Expeditions organized or participated in by the Smithsonian Institution.. . st, and present governor of San Ilde-fonso. Photograph by Mrs. Stevenson. into this world ; and, although most of the kivas, or Hopi ceremonialchambers, at the present time, are above ground or partially so. they NO. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I913 11 still represent the undermost world, the coming out still symbolizingthe emergence from the undermost world, and the kiva the undermostworld itself. The kiva is a prominent feature of the archeologicalremains of the Southwest, there is seldom a mesa, cliff, or cavate ruinw
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Expeditions organized or participated in by the Smithsonian Institution.. . st, and present governor of San Ilde-fonso. Photograph by Mrs. Stevenson. into this world ; and, although most of the kivas, or Hopi ceremonialchambers, at the present time, are above ground or partially so. they NO. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I913 11 still represent the undermost world, the coming out still symbolizingthe emergence from the undermost world, and the kiva the undermostworld itself. The kiva is a prominent feature of the archeologicalremains of the Southwest, there is seldom a mesa, cliff, or cavate ruinwhere these ceremonial chambers are not to be found. They are thesubstantial evidence of the worship of the cliff dwellers. The under-ground structures have undergone changes since the oppression of theinvading Spaniard. In the Tewa village of San Ildefonso, for ex-ample, the under-ground circular kiva was abandoned after the firstdeparture of the Spanish invaders ; in fact, there is not a pre-Spanishbuilding in the village. The ruins of the old village are barely distin-. FiLi. 74.—Zuni persoiiators of the rain guds.Photograph by Mrs. Stevenson. guishable in the fields, while the present village stands a short dis-tance to the north. The first kiva constructed by these people afterthe coming of the Spaniards was round and built principally aboveground, but before another kiva was constructed the people decidedto build these chambers in rectangular form and in line with theirdwellings, so that they would not be distinguished by the Spanishenemy. Many other pueblos adopted the plan of the rectangular kivasituated among the dwelling houses. The Tewa are divided into the Sun and Ice peoples, therefore thereare two kivas, one for each people. Every male child must be ini-tiated into one of the kivas in order to be eligible to dance with thegods after death in the undermost world. The female child is passed 6 SMITIISOXIAX :IISCELI, AXEOLS COLLECTIONS VOL. 63 through impressive cere