Massacres of Christians by heathen Chinese, and horrors of the Boxers; containing a complete history of the Boxers; the Tai-Ping insurrection and massacres of the foreign ministers; manners, customs and peculiarities of the Chinese .. . nurses hishatred for the foreign demon with the same jealous care that henurses and preserves his own antique customs and ideals. Themodern invention to him seems to have sprung from the bowels ofthe earth through relations with the demons below, represented bythe white demons above. From this false conception of the Euro-pean the Chinese is ready to exterminat

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Massacres of Christians by heathen Chinese, and horrors of the Boxers; containing a complete history of the Boxers; the Tai-Ping insurrection and massacres of the foreign ministers; manners, customs and peculiarities of the Chinese .. . nurses hishatred for the foreign demon with the same jealous care that henurses and preserves his own antique customs and ideals. Themodern invention to him seems to have sprung from the bowels ofthe earth through relations with the demons below, represented bythe white demons above. From this false conception of the Euro-pean the Chinese is ready to exterminate him, urged on to the? worst by a fanaticism which knows no moderation. THE CHINESE LACK NERVES. It often seems inexplicable that the Chinese, who in Europeappear docile, gentle—almost feminine—can at moments becomethe ferocious, barbarous monsters of which Europe has recently238 ORIENTAL HABITS AND CUSTOMS. 239 had such a horrible example. This is due to the lack of nerves ofthe average Chinaman. When he is to be punished torture mustbe resorted to in order to touch him. He naturally reasons thatthe same torture is necessary to awaken the sensibilities of suffer-ing in the European, in whom nerves are keener, and to whom a. CHINESE MODES OF TORTURE. tenth of torture causes more suffering than the totality to theChinese. The Chinese themselves attach no value to life. A strikingproof of this is often shown at a public execution. The man withhis head ready for the sword often offers 300 taels—a little over$300—for a substitute, and not one, but ten or twenty ineii rush totake his place, because the money assures the necessary rites and Lprayers to enable the decapitated man to enjoy perpetual celestialbliss. 240 ORIENTAL HABITS AND CUSTOMS. The Chinese always has his spiritual welfare in mind, andconsiders it far more important than his material existence or hap-piness. In the latter, so far as his word is concerned, the Chinesehave only a relative confidence, and a pop