. Canadian forestry journal. Forests and forestry -- Canada Periodicals. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, ipij. 299 lands were grouped together sur- rounded by common pasturage lands called "allmends" and by the forests, the chief function of which at that time was protection against enemies. The battle of Sempach in 1384 by breaking the power of Austria and the nobles had an important effect, not only on the political liberty of Switzerland but on the economic de- velopment, as it left the public lands in the hands of the community instead of their being held by a mon- arch or d

. Canadian forestry journal. Forests and forestry -- Canada Periodicals. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, ipij. 299 lands were grouped together sur- rounded by common pasturage lands called "allmends" and by the forests, the chief function of which at that time was protection against enemies. The battle of Sempach in 1384 by breaking the power of Austria and the nobles had an important effect, not only on the political liberty of Switzerland but on the economic de- velopment, as it left the public lands in the hands of the community instead of their being held by a mon- arch or d

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. Canadian forestry journal. Forests and forestry -- Canada Periodicals. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, ipij. 299 lands were grouped together sur- rounded by common pasturage lands called "allmends" and by the forests, the chief function of which at that time was protection against enemies. The battle of Sempach in 1384 by breaking the power of Austria and the nobles had an important effect, not only on the political liberty of Switzerland but on the economic de- velopment, as it left the public lands in the hands of the community instead of their being held by a mon- arch or divided among the nobles. The First Forest Lazvs. As the population increased the extent of forest decreased and the first evidence that the destruction of the forests was considered an evil were certain edicts of Charlemagne against the clearing of the forests. Fluctuations of population owing to the past and to the religious wars of the middle ages left little time for thought of the forest, but laws for its protection were passed from time to time which however considered only the limiting of consumption and not the management of the for- est. The complaints of forest des- truction became very numerous to- ward the end of the 14th and the be- ginning of the 15th century, and in the year 1597 there was issued by Henry IV an edict called "General Regulations for Waters and For- ests," applicable to all forests,— state, communal or individual. These regulations were replaced in 1669 by new ones issued by Louis XIII and framed by Colbert, and these regulations remained in force until the French Revolution and had much influence on the French Code of 1827, the basis of the present policy of forest management in France. During the 18th century the idea of absolutism in government and mercantilism in business strongly prevailed and burdens were placed on communal and private forests which only resulted in their being Tree R epairing by Gun Fire Here is a brand new scheme