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RM2RHHWMJ–Walter Sans Avoir (?-d. 1096). One of the leaders of the 'People's Crusade', reacting to Pope Urban II's call in 1095 to the European nobility for the conquest of the Holy Land. Coloman (1070-1116), King of Hungary receiving Walter Sans Avoir, who would be allowed to pass through the kingdom of Hungary with the crusading expedition. Engraving after a miniature of 'Histoire des Empereurs', 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHHWMD–Gaugericus (ca. 550-626). Bishop of Cambrai. Solemn reception of a bishop. Arrival of Gaugericus in Cambrai (France), where he was appointed bishop by Egidius, with the consent of King Childebert II (570-595), in 586. View of the city, the ramparts and the church dedicated to St Medard (St Médard), founded by St Gaugericus. Engraving after a miniature in 'Chroniques de Hainaut', 1446-1448. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHHWN2–Paris, France. Procession de la Fête-Dieu (Procession of the Holy Host). Representation of the procession in the Place de Grève (now Place de l'Hôtel de Ville), descending the rue du Martroy and marching in front of the 'Maison aux Piliers'. Among the crowd, on the left, can be seen the French cleric Jean Juvénal des Ursins (1388-1473), kneeling in front of the reliquary, which is carried by two canons of the Sainte-Chapelle, and surrounded by the clerics of the brotherhood, crowned with rosaries of roses and holding large lighted candles. Engraving after a miniature of 'Missel de Jacques Juvé
RM2RHFDYG–Treaty of Arras. Concluded in October 1191 by the interposition of William de Champagne (Guillaume de Champagne), Archbishop of Rheims; between Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, and Matilda of Portugal (1151-1218), widow of Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders. They agreed on the inheritance of the County of Flanders. Engraving by Huyot after a miniature in 'Chroniques de Hainaut', 1446-1448. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYC–Mehmed II (1432-1481). Ottoman sultan. His soul is seized by the devil. His two sons, Bajazet and Cem, in front of the deathbed. Engraving after 'Description du siége de la ville de Rhodes', 1496. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYM–The Pedlar. The Death is depicted visiting a peddler who walks around carrying all his wares to sell. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDY7–As the clerics were not allowed to fight, Raimbaut de Moreuil defended the cause of the Abbot of Saint-Denis in single combat with Guyon de Losenne. The Abbot of Saint-Denis, kneeling before the Bishop of Paris, takes an oath reaffirming that his cause, defended by Raimbaut, is just. Engraving by Huyot after a 15th-century miniature. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDY8–Cem Sultan (1459-1495). Ottoman prince, son of Sultan Mehmed II (1432-1481). Cem imprisoned in Rhodes, where he had taken refuge in July 1482 asking for the protection of Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master of the Hospitallers, who betrayed him by making a pact with Bayezid. In March 1483 Aubusson reached an agreement with Bayezid to keep Cem in captivity in exchange for money for his upkeep. In 1489 Cem was moved to Rome and handed over to Charles VIII of France, 1495. Engraving after 'Description du siége de la ville de Rhodes', 1496. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la
RM2RHFE01–French Wars of Religion, 16th century. Violence by French Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) against Catholics. On the right: noblewoman from Montbrun (Charente, France) being tortured by soldiers whom she had generously welcomed. Left ( below): Jean Arnould, the king's prosecutor in Angoulême, is strangled after having been mutilated several times. On the left ( above): the widow of the public prosecutor of the town's criminal court is dragged by her hair through the streets. 19th century engraving after 'Theatrum Crudelitatum Nostri Temporis', 1587. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moye
RM2RHFDYR–The Miser. Depiction of a rich man who has locked himself in a room with barred windows. Coins, chests and bags of money all around him. A skeleton is trying to take coins from the table, being rebuked by the man who does not seem to be afraid of it. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYT–Robert I of Normandy (ca. 1000-1035). Duke of Normandy (1027-1035). Late in 1034 Robert I decided to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He became ill during the journey and was carried in a litter by black men. Engraving from a miniature in 'Chroniques de Normandie', 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDY9–The clergy solemnly come with the cross and holy images before a lord at the door of a church or monastery. Facsimile by Huyot and J. Petot after a 14th-century illustration. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFE00–Assassination attempt of Gaspar de Coligny (1519-1572) by means of an attack on 22 August 1572. It was the trigger for the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day in Paris during the night of 23 to 24 August 1572. A 19th-century engraving after a German original, representing one of the additional sheets in the collection engraved by Jean Tortorel and Jacques Perrissin. Below left is depicted the attack against Coligny by arquebus fire, carried out by Maurevert from a window, and his death during the slaughter. Coligny was killed in his house by Besme, one of Duke Henri de Guise's German officers. H
RM2RHFDYJ–The Triumph. Bones of all the dead. A skeleton beating two drum-like instruments, marking the rhythm to other skeletons who play other instruments similar to trumpets. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYY–France. Abbey of Saint-Riquier (Abbey of Saint-Richarius). Founded by Saint Richarius circa 625. Angilbert, abbot of Saint-Riquier from 790, rebuilt the abbey and ordered the construction of three churches, work which was completed in 799. 19th-century facsimile of an engraving in 'Dissertation de Paul Pétau', De Nithardo, 1612. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYN–Witches' Sabbath as reported in a judgment delivered by the court of Arras in 1460. Witches ride brooms and goats, dancing with fauns, holding snakes, playing music and boiling frogs and snakes in a cauldron. Engraving after a 16th-century illustration. Woodcut by Etienne Huyot and Jules Huyot. 'La Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYH–Assembly of prelates and doctors of the church held in Anagni (Italy) in 1256. Presided over by Pope Alexander IV (1199-1261). St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) defending the mendicant orders, attacked by the University of Paris, and victoriously refuting the claims of the French theologian Guillaume de Saint-Amour (1202-1272). Saint Thomas is depicted from behind, with Saint Bonaventure sitting in the foreground on his right. Engraving by Huyot after a painting by Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497). 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse Au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYP–Coronation of an emperor by the Pope. The figure of Maximilian I is depicted as the crowned emperor. 19th-century engraving from a miniature in the manuscript 'Des Sanctes Ceremonies', 16th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYA–Charles VII (1403-1461). King of France (1422-1461). Charles VII presiding over the judgment of John II of Alençon (1409-1476) at the Château de Vendome in 1458. John II was allied with the English and accused of conspiring against France during the Hundred Years' War. Chromolithography after a 15th-century miniature by Jean Fouquet. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RHFDYK–Spanish Reconquest. Granada War (1482-1492). Surrender of the town of Montefrío, near Granada, 1486. The Moors delivering the keys of the town to the Catholic Monarchs. Engraving by Huyot after the bas-reliefs of the choir stalls in Toledo Cathedral, 16th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G2T–Richard I (1157-1199). King of England. After conquering the castle of Châlus-Chabrol in the Limousin region of France, on 25 March 1199 he was hit by an arrow that wounded him in the left shoulder while he was checking the perimeter of the castle without wearing chain mail. He died of his wound on 6 April. Châlus is depicted in the centre of the Limousin plateau; the artist took the liberty of including a seaport there. Engraving from 'Chroniques de Normandie', 14th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G2H–Lady presenting the prize of the tournament. Chromolithography by Régamey after 'Tournois du roi René', ca. 1489. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G2P–Spanish Inquisition. Auto-da-fé. Procession of the captives of the Inquisition to the Auto de Fe to be sentenced. Public ceremony carrying the Inquisition emblem, the cross with the olive branch and the sword. Facsimile after an engraving from 'Historia Inquisitionis', 1692. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G2W–The Triumph of Death. The Dream of Life. Knights celebrating a hunt suddenly find three open coffins. One of the corpses is reduced to a skeleton. The other two are half-decomposed. Chromolithography after a fresco by Andrea Orcagna, 14th century, in the cloister of the Camposanto in Pisa. 'Vie Militaire et Religigieuse Au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G32–Benedict of Nursia (480-547). Italian Christian monk. Founder of the Benedictine Order. Benedict died surrounded by his disciples on 21 March 547, in the abbey of Montecasino. Funeral of Saint Benedict. Engraving by Huyot after a fresco by Spinello Aretino in the church of San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy, 1388. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G30–King Henry II of France (1519-1559) was mortally wounded during the tournament held in the Place des Vosges (Vosges Square) in Paris, on the occasion of the wedding of his daughter Elisabeth of Valois to King Philip II of Spain. Henry II fought against a Captain of the Scottish Guard, Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery, and was unintentionally wounded in the eye. Henry died a few days later, on 10 July 1599, as a result of the wound he had suffered. Engraving by J. Petot. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à L'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G33–France. Facade of the church of St Mary Magdalene in Vézelay, from which Bernard of Clairvaux preached for the Second Crusade (1147-1149) during Holy Week 1146. State of the church at the time of the preaching. Now Basilica of Vézelay or Basilica of Saint Mary Magdalene de Vézelay. Benedictine monastery. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. París, 1877.
RM2RH7G2E–Gregory IX (1170-1241). Pope of the Catholic Church (1227-1241). Gregory IX receiving the Decretals compiled by Saint Raymond of Peñafort. Engraving by Huyot after a fresco by Raphael in the Stanze of Raphael. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G31–Anne of Brittany (1477-1514). Duchess of Brittany and Queen consort of France (1491-1498, 1499-1514). Behind her, from left to right: Saint Anne (patron saint of the Queen and the Duchy of Brittany), Saint Ursula and Saint Margaret. Chromolithography after a miniature in 'Les Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne' (Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany), late 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G34–Battle of Auray (29 September 1364). War of the Breton Succession (1341-1364). Confrontation between two Breton factions. One of them was supported by France, led by Charles de Blois and Bernard du Gueslin. The other faction was supported by England, under John de Montfort and Sir John Chandos. The Anglo-Breton side won the victory. Facsimile after an illustration from the Chronicles of Brittany, 1514. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance.' Paris, 1877.
RM2RH7G2G–Anne of Brittany (1477-1514). Duchess of Brittany and Queen consort of France (1491-1498, 1499-1514). She died on 8 January 1514 at the Château de Blois. The funeral ceremony took place on 4 February 1514 in the church of Saint-Sauveur. The funerals were held over a period of forty days. In front of the coffin stood the effigy, with the sceptre and the crown. The cordeliers (Franciscan friars) and the Jacobins, kneeling. The bishop of Paris officiated the mass. Engraving after a miniature in 'Le Trespas de l'Hermine regrettée', ca. 1515. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque
RM2RH2AX5–Dispute between two knights about the Immaculate Conception, in a tournament ordered by the Emperor. Chromolithography after a miniature in 'Chants Royaux sur La Conception', 16th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l’Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AX7–The disciples of the Parisian philosopher and theologian Amalric of Bena (ca. 1150-h. 1207) were tried in 1210, condemned and burned during the reign of King Philip II of France (1165-1223). Engraving from a miniature of 'Chroniques de Saint-Denis'. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AWG–Louis IX or Saint Louis (1214-1270). King of France (1226,1270). St. Louis serving a meal to the poor. Engraving by Huyot after a miniature in 'Petites Heures d'Anne de Bretagne'' ca. 1503. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AXM–Prester John. Legendary Christian ruler of the East. Portrait. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. París, 1877.
RM2RH2AYX–The Fool. A skeleton playing the bagpipes while tugging at clothes. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AWK–Japan. Persecution of Christians. The Great Martyrdom of Nagasaki (September 10, 1622). On that date, twenty-two missionaries and Japanese Christians were burned. Thirty others, including women and children, were beheaded in the presence of a large crowd. Engraving from a Japanese watercolour of the time, preserved in the Church of the Gesù in Rome. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AYE–The Waggoner. A skeleton overturning and wrecking the wooden cart. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AXA–Count Renier bearing the body of Saint Veronica to St. Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church in Mons. Engraving by Huyot after a miniature in 'Chroniques de Hainaut', 1446-1448. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AYJ–The Bandit. Death plays the role of the avenger and attacks the bandit when he is about to rob a poor woman. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AWT–Benedictine monastery of Vézelay, in Burgundy, France. The monk Baudillon brought relics of Mary Magdalene from Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume to Vézelay. Pope Stephen IX proclaimed the authenticity of the relics in 1058. Legendary bearing by Baudillon and the Carolingian Count Gerard de Roussillon (810-874), who had donated the land for the construction of the monastery. Engraving after a miniature in 'Chroniques de Hainaut', 1446-1448. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AYY–The Card Player. The Death and a demon attacking a card player. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AWE–Poor man ashamed. Hospitals of Venice. Alms begging in the churches and streets of Venice, 16th century. They wore long black robes with hoods. 19th-century facsimile from an engraving after Cesare Vecellio (1521-1601), 1590. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AX4–The Flagellants. Heretical sect that arose in Italy in the 13th century. Their ideas were that salvation could be achieved by individual merit, without any intervention by the Catholic Church. It was also sufficient to take part in penitent processions to be absolved of sins. Heresy of the Flagellants. The Latin inscription on the standard carried by the Bishop of Hippo reads: 'They sacrifice to the demon and not to God'. Engraving by Huyot and J. Petot from a miniature of 'The City of God' by Saint Augustine, 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissa
RM2RH2B00–The Blind Man. The Death grabs the blind man's walking stick and guides him. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AYW–The Sergeant. A soldier fighting against Death. At his feet lie the bodies of other warriors. In the background is shown a battlefield and a skeleton playing a drum. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AYH–The Drunkard. Death pouring wine down the throat of one drunk while another vomits on the floor. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort et Histoires facées de la Mort', Latin edition, 1547. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RH2AX2–Crusade against the Cathars (1209-1244). Entrance into Avignon of King Louis VIII of France (1187-1226) and the papal legate, Cardinal Romanus of Sant'Angelo, on 12 September 1226. The city had just capitulated after a three-month siege. Engraving after a miniature in 'Chroniques de Hainaut', 1446-1448. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1AR–The Pope visited by Death. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B5–The Astrologer. Profession that foresees death but is surprised by it. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B6–Saint Radegund (ca. 520-587). Princess of Thuringia and queen of the Franks by her marriage to Clothar I (498-561). Radegund receiving the habit and being consecrated a deaconess by Medard (456-545), bishop of Noyon, when she left her husband King Clothar in order to enter the religious life. Facsimile after an engraving from 'The History and Chronicle of Clotaire', 1513. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1AX–The Preacher is visited by Death. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1BG–The Old Woman. Death is depicted guiding an old woman who walks with the help of a cane and holding a rosary in her hand. Another skeleton leads the way while playing a musical percussion instrument. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1BW–The Judge is visited by Death. Scene depicting a judge who is bribed. The Death, next to a poor man who is chained, snatches the judge's crook. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B4–The Infante Ferdinand of Portugal (1188-1233), Count of Flanders (1215-1233), was taken prisoner at the Battle of Bouvines on 27 July 1214. The battle fought between an international coalition formed by troops of the Count of Flanders, Raynald of Dammartin (Count of Boulogne), King John of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, against the army of King Philip II Augustus of France. The French army defeated the coalition. Ferdinand of Portugal was captured and taken chained to Paris to be imprisoned in the dungeons of the Louvre, from where he was not released until 6 January 1227. Engravi
RM2RGX1B0–The Abbess visited by Death. Facsimile of an engraving, belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B7–The coat of arms of Death. A married couple belonging to the nobility shows the emblem of Death. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1AP–St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231) wishing to demonstrate to a heretic who asked him for a miracle, the truth of the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar. Anthony of Padua stood off to one side with the consecrated host in his hands, while the heretic stood to the other holding some fodder for the mule to eat. The mule, hangry, went before the Eucharist and knelt down to adore the Blessed Sacrament. Engraving after a miniature in 'Les Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne', late 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B2–Paris, France. Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory. Refectory. 13th century. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1BR–The Old Man. Death, depicted as a skeleton playing a musical instrument, accompanies an old man to his grave. Facsimile of an engraving, belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1BJ–The Child. Death visits a child who is at home, with symptoms of being ill and at the moment when the family is cooking on a bonfire. Death takes the child by the hand and leads him out of the house. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance' . Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1AW–Benedict of Nursia (480-547). Italian Christian monk. Founder of the Benedictine Order. Considered the patriarch of Western monasticism. The Heavy Stone. Episode from the life of the saint. His disciples wanted to place a stone to build a chapel, but the devil sat on it, making it so heavy that no one could move it. Benedict blessed the stone and the devil fled. Engraving by Huyot after a fresco by Spinello Aretino in the church of San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy, 1387. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1AY–Pope Urban II (1042-1099) preaching at the Council of Clermont. It was convoked in November 1095 and triggered the First Crusade by declaring holy war (bellum sacrum) against the Muslims to liberate the Holy Land. Facsimile of an engraving from 'Grand Voyage de Hierusalem', printed in Paris in 1522. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1AT–Rhodes, Greece. Priory of France. Condition of the ruined building in 1828. Engraving by Huyot. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B9–The Lawyer. A lawyer takes money in the middle of the street when he is bribed. Death is depicted as the centre of the scene contemplating the bribe. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1BY–Angels present to God the souls of the newly elected. Chromolithography after a miniature in The Grimani Breviary, 1515-1520. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B1–The Emperor visited by Death. Facsimile of an engraving, belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulachres et Histoires facées de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGX1B8–The Merchant. Scene depicting two rich merchants in a port. The Death chooses one of them who is resisting, trying, in spite of the situation, to take some coins that he was counting at the time. Facsimile of an engraving belonging to the series 'The Dance of Death' by Hans Holbein the Younger, in 'Les Simulacres de la Mort', 1538. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance' . Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM44N–Exercise of quintain. Medieval chivalry training. A dummy, mounted on a rotating pivot with a shield, was used by mounted riders to simulate real combat situations. 19th century engraving by Huyot after a miniature from the 'Chronicles of Charlemagne', mid-15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM464–Jerome of Prague (1360-1416). Czech scholastic philosopher and preacher. Jerome came under the influence of John Wycliffe and defended Jan Huss's thesis in various places in Europe. He went to the Council of Constance in defence of Hus when he knew that Huss had been arrested. Both were eventually condemned to be burned at the stake for heresy. Portrait. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45Y–Jan Hus (1369-1415). Czech theologian and philosopher. Reformer excommunicated in 1410 for propagating the doctrines of Wycliffe. In 1414 he attended the Council of Constance, where he was tried and condemned to the stake as a heretic. This unleashed the Hussite uprising (1419-1434), antecedent of the Wars of Religion. Portrait. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM458–Council of Trent (1545-1563). Convoked by Pope Paul III in 1545. A session of the council in 1555. Engraving by Huyot after a painting by Titian. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM44T–Knight of the Order of Santiago. 19th century engraving, facsimile of an illustration in 'Cleri totius Romanae Ecclesiae subiecti', by François Modius and Jost Amman. Frankfurt, 1585. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'' Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45W–The French Cistercian monk Saint Bernard (1090-1153) takes possession of the Abbey of Clairvaux, together with the monks of the Abbey of Citeaux, in 1115. 19-th century engraving by Bernard and Huyot from a miniature in 'Chroniques abregées des anciens rois et ducs de Bourgogne', 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen et à l'Epoque de la Reinassance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM44X–The champion of the tournament. Engraving by Burgmayer, 19th century version from a compilation entitled 'Vita Imperatoris Maximiliani'. Drawing by Albrecht Dürer, 15th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM43W–The Lansquenets' Battle. Soldiers of the German infantry. They also fought alongside the Spanish tercios during the reign of the House of Austria. Engraving. Facsimile after a drawing by Hand Holbein the Younger, ca. 1530. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse Au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. París, 1877.
RM2RGM44R–War ship which carried King Henry VIII (1491-1547) from Dover, (England) to France, for his meeting with King Francis I on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, on 7 June 1520. Engraving by Belhatte after Holbein. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM454–Council of Vienne. Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church held in Vienne (France), in the cathedral of St Maurice (October 1311-May 1312). It was convoked by Pope Clement V (1264-1314). One of the resolutions of the council was the suppression of the Order of the Temple by papal bull on 22 March 1312. Engraving by Huyot after a fresco executed in the Vatican Library by order of Pope Pius V. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse aux Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM44C–Chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece held by Charles the Bold (1433-1477). Engraving by C. Maradan and Huyot after a 15th-century miniature. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45D–The Adoration of the Shepherds. The Virgin with St. Joseph and the Child Jesus. Chromolithography after a miniature by Jean Fouquet (ca. 1420-1480) from the Book of Hours by Etienne Chavalier. 'Vie Militaire et Religiese au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM452–Reception of a knight of the Order of Saint-Michel (Order of Saint Michael), French military order founded by King Louis XI (1423-1483) in Amboise on 1 August 1469. Engraving by J. Petot and Huyot from a miniature in 'Statuts de l'Ordre de Saint-Michel', 1469-1470. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM469–Michael Servetus (1511-1553). Spanish physician and theologian. Persecuted by the Inquisition, he fled to Geneva, where on Calvin's initiative was condemned to be burned at the stake for heresy. Portrait. 19th century facsimile of an engraving in 'Historia Michaelis Serveti', 1727. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM462–Representation of the Catholic Church as The Fortress of Faith. The defending forces of the Christian faith. Besieged by the impious and heretics, it is defended by the Pope, the bishops, the monks, and the Doctors of the Church, who are the knights of the faith. Below, coat of arms of Louis de Bruges (Louis de Gruuthuse), Flemish courtier and nobleman (ca. 1427-1492). Chromolithography from a 15th-century miniature. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM467–Revolt of the Sea Beggars. From 1566 onwards, the inhabitants of the Netherlands who opposed the Spanish administration of Philip II are known as Geuzen. Cruelties against Catholics committed by Dutch Geuzen. Jean-Jerome von Edam and other Catholics in the town of Hoorn are tortured. Those who survive the first torments are tied up and laid on their backs, with a large cauldron placed on their bare bellies, upside down, with live dormice inside. The fire lit in the cauldrons enraged the dormice who, to save themselves, gnawed the stomachs and rummaged in the entrails of the tortured. 19th-cent
RM2RGM44K–Seventh Crusade (248-1254). Led by Louis IX of France (1214-1270). Conquest of Damietta. Disembarkation of the Crusaders at Damietta (Nile Delta) on 5 June 1249. Facsimile of an engraving from 'Grand Voyage de Hierusalem', printed in Paris in 1522. Due to one of the anachronisms common among ancient artists, St Louis' army and fleet are armed with cannons. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à L'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45J–Godfrey of Bouillon (1060-1100). Military leader during the First Crusade. First ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1100), choosing for his mandate the title of 'Defender of the Holy Sepulchre'. Equestrian portrait. Facsimile of a 15th century engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse Au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45R–Italy. Certosa di Pavia. Small Cloister. Engraving by Bertrand and Huyot. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM460–Representation of the Catholic Church as The Fortress of Faith. The defending forces of the Christian faith. Besieged by the impious and heretics, it is defended by the Pope, the bishops, the monks, and the Doctors of the Church, who are the knights of the faith. Chromolithography from a 15th-century miniature. Detail. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM441–Joan of Arc (1412-1431) went to Chinon for an audience with the Dauphin of France, the future Charles VII. Charles received Joan of Arc on 6 March 1429. Arrival of Joan of Arc at the Castle of Chinon. Chromolithography from a German tapestry of the time. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l' Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM44J–Crusades. Embarkation of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit to the Holy Land. Knights had to be willing to submit to the Roman Church whenever it ordered them to do so. Detail of a chromolithography after a miniature from the statutes of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Naples, 14th century. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM44H–Battle of Dreux (19 December 1562). The Catholics, led by Constable Anne de Montmorency, Francis (Duke of Guise) and Marshal Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, defeated the Huguenots commanded by Louis I of Bourbon (Prince de Condé) and Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny. It was the first battle during the French Wars of Religion. In the foreground, Marshal Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, on the Catholic side, is shot dead. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religiuse Au Moyen Age et l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45X–Jan Hus (1369-1415). Czech theologian and philosopher. Reformer excommunicated in 1410 for propagating the doctrines of Wycliffe. In 1414 he attended the Council of Constance, where he was tried and condemned to the stake as a heretic. This unleashed the Hussite uprising (1419-1434), antecedent of the Wars of Religion. Portrait. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM43J–The Tree of Battles. Allegory representing the discord which existed between the various social classes during the Middle Ages. Engraving by Etienne Huyot and Jules Huyot after a 15th century miniature of 'The Three of Battles' of Honoré Bouet. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45E–King Arthur fighting the giant, under the protection of the Virgin. 19th-century facsimile after an engraving in 'Chroniques de Bretagne', 1514. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM46B–Jerome of Prague (1360-1416). Czech scholastic philosopher and preacher. Jerome came under the influence of John Wycliffe and defended Jan Huss's thesis in various places in Europe. He went to the Council of Constance in defence of Hus when he knew that Huss had been arrested. Both were eventually condemned to be burned at the stake for heresy. Portrait. Engraving. Detail. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance', Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM446–Germanic and Gaul auxiliaries. The Gaul wearing the trouser-like garment called 'braccae', and the Germanic in a tunic. Engraving. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM456–Middle Ages. Judgement of God. Trials by means of duels and combats to elucidate who was the possessor of the truth or to be right. Each side chose a champion to act on their behalf. The winner was proclaimed the possessor of the truth. Two knights fight a duel. Engraving from a miniature of 'Conquêtes de Charlemagne', 15th century. Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM45N–Saxon Wars (772-804). Confrontations between the Franks, led by Charlemagne, and the inhabitants of Saxony, a region which he wished to conquer in order to convert its population to Christianity. The Saxons were finally defeated in 804. Baptism of the Saxons by Charlemagne. Engraving by Huyot after a 15th century miniature. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
RM2RGM451–Charles I of Burgundy (1433-1477), so-called 'the Bold'. Duke of Burgundy. Charles the Bold and his court. Chromolithography from a miniature of the 'Chroniques abrégées des Anciens Rois et Ducs de Bourgogne'. 'Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et à l'Epoque de la Renaissance'. Paris, 1877.
