Human anatomy, including structure and development and practical considerations . t of the stapes, are cov-ered with a layer of hyaline cartilage.The cartilage of the foot-plate and thatof the window are connected by a liga-ment of elastic fibres, forming a .syn-chondrosis. In addition to the ligaments con-cerned in the foregoing articulations,four bands attach the ossicles to the tym-panic walls and prevent their excessivemovement ; of these, three connect themalleus and one the incus. 1. The superior ligament of the malleus extends from the tegmen tympani to the head ofthe malleus. (Figs. 12

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Human anatomy, including structure and development and practical considerations . t of the stapes, are cov-ered with a layer of hyaline cartilage.The cartilage of the foot-plate and thatof the window are connected by a liga-ment of elastic fibres, forming a .syn-chondrosis. In addition to the ligaments con-cerned in the foregoing articulations, four bands attach the ossicles to the tym-panic walls and prevent their excessivemovement ; of these, three connect themalleus and one the incus. 1. The superior ligament of the malleus extends from the tegmen tympani to the head ofthe malleus. (Figs. 1252 and 125.S.) 2. The anterior ligament of the malleus is a strong, broad, fibrous band arising from theanterior part of the head and neck of the malleus. Some of its fibres are attached to the ante-rior end of the annulus tympanicus (spina tympanica major) and other fibres pass through theGlaserian fissure to become attached to the spine of the sphenoid. These fibres correspond to theremains of the embryonic process of Meckel of the malleus and envelop the processus gracilis.. Sup. ligament Head of malleusExternal lij^amentMem. flaccida orShrapnells membranePrussaks spaceNeck Short process Chorda tympani Tendon of tensortympani Handle artilageEpidermisMenibrana propria Mico>is niemhraneMenibrana tensa .nulus tendinosus Frontal section passing through malleus and tympanic membraney 8. Drawn from preparation made by Ur. Ralph Butler. THE MIDDLE EAR. 1499 3. The lateral ligament of the malleus is somewliat fan-shaiKd and extends between tlieroughened neck of thu nialk-iis and llie external wall of the tynii)aniun above the Rivinian notch.The posterior liljres of this h.i;ament are called tlie posterior ligament of tiie malleus ( Helmholtz), and, tot;ether with the fibres of the anterior iij^anieiit iyin.^ in the same plane, form the axis-ligament of the malleus, since the axis on wiiich the malleus turns passes through the attach-ment of these two fibrous structures. 4. The po