A history of the United States . sidering for sometime. It was for Portersfleet to run past the bat-teries with the supplies,while Grant was to leadhis troops by land to NewCarthage and then takethem across the river toGrand Gulf, about thirtymiles south of Vicksl^urg.Having successfully exe-cuted this movement bythe end of April, withsome damage to the fleet.Grant decided to aban-don his base at GrandGulf, to get in the rearof Vicksburg and cut itoff from Jackson, and toestablish a new base north of the city at Yazoo. On thefirst of May he defeated a part of Pembertons army at PortGibson and

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A history of the United States . sidering for sometime. It was for Portersfleet to run past the bat-teries with the supplies, while Grant was to leadhis troops by land to NewCarthage and then takethem across the river toGrand Gulf, about thirtymiles south of Vicksl^urg.Having successfully exe-cuted this movement bythe end of April, withsome damage to the fleet.Grant decided to aban-don his base at GrandGulf, to get in the rearof Vicksburg and cut itoff from Jackson, and toestablish a new base north of the city at Yazoo. On thefirst of May he defeated a part of Pembertons army at PortGibson and advanced rapidly toward Jackson. On May 13 Joseph E. Johnston, who had been appointedcommander of all the Confederate forces in the West, arrivedat Jackson on his way to form a junction with Pemberton, but he came too late, and on the following day after slightresistance abandoned the state capital to Grant. The latterthen turned on Pemberton and two days later defeated himin a fierce fight at Champions Hill. Pemberton was driven. 392 The Civil War . back into Vicksburg and Grants troops advanced north andoccupied Chickasaw Bluffs. On the 19th and again on the 22d Shermans troops triedto carry the Confederate trenches by assault, but they wereSieeeand repulsed with heavy loss and Grant decided tofall of settle down to regular siege operations. Pem- Vicksburg berton, who was thus shut up in Vicksburg withover 30, 000 men, had been ordered by Johnston on the 17thto abandon the place, but he interpreted the orders asdiscretionary and decided to stand his ground. Johnstondid not care to assume the responsibility of withdrawingtroops from Bragg, who was holding Rosecrans in check atChattanooga, so Pemberton was left to his fate. Afterhaving been subjected to an almost continuous bombard-ment from cannon and mortars, and after the garrison andpopulation had been reduced to the point of starvation, Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg July 4, 1863, the day afterthe defeat of Lee at Gettysburg