2JDK5XR–The 1869 caption reads: 'O, royal sight it was to see them come one after another on the verge.' A man in a boat watches as another boat with two people maneuver over rapids.
RF2JDK5XC–The 1869 caption reads: I looked at John, his eyes were fastened on the rod.' The illustration shows two males fishing in the Adirondacks.
RF2JDK5XE–The 1869 caption reads: 'It is pleasant for a man, in the position that I was in, to feel that he has something under him.' The image shows a man having swamped his boat in the Adirondack area, the fish he caught escaping from the basket., oars in his hand, gun caught in mud.
RF2JDK5X2–This 1910 image shows the Stele of Vultures was written by Lagash as war propaganda, so when interpreting the Stele, it is important to note that it is one-sided and inherently biased. Scenes are carved on both sides of the stele, with inscriptions filling in the negative space. Dated to between ca. 2600 and 2350 BC, it is a key piece of evidence in the history of warfare. The Stele originates from Tello (ancient Girsu) in Iraq and dates to the Early Dynastic III period. The stele was erected to celebrate the victory of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, ruled by Eanatum, over its rival Umma.
RF2JDK5XP–The 1869 caption reads: And finally approach and stand happy in her reward—my caress.' A man with a crutch approaches and nuzzles a horse.
RF2JDK5XB–This 1910 image shows a wall panel relief in the South West Palace at Nineveh at the time of the Assyrian ruler Sennacherib. It shows coracles on the river bringing materials and passing some fishermen who float on inflated skins. The full relief shows a sculpture of a human-headed winged bull for Sennacherib's palace. The bull is on a sledge, with three officers standing on the bull, one holding a trumpet. Workers bring equipment including saws, hatchets, picks and shovels. The time period of its making is 700-692 BC.
RF2JDK5X4–This 1910 image shows an Assyrian king hunting. The stone relief is in the British Museum in London. Here, the king Ashurbanipal gallops forward, shooting at wild asses. One of the horsemen behind him has spare arrows and the other has a spare mount. Asses are shot or pulled down by dogs. Ashurbanipal ruled in 600s BC. Date of this relief uncovered at North Palace at Nineveh is 645-635 BC.
RF2JDK5XG–The 1869 caption reads: 'Martin, I shouted, Hang on, that's your deer. I quit all claim to him.' The image shows a man with a headlamp shining on a deer and another 'Martin' grabbing the deer by the tail.
RF2JDK5XD–The 1869 caption reads: 'Steady there!' The illustration shows two males in a small boat, one paddling, the other with a gun firing at some animal. The location is the Adirondacks.
RF2JDK5XF–The 1869 caption reads: ' When, high in mid air, he shook himself, the crystal drops were flung into my very face.' The scene shows two men in a boat fishing in the Adirondacks.
RF2JDAX4W–Shown here is a reconstructed view of the ziggurat at Assur (also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat), the capital of the Old Assyrian State, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The ziggurat was dedicated to the god Ashur, Assur was located on the Tigris River in Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq). It dates back some 4,000 years. The ziggurat is the most distinctive architectural invention of the Ancient Near East. Like an ancient Egyptian pyramid, an ancient Near Eastern ziggurat has four sides and rises up to the realm of the gods. Unlike Egyptian pyramids, th
RF2JDAX52–This 1910 image shows the ruins of the Hall of Columns at Karnak. The Great Hypostyle Hall Karnak is composed of 134 giant sandstone columns in the form of papyrus stalks. Twelve great columns in its central nave are 70-plus feet in height and are capped by huge open papyrus blossom capitals. The main east-west axis of the Hypostyle Hall is dominated by a double row of 12 giant columns. This image is from a photogravure in Egypt by the German archaeologists Ebers and Junghaendel.
RF2JDAX50–This 1908 image shows the relief on a bronze door at the palace of Shalamanesser III (c. 859-824 BC) at Balawat. The original is in the British Museum in London. Balawat is an archaeological site of the ancient Assyrian city of Imgur-Enlil, and modern village in Nineveh Province (Iraq). Tablets inform us that the gates at Balawat (one days march to the north-east of Nimrud) were made of fragrant cedar wood; they were hung on huge cedar-wood trunks capped with bronze and turned in stone sockets. The gates were perhaps around 12 feet high. When they were discovered in 1878 by Hormuzd Rassam, the
RF2JDAX4Y–This 1910 image shows a scene of plundering and cremation i a ancient Assyria. Assyria was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC and then as a territorial state and eventually an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC. Assyria was located in what is now northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey.
RF2JDAX63–This 1910 image shows the ruler Ashurbanipal of Assyria in his chariot. The original is in the Louvre Museum in Paris. This 1910 image shows Assurbanipal (also spelled Ashurbanipal) in his chariot. Ashurbanipal was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 669 BC to his death in 631. He is generally remembered as the last great king of Assyria. Inheriting the throne as the favored heir of his father Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal's 38-year reign was among the longest of any Assyrian king.
RF2JDAX62–This 1910 image shows a boundary stone of Marduk-apla-iddina II. Babylonian Kudurrus, also known as narûs or boundary stones, served as proof that land was given to someone by the king and described the boarders of the land. Marduk-apla-iddina II was a Chaldean leader from the Bit-Yakin tribe, originally established in the territory that once made the Sealand in southern Babylonia. He seized the Babylonian throne in 722 BC from Assyrian control and reigned from 722 BC to 710 BC, and from 703 BC to 702 BC
RF2JCJAF8–The 1895 caption reads: ' Little Trevor replied by reeling off the list of all the house-flags in sight at the moorings – from An Unqualified Pilot by Rudyard Kipling.” The “Pilot” was first published in the Windsor Magazine for February 1895, and collected in Land and Sea Tales in 1923. Jim Trevor’s father is an experienced pilot, guiding ships up and down one of the most dangerous rivers in the world, the Hugli. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (died 1936) was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. He was born in British India, which inspired much of his work. Kipling's works o
RF2JCJAEC–The 1895 caption reads: 'Mr Rusking from a plate taken by Miss Ackland at Brantwood.' The 1895 caption reads: ' John Ruskin, (1819-1900) one of the greatest figures of the Victorian age, was an English critic of art, architecture, and society. A gifted painter, he had a distinctive prose style and was an important example of the Victorian Sage, or Prophet: a writer of polemical prose who seeks to cause widespread cultural and social change. Brantwood is a historic house, estate and vibrant center for the arts on the shore of Coniston Water in England. It was once home to John Ruskin.
RF2JCJAGC–The 1895 caption reads: 'Old Barrel-Organ Grinder.' A barrel organ is a French mechanical musical instrument consisting of bellows and one or more ranks of pipes housed in a case, usually of wood, and often highly decorated.
RF2JCJAFC–The 1895 caption reads: 'A Man all eyes and stern resolve. From The Grey Lady by Henry Seton Merriman.” The Grey Lady, published in 1895, is a tale of romance, greed, blackmail, secrets, Spain and ships. Loss and intrigue too as we follow twin brothers along their life paths. Hugh Stowell Scott (died 1903) was a prominent English novelist who wrote as Henry Seton Merriman. His best-known novel, The Sowers, went through 30 UK editions. Flotsam is set in India.”
RF2JCJAFB–The 1895 caption reads: ' He half stood half crouched over the board from A Bid for Fortune by Guy Boothby.' Guy Newell Boothby (died 1905) was a prolific Australian novelist and writer, noted for sensational fiction in variety magazines around the end of the nineteenth century. He lived mainly in England. A Bid for Fortune was first published in 1895.
RF2JBE39G–The 1906 caption reads: “CHARGE OF THE IRISH BRIGADE AT RAMILLIES.—When the Catholic king, James II., was driven from England, many of his loyal Irish subjects clung to him and joined his exile in France. There, under Louis XIV, they fought gloriously against the hated English. Our illustration shows them at Ramillies, where they made a dashing charge against the English of Marlborough. Even their valor could not, however, save the incompetent French general from defeat; and they were sacrificed in vain.” The Battle of Ramillies fought on May 23, 1706 was an overwhelming victory for the Grand
RF2JBE3BM–MOZART INTRODUCED TO MADAME POMPADOUR.—In the wickedest period of the French court when Louis XV. sat upon the throne and his mistress, Madame Pompadour, reigned in his name, she was treated as a queen. The fine arts, including music, had begun to flourish in France, and little Mozart, afterward the grandest musician of the time, was introduced as an infant prodigy. Though but six years old he was already a wonderful pianist and a courtly gentleman, touring through Europe with his father. Leopold Mozart arrived in Paris on November 18, 1763, with his two child prodigies: Maria-Anna, known as N
RF2JBE39J–The 1906 caption reads: “NAPOLEON BEFORE THE MUMMY OF PHARAOH.—Many vivid and striking scenes have been furnished to French literature and art by the campaign of Napoleon in Egypt. There the greatest genius of modern energy was face to face with the most wonderful relics of ancient grandeur. 'Soldiers,' he said to his troops beneath the Pyramids, 'forty centuries look down on you.' Our picture shows him when he had the mummy of one of the old as unwrapped, and seemed to read from its withered lips a sermon on the folly of his own ambition.” Napoleon (1769-1821) was given the command of the so
RF2JBE39D–The 1906 caption reads: “CHARLES IX. DURING THE ST. BARTHOLOMEW MASSACRE.—This awful murder of the French Protestants was consented to with reluctance by the weak and sickly young king. Once it had begun, however, he is said to have been seized with a frenzy, and standing before his palace, he grasped a gun, and with an attendant helping him to reload, he fired repeatedly at the fleeing victims.” The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre happened in 1572 in Paris, France (Charles IX was king). It marked the turning point in the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) involved the assassinations of the le
RF2JBE38H–The 1906 caption reads: “COUNT HENRI RALLYING THE PEASANTS OF THE VENDEE.—During the Resolution of 1789 the peasants of La Vendee in northwestern France remained loyal to their King, and refused to join the rebels and assist in the formation of the Republic. Henri, the Count of Larochejaquelin, was the leader who first organized them, and who led them in several victorious battles against the invaders. You see him calling his men to resist a sudden attack. His short speech is famous: 'if I retreat, kill me; if I advance, follow me; if I fall, avenge me.” Henri du Vergier, comte de la Rochejaqu
RF2JBE39E–The 1906 caption reads: “PRESIDENT KRUGER'S RECEPTION AT MARSEILLES.—This picture brings us down to today and the Boers' brave struggle for freedom. France showed such sympathy for the Boers as to cause much hard feeling and some diplomatic difficulties between her and England. When the 'grand old man' of South Africa arrived, in France to beg for European aid, he was given an official reception there, and passed as you see him here along a whole avenue of French flags.” Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (or just Paul Kruger) (1825–1904) was the president of the South African Republic (sometim
RF2JAG2H5–The 1920 caption reads: “Lexington, Massachusetts—the house in which Samuel Adams and John Hancock were asleep when roused by Paul Revere.” The Hancock-Clark House in Lexington, Massachusetts, is where John Hancock and Samuel Adams were awakened by Paul Revere on April 18, 1775. The men were asleep in “the parlor” of the house built in 1737 by Thomas Hancock for his father Rev. John Hancock.
RF2JAG2EJ–The 1920 caption reads: Rebecca Nurse House 1636 – Front and Rear in Danvers, Massachusetts. The Rebecca Nurse Homestead is a historic house museum in Danvers, Massachusetts. The home once belonged to Rebecca Nurse, who was accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials, and it is the only home of a person executed during the trials that is open to the public.
RF2JAG2F0–The 1920 caption reads: “Rufus Sewall House in Edgecomb, Maine.” Rufus King Sewell (1814-1903) was a graduate of Bowdoin and the Bangor Theological Seminary. His career evolved from its beginnings as a Presbyterian pastor in Vermont and Massachusetts, and later an attorney in Maine, Massachusetts, and Florida. He was also a teacher, but a historian and travel writer by avocation. His permanent home base appears to have been Edgecomb, Maine, and later Wiscassett, Maine.
RF2JAG2HB–The 1920 caption reads: 'Ropes House 1719 Salem, Massachusetts.' The Ropes Mansion, also called Ropes Memorial, is a Georgian Colonial mansion located at 318 Essex Street, located in the McIntire Historic District in Salem, Massachusetts. It is now operated by the Peabody Essex Museum and open to the public. The house was built for Samuel Barnard, a merchant.
RF2JAG2H0–The 1920 caption reads: “Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts.” The house is a handsome Georgian clapboard built on the banks of the Concord River in 1770 for patriot minister William Emerson. The upstairs overlooks North Bridge, where the famous battle of April 19, 1775, took place. Later, some of New England’s most esteemed minds found inspiration inside its walls. In the 19th century, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne both called the Manse home for a time.
RF2JAG33X–The 1906 caption reads: “CHARLEMAGNE RECEIVING THE EMBASSY OF HAROUN-AL-RASCHID.—The fame of Charlemagne spread even into the then unknown lands of Asia, and an embassy came to him from the Sultan, Haroun-al-Raschid of 'Arabian Nights' fame. Strange beasts and ornaments and negro slaves, curiosities such as Europe had never seen before, were offered the Emperor as presents. We see the rude Franks staring at the unheard-of sights.” Charlemagne or Charles the Great, a member of the Carolingian Dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Holy Roman Emper
RF2JA61C1–This drawing of a hand is by Raphael (1483-1520). The soft cushion of the palm and the pointed finger tips seem to give a sense of delicacy rather than strength. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur
RF2JA61BM–These drawings by Raphael (1483-1520) were done in sepia with a pen. The lines of the hair and drapery are flowing and free, the dark shadows suggested by a heavier touch or cross lines. The eyes are large, carefully placed, and carefully drawn. The two upper heads probably done with brown crayon pencil. The lower right is a pen drawing full of rugged individual character. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
RF2JA61C2–This drawing, Head in Profile, by Raphael (1483-1520) is at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. The upturned face may be the head of some saint. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
RF2JA61B8–Ulysses S. Grant (1822 - 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. In 1865, as commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.
RF2JA61BC–The 1903 caption reads: 'Grand Review at Washington May 24 and 25, 1965.' On May 23 and 24, 1865, before the soldiers were mustered out of the Union Army, a Grand Review of the Armies was held in Washington, D.C., to honor the victorious troops. President Andrew Johnson also hoped to elevate the mood of a city that was devastated by the loss of President Abraham Lincoln
RF2JA61BG–This 1903 picture of the Threshing Crew has a large machine at the right that is the engine for furnishing power to run the threshing machine. The long belt transmits the power from the engine to the separator, The huge pile of material in the background is the refuse straw and chaff that has been winnowed from the wheat and discharged through the long pipe resting upon the side of the mound.
RF2JA61C4–This drawing by Raphael (1483-1520) is at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. It shows the Christ-Child, with the hand uplifted as if in blessing. Raphael is specially known for his drawing of children. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
RF2J9P42X–This 1902 illustration shows the spectre of the Brocken. A Brocken spectre, also called Brocken bow, mountain spectre, or spectre of the Brocken is the magnified shadow of an observer cast upon clouds opposite the Sun's direction. Brocken spectre, also called anticorona, glory, Brocken bow, or mountain spectre, the apparently enormously magnified shadow that an observer casts, when the Sun is low, upon the upper surfaces of clouds that are below the mountain upon which the observer stands.
RF2J9P41G–This illustration shows 'Where Sponges Grow' and dates to 1902. Sponges are found on the ocean floor or attached to substrates such as rocks, coral, shells, and marine organisms. Sponges range in habitat from shallow intertidal areas and coral reefs to the deep sea. They are found in oceans and freshwater lakes throughout the world.
RF2J9P42K–THis illustration of a comet dates to 1902. Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun. When frozen, they are the size of a small town.
RF2J9P435–This 1902 illustration shows a geyser. A geyser is a hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air.
RF2J99K34–The 1906 caption reads: “JULIAN DECLARED EMPEROR BY HIS SOLDIERS AT PARIS.—This takes us back to the time when France or Gaul was still Roman. The young general Julian had so successfully defended Gaul against the barbarian Franks, that when the jealous Roman Emperor would have degraded him, his soldiers declared him Emperor in place of his rival. He marched off to fight for his title in Italy, leaving Gaul to its ravagers.”I n 360 AD, Julian was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers at Lutetia (present-day Paris), sparking a civil war with his father, the emperor Constantius II. However, Constan
RF2J99K38–The 1906 caption reads: “MAHOMETANS OF JERUSALEM URGE SAINT LOUIS TO BECOME THEIR KING.—After his release from captivity in Egypt, Louis went to Jerusalem, pledged not to fight against the Mahometans for several years. So deeply, according to legend, did his personal grandeur impress even his enemies, that the Saracens followed him with alternate prayers and menaces, begging him to abandon Christianity and become their king.” Mohammedan is a term for a follower of Muhammad, the Islamic prophet. Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was King of France from 1226 to 1270, an
RF2J99K2B–The 1906 caption reads: “COLIGNY ON THE WATCH BEFORE ST. QUENTIN.—The defense of the town of St. Quentin is another one of those heroic resistances which have repeatedly saved France from what seemed certain destruction. Philip of Spain utterly crushed the French army, and nothing but this one little fortress stood between him and Paris. But Coligny, one of the French generals, gathered a small body of the defeated men and watching, as we see him here, for the proper moment, dashed past the Spaniards and threw his little force into St. Quentin. Though finally over-powered, he gave time for ano
